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Novbasa

2015-06-30T12:21:58Z

Fox Saint-Just:

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, [http://novbasa.blogspot.it/p/novbasa-english-dictionary.html a basic dictionary of Novbasa] has been released, and some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| q
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| ѳ
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| θ
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v/w
|align=center| y
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

Note: '''q''' and '''w''' are used only in loanwords and foreign proper nouns.

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding the prefix ''man'' or ''fem''.
:''tsula'' - fox (gender not specified)
:''man-tsula'' - male fox
:''fem-tsula'' - vixen

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''brator''/''sestar'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hvan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kali''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garme'' (warm) → ''garme-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''no'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''noy'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!ve–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''vejen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''vevas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''vevez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''vestan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''vekam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''vekaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kvanti
|''sakvanti/tokvanti'' (this/that much)
|''mokvanti'' (some)
|''aonkvanti'' (any quantity)
|''vekvanti'' (all of it)
|''nekvanti'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there").

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kvan'' || when
|-
| ''kver'' || where
|-
| ''kom'' || how
|-
| ''kvey'' || why
|-
| ''kvanti'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''bina'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me bina'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha bina'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li bina'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha bina'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me yao bina'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me vao bina'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud bina'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li bina'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) bina'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''ra bina'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''(ge) bina'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped.

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bi'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bi'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me yao es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me vao es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bi'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''ra es'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bu'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad va ekval in dignita va pravo. Le hav ratyon va lyanxin va deb akti naku in spirit de yondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tuy nam ba ge-fa santi'' 
''Tuy van-go ba lay'' 
''Tuy vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur arda'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Va pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utan-jen'' 
''Va ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ 
[http://novbasa.blogspot.it/p/blog-page.html]Novbasa on Blogger

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2015-06-30T12:16:54Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* External links */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| q
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| ѳ
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| θ
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v/w
|align=center| y
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

Note: '''q''' and '''w''' are used only in loanwords and foreign proper nouns.

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding the prefix ''man'' or ''fem''.
:''tsula'' - fox (gender not specified)
:''man-tsula'' - male fox
:''fem-tsula'' - vixen

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''brator''/''sestar'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hvan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kali''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garme'' (warm) → ''garme-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''no'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''noy'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!ve–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''vejen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''vevas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''vevez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''vestan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''vekam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''vekaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kvanti
|''sakvanti/tokvanti'' (this/that much)
|''mokvanti'' (some)
|''aonkvanti'' (any quantity)
|''vekvanti'' (all of it)
|''nekvanti'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there").

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kvan'' || when
|-
| ''kver'' || where
|-
| ''kom'' || how
|-
| ''kvey'' || why
|-
| ''kvanti'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''bina'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me bina'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha bina'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li bina'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha bina'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me yao bina'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me vao bina'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud bina'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li bina'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) bina'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''ra bina'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''(ge) bina'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped.

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bi'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bi'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me yao es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me vao es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bi'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''ra es'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bu'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad va ekval in dignita va pravo. Le hav ratyon va lyanxin va deb akti naku in spirit de yondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tuy nam ba ge-fa santi'' 
''Tuy van-go ba lay'' 
''Tuy vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur arda'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Va pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utan-jen'' 
''Va ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ 
[http://novbasa.blogspot.it/p/blog-page.html]Novbasa on Blogger

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2015-06-30T12:16:20Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* External links */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| q
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| ѳ
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| θ
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v/w
|align=center| y
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

Note: '''q''' and '''w''' are used only in loanwords and foreign proper nouns.

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding the prefix ''man'' or ''fem''.
:''tsula'' - fox (gender not specified)
:''man-tsula'' - male fox
:''fem-tsula'' - vixen

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''brator''/''sestar'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hvan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kali''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garme'' (warm) → ''garme-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''no'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''noy'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!ve–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''vejen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''vevas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''vevez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''vestan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''vekam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''vekaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kvanti
|''sakvanti/tokvanti'' (this/that much)
|''mokvanti'' (some)
|''aonkvanti'' (any quantity)
|''vekvanti'' (all of it)
|''nekvanti'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there").

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kvan'' || when
|-
| ''kver'' || where
|-
| ''kom'' || how
|-
| ''kvey'' || why
|-
| ''kvanti'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''bina'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me bina'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha bina'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li bina'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha bina'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me yao bina'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me vao bina'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud bina'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li bina'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) bina'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''ra bina'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''(ge) bina'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped.

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bi'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bi'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me yao es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me vao es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bi'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''ra es'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bu'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad va ekval in dignita va pravo. Le hav ratyon va lyanxin va deb akti naku in spirit de yondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tuy nam ba ge-fa santi'' 
''Tuy van-go ba lay'' 
''Tuy vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur arda'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Va pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utan-jen'' 
''Va ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ
[http://novbasa.blogspot.it/p/blog-page.html]Novbasa on Blogger

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2015-06-05T08:20:36Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Verbs */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| q
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| ѳ
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| θ
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v/w
|align=center| y
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

Note: '''q''' and '''w''' are used only in loanwords and foreign proper nouns.

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding the prefix ''man'' or ''fem''.
:''tsula'' - fox (gender not specified)
:''man-tsula'' - male fox
:''fem-tsula'' - vixen

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''brator''/''sestar'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hvan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kali''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garme'' (warm) → ''garme-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''no'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''noy'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!ve–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''vejen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''vevas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''vevez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''vestan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''vekam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''vekaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kvanti
|''sakvanti/tokvanti'' (this/that much)
|''mokvanti'' (some)
|''aonkvanti'' (any quantity)
|''vekvanti'' (all of it)
|''nekvanti'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there").

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kvan'' || when
|-
| ''kver'' || where
|-
| ''kom'' || how
|-
| ''kvey'' || why
|-
| ''kvanti'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''bina'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me bina'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha bina'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li bina'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha bina'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me yao bina'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me vao bina'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud bina'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li bina'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) bina'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''ra bina'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''(ge) bina'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped.

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bi'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bi'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me yao es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me vao es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bi'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''ra es'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bu'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad va ekval in dignita va pravo. Le hav ratyon va lyanxin va deb akti naku in spirit de yondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tuy nam ba ge-fa santi'' 
''Tuy van-go ba lay'' 
''Tuy vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur arda'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Va pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utan-jen'' 
''Va ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2015-06-01T13:05:57Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Verbs */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| q
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| ѳ
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| θ
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v/w
|align=center| y
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

Note: '''q''' and '''w''' are used only in loanwords and foreign proper nouns.

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding the prefix ''man'' or ''fem''.
:''tsula'' - fox (gender not specified)
:''man-tsula'' - male fox
:''fem-tsula'' - vixen

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''brator''/''sestar'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hvan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kali''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garme'' (warm) → ''garme-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''no'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''noy'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!ve–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''vejen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''vevas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''vevez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''vestan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''vekam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''vekaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kvanti
|''sakvanti/tokvanti'' (this/that much)
|''mokvanti'' (some)
|''aonkvanti'' (any quantity)
|''vekvanti'' (all of it)
|''nekvanti'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there").

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kvan'' || when
|-
| ''kver'' || where
|-
| ''kom'' || how
|-
| ''kvey'' || why
|-
| ''kvanti'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''bina'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me bina'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha bina'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li bina'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha bina'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me yao bina'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me vao bina'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud bina'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li bina'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) bina'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''ra bina'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''(ge) bina'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped. Instead, ''ge'' can be dropped in simple sentences where the agent is explicit.

:''dom ge jensa'' - the house is built
:''dom jensa bey no'' - the house is built by us

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bi'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bi'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me yao es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me vao es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bi'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''ra es'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bu'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad va ekval in dignita va pravo. Le hav ratyon va lyanxin va deb akti naku in spirit de yondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tuy nam ba ge-fa santi'' 
''Tuy van-go ba lay'' 
''Tuy vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur arda'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Va pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utan-jen'' 
''Va ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2015-05-31T11:15:14Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Sample translations */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| q
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| ѳ
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| θ
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v/w
|align=center| y
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

Note: '''q''' and '''w''' are used only in loanwords and foreign proper nouns.

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding the prefix ''man'' or ''fem''.
:''tsula'' - fox (gender not specified)
:''man-tsula'' - male fox
:''fem-tsula'' - vixen

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''brator''/''sestar'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hvan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kali''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garme'' (warm) → ''garme-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''no'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''noy'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!ve–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''vejen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''vevas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''vevez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''vestan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''vekam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''vekaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kvanti
|''sakvanti/tokvanti'' (this/that much)
|''mokvanti'' (some)
|''aonkvanti'' (any quantity)
|''vekvanti'' (all of it)
|''nekvanti'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there").

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kvan'' || when
|-
| ''kver'' || where
|-
| ''kom'' || how
|-
| ''kvey'' || why
|-
| ''kvanti'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''bina'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me bina'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha bina'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li bina'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha bina'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me yao bina'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me vao bina'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud bina'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li bina'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) bina'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''xa bina'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''(ge) bina'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped. Instead, ''ge'' can be dropped in simple sentences where the agent is explicit.

:''dom ge jensa'' - the house is built
:''dom jensa bey no'' - the house is built by us

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bi'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bi'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me yao es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me vao es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bi'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''xa es'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bu'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad va ekval in dignita va pravo. Le hav ratyon va lyanxin va deb akti naku in spirit de yondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tuy nam ba ge-fa santi'' 
''Tuy van-go ba lay'' 
''Tuy vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur arda'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Va pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utan-jen'' 
''Va ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2015-05-31T09:01:29Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Sample translations */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| q
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| ѳ
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| θ
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v/w
|align=center| y
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

Note: '''q''' and '''w''' are used only in loanwords and foreign proper nouns.

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding the prefix ''man'' or ''fem''.
:''tsula'' - fox (gender not specified)
:''man-tsula'' - male fox
:''fem-tsula'' - vixen

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''brator''/''sestar'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hvan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kali''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garme'' (warm) → ''garme-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''no'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''noy'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!ve–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''vejen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''vevas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''vevez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''vestan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''vekam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''vekaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kvanti
|''sakvanti/tokvanti'' (this/that much)
|''mokvanti'' (some)
|''aonkvanti'' (any quantity)
|''vekvanti'' (all of it)
|''nekvanti'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there").

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kvan'' || when
|-
| ''kver'' || where
|-
| ''kom'' || how
|-
| ''kvey'' || why
|-
| ''kvanti'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''bina'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me bina'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha bina'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li bina'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha bina'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me yao bina'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me vao bina'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud bina'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li bina'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) bina'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''xa bina'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''(ge) bina'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped. Instead, ''ge'' can be dropped in simple sentences where the agent is explicit.

:''dom ge jensa'' - the house is built
:''dom jensa bey no'' - the house is built by us

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bi'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bi'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me yao es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me vao es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bi'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''xa es'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bu'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad va ekval in dignita va pravo. Le hav ratyon va lyanxin va deb akti naku in spirit de yondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tuy nam ba ge-fa santi'' 
''Tuy van-go ba lay'' 
''Tuy vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Va pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utan-jen'' 
''Va ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2015-04-29T12:34:16Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Personal pronouns */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| q
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| ѳ
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| θ
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v/w
|align=center| y
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

Note: '''q''' and '''w''' are used only in loanwords and foreign proper nouns.

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding the prefix ''man'' or ''fem''.
:''tsula'' - fox (gender not specified)
:''man-tsula'' - male fox
:''fem-tsula'' - vixen

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''brator''/''sestar'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hvan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kali''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garme'' (warm) → ''garme-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''no'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''noy'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!ve–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''vejen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''vevas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''vevez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''vestan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''vekam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''vekaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kvanti
|''sakvanti/tokvanti'' (this/that much)
|''mokvanti'' (some)
|''aonkvanti'' (any quantity)
|''vekvanti'' (all of it)
|''nekvanti'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there").

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kvan'' || when
|-
| ''kver'' || where
|-
| ''kom'' || how
|-
| ''kvey'' || why
|-
| ''kvanti'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''bina'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me bina'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha bina'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li bina'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha bina'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me yao bina'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me vao bina'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud bina'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li bina'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) bina'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''xa bina'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''(ge) bina'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped. Instead, ''ge'' can be dropped in simple sentences where the agent is explicit.

:''dom ge jensa'' - the house is built
:''dom jensa bey no'' - the house is built by us

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bi'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bi'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me yao es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me vao es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bi'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''xa es'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bu'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad va ekval in dignita va pravo. Le hav ratyon va lyanxin va deb akti naku in spirit de yondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tuy nam ba ge-fa xen'' 
''Tuy van-go ba lay'' 
''Tuy vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Va pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utan-ka'' 
''Va ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2015-04-29T12:31:38Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Personal pronouns */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| q
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| ѳ
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| θ
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v/w
|align=center| y
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

Note: '''q''' and '''w''' are used only in loanwords and foreign proper nouns.

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding the prefix ''man'' or ''fem''.
:''tsula'' - fox (gender not specified)
:''man-tsula'' - male fox
:''fem-tsula'' - vixen

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''brator''/''sestar'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hvan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kali''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garme'' (warm) → ''garme-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|
| ''no'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''noy'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!ve–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''vejen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''vevas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''vevez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''vestan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''vekam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''vekaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kvanti
|''sakvanti/tokvanti'' (this/that much)
|''mokvanti'' (some)
|''aonkvanti'' (any quantity)
|''vekvanti'' (all of it)
|''nekvanti'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''vevez''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kvan'' || when
|-
| ''kver'' || where
|-
| ''kom'' || how
|-
| ''kvey'' || why
|-
| ''kvanti'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''bina'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me bina'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha bina'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li bina'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha bina'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me yao bina'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me vao bina'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud bina'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li bina'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) bina'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''xa bina'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''(ge) bina'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped. Instead, ''ge'' can be dropped in simple sentences where the agent is explicit.

:''dom ge jensa'' - the house is built
:''dom jensa bey no'' - the house is built by us

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bi'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bi'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me yao es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me vao es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bi'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''xa es'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bu'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad va ekval in dignita va pravo. Le hav ratyon va lyanxin va deb akti naku in spirit de yondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tuy nam ba ge-fa xen'' 
''Tuy van-go ba lay'' 
''Tuy vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Va pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utan-ka'' 
''Va ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Novbasa/Lexicon

2015-04-03T17:58:09Z

Fox Saint-Just:

Novbasa

2015-04-03T17:31:06Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Pronunciation */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| q
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| ѳ
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| θ
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v/w
|align=center| y
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

Note: '''q''' and '''w''' are used only in loanwords and foreign proper nouns.

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding the prefix ''man'' or ''fem''.
:''tsula'' - fox (gender not specified)
:''man-tsula'' - male fox
:''fem-tsula'' - vixen

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''brator''/''sestar'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hvan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kali''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garme'' (warm) → ''garme-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''na'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''nay'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!ve–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''vejen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''vevas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''vevez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''vestan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''vekam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''vekaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kvanti
|''sakvanti/tokvanti'' (this/that much)
|''mokvanti'' (some)
|''aonkvanti'' (any quantity)
|''vekvanti'' (all of it)
|''nekvanti'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''vevez''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kvan'' || when
|-
| ''kver'' || where
|-
| ''kom'' || how
|-
| ''kvey'' || why
|-
| ''kvanti'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''bina'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me bina'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha bina'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li bina'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha bina'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me yao bina'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me vao bina'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud bina'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li bina'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) bina'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''xa bina'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''(ge) bina'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped. Instead, ''ge'' can be dropped in simple sentences where the agent is explicit.

:''dom ge jensa'' - the house is built
:''dom jensa bey no'' - the house is built by us

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bi'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bi'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me yao es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me vao es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bi'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''xa es'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bu'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad va ekval in dignita va pravo. Le hav ratyon va lyanxin va deb akti naku in spirit de yondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tuy nam ba ge-fa xen'' 
''Tuy van-go ba lay'' 
''Tuy vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Va pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utan-ka'' 
''Va ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2015-03-25T15:03:40Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Sample translations */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| q
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| ѳ
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| θ
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v/w
|align=center| y
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

Note: '''q''' and '''w''' are used only in loanwords and foreign proper nouns.

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

Diphtongs ''au'' and ''eu'' are always pronounced as /aw/ and /ew/ respectively.

There cannot be three wovels together. So, for example, ''awal'' ("early"), cannot be written as ''aual''. This also mean that a verb like ''baw'' ("to build") cannot be written as ''bau'' because it would eventually lead to ''bauer'' instead of the correct term ''bawer'' ("builder").

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding the prefix ''man'' or ''fem''.
:''tsula'' - fox (gender not specified)
:''man-tsula'' - male fox
:''fem-tsula'' - vixen

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''brator''/''sestar'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hvan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kali''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garme'' (warm) → ''garme-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''na'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''nay'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!ve–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''vejen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''vevas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''vevez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''vestan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''vekam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''vekaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kvanti
|''sakvanti/tokvanti'' (this/that much)
|''mokvanti'' (some)
|''aonkvanti'' (any quantity)
|''vekvanti'' (all of it)
|''nekvanti'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''vevez''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kvan'' || when
|-
| ''kver'' || where
|-
| ''kom'' || how
|-
| ''kvey'' || why
|-
| ''kvanti'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''bina'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me bina'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha bina'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li bina'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha bina'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me yao bina'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me vao bina'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud bina'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li bina'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) bina'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''xa bina'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''(ge) bina'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped. Instead, ''ge'' can be dropped in simple sentences where the agent is explicit.

:''dom ge jensa'' - the house is built
:''dom jensa bey no'' - the house is built by us

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bi'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bi'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me yao es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me vao es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bi'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''xa es'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bu'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad va ekval in dignita va pravo. Le hav ratyon va lyanxin va deb akti naku in spirit de yondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tuy nam ba ge-fa xen'' 
''Tuy van-go ba lay'' 
''Tuy vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Va pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utan-ka'' 
''Va ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2015-03-25T14:06:18Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Verbs */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| q
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| ѳ
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| θ
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v/w
|align=center| y
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

Note: '''q''' and '''w''' are used only in loanwords and foreign proper nouns.

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

Diphtongs ''au'' and ''eu'' are always pronounced as /aw/ and /ew/ respectively.

There cannot be three wovels together. So, for example, ''awal'' ("early"), cannot be written as ''aual''. This also mean that a verb like ''baw'' ("to build") cannot be written as ''bau'' because it would eventually lead to ''bauer'' instead of the correct term ''bawer'' ("builder").

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding the prefix ''man'' or ''fem''.
:''tsula'' - fox (gender not specified)
:''man-tsula'' - male fox
:''fem-tsula'' - vixen

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''brator''/''sestar'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hvan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kali''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garme'' (warm) → ''garme-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''na'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''nay'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!ve–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''vejen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''vevas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''vevez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''vestan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''vekam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''vekaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kvanti
|''sakvanti/tokvanti'' (this/that much)
|''mokvanti'' (some)
|''aonkvanti'' (any quantity)
|''vekvanti'' (all of it)
|''nekvanti'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''vevez''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kvan'' || when
|-
| ''kver'' || where
|-
| ''kom'' || how
|-
| ''kvey'' || why
|-
| ''kvanti'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''bina'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me bina'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha bina'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li bina'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha bina'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me yao bina'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me vao bina'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud bina'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li bina'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) bina'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''xa bina'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''(ge) bina'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped. Instead, ''ge'' can be dropped in simple sentences where the agent is explicit.

:''dom ge jensa'' - the house is built
:''dom jensa bey no'' - the house is built by us

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bi'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bi'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me yao es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me vao es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bi'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''xa es'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bu'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad wa ekwal in dignita wa pravo. Le hav ratyon wa lyanxin wa deb akti naku in spirit de yondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tuy nam ba ge-fa xen'' 
''Tuy wan-gwo ba lay'' 
''Tuy vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Wa pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utan-jen'' 
''Wa ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2015-03-25T14:01:30Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Nouns */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| q
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| ѳ
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| θ
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v/w
|align=center| y
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

Note: '''q''' and '''w''' are used only in loanwords and foreign proper nouns.

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

Diphtongs ''au'' and ''eu'' are always pronounced as /aw/ and /ew/ respectively.

There cannot be three wovels together. So, for example, ''awal'' ("early"), cannot be written as ''aual''. This also mean that a verb like ''baw'' ("to build") cannot be written as ''bau'' because it would eventually lead to ''bauer'' instead of the correct term ''bawer'' ("builder").

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding the prefix ''man'' or ''fem''.
:''tsula'' - fox (gender not specified)
:''man-tsula'' - male fox
:''fem-tsula'' - vixen

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''brator''/''sestar'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hvan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kali''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garme'' (warm) → ''garme-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''na'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''nay'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!ve–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''vejen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''vevas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''vevez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''vestan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''vekam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''vekaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kvanti
|''sakvanti/tokvanti'' (this/that much)
|''mokvanti'' (some)
|''aonkvanti'' (any quantity)
|''vekvanti'' (all of it)
|''nekvanti'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''vevez''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kvan'' || when
|-
| ''kver'' || where
|-
| ''kom'' || how
|-
| ''kvey'' || why
|-
| ''kvanti'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''jensa'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me jensa'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha jensa'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li jensa'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha jensa'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me yao jensa'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me vao jensa'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud jensa'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li jensa'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) jensa'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''xa jensa'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''(ge) jensa'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped. Instead, ''ge'' can be dropped in simple sentences where the agent is explicit.

:''dom ge jensa'' - the house is built
:''dom jensa bey no'' - the house is built by us

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bi'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bi'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me yao es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me vao es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bi'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''xa es'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bu'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad wa ekwal in dignita wa pravo. Le hav ratyon wa lyanxin wa deb akti naku in spirit de yondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tuy nam ba ge-fa xen'' 
''Tuy wan-gwo ba lay'' 
''Tuy vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Wa pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utan-jen'' 
''Wa ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2015-03-25T13:22:49Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Verbs */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| q
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| ѳ
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| θ
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v/w
|align=center| y
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

Note: '''q''' and '''w''' are used only in loanwords and foreign proper nouns.

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

Diphtongs ''au'' and ''eu'' are always pronounced as /aw/ and /ew/ respectively.

There cannot be three wovels together. So, for example, ''awal'' ("early"), cannot be written as ''aual''. This also mean that a verb like ''baw'' ("to build") cannot be written as ''bau'' because it would eventually lead to ''bauer'' instead of the correct term ''bawer'' ("builder").

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding the prefix ''man'' or ''fem''.
:''tsula'' - fox (gender not specified)
:''man-tsula'' - male fox
:''fem-tsula'' - vixen

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''brator''/''sestar'' - brother/sister
:''bino''/''bina'' - son/daughter

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hvan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kali''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garme'' (warm) → ''garme-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''na'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''nay'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!ve–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''vejen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''vevas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''vevez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''vestan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''vekam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''vekaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kvanti
|''sakvanti/tokvanti'' (this/that much)
|''mokvanti'' (some)
|''aonkvanti'' (any quantity)
|''vekvanti'' (all of it)
|''nekvanti'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''vevez''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kvan'' || when
|-
| ''kver'' || where
|-
| ''kom'' || how
|-
| ''kvey'' || why
|-
| ''kvanti'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''jensa'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me jensa'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha jensa'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li jensa'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha jensa'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me yao jensa'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me vao jensa'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud jensa'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li jensa'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) jensa'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''xa jensa'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''(ge) jensa'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped. Instead, ''ge'' can be dropped in simple sentences where the agent is explicit.

:''dom ge jensa'' - the house is built
:''dom jensa bey no'' - the house is built by us

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bi'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bi'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me yao es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me vao es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bi'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''xa es'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bu'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad wa ekwal in dignita wa pravo. Le hav ratyon wa lyanxin wa deb akti naku in spirit de yondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tuy nam ba ge-fa xen'' 
''Tuy wan-gwo ba lay'' 
''Tuy vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Wa pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utan-jen'' 
''Wa ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2015-03-25T13:13:53Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Correlatives */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| q
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| ѳ
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| θ
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v/w
|align=center| y
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

Note: '''q''' and '''w''' are used only in loanwords and foreign proper nouns.

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

Diphtongs ''au'' and ''eu'' are always pronounced as /aw/ and /ew/ respectively.

There cannot be three wovels together. So, for example, ''awal'' ("early"), cannot be written as ''aual''. This also mean that a verb like ''baw'' ("to build") cannot be written as ''bau'' because it would eventually lead to ''bauer'' instead of the correct term ''bawer'' ("builder").

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding the prefix ''man'' or ''fem''.
:''tsula'' - fox (gender not specified)
:''man-tsula'' - male fox
:''fem-tsula'' - vixen

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''brator''/''sestar'' - brother/sister
:''bino''/''bina'' - son/daughter

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hvan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kali''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garme'' (warm) → ''garme-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''na'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''nay'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!ve–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''vejen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''vevas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''vevez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''vestan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''vekam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''vekaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kvanti
|''sakvanti/tokvanti'' (this/that much)
|''mokvanti'' (some)
|''aonkvanti'' (any quantity)
|''vekvanti'' (all of it)
|''nekvanti'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''vevez''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kvan'' || when
|-
| ''kver'' || where
|-
| ''kom'' || how
|-
| ''kvey'' || why
|-
| ''kvanti'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.
If the verb ends with a consonant, "a", "o", or "u", the suffixes are simply attached to it. If the verbs ends in "e" or "i", the last vowel must be taken off before adding the suffixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''baw'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me baw'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha baw'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li baw'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha baw'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me yao baw'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me va baw'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud baw'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li baw'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) baw'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''bawint'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''ge baw'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se-'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped.

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bu'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bu'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me yao es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me va es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bu'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''esint'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bi'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad wa ekwal in dignita wa pravo. Le hav ratyon wa lyanxin wa deb akti naku in spirit de yondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tuy nam ba ge-fa xen'' 
''Tuy wan-gwo ba lay'' 
''Tuy vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Wa pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utan-jen'' 
''Wa ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2015-03-25T13:09:24Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Adverbs */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| q
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| ѳ
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| θ
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v/w
|align=center| y
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

Note: '''q''' and '''w''' are used only in loanwords and foreign proper nouns.

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

Diphtongs ''au'' and ''eu'' are always pronounced as /aw/ and /ew/ respectively.

There cannot be three wovels together. So, for example, ''awal'' ("early"), cannot be written as ''aual''. This also mean that a verb like ''baw'' ("to build") cannot be written as ''bau'' because it would eventually lead to ''bauer'' instead of the correct term ''bawer'' ("builder").

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding the prefix ''man'' or ''fem''.
:''tsula'' - fox (gender not specified)
:''man-tsula'' - male fox
:''fem-tsula'' - vixen

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''brator''/''sestar'' - brother/sister
:''bino''/''bina'' - son/daughter

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hvan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kali''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garme'' (warm) → ''garme-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''na'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''nay'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!omni–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''omnijen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''omnivas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''omnivez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''omnistan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''omnikam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''omnikaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kwant
|''sakwant/tokwant'' (this/that much)
|''mokwant'' (some)
|''aonkwant'' (any quantity)
|''omnikwant'' (all of it)
|''nekwant'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''omnici''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kwan'' || when
|-
| ''kwer'' || where
|-
| ''kwom'' || how
|-
| ''kwey'' || why
|-
| ''kwant'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.
If the verb ends with a consonant, "a", "o", or "u", the suffixes are simply attached to it. If the verbs ends in "e" or "i", the last vowel must be taken off before adding the suffixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''baw'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me baw'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha baw'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li baw'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha baw'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me yao baw'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me va baw'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud baw'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li baw'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) baw'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''bawint'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''ge baw'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se-'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped.

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bu'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bu'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me yao es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me va es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bu'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''esint'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bi'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad wa ekwal in dignita wa pravo. Le hav ratyon wa lyanxin wa deb akti naku in spirit de yondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tuy nam ba ge-fa xen'' 
''Tuy wan-gwo ba lay'' 
''Tuy vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Wa pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utan-jen'' 
''Wa ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2015-03-25T13:09:10Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Adverbs */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| q
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| ѳ
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| θ
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v/w
|align=center| y
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

Note: '''q''' and '''w''' are used only in loanwords and foreign proper nouns.

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

Diphtongs ''au'' and ''eu'' are always pronounced as /aw/ and /ew/ respectively.

There cannot be three wovels together. So, for example, ''awal'' ("early"), cannot be written as ''aual''. This also mean that a verb like ''baw'' ("to build") cannot be written as ''bau'' because it would eventually lead to ''bauer'' instead of the correct term ''bawer'' ("builder").

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding the prefix ''man'' or ''fem''.
:''tsula'' - fox (gender not specified)
:''man-tsula'' - male fox
:''fem-tsula'' - vixen

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''brator''/''sestar'' - brother/sister
:''bino''/''bina'' - son/daughter

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hvan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kali''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garme'' (warm) → ''garm-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''na'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''nay'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!omni–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''omnijen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''omnivas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''omnivez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''omnistan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''omnikam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''omnikaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kwant
|''sakwant/tokwant'' (this/that much)
|''mokwant'' (some)
|''aonkwant'' (any quantity)
|''omnikwant'' (all of it)
|''nekwant'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''omnici''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kwan'' || when
|-
| ''kwer'' || where
|-
| ''kwom'' || how
|-
| ''kwey'' || why
|-
| ''kwant'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.
If the verb ends with a consonant, "a", "o", or "u", the suffixes are simply attached to it. If the verbs ends in "e" or "i", the last vowel must be taken off before adding the suffixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''baw'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me baw'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha baw'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li baw'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha baw'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me yao baw'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me va baw'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud baw'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li baw'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) baw'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''bawint'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''ge baw'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se-'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped.

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bu'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bu'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me yao es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me va es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bu'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''esint'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bi'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad wa ekwal in dignita wa pravo. Le hav ratyon wa lyanxin wa deb akti naku in spirit de yondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tuy nam ba ge-fa xen'' 
''Tuy wan-gwo ba lay'' 
''Tuy vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Wa pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utan-jen'' 
''Wa ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2015-03-25T13:08:51Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Adjectives */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| q
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| ѳ
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| θ
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v/w
|align=center| y
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

Note: '''q''' and '''w''' are used only in loanwords and foreign proper nouns.

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

Diphtongs ''au'' and ''eu'' are always pronounced as /aw/ and /ew/ respectively.

There cannot be three wovels together. So, for example, ''awal'' ("early"), cannot be written as ''aual''. This also mean that a verb like ''baw'' ("to build") cannot be written as ''bau'' because it would eventually lead to ''bauer'' instead of the correct term ''bawer'' ("builder").

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding the prefix ''man'' or ''fem''.
:''tsula'' - fox (gender not specified)
:''man-tsula'' - male fox
:''fem-tsula'' - vixen

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''brator''/''sestar'' - brother/sister
:''bino''/''bina'' - son/daughter

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hvan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kali''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garm'' (warm) → ''garm-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''na'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''nay'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!omni–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''omnijen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''omnivas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''omnivez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''omnistan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''omnikam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''omnikaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kwant
|''sakwant/tokwant'' (this/that much)
|''mokwant'' (some)
|''aonkwant'' (any quantity)
|''omnikwant'' (all of it)
|''nekwant'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''omnici''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kwan'' || when
|-
| ''kwer'' || where
|-
| ''kwom'' || how
|-
| ''kwey'' || why
|-
| ''kwant'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.
If the verb ends with a consonant, "a", "o", or "u", the suffixes are simply attached to it. If the verbs ends in "e" or "i", the last vowel must be taken off before adding the suffixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''baw'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me baw'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha baw'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li baw'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha baw'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me yao baw'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me va baw'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud baw'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li baw'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) baw'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''bawint'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''ge baw'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se-'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped.

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bu'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bu'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me yao es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me va es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bu'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''esint'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bi'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad wa ekwal in dignita wa pravo. Le hav ratyon wa lyanxin wa deb akti naku in spirit de yondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tuy nam ba ge-fa xen'' 
''Tuy wan-gwo ba lay'' 
''Tuy vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Wa pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utan-jen'' 
''Wa ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2015-03-25T13:08:08Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Nouns */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| q
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| ѳ
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| θ
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v/w
|align=center| y
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

Note: '''q''' and '''w''' are used only in loanwords and foreign proper nouns.

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

Diphtongs ''au'' and ''eu'' are always pronounced as /aw/ and /ew/ respectively.

There cannot be three wovels together. So, for example, ''awal'' ("early"), cannot be written as ''aual''. This also mean that a verb like ''baw'' ("to build") cannot be written as ''bau'' because it would eventually lead to ''bauer'' instead of the correct term ''bawer'' ("builder").

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding the prefix ''man'' or ''fem''.
:''tsula'' - fox (gender not specified)
:''man-tsula'' - male fox
:''fem-tsula'' - vixen

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''brator''/''sestar'' - brother/sister
:''bino''/''bina'' - son/daughter

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hwan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kal''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garm'' (warm) → ''garm-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''na'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''nay'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!omni–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''omnijen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''omnivas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''omnivez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''omnistan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''omnikam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''omnikaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kwant
|''sakwant/tokwant'' (this/that much)
|''mokwant'' (some)
|''aonkwant'' (any quantity)
|''omnikwant'' (all of it)
|''nekwant'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''omnici''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kwan'' || when
|-
| ''kwer'' || where
|-
| ''kwom'' || how
|-
| ''kwey'' || why
|-
| ''kwant'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.
If the verb ends with a consonant, "a", "o", or "u", the suffixes are simply attached to it. If the verbs ends in "e" or "i", the last vowel must be taken off before adding the suffixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''baw'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me baw'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha baw'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li baw'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha baw'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me yao baw'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me va baw'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud baw'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li baw'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) baw'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''bawint'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''ge baw'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se-'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped.

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bu'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bu'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me yao es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me va es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bu'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''esint'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bi'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad wa ekwal in dignita wa pravo. Le hav ratyon wa lyanxin wa deb akti naku in spirit de yondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tuy nam ba ge-fa xen'' 
''Tuy wan-gwo ba lay'' 
''Tuy vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Wa pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utan-jen'' 
''Wa ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2015-03-25T13:05:04Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Alphabet */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| q
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| ѳ
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| θ
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v/w
|align=center| y
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

Note: '''q''' and '''w''' are used only in loanwords and foreign proper nouns.

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

Diphtongs ''au'' and ''eu'' are always pronounced as /aw/ and /ew/ respectively.

There cannot be three wovels together. So, for example, ''awal'' ("early"), cannot be written as ''aual''. This also mean that a verb like ''baw'' ("to build") cannot be written as ''bau'' because it would eventually lead to ''bauer'' instead of the correct term ''bawer'' ("builder").

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding ''o'' or ''a'' to the root.
:''bin'' - son or daughter (gender not specified)
:''bino'' - son
:''bina'' - daughter

However, a noun ending in ''o'' or ''a'' doesn't necessarily have a specified gender.
:''kiba'' - fang
:''feno'' - appearance

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''bratro''/''sestra'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hwan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kal''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garm'' (warm) → ''garm-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''na'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''nay'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!omni–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''omnijen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''omnivas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''omnivez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''omnistan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''omnikam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''omnikaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kwant
|''sakwant/tokwant'' (this/that much)
|''mokwant'' (some)
|''aonkwant'' (any quantity)
|''omnikwant'' (all of it)
|''nekwant'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''omnici''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kwan'' || when
|-
| ''kwer'' || where
|-
| ''kwom'' || how
|-
| ''kwey'' || why
|-
| ''kwant'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.
If the verb ends with a consonant, "a", "o", or "u", the suffixes are simply attached to it. If the verbs ends in "e" or "i", the last vowel must be taken off before adding the suffixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''baw'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me baw'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha baw'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li baw'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha baw'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me yao baw'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me va baw'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud baw'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li baw'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) baw'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''bawint'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''ge baw'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se-'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped.

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bu'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bu'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me yao es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me va es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bu'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''esint'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bi'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad wa ekwal in dignita wa pravo. Le hav ratyon wa lyanxin wa deb akti naku in spirit de yondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tuy nam ba ge-fa xen'' 
''Tuy wan-gwo ba lay'' 
''Tuy vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Wa pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utan-jen'' 
''Wa ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2015-03-10T20:13:36Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Sample translations */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| q
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| ѳ
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| θ
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

Note: '''q''' is used only in loanwords and foreign proper nouns.

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

Diphtongs ''au'' and ''eu'' are always pronounced as /aw/ and /ew/ respectively.

There cannot be three wovels together. So, for example, ''awal'' ("early"), cannot be written as ''aual''. This also mean that a verb like ''baw'' ("to build") cannot be written as ''bau'' because it would eventually lead to ''bauer'' instead of the correct term ''bawer'' ("builder").

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding ''o'' or ''a'' to the root.
:''bin'' - son or daughter (gender not specified)
:''bino'' - son
:''bina'' - daughter

However, a noun ending in ''o'' or ''a'' doesn't necessarily have a specified gender.
:''kiba'' - fang
:''feno'' - appearance

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''bratro''/''sestra'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hwan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kal''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garm'' (warm) → ''garm-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''na'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''nay'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!omni–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''omnijen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''omnivas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''omnivez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''omnistan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''omnikam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''omnikaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kwant
|''sakwant/tokwant'' (this/that much)
|''mokwant'' (some)
|''aonkwant'' (any quantity)
|''omnikwant'' (all of it)
|''nekwant'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''omnici''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kwan'' || when
|-
| ''kwer'' || where
|-
| ''kwom'' || how
|-
| ''kwey'' || why
|-
| ''kwant'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.
If the verb ends with a consonant, "a", "o", or "u", the suffixes are simply attached to it. If the verbs ends in "e" or "i", the last vowel must be taken off before adding the suffixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''baw'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me baw'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha baw'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li baw'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha baw'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me yao baw'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me va baw'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud baw'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li baw'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) baw'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''bawint'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''ge baw'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se-'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped.

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bu'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bu'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me yao es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me va es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bu'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''esint'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bi'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad wa ekwal in dignita wa pravo. Le hav ratyon wa lyanxin wa deb akti naku in spirit de yondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tuy nam ba ge-fa xen'' 
''Tuy wan-gwo ba lay'' 
''Tuy vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Wa pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utan-jen'' 
''Wa ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2015-03-10T20:06:42Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Alphabet */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| q
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| ѳ
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| θ
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

Note: '''q''' is used only in loanwords and foreign proper nouns.

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

Diphtongs ''au'' and ''eu'' are always pronounced as /aw/ and /ew/ respectively.

There cannot be three wovels together. So, for example, ''awal'' ("early"), cannot be written as ''aual''. This also mean that a verb like ''baw'' ("to build") cannot be written as ''bau'' because it would eventually lead to ''bauer'' instead of the correct term ''bawer'' ("builder").

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding ''o'' or ''a'' to the root.
:''bin'' - son or daughter (gender not specified)
:''bino'' - son
:''bina'' - daughter

However, a noun ending in ''o'' or ''a'' doesn't necessarily have a specified gender.
:''kiba'' - fang
:''feno'' - appearance

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''bratro''/''sestra'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hwan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kal''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garm'' (warm) → ''garm-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''na'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''nay'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!omni–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''omnijen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''omnivas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''omnivez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''omnistan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''omnikam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''omnikaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kwant
|''sakwant/tokwant'' (this/that much)
|''mokwant'' (some)
|''aonkwant'' (any quantity)
|''omnikwant'' (all of it)
|''nekwant'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''omnici''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kwan'' || when
|-
| ''kwer'' || where
|-
| ''kwom'' || how
|-
| ''kwey'' || why
|-
| ''kwant'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.
If the verb ends with a consonant, "a", "o", or "u", the suffixes are simply attached to it. If the verbs ends in "e" or "i", the last vowel must be taken off before adding the suffixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''baw'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me baw'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha baw'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li baw'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha baw'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me yao baw'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me va baw'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud baw'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li baw'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) baw'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''bawint'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''ge baw'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se-'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped.

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bu'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bu'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me yao es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me va es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bu'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''esint'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bi'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad wa ekwal in dignita wa pravo. Le hav ratyon wa lyanxin wa deb akti naku in spirit de hyondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tuy nam ba ge-fa xen'' 
''Tuy wan-gwo ba lay'' 
''Tuy vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Wa pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utan-jen'' 
''Wa ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Novbasa/Lexicon

2015-02-14T17:53:20Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* C */

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa]]

==A==

'''ab''' ''prep.'' from

'''adab''' ''adj.'' well-mannered, well-behaved ''n.'' good manners

'''adet''' ''n.'' habit

'''adil''' ''adj.'' just, righteous

'''adres''' ''n.'' address

'''afsos''' ''n.'' regret ''v.'' to regret

'''agar''' ''conj.'' if

'''agni''' ''n.'' fire

'''agro''' ''n.'' field (agriculture)

'''ahir''' ''n.'' end ''adj.'' last, final

'''akax''' ''n.'' sky ''adj.'' celestial

'''aki''' ''n.'' autumn

'''akil''' ''n.'' intellect ''adj.'' intelligent, smart

'''aksar''' ''n.'' letter (of the alphabet)

'''akti''' ''n.'' action ''v.'' to act

'''akusti''' ''v.'' to listen (to)

'''akuzi''' ''n.'' accuse ''v.'' to accuse

'''alat''' ''n.'' tool

'''almaz''' ''n.'' diamond

'''amok''' ''n.'' frenzy ''asj.'' amock

'''amuzi''' ''n.'' fun ''adj.'' funny ''v.'' to amuse

'''ananke''' ''n.'' obligation ''v.'' to coerce, to force

'''anarhi''' ''n.'' anarchy

'''ancen''' ''adj.'' safe

'''angel''' ''n.'' angel ''adj.'' angelic

'''anka''' ''intr. v.'' to bend

'''anki''' ''tr. v.'' to bend

'''anti''' ''prep.'' against

'''anxi''' ''n.'' suggestion ''v.'' to suggest

'''anxin''' ''n.'' relief ''v.'' to relieve

'''aoman''' ''adj.'' arrogant, haughty

'''aon''' ''adj.'' any

'''apel''' ''n.'' apple

'''apena''' ''adv.'' barely

'''arbalet''' ''n.'' crossbow

'''arda''' ''n.'' earth [planet, element]

'''arhiv''' ''n.'' archive

'''arpa''' ''n.'' barley

'''asid''' ''n.'' acid ''adj.'' acid, acidic

'''asli''' ''n.'' source, origin

'''atma''' ''n.'' soul

'''awdi''' ''v.'' to hear

'''awga''' ''intr. v.'' to grow

'''awgi''' ''tr. v.'' to grow

'''axa''' ''n.'' hope ''v.'' to hope

'''ay''' ''n.'' love [generic], ''v.'' to like

'''ayam''' ''n.'' chicken

'''ayfu''' ''n.'' caress ''v.'' to caress

'''ayna''' ''adv.'' always

'''azad''' ''adj.'' free ''v.'' to free

==B==

'''bab''' ''n.'' bean

'''badal''' ''n.'' replacement ''v.'' to replace

'''badan''' ''n.'' body (''anatomy'') ''adj.'' bodily

'''bakti''' ''adj.'' devoted, faithful

'''bal''' ''adj.'' strong

'''baldi''' ''n.'' bucket

'''bana''' ''v.'' to become

'''baraka''' ''n.'' blessing ''v.'' to bless

'''barut''' ''n.'' gunpowder

'''basa''' ''n.'' language

'''batal''' ''n.'' battle

'''baw''' ''n.'' to build

'''ber''' ''v.'' to bear, to carry

'''beyxin''' ''n.'' betrayal, treason ''v.'' to betray

'''bez''' ''prep.'' without

'''blits''' ''n.'' lightining

'''bodar''' ''adj.'' deaf

'''bota''' ''n.'' boot

'''bozi''' ''n.'' goat

'''brena''' ''intr. v.'' to burn

'''breni''' ''tr. v.'' to burn

'''brun''' ''adj.'' brown ''n.'' brown

'''budno''' ''n.'' bottom

'''buran''' ''n.'' blizzard

'''burats''' ''n.'' dishcloth, floorcloth

'''byenha''' ''intr. v.'' to change

'''byenhi''' ''tr. v.'' to change

==C==

'''ca''' ''num.'' four

'''cal''' ''v.'' to run

'''can''' ''n.'' chin

'''candra''' ''n.'' moon ''adj.'' lunar

'''canzao''' ''v.'' to create ''n.'' creation

'''cao''' ''n.'' tide ''adj.'' tidal

'''casto''' ''adv.'' often

'''cav''' ''n.'' key [to open or close a door]

'''cay''' ''n.'' tea

'''caya''' ''n.'' shadow

'''cef''' ''n.'' chief ''adj.'' chief

'''cin''' ''v.'' to invade ''n.'' invasion

'''cinay''' ''adj.'' dear, beloved

'''cinkwan''' ''n.'' circumstance ''adj.'' circumstantial

'''cinmo''' ''n.'' silence ''adj.'' silent

'''ciryo''' ''n.'' cure ''v.'' to cure, to heal

'''cosan''' ''n.'' ancestor

==D==

'''da''' ''v.'' to give

'''dafan''' ''v.'' to bury ''n.'' burial

'''daka''' ''n.'' shove ''v.'' to push, to shove

'''dakru''' ''n.'' tear

'''dam''' ''n.'' dam

'''dans''' ''v.'' to dance ''n.'' dance

'''dao''' ''n.'' knife

'''daru''' ''n.'' tree

'''derm''' ''n.'' skin

'''dew''' ''n.'' god, deity ''adj.'' godly

'''digit''' ''n.'' finger

'''dikan''' ''v.'' to resist

'''dilg''' ''adj.'' long

'''dingwa''' ''n.'' tongue [anatomy]

'''dukan''' ''n.'' shop

'''dum''' ''prep.'' during

'''duman''' ''n.'' smoke

'''dunya''' ''n.'' world ''adj.'' worldly

'''duxman''' ''n.'' enemy

'''dwar''' ''n.'' door

==E==

'''eban''' ''n.'' ebony

'''ebur''' ''n.'' ivory

'''ekran''' ''n.'' screen ''v.'' to screen

'''eksplot''' ''v.'' to exploit

'''ekwal''' ''adj.'' equal

'''ekwati''' ''n.'' equation

'''epoq''' ''n.'' epoch ''adj.'' epochal

'''eskap''' ''n.'' escape ''v.'' to escape

'''esok''' ''adv.'' tomorrow

'''etap''' ''n.'' stage [of grief, etc.]

'''eufori''' ''n.'' euphoria ''adj.'' euphoric

'''exafot''' ''n.'' gallows

==F==

'''facil''' ''adj.'' easy

'''fakel''' ''n.'' torch

'''fanci''' ''n.'' renounce ''v.'' to renounce

'''fark''' ''adj.'' different

'''fatim''' ''n.'' pronunciation ''v.'' to pronounce

'''feno''' ''n.'' appearance ''adj.'' apparent ''v.'' to appear

'''ferma''' ''n.'' farm

'''fey''' ''n.'' flight ''v.'' to fly ''adj'' flying

'''flam''' ''n.'' flame

'''flot''' ''v.'' to float

'''fluks''' ''n.'' stream

'''fob''' ''n.'' fear ''v.'' to fear

'''foli''' ''n.'' leaf

'''frazi''' ''n.'' phrase

'''fursat''' ''n.'' opportunity

'''futan''' ''n.'' burden

'''futur''' ''n.'' future ''adj.'' future

==G==

'''gaci''' ''n.'' value [economy]

'''galat''' ''adj.'' wrong ''n.'' mistake

'''gamal''' ''n.'' camel

'''gan''' ''v.'' to sing

'''gana''' ''n.'' song

'''gans''' ''n.'' goose

'''gao''' ''adj.'' tall, high

'''garm''' ''adj.'' warm

'''gatal''' ''n.'' itch ''adj.'' itchy ''v.'' to itch

'''genu''' ''n.'' knee

'''gitar''' ''n.'' guitar

'''glup''' ''n.'' fool ''adj.'' foolish, stupid

'''glut''' ''v.'' to swallow

'''gnoz''' ''v.'' to know ''n.'' knowledge

'''gora''' ''n.'' mountain

'''gorla''' ''n.'' throat

'''gravur''' ''n.'' engraving ''v.'' to engrave

'''grit''' ''n.'' scream ''v.'' to scream, to shout

'''grup''' ''n.'' group

'''guha''' ''n.'' cave, grotto

'''gul''' ''n.'' flower

'''gum''' ''n.'' rubber

'''gun''' ''adj.'' military

'''gwansin''' ''n.'' concern ''v.'' to concern

'''gwo''' ''n.'' nation, country ''adj.'' national

==H==

'''hafiz''' ''v.'' to maintain, to preserve, to conserve

'''hakim''' ''v.'' to judge

'''haraka''' ''n.'' haste ''adj.'' hasty

'''heves''' ''n.'' zeal, fervor ''adj.'' zealous

'''hisab''' ''n.'' accounting

'''huzun''' ''adj.'' sad

'''hwan''' ''adj.'' yellow

'''hwanjin''' ''n.'' environment ''adj.'' environmental

'''hyondi''' ''n.'' sibling

==I==

'''ica''' ''n.'' wish, desire ''v.'' to wish, to desire

'''ilaj''' ''n.'' remedy

'''iman''' ''n.'' faith

'''intazar''' ''v.'' to wait

'''iskra''' ''n.'' spark

'''itahat''' ''v.'' to obey

==J==

'''ja''' ''adv.'' already

'''jahaz''' ''n.'' ship

'''jalan''' ''v.'' to walk

'''janma''' ''n.'' birth ''v.'' to be born

'''jawab''' ''n.'' answer ''v.'' to answer

'''jeb''' ''n.'' pocket

'''jejin''' ''v.'' to approach

'''jin''' ''adj.'' near

'''jingao''' ''n.'' warning ''v.'' to warn

'''jinju''' ''n.'' pearl

'''junbi''' ''adj.'' ready, prepared

'''junxi''' ''adj.'' faithful, loyal

'''jus''' ''n.'' juice

==K==

'''kaban''' ''n.'' bag

'''kabila''' ''n.'' tribe

'''kabur''' ''n.'' tomb, grave

'''kad''' ''adj.'' each

'''kafan''' ''n.'' shroud

'''kafas''' ''n.'' cage

'''kafe''' ''n.'' coffee

'''kal''' ''adj.'' black

'''kalam''' ''n.'' pen

'''kalim''' ''n.'' word

'''kamar''' ''n.'' room

'''kamil''' ''adj.'' perfect

'''kamus''' ''n.'' dictionary, vocabulary

'''kan''' ''v.'' to look (at)

'''kanal''' ''n.'' channel ''v.'' to channel

'''kanjo''' ''v.'' to feel [an emotion or a mind state]

'''kanun''' ''n.'' law, canon ''adj.'' lawful, canonical

'''kanvas''' ''n.'' canvas

'''kanxa''' ''v.'' to thank

'''kaolu''' ''v.'' to consider

'''kap''' ''n.'' head

'''kapak''' ''n.'' lid

'''kapti''' ''v.'' to catch ''n.'' capture

'''kasab''' ''v.'' to butcher

'''kat''' ''n.'' cat

'''kata''' ''n.'' cut ''v.'' to cut

'''kav''' ''v.'' to dig

'''kawda''' ''n.'' tail

'''kayfa''' ''n.'' development ''v.'' to develop

'''kayxi''' ''n.'' beginning ''v.'' to begin

'''kelar''' ''n.'' cellar

'''kenkan''' ''adj.'' healthy, sane

'''kenson''' ''adj.'' modest

'''kerd''' ''n.'' heart

'''ki''' ''adv.'' who

'''kibrit''' ''n.'' match [to light fire]

'''kidai''' ''n.'' expectation ''v.'' to expect

'''kinxi''' ''v.'' to forbid ''n.'' prohibition

'''kitab''' ''n.'' book

'''ko''' ''adv.'' what

'''kohak''' ''n.'' science ''adj.'' scientific

'''kolor''' ''n.'' color ''adj.'' colored ''v.'' to color

'''kon''' ''n.'' hole

'''kongan''' ''n.'' space ''adj.'' spacial

'''kongi''' ''n.'' attack ''v.'' to attack

'''konju''' ''n.'' tool

'''krayon''' ''n.'' pencil, crayon

'''kudu''' ''adj.'' alone, lonely

'''kunan''' ''adj.'' difficult

'''kurs''' ''n.'' course [to learn something]

'''kursi''' ''n.'' chair

'''kuton''' ''n.'' torment ''v.'' to torment

'''kwan''' ''adv.'' when

'''kwant''' ''adv.'' how much

'''kwazi''' ''adv.'' almost

'''kwer''' ''adv.'' where

'''kwey''' ''adv.'' why

'''kwom''' ''adv.'' how

==L==

'''la''' ''adv.'' there

'''lak''' ''n.'' lake

'''lan''' ''adj.'' lazy

'''latun''' ''n.'' brass

'''lav''' ''v.'' to wash

'''lej''' ''v.i.'' to lay

'''len''' ''adj.'' cold

'''lev''' ''adj.'' left ''n.'' left

'''lewk''' ''n.'' light

'''lez''' ''v.'' to read

'''licens''' ''n.'' license

'''lid''' ''v.'' to lead ''n.'' guidance

'''lin''' ''n.'' line ''adj.'' linear

'''lipo''' ''n.'' fat ''adj.'' fat

'''loten''' ''n.'' attic

'''lug''' ''n.'' lie ''v.'' to lie

'''lus''' ''n.'' louse

'''lut''' ''v.'' to plunder, to loot

'''lwo''' ''v.'' to fall ''n.'' fall

'''lyanxin''' ''n.'' conscience

'''lyed''' ''n.'' ice ''adj.'' icy

'''lyub''' ''n.'' love ''v.'' to love

==M==

'''ma''' ''conj.'' but

'''mah''' ''n.'' power ''adj.'' powerful

'''mal''' ''adj.'' bad, evil

'''mana''' ''n.'' meaning ''v.'' to mean

'''mao''' ''n.'' hair

'''mar''' ''n.'' horse, mare

'''mas''' ''n.'' meat, flesh

'''masala''' ''n.'' spice ''adj.'' spicy

'''matra''' ''n.'' mother

'''maymun''' ''n.'' monkey

'''meg''' ''adj.'' big

'''menaje''' ''n.'' management ''v.'' to manage

'''mest''' ''n.'' revenge, vengeance ''v.'' to avenge

'''metal''' ''n.'' metal ''adj.'' metallic

'''meza''' ''n.'' table

'''mikas''' ''n.'' scissors

'''minyu''' ''n.'' honor

'''miq''' ''n.'' nail [metallic object]

'''misal''' ''n.'' example

'''miso''' ''n.'' smile ''v.'' to smile

'''mor''' ''n.'' sea

'''mord''' ''n.'' murder ''v.'' to murder

'''mort''' ''n.'' death ''v.'' to die

'''mosun''' ''n.'' contraddiction ''v.'' to contraddict

'''muc''' ''adv.'' much

'''mudri''' ''adj.'' wise

'''muh''' ''n.'' fly

'''multi''' ''adj.'' many

'''mun''' ''n.'' gate

'''mupyo''' ''n.'' target, goal

'''muq''' ''n.'' face

'''mur''' ''n.'' ant

'''mus''' ''n.'' mouse

'''musim''' ''n.'' season

'''muzik''' ''n.'' music ''adj.'' musical

'''myed''' ''n.'' honey

==N==

'''na''' ''pron.'' we

'''nab''' ''n.'' navel

'''nadi''' ''n.'' river

'''nag''' ''n.'' nail [organic]

'''nagar''' ''n.'' city

'''nam''' ''n.'' name

'''nao''' ''n.'' brain ''adj.'' cerebral

'''narod''' ''n.'' people [politics]

'''nas''' ''n.'' nose

'''naut''' ''n.'' navigation ''adj.'' nautical ''v.'' to navigate

'''nem''' ''v.'' to take

'''nen''' ''v.'' to can

'''nil''' ''adj.'' blue

'''nivel''' ''n.'' level

'''nixan''' ''n.'' sign, signal

'''niz''' ''n.'' low

'''nizdo''' ''n.'' nest

'''noga''' ''n.'' leg

'''nov''' ''adj.'' new

'''nwans''' ''n.'' shade, nuance

'''nyan''' ''n.'' year ''adj.'' yearly

'''nyuki''' ''n.'' bee

==O==

'''o''' ''conj.'' or

'''oblivi''' ''v.'' to forget

'''oli''' ''n.'' oil

'''omni''' ''adj.'' every

'''ost''' ''n.'' bone

'''ovo''' ''n.'' egg

==P==

'''pad''' ''n.'' step

'''pag''' ''v.'' to pay

'''pagal''' ''adj.'' crazy

'''pak''' ''n.'' package

'''papier''' ''n.'' paper

'''Paskwa''' ''n.'' Easter

'''pat''' ''n.'' path

'''pati''' ''v.'' to suffer

'''patro''' ''n.'' father

'''pek''' ''v.'' to cook

'''pilao''' ''adj.'' tired

'''pilyo''' ''n.'' need ''v.'' to need

'''pimi''' ''n.'' secret ''adj.'' secret

'''pod''' ''n.'' foot

'''polex''' ''n.'' thumb

'''pravo''' ''n.'' right [law]

'''praxna''' ''n.'' question

'''pubun''' ''n.'' part

'''putao''' ''n.'' grape

'''puzu''' ''n.'' lack ''v.'' to lack

==R==

'''rabot''' ''n.'' work, job ''v.'' to work

'''raf''' ''n.'' shelf

'''rahat''' ''n.'' rest ''v.'' to rest

'''rana''' ''n.'' wound, injury ''v.'' to wound

'''rasmi''' ''n.'' picture ''v.'' to draw [a picture]

'''ration''' ''n.'' reason ''adj.'' rational

'''reja''' ''n.'' queen

'''rejo''' ''n.'' king

'''ris''' ''n.'' rice

'''riza''' ''n.'' root

'''rosa''' ''n.'' dew

'''rud''' ''adj.'' red

'''ruin''' ''n.'' ruin

==S==

'''sa''' ''adj.'' this

'''sabab''' ''conj.'' because

'''sabah''' ''n.'' morning

'''saf''' ''adj.'' clean, pure

'''safar''' ''n.'' travel, voyage ''v.'' to travel

'''sahat''' ''n.'' hour ''adj.'' hourly

'''sam''' ''adj.'' same

'''samaje''' ''v.'' to understand

'''samar''' ''n.'' summer

'''sapato''' ''n.'' shoe

'''saza''' ''n.'' punishment ''v.'' to punish

'''sem''' ''n.'' seed

'''skrib''' ''v.'' to write

'''sombre''' ''adj.'' somber

'''splen''' ''n.'' spleen [organ]

'''sundar''' ''adj.'' beautiful

==T==

'''ta''' ''pron.'' she

'''talak''' ''n.'' divorce

'''tao''' ''n.'' street, road

'''tariq''' ''n.'' date [on a calendar]

'''taur''' ''n.'' bull

'''terazu''' ''n.'' scales

'''teki''' ''adj.'' hostile

'''tigon''' ''n.'' offer ''v.'' to offer

'''tolun''' ''n.'' discussion ''v.'' to discuss

'''tong''' ''n.'' barrel

'''tranx''' ''n.'' slice ''v.'' to slice

'''tras''' ''n.'' trace ''v.'' to trace

'''traur''' ''n.'' grief ''v.'' to grieve

'''trik''' ''n.'' trick

'''tu''' ''pron.'' you [singular]

'''tufan''' ''n.'' storm ''adj.'' stormy

'''tuk''' ''n.'' poison ''adj.'' poisonous ''v.'' to poison

'''tung''' ''n.'' east ''adj.'' eastern

'''tuq''' ''n.'' kerchief

'''tur''' ''n.'' tower

'''turan''' ''adj.'' sudden

'''tux''' ''n.'' touch ''v.'' to touch

'''tyao''' ''n.'' jump ''v.'' to jump

==U==

'''ultra''' ''prep.'' over

'''umri''' ''n.'' age

'''umul''' ''n.'' well

'''ustad''' ''n.'' expert ''adj.'' expert

'''utan''' ''n.'' debt

==V==

'''valk''' ''n.'' wolf

'''vas''' ''n.'' thing

'''velna''' ''n.'' wave

'''vespre''' ''n.'' evening

'''vetan''' ''n.'' wages

'''vijai''' ''v.'' to win ''n.'' victory

'''vin''' ''n.'' wine

'''vo''' ''pron.'' you [plural]

'''vol''' ''n.'' will ''v.'' to want, to well

'''vulpe''' ''n.'' fox

==W==

'''wa''' ''conj.'' and

'''wakt''' ''n.'' time ''adj.'' temporal

'''wan''' ''n.'' lord, regnant

'''wangwo''' ''n.'' kingdom

'''wast''' ''adj.'' desolated

'''way''' ''adj.'' external

'''wazni''' ''n.'' weight

'''web''' ''v.'' to weave

'''wergo''' ''n.'' work [something realized]

'''west''' ''n.'' west ''adj.'' western

'''wuci''' ''n.'' weapon

'''wul''' ''n.'' wool

==X==

'''xak''' ''n.'' doubt ''v.'' to doubt

'''xam''' ''n.'' shame ''adj.'' shameful

'''xanti''' ''adj.'' quiet

'''xao''' ''adj.'' small, little

'''xaya''' ''n.'' shadow

'''xayad''' ''adv.'' maybe, perhaps

'''xipe''' ''v.'' to flay

'''xkad''' ''n.'' misfortune

'''xokolat''' ''n.'' chocolate

'''xum''' ''n.'' noise ''adj.'' noisy

==Y==

'''yad''' ''n.'' hand

'''yag''' ''v.'' to hunt

'''yan''' ''n.'' sheep

'''yao''' ''v.'' to want, to desire

'''yapo''' ''n.'' oppression ''v.'' to oppress

'''yasai''' ''n.'' vegetable

'''yatim''' ''n.'' orphan

'''yenju''' ''n.'' research ''v.'' to research

'''yerek''' ''adv.'' yesterday

'''yexu''' ''n.'' art ''adj.'' artistic

'''yoram''' ''n.'' cradle

'''yu''' ''prep.'' with

'''yud''' ''n.'' war

'''yug''' ''n.'' yoke

'''yimu''' ''n.'' duty, responsibility

'''yun''' ''adj.'' young

'''yunci''' ''n.'' courage ''adj.'' brave, courageous

'''yusan''' ''n.'' umbrella

'''yuyon''' ''v.'' to swim

'''yuzai''' ''n.'' guilt ''adj.'' guilty

==Z==

'''zan''' ''adj.'' dirty

'''zavi''' ''n.'' envy ''adj.'' envious ''v.'' to envy

'''zay''' ''adv.'' again

'''zaytun''' ''n.'' olive

'''zev''' ''n.'' yawn ''v.'' to yawn

'''zima''' ''n.'' winter

'''zina''' ''n.'' adultery

'''zodiak''' ''n.'' zodiac

'''zon''' ''n.'' zone

Novbasa/Lexicon

2015-02-14T17:49:30Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* B */

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa]]

==A==

'''ab''' ''prep.'' from

'''adab''' ''adj.'' well-mannered, well-behaved ''n.'' good manners

'''adet''' ''n.'' habit

'''adil''' ''adj.'' just, righteous

'''adres''' ''n.'' address

'''afsos''' ''n.'' regret ''v.'' to regret

'''agar''' ''conj.'' if

'''agni''' ''n.'' fire

'''agro''' ''n.'' field (agriculture)

'''ahir''' ''n.'' end ''adj.'' last, final

'''akax''' ''n.'' sky ''adj.'' celestial

'''aki''' ''n.'' autumn

'''akil''' ''n.'' intellect ''adj.'' intelligent, smart

'''aksar''' ''n.'' letter (of the alphabet)

'''akti''' ''n.'' action ''v.'' to act

'''akusti''' ''v.'' to listen (to)

'''akuzi''' ''n.'' accuse ''v.'' to accuse

'''alat''' ''n.'' tool

'''almaz''' ''n.'' diamond

'''amok''' ''n.'' frenzy ''asj.'' amock

'''amuzi''' ''n.'' fun ''adj.'' funny ''v.'' to amuse

'''ananke''' ''n.'' obligation ''v.'' to coerce, to force

'''anarhi''' ''n.'' anarchy

'''ancen''' ''adj.'' safe

'''angel''' ''n.'' angel ''adj.'' angelic

'''anka''' ''intr. v.'' to bend

'''anki''' ''tr. v.'' to bend

'''anti''' ''prep.'' against

'''anxi''' ''n.'' suggestion ''v.'' to suggest

'''anxin''' ''n.'' relief ''v.'' to relieve

'''aoman''' ''adj.'' arrogant, haughty

'''aon''' ''adj.'' any

'''apel''' ''n.'' apple

'''apena''' ''adv.'' barely

'''arbalet''' ''n.'' crossbow

'''arda''' ''n.'' earth [planet, element]

'''arhiv''' ''n.'' archive

'''arpa''' ''n.'' barley

'''asid''' ''n.'' acid ''adj.'' acid, acidic

'''asli''' ''n.'' source, origin

'''atma''' ''n.'' soul

'''awdi''' ''v.'' to hear

'''awga''' ''intr. v.'' to grow

'''awgi''' ''tr. v.'' to grow

'''axa''' ''n.'' hope ''v.'' to hope

'''ay''' ''n.'' love [generic], ''v.'' to like

'''ayam''' ''n.'' chicken

'''ayfu''' ''n.'' caress ''v.'' to caress

'''ayna''' ''adv.'' always

'''azad''' ''adj.'' free ''v.'' to free

==B==

'''bab''' ''n.'' bean

'''badal''' ''n.'' replacement ''v.'' to replace

'''badan''' ''n.'' body (''anatomy'') ''adj.'' bodily

'''bakti''' ''adj.'' devoted, faithful

'''bal''' ''adj.'' strong

'''baldi''' ''n.'' bucket

'''bana''' ''v.'' to become

'''baraka''' ''n.'' blessing ''v.'' to bless

'''barut''' ''n.'' gunpowder

'''basa''' ''n.'' language

'''batal''' ''n.'' battle

'''baw''' ''n.'' to build

'''ber''' ''v.'' to bear, to carry

'''beyxin''' ''n.'' betrayal, treason ''v.'' to betray

'''bez''' ''prep.'' without

'''blits''' ''n.'' lightining

'''bodar''' ''adj.'' deaf

'''bota''' ''n.'' boot

'''bozi''' ''n.'' goat

'''brena''' ''intr. v.'' to burn

'''breni''' ''tr. v.'' to burn

'''brun''' ''adj.'' brown ''n.'' brown

'''budno''' ''n.'' bottom

'''buran''' ''n.'' blizzard

'''burats''' ''n.'' dishcloth, floorcloth

'''byenha''' ''intr. v.'' to change

'''byenhi''' ''tr. v.'' to change

==C==

'''cal''' ''v.'' to run

'''can''' ''n.'' chin

'''candra''' ''n.'' moon ''adj.'' lunar

'''canzao''' ''v.'' to create ''n.'' creation

'''cao''' ''n.'' tide ''adj.'' tidal

'''cast''' ''adv.'' often

'''cav''' ''n.'' key [to open or close a door]

'''cay''' ''n.'' tea

'''cef''' ''n.'' chief ''adj.'' chief

'''cikle''' ''n.'' cycle ''adj.'' cyclical

'''cin''' ''v.'' to invade ''n.'' invasion

'''cinai''' ''adj.'' dear, beloved

'''cinkwan''' ''n.'' circumstance ''adj.'' circumstantial

'''cinmo''' ''n.'' silence ''adj.'' silent

'''ciryo''' ''n.'' cure ''v.'' to cure, to heal

'''cosan''' ''n.'' ancestor

==D==

'''da''' ''v.'' to give

'''dafan''' ''v.'' to bury ''n.'' burial

'''daka''' ''n.'' shove ''v.'' to push, to shove

'''dakru''' ''n.'' tear

'''dam''' ''n.'' dam

'''dans''' ''v.'' to dance ''n.'' dance

'''dao''' ''n.'' knife

'''daru''' ''n.'' tree

'''derm''' ''n.'' skin

'''dew''' ''n.'' god, deity ''adj.'' godly

'''digit''' ''n.'' finger

'''dikan''' ''v.'' to resist

'''dilg''' ''adj.'' long

'''dingwa''' ''n.'' tongue [anatomy]

'''dukan''' ''n.'' shop

'''dum''' ''prep.'' during

'''duman''' ''n.'' smoke

'''dunya''' ''n.'' world ''adj.'' worldly

'''duxman''' ''n.'' enemy

'''dwar''' ''n.'' door

==E==

'''eban''' ''n.'' ebony

'''ebur''' ''n.'' ivory

'''ekran''' ''n.'' screen ''v.'' to screen

'''eksplot''' ''v.'' to exploit

'''ekwal''' ''adj.'' equal

'''ekwati''' ''n.'' equation

'''epoq''' ''n.'' epoch ''adj.'' epochal

'''eskap''' ''n.'' escape ''v.'' to escape

'''esok''' ''adv.'' tomorrow

'''etap''' ''n.'' stage [of grief, etc.]

'''eufori''' ''n.'' euphoria ''adj.'' euphoric

'''exafot''' ''n.'' gallows

==F==

'''facil''' ''adj.'' easy

'''fakel''' ''n.'' torch

'''fanci''' ''n.'' renounce ''v.'' to renounce

'''fark''' ''adj.'' different

'''fatim''' ''n.'' pronunciation ''v.'' to pronounce

'''feno''' ''n.'' appearance ''adj.'' apparent ''v.'' to appear

'''ferma''' ''n.'' farm

'''fey''' ''n.'' flight ''v.'' to fly ''adj'' flying

'''flam''' ''n.'' flame

'''flot''' ''v.'' to float

'''fluks''' ''n.'' stream

'''fob''' ''n.'' fear ''v.'' to fear

'''foli''' ''n.'' leaf

'''frazi''' ''n.'' phrase

'''fursat''' ''n.'' opportunity

'''futan''' ''n.'' burden

'''futur''' ''n.'' future ''adj.'' future

==G==

'''gaci''' ''n.'' value [economy]

'''galat''' ''adj.'' wrong ''n.'' mistake

'''gamal''' ''n.'' camel

'''gan''' ''v.'' to sing

'''gana''' ''n.'' song

'''gans''' ''n.'' goose

'''gao''' ''adj.'' tall, high

'''garm''' ''adj.'' warm

'''gatal''' ''n.'' itch ''adj.'' itchy ''v.'' to itch

'''genu''' ''n.'' knee

'''gitar''' ''n.'' guitar

'''glup''' ''n.'' fool ''adj.'' foolish, stupid

'''glut''' ''v.'' to swallow

'''gnoz''' ''v.'' to know ''n.'' knowledge

'''gora''' ''n.'' mountain

'''gorla''' ''n.'' throat

'''gravur''' ''n.'' engraving ''v.'' to engrave

'''grit''' ''n.'' scream ''v.'' to scream, to shout

'''grup''' ''n.'' group

'''guha''' ''n.'' cave, grotto

'''gul''' ''n.'' flower

'''gum''' ''n.'' rubber

'''gun''' ''adj.'' military

'''gwansin''' ''n.'' concern ''v.'' to concern

'''gwo''' ''n.'' nation, country ''adj.'' national

==H==

'''hafiz''' ''v.'' to maintain, to preserve, to conserve

'''hakim''' ''v.'' to judge

'''haraka''' ''n.'' haste ''adj.'' hasty

'''heves''' ''n.'' zeal, fervor ''adj.'' zealous

'''hisab''' ''n.'' accounting

'''huzun''' ''adj.'' sad

'''hwan''' ''adj.'' yellow

'''hwanjin''' ''n.'' environment ''adj.'' environmental

'''hyondi''' ''n.'' sibling

==I==

'''ica''' ''n.'' wish, desire ''v.'' to wish, to desire

'''ilaj''' ''n.'' remedy

'''iman''' ''n.'' faith

'''intazar''' ''v.'' to wait

'''iskra''' ''n.'' spark

'''itahat''' ''v.'' to obey

==J==

'''ja''' ''adv.'' already

'''jahaz''' ''n.'' ship

'''jalan''' ''v.'' to walk

'''janma''' ''n.'' birth ''v.'' to be born

'''jawab''' ''n.'' answer ''v.'' to answer

'''jeb''' ''n.'' pocket

'''jejin''' ''v.'' to approach

'''jin''' ''adj.'' near

'''jingao''' ''n.'' warning ''v.'' to warn

'''jinju''' ''n.'' pearl

'''junbi''' ''adj.'' ready, prepared

'''junxi''' ''adj.'' faithful, loyal

'''jus''' ''n.'' juice

==K==

'''kaban''' ''n.'' bag

'''kabila''' ''n.'' tribe

'''kabur''' ''n.'' tomb, grave

'''kad''' ''adj.'' each

'''kafan''' ''n.'' shroud

'''kafas''' ''n.'' cage

'''kafe''' ''n.'' coffee

'''kal''' ''adj.'' black

'''kalam''' ''n.'' pen

'''kalim''' ''n.'' word

'''kamar''' ''n.'' room

'''kamil''' ''adj.'' perfect

'''kamus''' ''n.'' dictionary, vocabulary

'''kan''' ''v.'' to look (at)

'''kanal''' ''n.'' channel ''v.'' to channel

'''kanjo''' ''v.'' to feel [an emotion or a mind state]

'''kanun''' ''n.'' law, canon ''adj.'' lawful, canonical

'''kanvas''' ''n.'' canvas

'''kanxa''' ''v.'' to thank

'''kaolu''' ''v.'' to consider

'''kap''' ''n.'' head

'''kapak''' ''n.'' lid

'''kapti''' ''v.'' to catch ''n.'' capture

'''kasab''' ''v.'' to butcher

'''kat''' ''n.'' cat

'''kata''' ''n.'' cut ''v.'' to cut

'''kav''' ''v.'' to dig

'''kawda''' ''n.'' tail

'''kayfa''' ''n.'' development ''v.'' to develop

'''kayxi''' ''n.'' beginning ''v.'' to begin

'''kelar''' ''n.'' cellar

'''kenkan''' ''adj.'' healthy, sane

'''kenson''' ''adj.'' modest

'''kerd''' ''n.'' heart

'''ki''' ''adv.'' who

'''kibrit''' ''n.'' match [to light fire]

'''kidai''' ''n.'' expectation ''v.'' to expect

'''kinxi''' ''v.'' to forbid ''n.'' prohibition

'''kitab''' ''n.'' book

'''ko''' ''adv.'' what

'''kohak''' ''n.'' science ''adj.'' scientific

'''kolor''' ''n.'' color ''adj.'' colored ''v.'' to color

'''kon''' ''n.'' hole

'''kongan''' ''n.'' space ''adj.'' spacial

'''kongi''' ''n.'' attack ''v.'' to attack

'''konju''' ''n.'' tool

'''krayon''' ''n.'' pencil, crayon

'''kudu''' ''adj.'' alone, lonely

'''kunan''' ''adj.'' difficult

'''kurs''' ''n.'' course [to learn something]

'''kursi''' ''n.'' chair

'''kuton''' ''n.'' torment ''v.'' to torment

'''kwan''' ''adv.'' when

'''kwant''' ''adv.'' how much

'''kwazi''' ''adv.'' almost

'''kwer''' ''adv.'' where

'''kwey''' ''adv.'' why

'''kwom''' ''adv.'' how

==L==

'''la''' ''adv.'' there

'''lak''' ''n.'' lake

'''lan''' ''adj.'' lazy

'''latun''' ''n.'' brass

'''lav''' ''v.'' to wash

'''lej''' ''v.i.'' to lay

'''len''' ''adj.'' cold

'''lev''' ''adj.'' left ''n.'' left

'''lewk''' ''n.'' light

'''lez''' ''v.'' to read

'''licens''' ''n.'' license

'''lid''' ''v.'' to lead ''n.'' guidance

'''lin''' ''n.'' line ''adj.'' linear

'''lipo''' ''n.'' fat ''adj.'' fat

'''loten''' ''n.'' attic

'''lug''' ''n.'' lie ''v.'' to lie

'''lus''' ''n.'' louse

'''lut''' ''v.'' to plunder, to loot

'''lwo''' ''v.'' to fall ''n.'' fall

'''lyanxin''' ''n.'' conscience

'''lyed''' ''n.'' ice ''adj.'' icy

'''lyub''' ''n.'' love ''v.'' to love

==M==

'''ma''' ''conj.'' but

'''mah''' ''n.'' power ''adj.'' powerful

'''mal''' ''adj.'' bad, evil

'''mana''' ''n.'' meaning ''v.'' to mean

'''mao''' ''n.'' hair

'''mar''' ''n.'' horse, mare

'''mas''' ''n.'' meat, flesh

'''masala''' ''n.'' spice ''adj.'' spicy

'''matra''' ''n.'' mother

'''maymun''' ''n.'' monkey

'''meg''' ''adj.'' big

'''menaje''' ''n.'' management ''v.'' to manage

'''mest''' ''n.'' revenge, vengeance ''v.'' to avenge

'''metal''' ''n.'' metal ''adj.'' metallic

'''meza''' ''n.'' table

'''mikas''' ''n.'' scissors

'''minyu''' ''n.'' honor

'''miq''' ''n.'' nail [metallic object]

'''misal''' ''n.'' example

'''miso''' ''n.'' smile ''v.'' to smile

'''mor''' ''n.'' sea

'''mord''' ''n.'' murder ''v.'' to murder

'''mort''' ''n.'' death ''v.'' to die

'''mosun''' ''n.'' contraddiction ''v.'' to contraddict

'''muc''' ''adv.'' much

'''mudri''' ''adj.'' wise

'''muh''' ''n.'' fly

'''multi''' ''adj.'' many

'''mun''' ''n.'' gate

'''mupyo''' ''n.'' target, goal

'''muq''' ''n.'' face

'''mur''' ''n.'' ant

'''mus''' ''n.'' mouse

'''musim''' ''n.'' season

'''muzik''' ''n.'' music ''adj.'' musical

'''myed''' ''n.'' honey

==N==

'''na''' ''pron.'' we

'''nab''' ''n.'' navel

'''nadi''' ''n.'' river

'''nag''' ''n.'' nail [organic]

'''nagar''' ''n.'' city

'''nam''' ''n.'' name

'''nao''' ''n.'' brain ''adj.'' cerebral

'''narod''' ''n.'' people [politics]

'''nas''' ''n.'' nose

'''naut''' ''n.'' navigation ''adj.'' nautical ''v.'' to navigate

'''nem''' ''v.'' to take

'''nen''' ''v.'' to can

'''nil''' ''adj.'' blue

'''nivel''' ''n.'' level

'''nixan''' ''n.'' sign, signal

'''niz''' ''n.'' low

'''nizdo''' ''n.'' nest

'''noga''' ''n.'' leg

'''nov''' ''adj.'' new

'''nwans''' ''n.'' shade, nuance

'''nyan''' ''n.'' year ''adj.'' yearly

'''nyuki''' ''n.'' bee

==O==

'''o''' ''conj.'' or

'''oblivi''' ''v.'' to forget

'''oli''' ''n.'' oil

'''omni''' ''adj.'' every

'''ost''' ''n.'' bone

'''ovo''' ''n.'' egg

==P==

'''pad''' ''n.'' step

'''pag''' ''v.'' to pay

'''pagal''' ''adj.'' crazy

'''pak''' ''n.'' package

'''papier''' ''n.'' paper

'''Paskwa''' ''n.'' Easter

'''pat''' ''n.'' path

'''pati''' ''v.'' to suffer

'''patro''' ''n.'' father

'''pek''' ''v.'' to cook

'''pilao''' ''adj.'' tired

'''pilyo''' ''n.'' need ''v.'' to need

'''pimi''' ''n.'' secret ''adj.'' secret

'''pod''' ''n.'' foot

'''polex''' ''n.'' thumb

'''pravo''' ''n.'' right [law]

'''praxna''' ''n.'' question

'''pubun''' ''n.'' part

'''putao''' ''n.'' grape

'''puzu''' ''n.'' lack ''v.'' to lack

==R==

'''rabot''' ''n.'' work, job ''v.'' to work

'''raf''' ''n.'' shelf

'''rahat''' ''n.'' rest ''v.'' to rest

'''rana''' ''n.'' wound, injury ''v.'' to wound

'''rasmi''' ''n.'' picture ''v.'' to draw [a picture]

'''ration''' ''n.'' reason ''adj.'' rational

'''reja''' ''n.'' queen

'''rejo''' ''n.'' king

'''ris''' ''n.'' rice

'''riza''' ''n.'' root

'''rosa''' ''n.'' dew

'''rud''' ''adj.'' red

'''ruin''' ''n.'' ruin

==S==

'''sa''' ''adj.'' this

'''sabab''' ''conj.'' because

'''sabah''' ''n.'' morning

'''saf''' ''adj.'' clean, pure

'''safar''' ''n.'' travel, voyage ''v.'' to travel

'''sahat''' ''n.'' hour ''adj.'' hourly

'''sam''' ''adj.'' same

'''samaje''' ''v.'' to understand

'''samar''' ''n.'' summer

'''sapato''' ''n.'' shoe

'''saza''' ''n.'' punishment ''v.'' to punish

'''sem''' ''n.'' seed

'''skrib''' ''v.'' to write

'''sombre''' ''adj.'' somber

'''splen''' ''n.'' spleen [organ]

'''sundar''' ''adj.'' beautiful

==T==

'''ta''' ''pron.'' she

'''talak''' ''n.'' divorce

'''tao''' ''n.'' street, road

'''tariq''' ''n.'' date [on a calendar]

'''taur''' ''n.'' bull

'''terazu''' ''n.'' scales

'''teki''' ''adj.'' hostile

'''tigon''' ''n.'' offer ''v.'' to offer

'''tolun''' ''n.'' discussion ''v.'' to discuss

'''tong''' ''n.'' barrel

'''tranx''' ''n.'' slice ''v.'' to slice

'''tras''' ''n.'' trace ''v.'' to trace

'''traur''' ''n.'' grief ''v.'' to grieve

'''trik''' ''n.'' trick

'''tu''' ''pron.'' you [singular]

'''tufan''' ''n.'' storm ''adj.'' stormy

'''tuk''' ''n.'' poison ''adj.'' poisonous ''v.'' to poison

'''tung''' ''n.'' east ''adj.'' eastern

'''tuq''' ''n.'' kerchief

'''tur''' ''n.'' tower

'''turan''' ''adj.'' sudden

'''tux''' ''n.'' touch ''v.'' to touch

'''tyao''' ''n.'' jump ''v.'' to jump

==U==

'''ultra''' ''prep.'' over

'''umri''' ''n.'' age

'''umul''' ''n.'' well

'''ustad''' ''n.'' expert ''adj.'' expert

'''utan''' ''n.'' debt

==V==

'''valk''' ''n.'' wolf

'''vas''' ''n.'' thing

'''velna''' ''n.'' wave

'''vespre''' ''n.'' evening

'''vetan''' ''n.'' wages

'''vijai''' ''v.'' to win ''n.'' victory

'''vin''' ''n.'' wine

'''vo''' ''pron.'' you [plural]

'''vol''' ''n.'' will ''v.'' to want, to well

'''vulpe''' ''n.'' fox

==W==

'''wa''' ''conj.'' and

'''wakt''' ''n.'' time ''adj.'' temporal

'''wan''' ''n.'' lord, regnant

'''wangwo''' ''n.'' kingdom

'''wast''' ''adj.'' desolated

'''way''' ''adj.'' external

'''wazni''' ''n.'' weight

'''web''' ''v.'' to weave

'''wergo''' ''n.'' work [something realized]

'''west''' ''n.'' west ''adj.'' western

'''wuci''' ''n.'' weapon

'''wul''' ''n.'' wool

==X==

'''xak''' ''n.'' doubt ''v.'' to doubt

'''xam''' ''n.'' shame ''adj.'' shameful

'''xanti''' ''adj.'' quiet

'''xao''' ''adj.'' small, little

'''xaya''' ''n.'' shadow

'''xayad''' ''adv.'' maybe, perhaps

'''xipe''' ''v.'' to flay

'''xkad''' ''n.'' misfortune

'''xokolat''' ''n.'' chocolate

'''xum''' ''n.'' noise ''adj.'' noisy

==Y==

'''yad''' ''n.'' hand

'''yag''' ''v.'' to hunt

'''yan''' ''n.'' sheep

'''yao''' ''v.'' to want, to desire

'''yapo''' ''n.'' oppression ''v.'' to oppress

'''yasai''' ''n.'' vegetable

'''yatim''' ''n.'' orphan

'''yenju''' ''n.'' research ''v.'' to research

'''yerek''' ''adv.'' yesterday

'''yexu''' ''n.'' art ''adj.'' artistic

'''yoram''' ''n.'' cradle

'''yu''' ''prep.'' with

'''yud''' ''n.'' war

'''yug''' ''n.'' yoke

'''yimu''' ''n.'' duty, responsibility

'''yun''' ''adj.'' young

'''yunci''' ''n.'' courage ''adj.'' brave, courageous

'''yusan''' ''n.'' umbrella

'''yuyon''' ''v.'' to swim

'''yuzai''' ''n.'' guilt ''adj.'' guilty

==Z==

'''zan''' ''adj.'' dirty

'''zavi''' ''n.'' envy ''adj.'' envious ''v.'' to envy

'''zay''' ''adv.'' again

'''zaytun''' ''n.'' olive

'''zev''' ''n.'' yawn ''v.'' to yawn

'''zima''' ''n.'' winter

'''zina''' ''n.'' adultery

'''zodiak''' ''n.'' zodiac

'''zon''' ''n.'' zone

Novbasa/Lexicon

2015-02-14T17:47:54Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* B */

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa]]

==A==

'''ab''' ''prep.'' from

'''adab''' ''adj.'' well-mannered, well-behaved ''n.'' good manners

'''adet''' ''n.'' habit

'''adil''' ''adj.'' just, righteous

'''adres''' ''n.'' address

'''afsos''' ''n.'' regret ''v.'' to regret

'''agar''' ''conj.'' if

'''agni''' ''n.'' fire

'''agro''' ''n.'' field (agriculture)

'''ahir''' ''n.'' end ''adj.'' last, final

'''akax''' ''n.'' sky ''adj.'' celestial

'''aki''' ''n.'' autumn

'''akil''' ''n.'' intellect ''adj.'' intelligent, smart

'''aksar''' ''n.'' letter (of the alphabet)

'''akti''' ''n.'' action ''v.'' to act

'''akusti''' ''v.'' to listen (to)

'''akuzi''' ''n.'' accuse ''v.'' to accuse

'''alat''' ''n.'' tool

'''almaz''' ''n.'' diamond

'''amok''' ''n.'' frenzy ''asj.'' amock

'''amuzi''' ''n.'' fun ''adj.'' funny ''v.'' to amuse

'''ananke''' ''n.'' obligation ''v.'' to coerce, to force

'''anarhi''' ''n.'' anarchy

'''ancen''' ''adj.'' safe

'''angel''' ''n.'' angel ''adj.'' angelic

'''anka''' ''intr. v.'' to bend

'''anki''' ''tr. v.'' to bend

'''anti''' ''prep.'' against

'''anxi''' ''n.'' suggestion ''v.'' to suggest

'''anxin''' ''n.'' relief ''v.'' to relieve

'''aoman''' ''adj.'' arrogant, haughty

'''aon''' ''adj.'' any

'''apel''' ''n.'' apple

'''apena''' ''adv.'' barely

'''arbalet''' ''n.'' crossbow

'''arda''' ''n.'' earth [planet, element]

'''arhiv''' ''n.'' archive

'''arpa''' ''n.'' barley

'''asid''' ''n.'' acid ''adj.'' acid, acidic

'''asli''' ''n.'' source, origin

'''atma''' ''n.'' soul

'''awdi''' ''v.'' to hear

'''awga''' ''intr. v.'' to grow

'''awgi''' ''tr. v.'' to grow

'''axa''' ''n.'' hope ''v.'' to hope

'''ay''' ''n.'' love [generic], ''v.'' to like

'''ayam''' ''n.'' chicken

'''ayfu''' ''n.'' caress ''v.'' to caress

'''ayna''' ''adv.'' always

'''azad''' ''adj.'' free ''v.'' to free

==B==

'''bab''' ''n.'' bean

'''badal''' ''n.'' replacement ''v.'' to replace

'''badan''' ''n.'' body (''anatomy'') ''adj.'' bodily

'''bakti''' ''adj.'' devoted, faithful

'''bal''' ''adj.'' strong

'''baldi''' ''n.'' bucket

'''bana''' ''v.'' to become

'''baraka''' ''n.'' blessing ''v.'' to bless

'''barut''' ''n.'' gunpowder

'''basa''' ''n.'' language [natural]

'''batal''' ''n.'' battle

'''baw''' ''n.'' to build

'''ber''' ''v.'' to bear, to carry

'''beyxin''' ''n.'' betrayal, treason ''v.'' to betray

'''bez''' ''prep.'' without

'''blits''' ''n.'' lightining

'''bodar''' ''adj.'' deaf

'''bota''' ''n.'' boot

'''bozi''' ''n.'' goat

'''brena''' ''intr. v.'' to burn

'''breni''' ''tr. v.'' to burn

'''brun''' ''adj.'' brown ''n.'' brown

'''budno''' ''n.'' bottom

'''buran''' ''n.'' blizzard

'''burats''' ''n.'' dishcloth, floorcloth

'''byenha''' ''intr. v.'' to change

'''byenhi''' ''tr. v.'' to change

==C==

'''cal''' ''v.'' to run

'''can''' ''n.'' chin

'''candra''' ''n.'' moon ''adj.'' lunar

'''canzao''' ''v.'' to create ''n.'' creation

'''cao''' ''n.'' tide ''adj.'' tidal

'''cast''' ''adv.'' often

'''cav''' ''n.'' key [to open or close a door]

'''cay''' ''n.'' tea

'''cef''' ''n.'' chief ''adj.'' chief

'''cikle''' ''n.'' cycle ''adj.'' cyclical

'''cin''' ''v.'' to invade ''n.'' invasion

'''cinai''' ''adj.'' dear, beloved

'''cinkwan''' ''n.'' circumstance ''adj.'' circumstantial

'''cinmo''' ''n.'' silence ''adj.'' silent

'''ciryo''' ''n.'' cure ''v.'' to cure, to heal

'''cosan''' ''n.'' ancestor

==D==

'''da''' ''v.'' to give

'''dafan''' ''v.'' to bury ''n.'' burial

'''daka''' ''n.'' shove ''v.'' to push, to shove

'''dakru''' ''n.'' tear

'''dam''' ''n.'' dam

'''dans''' ''v.'' to dance ''n.'' dance

'''dao''' ''n.'' knife

'''daru''' ''n.'' tree

'''derm''' ''n.'' skin

'''dew''' ''n.'' god, deity ''adj.'' godly

'''digit''' ''n.'' finger

'''dikan''' ''v.'' to resist

'''dilg''' ''adj.'' long

'''dingwa''' ''n.'' tongue [anatomy]

'''dukan''' ''n.'' shop

'''dum''' ''prep.'' during

'''duman''' ''n.'' smoke

'''dunya''' ''n.'' world ''adj.'' worldly

'''duxman''' ''n.'' enemy

'''dwar''' ''n.'' door

==E==

'''eban''' ''n.'' ebony

'''ebur''' ''n.'' ivory

'''ekran''' ''n.'' screen ''v.'' to screen

'''eksplot''' ''v.'' to exploit

'''ekwal''' ''adj.'' equal

'''ekwati''' ''n.'' equation

'''epoq''' ''n.'' epoch ''adj.'' epochal

'''eskap''' ''n.'' escape ''v.'' to escape

'''esok''' ''adv.'' tomorrow

'''etap''' ''n.'' stage [of grief, etc.]

'''eufori''' ''n.'' euphoria ''adj.'' euphoric

'''exafot''' ''n.'' gallows

==F==

'''facil''' ''adj.'' easy

'''fakel''' ''n.'' torch

'''fanci''' ''n.'' renounce ''v.'' to renounce

'''fark''' ''adj.'' different

'''fatim''' ''n.'' pronunciation ''v.'' to pronounce

'''feno''' ''n.'' appearance ''adj.'' apparent ''v.'' to appear

'''ferma''' ''n.'' farm

'''fey''' ''n.'' flight ''v.'' to fly ''adj'' flying

'''flam''' ''n.'' flame

'''flot''' ''v.'' to float

'''fluks''' ''n.'' stream

'''fob''' ''n.'' fear ''v.'' to fear

'''foli''' ''n.'' leaf

'''frazi''' ''n.'' phrase

'''fursat''' ''n.'' opportunity

'''futan''' ''n.'' burden

'''futur''' ''n.'' future ''adj.'' future

==G==

'''gaci''' ''n.'' value [economy]

'''galat''' ''adj.'' wrong ''n.'' mistake

'''gamal''' ''n.'' camel

'''gan''' ''v.'' to sing

'''gana''' ''n.'' song

'''gans''' ''n.'' goose

'''gao''' ''adj.'' tall, high

'''garm''' ''adj.'' warm

'''gatal''' ''n.'' itch ''adj.'' itchy ''v.'' to itch

'''genu''' ''n.'' knee

'''gitar''' ''n.'' guitar

'''glup''' ''n.'' fool ''adj.'' foolish, stupid

'''glut''' ''v.'' to swallow

'''gnoz''' ''v.'' to know ''n.'' knowledge

'''gora''' ''n.'' mountain

'''gorla''' ''n.'' throat

'''gravur''' ''n.'' engraving ''v.'' to engrave

'''grit''' ''n.'' scream ''v.'' to scream, to shout

'''grup''' ''n.'' group

'''guha''' ''n.'' cave, grotto

'''gul''' ''n.'' flower

'''gum''' ''n.'' rubber

'''gun''' ''adj.'' military

'''gwansin''' ''n.'' concern ''v.'' to concern

'''gwo''' ''n.'' nation, country ''adj.'' national

==H==

'''hafiz''' ''v.'' to maintain, to preserve, to conserve

'''hakim''' ''v.'' to judge

'''haraka''' ''n.'' haste ''adj.'' hasty

'''heves''' ''n.'' zeal, fervor ''adj.'' zealous

'''hisab''' ''n.'' accounting

'''huzun''' ''adj.'' sad

'''hwan''' ''adj.'' yellow

'''hwanjin''' ''n.'' environment ''adj.'' environmental

'''hyondi''' ''n.'' sibling

==I==

'''ica''' ''n.'' wish, desire ''v.'' to wish, to desire

'''ilaj''' ''n.'' remedy

'''iman''' ''n.'' faith

'''intazar''' ''v.'' to wait

'''iskra''' ''n.'' spark

'''itahat''' ''v.'' to obey

==J==

'''ja''' ''adv.'' already

'''jahaz''' ''n.'' ship

'''jalan''' ''v.'' to walk

'''janma''' ''n.'' birth ''v.'' to be born

'''jawab''' ''n.'' answer ''v.'' to answer

'''jeb''' ''n.'' pocket

'''jejin''' ''v.'' to approach

'''jin''' ''adj.'' near

'''jingao''' ''n.'' warning ''v.'' to warn

'''jinju''' ''n.'' pearl

'''junbi''' ''adj.'' ready, prepared

'''junxi''' ''adj.'' faithful, loyal

'''jus''' ''n.'' juice

==K==

'''kaban''' ''n.'' bag

'''kabila''' ''n.'' tribe

'''kabur''' ''n.'' tomb, grave

'''kad''' ''adj.'' each

'''kafan''' ''n.'' shroud

'''kafas''' ''n.'' cage

'''kafe''' ''n.'' coffee

'''kal''' ''adj.'' black

'''kalam''' ''n.'' pen

'''kalim''' ''n.'' word

'''kamar''' ''n.'' room

'''kamil''' ''adj.'' perfect

'''kamus''' ''n.'' dictionary, vocabulary

'''kan''' ''v.'' to look (at)

'''kanal''' ''n.'' channel ''v.'' to channel

'''kanjo''' ''v.'' to feel [an emotion or a mind state]

'''kanun''' ''n.'' law, canon ''adj.'' lawful, canonical

'''kanvas''' ''n.'' canvas

'''kanxa''' ''v.'' to thank

'''kaolu''' ''v.'' to consider

'''kap''' ''n.'' head

'''kapak''' ''n.'' lid

'''kapti''' ''v.'' to catch ''n.'' capture

'''kasab''' ''v.'' to butcher

'''kat''' ''n.'' cat

'''kata''' ''n.'' cut ''v.'' to cut

'''kav''' ''v.'' to dig

'''kawda''' ''n.'' tail

'''kayfa''' ''n.'' development ''v.'' to develop

'''kayxi''' ''n.'' beginning ''v.'' to begin

'''kelar''' ''n.'' cellar

'''kenkan''' ''adj.'' healthy, sane

'''kenson''' ''adj.'' modest

'''kerd''' ''n.'' heart

'''ki''' ''adv.'' who

'''kibrit''' ''n.'' match [to light fire]

'''kidai''' ''n.'' expectation ''v.'' to expect

'''kinxi''' ''v.'' to forbid ''n.'' prohibition

'''kitab''' ''n.'' book

'''ko''' ''adv.'' what

'''kohak''' ''n.'' science ''adj.'' scientific

'''kolor''' ''n.'' color ''adj.'' colored ''v.'' to color

'''kon''' ''n.'' hole

'''kongan''' ''n.'' space ''adj.'' spacial

'''kongi''' ''n.'' attack ''v.'' to attack

'''konju''' ''n.'' tool

'''krayon''' ''n.'' pencil, crayon

'''kudu''' ''adj.'' alone, lonely

'''kunan''' ''adj.'' difficult

'''kurs''' ''n.'' course [to learn something]

'''kursi''' ''n.'' chair

'''kuton''' ''n.'' torment ''v.'' to torment

'''kwan''' ''adv.'' when

'''kwant''' ''adv.'' how much

'''kwazi''' ''adv.'' almost

'''kwer''' ''adv.'' where

'''kwey''' ''adv.'' why

'''kwom''' ''adv.'' how

==L==

'''la''' ''adv.'' there

'''lak''' ''n.'' lake

'''lan''' ''adj.'' lazy

'''latun''' ''n.'' brass

'''lav''' ''v.'' to wash

'''lej''' ''v.i.'' to lay

'''len''' ''adj.'' cold

'''lev''' ''adj.'' left ''n.'' left

'''lewk''' ''n.'' light

'''lez''' ''v.'' to read

'''licens''' ''n.'' license

'''lid''' ''v.'' to lead ''n.'' guidance

'''lin''' ''n.'' line ''adj.'' linear

'''lipo''' ''n.'' fat ''adj.'' fat

'''loten''' ''n.'' attic

'''lug''' ''n.'' lie ''v.'' to lie

'''lus''' ''n.'' louse

'''lut''' ''v.'' to plunder, to loot

'''lwo''' ''v.'' to fall ''n.'' fall

'''lyanxin''' ''n.'' conscience

'''lyed''' ''n.'' ice ''adj.'' icy

'''lyub''' ''n.'' love ''v.'' to love

==M==

'''ma''' ''conj.'' but

'''mah''' ''n.'' power ''adj.'' powerful

'''mal''' ''adj.'' bad, evil

'''mana''' ''n.'' meaning ''v.'' to mean

'''mao''' ''n.'' hair

'''mar''' ''n.'' horse, mare

'''mas''' ''n.'' meat, flesh

'''masala''' ''n.'' spice ''adj.'' spicy

'''matra''' ''n.'' mother

'''maymun''' ''n.'' monkey

'''meg''' ''adj.'' big

'''menaje''' ''n.'' management ''v.'' to manage

'''mest''' ''n.'' revenge, vengeance ''v.'' to avenge

'''metal''' ''n.'' metal ''adj.'' metallic

'''meza''' ''n.'' table

'''mikas''' ''n.'' scissors

'''minyu''' ''n.'' honor

'''miq''' ''n.'' nail [metallic object]

'''misal''' ''n.'' example

'''miso''' ''n.'' smile ''v.'' to smile

'''mor''' ''n.'' sea

'''mord''' ''n.'' murder ''v.'' to murder

'''mort''' ''n.'' death ''v.'' to die

'''mosun''' ''n.'' contraddiction ''v.'' to contraddict

'''muc''' ''adv.'' much

'''mudri''' ''adj.'' wise

'''muh''' ''n.'' fly

'''multi''' ''adj.'' many

'''mun''' ''n.'' gate

'''mupyo''' ''n.'' target, goal

'''muq''' ''n.'' face

'''mur''' ''n.'' ant

'''mus''' ''n.'' mouse

'''musim''' ''n.'' season

'''muzik''' ''n.'' music ''adj.'' musical

'''myed''' ''n.'' honey

==N==

'''na''' ''pron.'' we

'''nab''' ''n.'' navel

'''nadi''' ''n.'' river

'''nag''' ''n.'' nail [organic]

'''nagar''' ''n.'' city

'''nam''' ''n.'' name

'''nao''' ''n.'' brain ''adj.'' cerebral

'''narod''' ''n.'' people [politics]

'''nas''' ''n.'' nose

'''naut''' ''n.'' navigation ''adj.'' nautical ''v.'' to navigate

'''nem''' ''v.'' to take

'''nen''' ''v.'' to can

'''nil''' ''adj.'' blue

'''nivel''' ''n.'' level

'''nixan''' ''n.'' sign, signal

'''niz''' ''n.'' low

'''nizdo''' ''n.'' nest

'''noga''' ''n.'' leg

'''nov''' ''adj.'' new

'''nwans''' ''n.'' shade, nuance

'''nyan''' ''n.'' year ''adj.'' yearly

'''nyuki''' ''n.'' bee

==O==

'''o''' ''conj.'' or

'''oblivi''' ''v.'' to forget

'''oli''' ''n.'' oil

'''omni''' ''adj.'' every

'''ost''' ''n.'' bone

'''ovo''' ''n.'' egg

==P==

'''pad''' ''n.'' step

'''pag''' ''v.'' to pay

'''pagal''' ''adj.'' crazy

'''pak''' ''n.'' package

'''papier''' ''n.'' paper

'''Paskwa''' ''n.'' Easter

'''pat''' ''n.'' path

'''pati''' ''v.'' to suffer

'''patro''' ''n.'' father

'''pek''' ''v.'' to cook

'''pilao''' ''adj.'' tired

'''pilyo''' ''n.'' need ''v.'' to need

'''pimi''' ''n.'' secret ''adj.'' secret

'''pod''' ''n.'' foot

'''polex''' ''n.'' thumb

'''pravo''' ''n.'' right [law]

'''praxna''' ''n.'' question

'''pubun''' ''n.'' part

'''putao''' ''n.'' grape

'''puzu''' ''n.'' lack ''v.'' to lack

==R==

'''rabot''' ''n.'' work, job ''v.'' to work

'''raf''' ''n.'' shelf

'''rahat''' ''n.'' rest ''v.'' to rest

'''rana''' ''n.'' wound, injury ''v.'' to wound

'''rasmi''' ''n.'' picture ''v.'' to draw [a picture]

'''ration''' ''n.'' reason ''adj.'' rational

'''reja''' ''n.'' queen

'''rejo''' ''n.'' king

'''ris''' ''n.'' rice

'''riza''' ''n.'' root

'''rosa''' ''n.'' dew

'''rud''' ''adj.'' red

'''ruin''' ''n.'' ruin

==S==

'''sa''' ''adj.'' this

'''sabab''' ''conj.'' because

'''sabah''' ''n.'' morning

'''saf''' ''adj.'' clean, pure

'''safar''' ''n.'' travel, voyage ''v.'' to travel

'''sahat''' ''n.'' hour ''adj.'' hourly

'''sam''' ''adj.'' same

'''samaje''' ''v.'' to understand

'''samar''' ''n.'' summer

'''sapato''' ''n.'' shoe

'''saza''' ''n.'' punishment ''v.'' to punish

'''sem''' ''n.'' seed

'''skrib''' ''v.'' to write

'''sombre''' ''adj.'' somber

'''splen''' ''n.'' spleen [organ]

'''sundar''' ''adj.'' beautiful

==T==

'''ta''' ''pron.'' she

'''talak''' ''n.'' divorce

'''tao''' ''n.'' street, road

'''tariq''' ''n.'' date [on a calendar]

'''taur''' ''n.'' bull

'''terazu''' ''n.'' scales

'''teki''' ''adj.'' hostile

'''tigon''' ''n.'' offer ''v.'' to offer

'''tolun''' ''n.'' discussion ''v.'' to discuss

'''tong''' ''n.'' barrel

'''tranx''' ''n.'' slice ''v.'' to slice

'''tras''' ''n.'' trace ''v.'' to trace

'''traur''' ''n.'' grief ''v.'' to grieve

'''trik''' ''n.'' trick

'''tu''' ''pron.'' you [singular]

'''tufan''' ''n.'' storm ''adj.'' stormy

'''tuk''' ''n.'' poison ''adj.'' poisonous ''v.'' to poison

'''tung''' ''n.'' east ''adj.'' eastern

'''tuq''' ''n.'' kerchief

'''tur''' ''n.'' tower

'''turan''' ''adj.'' sudden

'''tux''' ''n.'' touch ''v.'' to touch

'''tyao''' ''n.'' jump ''v.'' to jump

==U==

'''ultra''' ''prep.'' over

'''umri''' ''n.'' age

'''umul''' ''n.'' well

'''ustad''' ''n.'' expert ''adj.'' expert

'''utan''' ''n.'' debt

==V==

'''valk''' ''n.'' wolf

'''vas''' ''n.'' thing

'''velna''' ''n.'' wave

'''vespre''' ''n.'' evening

'''vetan''' ''n.'' wages

'''vijai''' ''v.'' to win ''n.'' victory

'''vin''' ''n.'' wine

'''vo''' ''pron.'' you [plural]

'''vol''' ''n.'' will ''v.'' to want, to well

'''vulpe''' ''n.'' fox

==W==

'''wa''' ''conj.'' and

'''wakt''' ''n.'' time ''adj.'' temporal

'''wan''' ''n.'' lord, regnant

'''wangwo''' ''n.'' kingdom

'''wast''' ''adj.'' desolated

'''way''' ''adj.'' external

'''wazni''' ''n.'' weight

'''web''' ''v.'' to weave

'''wergo''' ''n.'' work [something realized]

'''west''' ''n.'' west ''adj.'' western

'''wuci''' ''n.'' weapon

'''wul''' ''n.'' wool

==X==

'''xak''' ''n.'' doubt ''v.'' to doubt

'''xam''' ''n.'' shame ''adj.'' shameful

'''xanti''' ''adj.'' quiet

'''xao''' ''adj.'' small, little

'''xaya''' ''n.'' shadow

'''xayad''' ''adv.'' maybe, perhaps

'''xipe''' ''v.'' to flay

'''xkad''' ''n.'' misfortune

'''xokolat''' ''n.'' chocolate

'''xum''' ''n.'' noise ''adj.'' noisy

==Y==

'''yad''' ''n.'' hand

'''yag''' ''v.'' to hunt

'''yan''' ''n.'' sheep

'''yao''' ''v.'' to want, to desire

'''yapo''' ''n.'' oppression ''v.'' to oppress

'''yasai''' ''n.'' vegetable

'''yatim''' ''n.'' orphan

'''yenju''' ''n.'' research ''v.'' to research

'''yerek''' ''adv.'' yesterday

'''yexu''' ''n.'' art ''adj.'' artistic

'''yoram''' ''n.'' cradle

'''yu''' ''prep.'' with

'''yud''' ''n.'' war

'''yug''' ''n.'' yoke

'''yimu''' ''n.'' duty, responsibility

'''yun''' ''adj.'' young

'''yunci''' ''n.'' courage ''adj.'' brave, courageous

'''yusan''' ''n.'' umbrella

'''yuyon''' ''v.'' to swim

'''yuzai''' ''n.'' guilt ''adj.'' guilty

==Z==

'''zan''' ''adj.'' dirty

'''zavi''' ''n.'' envy ''adj.'' envious ''v.'' to envy

'''zay''' ''adv.'' again

'''zaytun''' ''n.'' olive

'''zev''' ''n.'' yawn ''v.'' to yawn

'''zima''' ''n.'' winter

'''zina''' ''n.'' adultery

'''zodiak''' ''n.'' zodiac

'''zon''' ''n.'' zone

Novbasa/Lexicon

2015-02-14T17:45:19Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* A */

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa]]

==A==

'''ab''' ''prep.'' from

'''adab''' ''adj.'' well-mannered, well-behaved ''n.'' good manners

'''adet''' ''n.'' habit

'''adil''' ''adj.'' just, righteous

'''adres''' ''n.'' address

'''afsos''' ''n.'' regret ''v.'' to regret

'''agar''' ''conj.'' if

'''agni''' ''n.'' fire

'''agro''' ''n.'' field (agriculture)

'''ahir''' ''n.'' end ''adj.'' last, final

'''akax''' ''n.'' sky ''adj.'' celestial

'''aki''' ''n.'' autumn

'''akil''' ''n.'' intellect ''adj.'' intelligent, smart

'''aksar''' ''n.'' letter (of the alphabet)

'''akti''' ''n.'' action ''v.'' to act

'''akusti''' ''v.'' to listen (to)

'''akuzi''' ''n.'' accuse ''v.'' to accuse

'''alat''' ''n.'' tool

'''almaz''' ''n.'' diamond

'''amok''' ''n.'' frenzy ''asj.'' amock

'''amuzi''' ''n.'' fun ''adj.'' funny ''v.'' to amuse

'''ananke''' ''n.'' obligation ''v.'' to coerce, to force

'''anarhi''' ''n.'' anarchy

'''ancen''' ''adj.'' safe

'''angel''' ''n.'' angel ''adj.'' angelic

'''anka''' ''intr. v.'' to bend

'''anki''' ''tr. v.'' to bend

'''anti''' ''prep.'' against

'''anxi''' ''n.'' suggestion ''v.'' to suggest

'''anxin''' ''n.'' relief ''v.'' to relieve

'''aoman''' ''adj.'' arrogant, haughty

'''aon''' ''adj.'' any

'''apel''' ''n.'' apple

'''apena''' ''adv.'' barely

'''arbalet''' ''n.'' crossbow

'''arda''' ''n.'' earth [planet, element]

'''arhiv''' ''n.'' archive

'''arpa''' ''n.'' barley

'''asid''' ''n.'' acid ''adj.'' acid, acidic

'''asli''' ''n.'' source, origin

'''atma''' ''n.'' soul

'''awdi''' ''v.'' to hear

'''awga''' ''intr. v.'' to grow

'''awgi''' ''tr. v.'' to grow

'''axa''' ''n.'' hope ''v.'' to hope

'''ay''' ''n.'' love [generic], ''v.'' to like

'''ayam''' ''n.'' chicken

'''ayfu''' ''n.'' caress ''v.'' to caress

'''ayna''' ''adv.'' always

'''azad''' ''adj.'' free ''v.'' to free

==B==

'''bab''' ''n.'' bean

'''badal''' ''n.'' replacement ''v.'' to replace

'''badan''' ''n.'' body (''anatomy'') ''adj.'' bodily

'''bakti''' ''adj.'' devoted, faithful

'''bal''' ''adj.'' strong

'''baldi''' ''n.'' bucket

'''bana''' ''v.'' to become

'''baraka''' ''n.'' blessing ''v.'' to bless

'''barut''' ''n.'' gunpowder

'''basa''' ''n.'' language [natural]

'''batal''' ''n.'' battle

'''baw''' ''n.'' to build

'''ber''' ''v.'' to bear, to carry

'''beyxin''' ''n.'' betrayal, treason ''v.'' to betray

'''bez''' ''prep.'' without

'''blic''' ''n.'' lightining

'''bodar''' ''adj.'' deaf

'''bota''' ''n.'' boot

'''bozi''' ''n.'' goat

'''brun''' ''adj.'' brown ''n.'' brown

'''budno''' ''n.'' bottom

'''burats''' ''n.'' dishcloth, floorcloth

==C==

'''cal''' ''v.'' to run

'''can''' ''n.'' chin

'''candra''' ''n.'' moon ''adj.'' lunar

'''canzao''' ''v.'' to create ''n.'' creation

'''cao''' ''n.'' tide ''adj.'' tidal

'''cast''' ''adv.'' often

'''cav''' ''n.'' key [to open or close a door]

'''cay''' ''n.'' tea

'''cef''' ''n.'' chief ''adj.'' chief

'''cikle''' ''n.'' cycle ''adj.'' cyclical

'''cin''' ''v.'' to invade ''n.'' invasion

'''cinai''' ''adj.'' dear, beloved

'''cinkwan''' ''n.'' circumstance ''adj.'' circumstantial

'''cinmo''' ''n.'' silence ''adj.'' silent

'''ciryo''' ''n.'' cure ''v.'' to cure, to heal

'''cosan''' ''n.'' ancestor

==D==

'''da''' ''v.'' to give

'''dafan''' ''v.'' to bury ''n.'' burial

'''daka''' ''n.'' shove ''v.'' to push, to shove

'''dakru''' ''n.'' tear

'''dam''' ''n.'' dam

'''dans''' ''v.'' to dance ''n.'' dance

'''dao''' ''n.'' knife

'''daru''' ''n.'' tree

'''derm''' ''n.'' skin

'''dew''' ''n.'' god, deity ''adj.'' godly

'''digit''' ''n.'' finger

'''dikan''' ''v.'' to resist

'''dilg''' ''adj.'' long

'''dingwa''' ''n.'' tongue [anatomy]

'''dukan''' ''n.'' shop

'''dum''' ''prep.'' during

'''duman''' ''n.'' smoke

'''dunya''' ''n.'' world ''adj.'' worldly

'''duxman''' ''n.'' enemy

'''dwar''' ''n.'' door

==E==

'''eban''' ''n.'' ebony

'''ebur''' ''n.'' ivory

'''ekran''' ''n.'' screen ''v.'' to screen

'''eksplot''' ''v.'' to exploit

'''ekwal''' ''adj.'' equal

'''ekwati''' ''n.'' equation

'''epoq''' ''n.'' epoch ''adj.'' epochal

'''eskap''' ''n.'' escape ''v.'' to escape

'''esok''' ''adv.'' tomorrow

'''etap''' ''n.'' stage [of grief, etc.]

'''eufori''' ''n.'' euphoria ''adj.'' euphoric

'''exafot''' ''n.'' gallows

==F==

'''facil''' ''adj.'' easy

'''fakel''' ''n.'' torch

'''fanci''' ''n.'' renounce ''v.'' to renounce

'''fark''' ''adj.'' different

'''fatim''' ''n.'' pronunciation ''v.'' to pronounce

'''feno''' ''n.'' appearance ''adj.'' apparent ''v.'' to appear

'''ferma''' ''n.'' farm

'''fey''' ''n.'' flight ''v.'' to fly ''adj'' flying

'''flam''' ''n.'' flame

'''flot''' ''v.'' to float

'''fluks''' ''n.'' stream

'''fob''' ''n.'' fear ''v.'' to fear

'''foli''' ''n.'' leaf

'''frazi''' ''n.'' phrase

'''fursat''' ''n.'' opportunity

'''futan''' ''n.'' burden

'''futur''' ''n.'' future ''adj.'' future

==G==

'''gaci''' ''n.'' value [economy]

'''galat''' ''adj.'' wrong ''n.'' mistake

'''gamal''' ''n.'' camel

'''gan''' ''v.'' to sing

'''gana''' ''n.'' song

'''gans''' ''n.'' goose

'''gao''' ''adj.'' tall, high

'''garm''' ''adj.'' warm

'''gatal''' ''n.'' itch ''adj.'' itchy ''v.'' to itch

'''genu''' ''n.'' knee

'''gitar''' ''n.'' guitar

'''glup''' ''n.'' fool ''adj.'' foolish, stupid

'''glut''' ''v.'' to swallow

'''gnoz''' ''v.'' to know ''n.'' knowledge

'''gora''' ''n.'' mountain

'''gorla''' ''n.'' throat

'''gravur''' ''n.'' engraving ''v.'' to engrave

'''grit''' ''n.'' scream ''v.'' to scream, to shout

'''grup''' ''n.'' group

'''guha''' ''n.'' cave, grotto

'''gul''' ''n.'' flower

'''gum''' ''n.'' rubber

'''gun''' ''adj.'' military

'''gwansin''' ''n.'' concern ''v.'' to concern

'''gwo''' ''n.'' nation, country ''adj.'' national

==H==

'''hafiz''' ''v.'' to maintain, to preserve, to conserve

'''hakim''' ''v.'' to judge

'''haraka''' ''n.'' haste ''adj.'' hasty

'''heves''' ''n.'' zeal, fervor ''adj.'' zealous

'''hisab''' ''n.'' accounting

'''huzun''' ''adj.'' sad

'''hwan''' ''adj.'' yellow

'''hwanjin''' ''n.'' environment ''adj.'' environmental

'''hyondi''' ''n.'' sibling

==I==

'''ica''' ''n.'' wish, desire ''v.'' to wish, to desire

'''ilaj''' ''n.'' remedy

'''iman''' ''n.'' faith

'''intazar''' ''v.'' to wait

'''iskra''' ''n.'' spark

'''itahat''' ''v.'' to obey

==J==

'''ja''' ''adv.'' already

'''jahaz''' ''n.'' ship

'''jalan''' ''v.'' to walk

'''janma''' ''n.'' birth ''v.'' to be born

'''jawab''' ''n.'' answer ''v.'' to answer

'''jeb''' ''n.'' pocket

'''jejin''' ''v.'' to approach

'''jin''' ''adj.'' near

'''jingao''' ''n.'' warning ''v.'' to warn

'''jinju''' ''n.'' pearl

'''junbi''' ''adj.'' ready, prepared

'''junxi''' ''adj.'' faithful, loyal

'''jus''' ''n.'' juice

==K==

'''kaban''' ''n.'' bag

'''kabila''' ''n.'' tribe

'''kabur''' ''n.'' tomb, grave

'''kad''' ''adj.'' each

'''kafan''' ''n.'' shroud

'''kafas''' ''n.'' cage

'''kafe''' ''n.'' coffee

'''kal''' ''adj.'' black

'''kalam''' ''n.'' pen

'''kalim''' ''n.'' word

'''kamar''' ''n.'' room

'''kamil''' ''adj.'' perfect

'''kamus''' ''n.'' dictionary, vocabulary

'''kan''' ''v.'' to look (at)

'''kanal''' ''n.'' channel ''v.'' to channel

'''kanjo''' ''v.'' to feel [an emotion or a mind state]

'''kanun''' ''n.'' law, canon ''adj.'' lawful, canonical

'''kanvas''' ''n.'' canvas

'''kanxa''' ''v.'' to thank

'''kaolu''' ''v.'' to consider

'''kap''' ''n.'' head

'''kapak''' ''n.'' lid

'''kapti''' ''v.'' to catch ''n.'' capture

'''kasab''' ''v.'' to butcher

'''kat''' ''n.'' cat

'''kata''' ''n.'' cut ''v.'' to cut

'''kav''' ''v.'' to dig

'''kawda''' ''n.'' tail

'''kayfa''' ''n.'' development ''v.'' to develop

'''kayxi''' ''n.'' beginning ''v.'' to begin

'''kelar''' ''n.'' cellar

'''kenkan''' ''adj.'' healthy, sane

'''kenson''' ''adj.'' modest

'''kerd''' ''n.'' heart

'''ki''' ''adv.'' who

'''kibrit''' ''n.'' match [to light fire]

'''kidai''' ''n.'' expectation ''v.'' to expect

'''kinxi''' ''v.'' to forbid ''n.'' prohibition

'''kitab''' ''n.'' book

'''ko''' ''adv.'' what

'''kohak''' ''n.'' science ''adj.'' scientific

'''kolor''' ''n.'' color ''adj.'' colored ''v.'' to color

'''kon''' ''n.'' hole

'''kongan''' ''n.'' space ''adj.'' spacial

'''kongi''' ''n.'' attack ''v.'' to attack

'''konju''' ''n.'' tool

'''krayon''' ''n.'' pencil, crayon

'''kudu''' ''adj.'' alone, lonely

'''kunan''' ''adj.'' difficult

'''kurs''' ''n.'' course [to learn something]

'''kursi''' ''n.'' chair

'''kuton''' ''n.'' torment ''v.'' to torment

'''kwan''' ''adv.'' when

'''kwant''' ''adv.'' how much

'''kwazi''' ''adv.'' almost

'''kwer''' ''adv.'' where

'''kwey''' ''adv.'' why

'''kwom''' ''adv.'' how

==L==

'''la''' ''adv.'' there

'''lak''' ''n.'' lake

'''lan''' ''adj.'' lazy

'''latun''' ''n.'' brass

'''lav''' ''v.'' to wash

'''lej''' ''v.i.'' to lay

'''len''' ''adj.'' cold

'''lev''' ''adj.'' left ''n.'' left

'''lewk''' ''n.'' light

'''lez''' ''v.'' to read

'''licens''' ''n.'' license

'''lid''' ''v.'' to lead ''n.'' guidance

'''lin''' ''n.'' line ''adj.'' linear

'''lipo''' ''n.'' fat ''adj.'' fat

'''loten''' ''n.'' attic

'''lug''' ''n.'' lie ''v.'' to lie

'''lus''' ''n.'' louse

'''lut''' ''v.'' to plunder, to loot

'''lwo''' ''v.'' to fall ''n.'' fall

'''lyanxin''' ''n.'' conscience

'''lyed''' ''n.'' ice ''adj.'' icy

'''lyub''' ''n.'' love ''v.'' to love

==M==

'''ma''' ''conj.'' but

'''mah''' ''n.'' power ''adj.'' powerful

'''mal''' ''adj.'' bad, evil

'''mana''' ''n.'' meaning ''v.'' to mean

'''mao''' ''n.'' hair

'''mar''' ''n.'' horse, mare

'''mas''' ''n.'' meat, flesh

'''masala''' ''n.'' spice ''adj.'' spicy

'''matra''' ''n.'' mother

'''maymun''' ''n.'' monkey

'''meg''' ''adj.'' big

'''menaje''' ''n.'' management ''v.'' to manage

'''mest''' ''n.'' revenge, vengeance ''v.'' to avenge

'''metal''' ''n.'' metal ''adj.'' metallic

'''meza''' ''n.'' table

'''mikas''' ''n.'' scissors

'''minyu''' ''n.'' honor

'''miq''' ''n.'' nail [metallic object]

'''misal''' ''n.'' example

'''miso''' ''n.'' smile ''v.'' to smile

'''mor''' ''n.'' sea

'''mord''' ''n.'' murder ''v.'' to murder

'''mort''' ''n.'' death ''v.'' to die

'''mosun''' ''n.'' contraddiction ''v.'' to contraddict

'''muc''' ''adv.'' much

'''mudri''' ''adj.'' wise

'''muh''' ''n.'' fly

'''multi''' ''adj.'' many

'''mun''' ''n.'' gate

'''mupyo''' ''n.'' target, goal

'''muq''' ''n.'' face

'''mur''' ''n.'' ant

'''mus''' ''n.'' mouse

'''musim''' ''n.'' season

'''muzik''' ''n.'' music ''adj.'' musical

'''myed''' ''n.'' honey

==N==

'''na''' ''pron.'' we

'''nab''' ''n.'' navel

'''nadi''' ''n.'' river

'''nag''' ''n.'' nail [organic]

'''nagar''' ''n.'' city

'''nam''' ''n.'' name

'''nao''' ''n.'' brain ''adj.'' cerebral

'''narod''' ''n.'' people [politics]

'''nas''' ''n.'' nose

'''naut''' ''n.'' navigation ''adj.'' nautical ''v.'' to navigate

'''nem''' ''v.'' to take

'''nen''' ''v.'' to can

'''nil''' ''adj.'' blue

'''nivel''' ''n.'' level

'''nixan''' ''n.'' sign, signal

'''niz''' ''n.'' low

'''nizdo''' ''n.'' nest

'''noga''' ''n.'' leg

'''nov''' ''adj.'' new

'''nwans''' ''n.'' shade, nuance

'''nyan''' ''n.'' year ''adj.'' yearly

'''nyuki''' ''n.'' bee

==O==

'''o''' ''conj.'' or

'''oblivi''' ''v.'' to forget

'''oli''' ''n.'' oil

'''omni''' ''adj.'' every

'''ost''' ''n.'' bone

'''ovo''' ''n.'' egg

==P==

'''pad''' ''n.'' step

'''pag''' ''v.'' to pay

'''pagal''' ''adj.'' crazy

'''pak''' ''n.'' package

'''papier''' ''n.'' paper

'''Paskwa''' ''n.'' Easter

'''pat''' ''n.'' path

'''pati''' ''v.'' to suffer

'''patro''' ''n.'' father

'''pek''' ''v.'' to cook

'''pilao''' ''adj.'' tired

'''pilyo''' ''n.'' need ''v.'' to need

'''pimi''' ''n.'' secret ''adj.'' secret

'''pod''' ''n.'' foot

'''polex''' ''n.'' thumb

'''pravo''' ''n.'' right [law]

'''praxna''' ''n.'' question

'''pubun''' ''n.'' part

'''putao''' ''n.'' grape

'''puzu''' ''n.'' lack ''v.'' to lack

==R==

'''rabot''' ''n.'' work, job ''v.'' to work

'''raf''' ''n.'' shelf

'''rahat''' ''n.'' rest ''v.'' to rest

'''rana''' ''n.'' wound, injury ''v.'' to wound

'''rasmi''' ''n.'' picture ''v.'' to draw [a picture]

'''ration''' ''n.'' reason ''adj.'' rational

'''reja''' ''n.'' queen

'''rejo''' ''n.'' king

'''ris''' ''n.'' rice

'''riza''' ''n.'' root

'''rosa''' ''n.'' dew

'''rud''' ''adj.'' red

'''ruin''' ''n.'' ruin

==S==

'''sa''' ''adj.'' this

'''sabab''' ''conj.'' because

'''sabah''' ''n.'' morning

'''saf''' ''adj.'' clean, pure

'''safar''' ''n.'' travel, voyage ''v.'' to travel

'''sahat''' ''n.'' hour ''adj.'' hourly

'''sam''' ''adj.'' same

'''samaje''' ''v.'' to understand

'''samar''' ''n.'' summer

'''sapato''' ''n.'' shoe

'''saza''' ''n.'' punishment ''v.'' to punish

'''sem''' ''n.'' seed

'''skrib''' ''v.'' to write

'''sombre''' ''adj.'' somber

'''splen''' ''n.'' spleen [organ]

'''sundar''' ''adj.'' beautiful

==T==

'''ta''' ''pron.'' she

'''talak''' ''n.'' divorce

'''tao''' ''n.'' street, road

'''tariq''' ''n.'' date [on a calendar]

'''taur''' ''n.'' bull

'''terazu''' ''n.'' scales

'''teki''' ''adj.'' hostile

'''tigon''' ''n.'' offer ''v.'' to offer

'''tolun''' ''n.'' discussion ''v.'' to discuss

'''tong''' ''n.'' barrel

'''tranx''' ''n.'' slice ''v.'' to slice

'''tras''' ''n.'' trace ''v.'' to trace

'''traur''' ''n.'' grief ''v.'' to grieve

'''trik''' ''n.'' trick

'''tu''' ''pron.'' you [singular]

'''tufan''' ''n.'' storm ''adj.'' stormy

'''tuk''' ''n.'' poison ''adj.'' poisonous ''v.'' to poison

'''tung''' ''n.'' east ''adj.'' eastern

'''tuq''' ''n.'' kerchief

'''tur''' ''n.'' tower

'''turan''' ''adj.'' sudden

'''tux''' ''n.'' touch ''v.'' to touch

'''tyao''' ''n.'' jump ''v.'' to jump

==U==

'''ultra''' ''prep.'' over

'''umri''' ''n.'' age

'''umul''' ''n.'' well

'''ustad''' ''n.'' expert ''adj.'' expert

'''utan''' ''n.'' debt

==V==

'''valk''' ''n.'' wolf

'''vas''' ''n.'' thing

'''velna''' ''n.'' wave

'''vespre''' ''n.'' evening

'''vetan''' ''n.'' wages

'''vijai''' ''v.'' to win ''n.'' victory

'''vin''' ''n.'' wine

'''vo''' ''pron.'' you [plural]

'''vol''' ''n.'' will ''v.'' to want, to well

'''vulpe''' ''n.'' fox

==W==

'''wa''' ''conj.'' and

'''wakt''' ''n.'' time ''adj.'' temporal

'''wan''' ''n.'' lord, regnant

'''wangwo''' ''n.'' kingdom

'''wast''' ''adj.'' desolated

'''way''' ''adj.'' external

'''wazni''' ''n.'' weight

'''web''' ''v.'' to weave

'''wergo''' ''n.'' work [something realized]

'''west''' ''n.'' west ''adj.'' western

'''wuci''' ''n.'' weapon

'''wul''' ''n.'' wool

==X==

'''xak''' ''n.'' doubt ''v.'' to doubt

'''xam''' ''n.'' shame ''adj.'' shameful

'''xanti''' ''adj.'' quiet

'''xao''' ''adj.'' small, little

'''xaya''' ''n.'' shadow

'''xayad''' ''adv.'' maybe, perhaps

'''xipe''' ''v.'' to flay

'''xkad''' ''n.'' misfortune

'''xokolat''' ''n.'' chocolate

'''xum''' ''n.'' noise ''adj.'' noisy

==Y==

'''yad''' ''n.'' hand

'''yag''' ''v.'' to hunt

'''yan''' ''n.'' sheep

'''yao''' ''v.'' to want, to desire

'''yapo''' ''n.'' oppression ''v.'' to oppress

'''yasai''' ''n.'' vegetable

'''yatim''' ''n.'' orphan

'''yenju''' ''n.'' research ''v.'' to research

'''yerek''' ''adv.'' yesterday

'''yexu''' ''n.'' art ''adj.'' artistic

'''yoram''' ''n.'' cradle

'''yu''' ''prep.'' with

'''yud''' ''n.'' war

'''yug''' ''n.'' yoke

'''yimu''' ''n.'' duty, responsibility

'''yun''' ''adj.'' young

'''yunci''' ''n.'' courage ''adj.'' brave, courageous

'''yusan''' ''n.'' umbrella

'''yuyon''' ''v.'' to swim

'''yuzai''' ''n.'' guilt ''adj.'' guilty

==Z==

'''zan''' ''adj.'' dirty

'''zavi''' ''n.'' envy ''adj.'' envious ''v.'' to envy

'''zay''' ''adv.'' again

'''zaytun''' ''n.'' olive

'''zev''' ''n.'' yawn ''v.'' to yawn

'''zima''' ''n.'' winter

'''zina''' ''n.'' adultery

'''zodiak''' ''n.'' zodiac

'''zon''' ''n.'' zone

Novbasa

2015-02-14T16:15:21Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Verbs */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

Diphtongs ''au'' and ''eu'' are always pronounced as /aw/ and /ew/ respectively.

There cannot be three wovels together. So, for example, ''awal'' ("early"), cannot be written as ''aual''. This also mean that a verb like ''baw'' ("to build") cannot be written as ''bau'' because it would eventually lead to ''bauer'' instead of the correct term ''bawer'' ("builder").

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding ''o'' or ''a'' to the root.
:''bin'' - son or daughter (gender not specified)
:''bino'' - son
:''bina'' - daughter

However, a noun ending in ''o'' or ''a'' doesn't necessarily have a specified gender.
:''kiba'' - fang
:''feno'' - appearance

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''bratro''/''sestra'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hwan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kal''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garm'' (warm) → ''garm-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''na'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''nay'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!omni–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''omnijen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''omnivas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''omnivez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''omnistan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''omnikam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''omnikaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kwant
|''sakwant/tokwant'' (this/that much)
|''mokwant'' (some)
|''aonkwant'' (any quantity)
|''omnikwant'' (all of it)
|''nekwant'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''omnici''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kwan'' || when
|-
| ''kwer'' || where
|-
| ''kwom'' || how
|-
| ''kwey'' || why
|-
| ''kwant'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.
If the verb ends with a consonant, "a", "o", or "u", the suffixes are simply attached to it. If the verbs ends in "e" or "i", the last vowel must be taken off before adding the suffixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''baw'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me baw'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha baw'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li baw'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha baw'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me yao baw'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me va baw'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud baw'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li baw'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) baw'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''bawint'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''ge baw'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se-'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped.

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bu'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bu'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me yao es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me va es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bu'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''esint'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bi'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad wa ekwal in dignita wa pravo. Le hav ratyon wa lyanxin wa deb akti naku in spirit de hyondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tuy nam ba ge-fa xen'' 
''Tuy wan-gwo ba lay'' 
''Tuy vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Wa pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utan-jen'' 
''Wa ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Xetlaqui/Lexicon

2015-02-01T14:16:06Z

Fox Saint-Just:

Verbs are listed in their infinitive mood, ending in "-du".

==A==

'''acheom''' ''n.'' dawn, sunrise

'''acheomdu''' ''v.'' to rise

'''ahunid''' ''n.'' shepherd

'''ahuntli''' ''n.'' goat

'''atla''' ''n.'' sky

'''atlaxepad''' ''n.'' revolution

'''axaldu''' ''v.'' to count

'''axalli''' ''n.'' number

'''azath''' ''adj.'' blind

'''azdu''' ''v.'' to do

'''azeotli''' ''n.'' steam, vapor

'''azkorri''' ''adj.'' cruel

'''azqualli''' ''n.'' procedure, ceremony

'''aztla''' ''n.'' work, job

'''aztladu''' ''v.'' to work

'''aztlahid''' ''n.'' worker

==AO==

'''aontli''' ''n.'' name

==CH==

'''challi''' ''n.'' house

'''chaod''' ''adj.'' cold ''n.'' cold

'''chaodalleum''' ''n.'' cold [illness]

'''chaom''' ''n.'' dance

'''chaomdu''' ''v.'' to dance

'''charri''' ''n.'' fat, lipid ''adj.'' fat

'''cheolid''' ''n.'' knight

'''cheolli''' ''n.'' horse

'''cheontli''' ''n.'' dress, piece of clothing

'''chim''' ''n.'' bed

'''chorri''' ''n.'' kid, infant

==D==

'''deoth''' ''n.'' hill

==E==

'''egalli''' ''n.'' day

'''egdu''' ''v.'' to go

'''egutztli''' ''n.'' storm

'''elleshtli''' ''n.'' cult, religion

'''elleshdu''' ''v.'' venerate

'''etzalli''' ''n.'' food

'''etzli''' ''n.'' bread

'''ezgatl''' ''n.'' blood

'''ezkaldu''' ''v.'' to judge

'''ezkalid''' ''n.'' judge

'''ezkalli''' ''n.'' judgment

'''ezthi''' ''n.'' metal ''adj.'' metallic

==G==

'''geulid''' ''n.'' evildoer

'''geulli''' ''adj.'' evil, wicked ''n.'' evil

'''gitaxid''' ''n.'' scientist

'''gitaxtli''' ''n.'' science

'''grad''' ''n.'' base

'''guzandu''' ''v.'' to betray

'''guzanid''' ''n.'' betrayer, traitor

'''guzantli''' ''n.'' betrayal, treason

Xetlaqui

2015-02-01T13:56:38Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Consonants */

'''Xetlaqui''' is an a priori conlang created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013 and currently under development. The name Xetlaqui literally means "good language". It is intended to be part of a fantasy setting, being spoken by a human race living in a vast region known as Xinchal or the Hive.

Although Xetlaqui is an a priori conlang, it has been inspired by several natural languages, mainly Nahuatl, Basque, Armenian, Irish and Korean. It is designed to reflect the philosophy of the Hive, also known as ''Pheyn Yeotl'' (literally "All is one"), which sees completeness and wholeness as perfection.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+Xetlaqui consonants
!rowspan=2|
!rowspan=2|Bilabial
!rowspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!rowspan=2|Post- alveolar
!rowspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!rowspan=2|Glottal
|-style="font-size: x-small;"
!Central
!Lateral
!Plain
!Labialized
|-align=center
!Nasal
|m|| ||n|| || || || || ||
|-align=center
!Plosive
|p|| ||t d|| || || ||k g||kʷ||ʔ
|-align=center
!Affricate
| || ||ʦ ʣ||tɬ||ʧ|| || || ||
|-align=center
!Fricative
|ɸ β||θ ð||s z|| ||ʃ|| || || ||h
|-align=center
!Approximant
| || || ||ɬ|| ||j|| || ||
|-align=center
!Trill
| || ||r|| || || || || ||
|}

===Vowels===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Xetlaqui consonants
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!Close
|i
|
|u
|-
!Close-mid
|e eº
|
|o
|-
!Mid
|
|ø
|
|-
!Open-mid
|ɛ ɛº
|
|ɔ
|-
!Open
|
|ä äº
|
|}

[[Category: Conlangs]]
[[Category: Fictional languages]]
[[Category: A priori conlangs]]

===Alphabet===

Xetlaqui has its own writing style (which is currently being developed), but can be transcribed using Latin characters. The alphabet has a one to one letter-sound correspondence, even if few letters can be read in two different ways.

{| class="wikitable"
!'''Latin script'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further information'''
|-
|align=center| a
|align=center|[ä]
|
|-
|align=center| ao
|align=center|[äᵒ]
|The stress never falls on "o".
|-
|align=center|ch
|align=center|[ʧ]
|
|-
|align=center|d
|align=center|[d] / [ð]
|Pronounced as [ð] when ending a word or when followed by an apostrophe.
|-
|align=center|e
|align=center|[ɛ] / [e]
|Generally pronounced as [ɛ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent.
|-
|align=center|eo
|align=center|[ɛᵒ] / [eᵒ]
|See above.
|-
|align=center|eu
|align=center|[ø]
|
|-
|align=center|g
|align=center|[g]
|
|-
|align=center|h
|align=center|[ʔ]
|
|-
|align=center|i
|align=center|[i]
|Never pronounced as [j].
|-
|align=center|k
|align=center|[k]
|
|-
|align=center|l
|align=center|[ɬ]
|
|-
|align=center|m
|align=center|[m]
|
|-
|align=center|n
|align=center|[n]
|
|-
|align=center|o
|align=center|[ɔ] / [o]
|Generally pronounced as [ɔ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent.
|-
|align=center|p
|align=center|[p]
|
|-
|align=center|ph
|align=center|[ɸ]
|Pronounced as [pʰ] in Old Xetlaqui.
|-
|align=center|qu
|align=center|[kʷ]
|Always followed by a, e, i or o.
|-
|align=center|r
|align=center|[r]
|
|-
|align=center|sh
|align=center|[ʃ]
|
|-
|align=center|t
|align=center|[t]
|
|-
|align=center|th
|align=center|[θ]
|Pronounced as [tʰ] in Old Xetlaqui.
|-
|align=center|tl
|align=center|[tɬ]
|
|-
|align=center|tz
|align=center|[ʦ]
|
|-
|align=center|u
|align=center|[u]
|Never pronounced as [w].
|-
|align=center|v
|align=center|[β]
|
|-
|align=center|x
|align=center|[ʣ]
|
|-
|align=center|y
|align=center|[j]
|
|-
|align=center|z
|align=center|[s] / [z]
|No specific rule about its use as voiced or voiceless.
|}

==Grammar==

Xetlaqui is an agglutinative language with declensions for names and adjectives and very few irregular verbs. Nouns and adjectives are gender neutral.

===Declensions===

There are three declensions and eight cases in Xetlaqui.

====First declension====

Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in consonant ''-tli'' in the nominative singular. The predominant letters in the ending forms of this declension are ''e'' and ''o''. Words ending with a vowel followed by a ''d'', ''g'', ''m'', ''t'' and ''th'' don't have ''-tli'' in the nominative singular. Words ending in ''aotl'', ''eotl'' or ''eutl'' add a ''h'' before the other suffixes.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | '''''xintli'' bee
! colspan="2" | '''''challi'' house, home
! colspan="2" | '''''uzgarri'' saw
! colspan="2" | '''''yaotli'' war
|-
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| xin'''tli''' || xin'''ek''' || cha'''lli''' || cha'''lek''' || uzga'''rri''' || uzga'''rek''' || yao'''tli''' || yao'''hek'''
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| xin'''o''' || xin'''ok''' || cha'''lo''' || cha'''lok''' || uzga'''ro''' || uzga'''rok''' || yao'''ho''' || yao'''hok'''
|-
! '''Dative'''
| xin'''ur''' || xin'''uri''' || cha'''lur''' || cha'''luri''' || uzga'''rur''' || uzga'''ruri''' || yao'''hur''' || yao'''huri'''
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| xin'''eo''' || xin'''eok''' || cha'''leo''' || cha'''leok''' || uzga'''reo''' || uzga'''reok''' || yao'''heo''' || yao'''heok'''
|-
! '''Predicative'''
| xin'''en''' || xin'''eni''' || cha'''len''' || cha'''leni''' || uzga'''ren''' || uzga'''reni''' || yao'''hen''' || yao'''heni'''
|-
|}

====Second declension====

Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in ''atl'' in the nominative singular. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is ''a''.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | '''''voratl'' mouth
|-
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| vor'''atl''' || vor'''ak'''
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| vor'''ea''' || vor'''eak'''
|-
! '''Dative'''
| vor'''ar''' || vor'''ari'''
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| vor'''ao''' || vor'''aok'''
|-
! '''Predicative'''
| vor'''an''' || vor'''ani'''
|-
|}

====Third declension====

Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in consonant in ''i'' in the nominative singular. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is ''i''.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | '''''heri'' sun
|-
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| her'''i''' || her'''ik'''
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| her'''ia''' || her'''iak'''
|-
! '''Dative'''
| her'''ir''' || her'''iri'''
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| her'''io''' || her'''iok'''
|-
! '''Predicative'''
| her'''in''' || her'''ini'''
|-
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Xetlaqui/Lexicon]]

Xetlaqui

2015-02-01T13:36:29Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* First declension */

'''Xetlaqui''' is an a priori conlang created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013 and currently under development. The name Xetlaqui literally means "good language". It is intended to be part of a fantasy setting, being spoken by a human race living in a vast region known as Xinchal or the Hive.

Although Xetlaqui is an a priori conlang, it has been inspired by several natural languages, mainly Nahuatl, Basque, Armenian, Irish and Korean. It is designed to reflect the philosophy of the Hive, also known as ''Pheyn Yeotl'' (literally "All is one"), which sees completeness and wholeness as perfection.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+Xetlaqui consonants
!rowspan=2|
!rowspan=2|Bilabial
!rowspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!rowspan=2|Post- alveolar
!rowspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!rowspan=2|Glottal
|-style="font-size: x-small;"
!Central
!Lateral
!Plain
!Labialized
|-align=center
!Nasal
|m|| ||n|| || || || || ||
|-align=center
!Plosive
|p|| ||t d|| || || ||k g||kʷ||ʔ
|-align=center
!Affricate
| || ||ʦ ʣ||tɬ||ʧ|| || || ||
|-align=center
!Fricative
|ɸ β||θ ð||s z|| ||ʃ|| || || ||h
|-align=center
!Approximant
| || || ||ɬ|| ||j|| || ||
|-align=center
!Trill
| || ||r|| || || || || ||
|-align=center
!Flap
| || ||ɾ|| || || || || ||
|}

===Vowels===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Xetlaqui consonants
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!Close
|i
|
|u
|-
!Close-mid
|e eº
|
|o
|-
!Mid
|
|ø
|
|-
!Open-mid
|ɛ ɛº
|
|ɔ
|-
!Open
|
|ä äº
|
|}

[[Category: Conlangs]]
[[Category: Fictional languages]]
[[Category: A priori conlangs]]

===Alphabet===

Xetlaqui has its own writing style (which is currently being developed), but can be transcribed using Latin characters. The alphabet has a one to one letter-sound correspondence, even if few letters can be read in two different ways.

{| class="wikitable"
!'''Latin script'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further information'''
|-
|align=center| a
|align=center|[ä]
|
|-
|align=center| ao
|align=center|[äᵒ]
|The stress never falls on "o".
|-
|align=center|ch
|align=center|[ʧ]
|
|-
|align=center|d
|align=center|[d] / [ð]
|Pronounced as [ð] when ending a word or when followed by an apostrophe.
|-
|align=center|e
|align=center|[ɛ] / [e]
|Generally pronounced as [ɛ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent.
|-
|align=center|eo
|align=center|[ɛᵒ] / [eᵒ]
|See above.
|-
|align=center|eu
|align=center|[ø]
|
|-
|align=center|g
|align=center|[g]
|
|-
|align=center|h
|align=center|[ʔ]
|
|-
|align=center|i
|align=center|[i]
|Never pronounced as [j].
|-
|align=center|k
|align=center|[k]
|
|-
|align=center|l
|align=center|[ɬ]
|
|-
|align=center|m
|align=center|[m]
|
|-
|align=center|n
|align=center|[n]
|
|-
|align=center|o
|align=center|[ɔ] / [o]
|Generally pronounced as [ɔ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent.
|-
|align=center|p
|align=center|[p]
|
|-
|align=center|ph
|align=center|[ɸ]
|Pronounced as [pʰ] in Old Xetlaqui.
|-
|align=center|qu
|align=center|[kʷ]
|Always followed by a, e, i or o.
|-
|align=center|r
|align=center|[r]
|
|-
|align=center|sh
|align=center|[ʃ]
|
|-
|align=center|t
|align=center|[t]
|
|-
|align=center|th
|align=center|[θ]
|Pronounced as [tʰ] in Old Xetlaqui.
|-
|align=center|tl
|align=center|[tɬ]
|
|-
|align=center|tz
|align=center|[ʦ]
|
|-
|align=center|u
|align=center|[u]
|Never pronounced as [w].
|-
|align=center|v
|align=center|[β]
|
|-
|align=center|x
|align=center|[ʣ]
|
|-
|align=center|y
|align=center|[j]
|
|-
|align=center|z
|align=center|[s] / [z]
|No specific rule about its use as voiced or voiceless.
|}

==Grammar==

Xetlaqui is an agglutinative language with declensions for names and adjectives and very few irregular verbs. Nouns and adjectives are gender neutral.

===Declensions===

There are three declensions and eight cases in Xetlaqui.

====First declension====

Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in consonant ''-tli'' in the nominative singular. The predominant letters in the ending forms of this declension are ''e'' and ''o''. Words ending with a vowel followed by a ''d'', ''g'', ''m'', ''t'' and ''th'' don't have ''-tli'' in the nominative singular. Words ending in ''aotl'', ''eotl'' or ''eutl'' add a ''h'' before the other suffixes.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | '''''xintli'' bee
! colspan="2" | '''''challi'' house, home
! colspan="2" | '''''uzgarri'' saw
! colspan="2" | '''''yaotli'' war
|-
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| xin'''tli''' || xin'''ek''' || cha'''lli''' || cha'''lek''' || uzga'''rri''' || uzga'''rek''' || yao'''tli''' || yao'''hek'''
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| xin'''o''' || xin'''ok''' || cha'''lo''' || cha'''lok''' || uzga'''ro''' || uzga'''rok''' || yao'''ho''' || yao'''hok'''
|-
! '''Dative'''
| xin'''ur''' || xin'''uri''' || cha'''lur''' || cha'''luri''' || uzga'''rur''' || uzga'''ruri''' || yao'''hur''' || yao'''huri'''
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| xin'''eo''' || xin'''eok''' || cha'''leo''' || cha'''leok''' || uzga'''reo''' || uzga'''reok''' || yao'''heo''' || yao'''heok'''
|-
! '''Predicative'''
| xin'''en''' || xin'''eni''' || cha'''len''' || cha'''leni''' || uzga'''ren''' || uzga'''reni''' || yao'''hen''' || yao'''heni'''
|-
|}

====Second declension====

Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in ''atl'' in the nominative singular. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is ''a''.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | '''''voratl'' mouth
|-
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| vor'''atl''' || vor'''ak'''
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| vor'''ea''' || vor'''eak'''
|-
! '''Dative'''
| vor'''ar''' || vor'''ari'''
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| vor'''ao''' || vor'''aok'''
|-
! '''Predicative'''
| vor'''an''' || vor'''ani'''
|-
|}

====Third declension====

Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in consonant in ''i'' in the nominative singular. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is ''i''.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | '''''heri'' sun
|-
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| her'''i''' || her'''ik'''
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| her'''ia''' || her'''iak'''
|-
! '''Dative'''
| her'''ir''' || her'''iri'''
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| her'''io''' || her'''iok'''
|-
! '''Predicative'''
| her'''in''' || her'''ini'''
|-
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Xetlaqui/Lexicon]]

Xetlaqui

2015-02-01T13:34:38Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Third declension */

'''Xetlaqui''' is an a priori conlang created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013 and currently under development. The name Xetlaqui literally means "good language". It is intended to be part of a fantasy setting, being spoken by a human race living in a vast region known as Xinchal or the Hive.

Although Xetlaqui is an a priori conlang, it has been inspired by several natural languages, mainly Nahuatl, Basque, Armenian, Irish and Korean. It is designed to reflect the philosophy of the Hive, also known as ''Pheyn Yeotl'' (literally "All is one"), which sees completeness and wholeness as perfection.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+Xetlaqui consonants
!rowspan=2|
!rowspan=2|Bilabial
!rowspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!rowspan=2|Post- alveolar
!rowspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!rowspan=2|Glottal
|-style="font-size: x-small;"
!Central
!Lateral
!Plain
!Labialized
|-align=center
!Nasal
|m|| ||n|| || || || || ||
|-align=center
!Plosive
|p|| ||t d|| || || ||k g||kʷ||ʔ
|-align=center
!Affricate
| || ||ʦ ʣ||tɬ||ʧ|| || || ||
|-align=center
!Fricative
|ɸ β||θ ð||s z|| ||ʃ|| || || ||h
|-align=center
!Approximant
| || || ||ɬ|| ||j|| || ||
|-align=center
!Trill
| || ||r|| || || || || ||
|-align=center
!Flap
| || ||ɾ|| || || || || ||
|}

===Vowels===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Xetlaqui consonants
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!Close
|i
|
|u
|-
!Close-mid
|e eº
|
|o
|-
!Mid
|
|ø
|
|-
!Open-mid
|ɛ ɛº
|
|ɔ
|-
!Open
|
|ä äº
|
|}

[[Category: Conlangs]]
[[Category: Fictional languages]]
[[Category: A priori conlangs]]

===Alphabet===

Xetlaqui has its own writing style (which is currently being developed), but can be transcribed using Latin characters. The alphabet has a one to one letter-sound correspondence, even if few letters can be read in two different ways.

{| class="wikitable"
!'''Latin script'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further information'''
|-
|align=center| a
|align=center|[ä]
|
|-
|align=center| ao
|align=center|[äᵒ]
|The stress never falls on "o".
|-
|align=center|ch
|align=center|[ʧ]
|
|-
|align=center|d
|align=center|[d] / [ð]
|Pronounced as [ð] when ending a word or when followed by an apostrophe.
|-
|align=center|e
|align=center|[ɛ] / [e]
|Generally pronounced as [ɛ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent.
|-
|align=center|eo
|align=center|[ɛᵒ] / [eᵒ]
|See above.
|-
|align=center|eu
|align=center|[ø]
|
|-
|align=center|g
|align=center|[g]
|
|-
|align=center|h
|align=center|[ʔ]
|
|-
|align=center|i
|align=center|[i]
|Never pronounced as [j].
|-
|align=center|k
|align=center|[k]
|
|-
|align=center|l
|align=center|[ɬ]
|
|-
|align=center|m
|align=center|[m]
|
|-
|align=center|n
|align=center|[n]
|
|-
|align=center|o
|align=center|[ɔ] / [o]
|Generally pronounced as [ɔ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent.
|-
|align=center|p
|align=center|[p]
|
|-
|align=center|ph
|align=center|[ɸ]
|Pronounced as [pʰ] in Old Xetlaqui.
|-
|align=center|qu
|align=center|[kʷ]
|Always followed by a, e, i or o.
|-
|align=center|r
|align=center|[r]
|
|-
|align=center|sh
|align=center|[ʃ]
|
|-
|align=center|t
|align=center|[t]
|
|-
|align=center|th
|align=center|[θ]
|Pronounced as [tʰ] in Old Xetlaqui.
|-
|align=center|tl
|align=center|[tɬ]
|
|-
|align=center|tz
|align=center|[ʦ]
|
|-
|align=center|u
|align=center|[u]
|Never pronounced as [w].
|-
|align=center|v
|align=center|[β]
|
|-
|align=center|x
|align=center|[ʣ]
|
|-
|align=center|y
|align=center|[j]
|
|-
|align=center|z
|align=center|[s] / [z]
|No specific rule about its use as voiced or voiceless.
|}

==Grammar==

Xetlaqui is an agglutinative language with declensions for names and adjectives and very few irregular verbs. Nouns and adjectives are gender neutral.

===Declensions===

There are three declensions and eight cases in Xetlaqui.

====First declension====

Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in consonant ''-tli'' in the nominative singular. The predominant letters in the ending forms of this declension are ''e'' and ''o''. Words ending with a vowel followed by a ''d'', ''g'', ''m'', ''t'' and ''th'' don't have ''-tli'' in the nominative singular. Words ending in ''aotl'', ''eotl'' or ''eutl'' add a ''h'' before the other suffixes.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | '''''xintli'' bee
! colspan="2" | '''''challi'' house, home
! colspan="2" | '''''uzgarri'' saw
|-
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| xin'''tli''' || xin'''ek''' || cha'''lli''' || cha'''lek''' || uzga'''rri''' || uzga'''rek'''
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| xin'''o''' || xin'''ok''' || cha'''lo''' || cha'''lok''' || uzga'''ro''' || uzga'''rok'''
|-
! '''Dative'''
| xin'''ur''' || xin'''uri''' || cha'''lur''' || cha'''luri''' || uzga'''rur''' || uzga'''ruri'''
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| xin'''eo''' || xin'''eok''' || cha'''leo''' || cha'''leok''' || uzga'''reo''' || uzga'''reok'''
|-
! '''Predicative'''
| xin'''en''' || xin'''eni''' || cha'''len''' || cha'''leni''' || uzga'''ren''' || uzga'''reni'''
|-
|}

====Second declension====

Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in ''atl'' in the nominative singular. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is ''a''.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | '''''voratl'' mouth
|-
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| vor'''atl''' || vor'''ak'''
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| vor'''ea''' || vor'''eak'''
|-
! '''Dative'''
| vor'''ar''' || vor'''ari'''
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| vor'''ao''' || vor'''aok'''
|-
! '''Predicative'''
| vor'''an''' || vor'''ani'''
|-
|}

====Third declension====

Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in consonant in ''i'' in the nominative singular. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is ''i''.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | '''''heri'' sun
|-
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| her'''i''' || her'''ik'''
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| her'''ia''' || her'''iak'''
|-
! '''Dative'''
| her'''ir''' || her'''iri'''
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| her'''io''' || her'''iok'''
|-
! '''Predicative'''
| her'''in''' || her'''ini'''
|-
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Xetlaqui/Lexicon]]

Xetlaqui

2015-02-01T13:33:54Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* First declension */

'''Xetlaqui''' is an a priori conlang created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013 and currently under development. The name Xetlaqui literally means "good language". It is intended to be part of a fantasy setting, being spoken by a human race living in a vast region known as Xinchal or the Hive.

Although Xetlaqui is an a priori conlang, it has been inspired by several natural languages, mainly Nahuatl, Basque, Armenian, Irish and Korean. It is designed to reflect the philosophy of the Hive, also known as ''Pheyn Yeotl'' (literally "All is one"), which sees completeness and wholeness as perfection.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+Xetlaqui consonants
!rowspan=2|
!rowspan=2|Bilabial
!rowspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!rowspan=2|Post- alveolar
!rowspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!rowspan=2|Glottal
|-style="font-size: x-small;"
!Central
!Lateral
!Plain
!Labialized
|-align=center
!Nasal
|m|| ||n|| || || || || ||
|-align=center
!Plosive
|p|| ||t d|| || || ||k g||kʷ||ʔ
|-align=center
!Affricate
| || ||ʦ ʣ||tɬ||ʧ|| || || ||
|-align=center
!Fricative
|ɸ β||θ ð||s z|| ||ʃ|| || || ||h
|-align=center
!Approximant
| || || ||ɬ|| ||j|| || ||
|-align=center
!Trill
| || ||r|| || || || || ||
|-align=center
!Flap
| || ||ɾ|| || || || || ||
|}

===Vowels===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Xetlaqui consonants
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!Close
|i
|
|u
|-
!Close-mid
|e eº
|
|o
|-
!Mid
|
|ø
|
|-
!Open-mid
|ɛ ɛº
|
|ɔ
|-
!Open
|
|ä äº
|
|}

[[Category: Conlangs]]
[[Category: Fictional languages]]
[[Category: A priori conlangs]]

===Alphabet===

Xetlaqui has its own writing style (which is currently being developed), but can be transcribed using Latin characters. The alphabet has a one to one letter-sound correspondence, even if few letters can be read in two different ways.

{| class="wikitable"
!'''Latin script'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further information'''
|-
|align=center| a
|align=center|[ä]
|
|-
|align=center| ao
|align=center|[äᵒ]
|The stress never falls on "o".
|-
|align=center|ch
|align=center|[ʧ]
|
|-
|align=center|d
|align=center|[d] / [ð]
|Pronounced as [ð] when ending a word or when followed by an apostrophe.
|-
|align=center|e
|align=center|[ɛ] / [e]
|Generally pronounced as [ɛ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent.
|-
|align=center|eo
|align=center|[ɛᵒ] / [eᵒ]
|See above.
|-
|align=center|eu
|align=center|[ø]
|
|-
|align=center|g
|align=center|[g]
|
|-
|align=center|h
|align=center|[ʔ]
|
|-
|align=center|i
|align=center|[i]
|Never pronounced as [j].
|-
|align=center|k
|align=center|[k]
|
|-
|align=center|l
|align=center|[ɬ]
|
|-
|align=center|m
|align=center|[m]
|
|-
|align=center|n
|align=center|[n]
|
|-
|align=center|o
|align=center|[ɔ] / [o]
|Generally pronounced as [ɔ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent.
|-
|align=center|p
|align=center|[p]
|
|-
|align=center|ph
|align=center|[ɸ]
|Pronounced as [pʰ] in Old Xetlaqui.
|-
|align=center|qu
|align=center|[kʷ]
|Always followed by a, e, i or o.
|-
|align=center|r
|align=center|[r]
|
|-
|align=center|sh
|align=center|[ʃ]
|
|-
|align=center|t
|align=center|[t]
|
|-
|align=center|th
|align=center|[θ]
|Pronounced as [tʰ] in Old Xetlaqui.
|-
|align=center|tl
|align=center|[tɬ]
|
|-
|align=center|tz
|align=center|[ʦ]
|
|-
|align=center|u
|align=center|[u]
|Never pronounced as [w].
|-
|align=center|v
|align=center|[β]
|
|-
|align=center|x
|align=center|[ʣ]
|
|-
|align=center|y
|align=center|[j]
|
|-
|align=center|z
|align=center|[s] / [z]
|No specific rule about its use as voiced or voiceless.
|}

==Grammar==

Xetlaqui is an agglutinative language with declensions for names and adjectives and very few irregular verbs. Nouns and adjectives are gender neutral.

===Declensions===

There are three declensions and eight cases in Xetlaqui.

====First declension====

Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in consonant ''-tli'' in the nominative singular. The predominant letters in the ending forms of this declension are ''e'' and ''o''. Words ending with a vowel followed by a ''d'', ''g'', ''m'', ''t'' and ''th'' don't have ''-tli'' in the nominative singular. Words ending in ''aotl'', ''eotl'' or ''eutl'' add a ''h'' before the other suffixes.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | '''''xintli'' bee
! colspan="2" | '''''challi'' house, home
! colspan="2" | '''''uzgarri'' saw
|-
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| xin'''tli''' || xin'''ek''' || cha'''lli''' || cha'''lek''' || uzga'''rri''' || uzga'''rek'''
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| xin'''o''' || xin'''ok''' || cha'''lo''' || cha'''lok''' || uzga'''ro''' || uzga'''rok'''
|-
! '''Dative'''
| xin'''ur''' || xin'''uri''' || cha'''lur''' || cha'''luri''' || uzga'''rur''' || uzga'''ruri'''
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| xin'''eo''' || xin'''eok''' || cha'''leo''' || cha'''leok''' || uzga'''reo''' || uzga'''reok'''
|-
! '''Predicative'''
| xin'''en''' || xin'''eni''' || cha'''len''' || cha'''leni''' || uzga'''ren''' || uzga'''reni'''
|-
|}

====Second declension====

Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in ''atl'' in the nominative singular. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is ''a''.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | '''''voratl'' mouth
|-
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| vor'''atl''' || vor'''ak'''
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| vor'''ea''' || vor'''eak'''
|-
! '''Dative'''
| vor'''ar''' || vor'''ari'''
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| vor'''ao''' || vor'''aok'''
|-
! '''Predicative'''
| vor'''an''' || vor'''ani'''
|-
|}

====Third declension====

Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in consonant in ''i'' in the nominative singular. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is ''i''.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | '''''heri'' sun
|-
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| her'''i''' || her'''ik'''
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| her'''ia''' || her'''iak'''
|-
! '''Dative'''
| her'''ir''' || her'''iri'''
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| her'''io''' || her'''iok'''
|-
! '''Instrumental'''
| her'''eo''' || her'''eok'''
|-
! '''Locative'''
| her'''ie''' || her'''iek'''
|-
! '''Active'''
| her'''iv''' || her'''ivi'''
|-
! '''Predicative'''
| her'''in''' || her'''ini'''
|-
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Xetlaqui/Lexicon]]

Xetlaqui

2015-02-01T13:30:31Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Second declension */

'''Xetlaqui''' is an a priori conlang created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013 and currently under development. The name Xetlaqui literally means "good language". It is intended to be part of a fantasy setting, being spoken by a human race living in a vast region known as Xinchal or the Hive.

Although Xetlaqui is an a priori conlang, it has been inspired by several natural languages, mainly Nahuatl, Basque, Armenian, Irish and Korean. It is designed to reflect the philosophy of the Hive, also known as ''Pheyn Yeotl'' (literally "All is one"), which sees completeness and wholeness as perfection.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+Xetlaqui consonants
!rowspan=2|
!rowspan=2|Bilabial
!rowspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!rowspan=2|Post- alveolar
!rowspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!rowspan=2|Glottal
|-style="font-size: x-small;"
!Central
!Lateral
!Plain
!Labialized
|-align=center
!Nasal
|m|| ||n|| || || || || ||
|-align=center
!Plosive
|p|| ||t d|| || || ||k g||kʷ||ʔ
|-align=center
!Affricate
| || ||ʦ ʣ||tɬ||ʧ|| || || ||
|-align=center
!Fricative
|ɸ β||θ ð||s z|| ||ʃ|| || || ||h
|-align=center
!Approximant
| || || ||ɬ|| ||j|| || ||
|-align=center
!Trill
| || ||r|| || || || || ||
|-align=center
!Flap
| || ||ɾ|| || || || || ||
|}

===Vowels===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Xetlaqui consonants
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!Close
|i
|
|u
|-
!Close-mid
|e eº
|
|o
|-
!Mid
|
|ø
|
|-
!Open-mid
|ɛ ɛº
|
|ɔ
|-
!Open
|
|ä äº
|
|}

[[Category: Conlangs]]
[[Category: Fictional languages]]
[[Category: A priori conlangs]]

===Alphabet===

Xetlaqui has its own writing style (which is currently being developed), but can be transcribed using Latin characters. The alphabet has a one to one letter-sound correspondence, even if few letters can be read in two different ways.

{| class="wikitable"
!'''Latin script'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further information'''
|-
|align=center| a
|align=center|[ä]
|
|-
|align=center| ao
|align=center|[äᵒ]
|The stress never falls on "o".
|-
|align=center|ch
|align=center|[ʧ]
|
|-
|align=center|d
|align=center|[d] / [ð]
|Pronounced as [ð] when ending a word or when followed by an apostrophe.
|-
|align=center|e
|align=center|[ɛ] / [e]
|Generally pronounced as [ɛ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent.
|-
|align=center|eo
|align=center|[ɛᵒ] / [eᵒ]
|See above.
|-
|align=center|eu
|align=center|[ø]
|
|-
|align=center|g
|align=center|[g]
|
|-
|align=center|h
|align=center|[ʔ]
|
|-
|align=center|i
|align=center|[i]
|Never pronounced as [j].
|-
|align=center|k
|align=center|[k]
|
|-
|align=center|l
|align=center|[ɬ]
|
|-
|align=center|m
|align=center|[m]
|
|-
|align=center|n
|align=center|[n]
|
|-
|align=center|o
|align=center|[ɔ] / [o]
|Generally pronounced as [ɔ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent.
|-
|align=center|p
|align=center|[p]
|
|-
|align=center|ph
|align=center|[ɸ]
|Pronounced as [pʰ] in Old Xetlaqui.
|-
|align=center|qu
|align=center|[kʷ]
|Always followed by a, e, i or o.
|-
|align=center|r
|align=center|[r]
|
|-
|align=center|sh
|align=center|[ʃ]
|
|-
|align=center|t
|align=center|[t]
|
|-
|align=center|th
|align=center|[θ]
|Pronounced as [tʰ] in Old Xetlaqui.
|-
|align=center|tl
|align=center|[tɬ]
|
|-
|align=center|tz
|align=center|[ʦ]
|
|-
|align=center|u
|align=center|[u]
|Never pronounced as [w].
|-
|align=center|v
|align=center|[β]
|
|-
|align=center|x
|align=center|[ʣ]
|
|-
|align=center|y
|align=center|[j]
|
|-
|align=center|z
|align=center|[s] / [z]
|No specific rule about its use as voiced or voiceless.
|}

==Grammar==

Xetlaqui is an agglutinative language with declensions for names and adjectives and very few irregular verbs. Nouns and adjectives are gender neutral.

===Declensions===

There are three declensions and eight cases in Xetlaqui.

====First declension====

Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in consonant in the nominative singular. The predominant letters in the ending forms of this declension are ''e'' and ''o''. Nouns and adjectives ending with a vowel followed by a single consonant (except for ''d'', ''l'', ''t'', ''th'' and ''tl'') form the plural by adding ''-tli'' instead of ''-i''. Nouns ending with a vowel followed by ''l'' or ''r'' form the plural by dropping the ''l''/''r'' and adding ''-lli''/''-rri''.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | '''''xintli'' bee
! colspan="2" | '''''challi'' house, home
! colspan="2" | '''''uzgarri'' saw
|-
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| xin'''tli''' || xin'''ek''' || cha'''lli''' || cha'''lek''' || uzga'''rri''' || uzga'''rek'''
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| xin'''o''' || xin'''ok''' || cha'''lo''' || cha'''lok''' || uzga'''ro''' || uzga'''rok'''
|-
! '''Dative'''
| xin'''ur''' || xin'''uri''' || cha'''lur''' || cha'''luri''' || uzga'''rur''' || uzga'''ruri'''
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| xin'''eo''' || xin'''eok''' || cha'''leo''' || cha'''leok''' || uzga'''reo''' || uzga'''reok'''
|-
! '''Predicative'''
| xin'''en''' || xin'''eni''' || cha'''len''' || cha'''leni''' || uzga'''ren''' || uzga'''reni'''
|-
|}

====Second declension====

Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in ''atl'' in the nominative singular. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is ''a''.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | '''''voratl'' mouth
|-
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| vor'''atl''' || vor'''ak'''
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| vor'''ea''' || vor'''eak'''
|-
! '''Dative'''
| vor'''ar''' || vor'''ari'''
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| vor'''ao''' || vor'''aok'''
|-
! '''Predicative'''
| vor'''an''' || vor'''ani'''
|-
|}

====Third declension====

Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in consonant in ''i'' in the nominative singular. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is ''i''.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | '''''heri'' sun
|-
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| her'''i''' || her'''ik'''
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| her'''ia''' || her'''iak'''
|-
! '''Dative'''
| her'''ir''' || her'''iri'''
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| her'''io''' || her'''iok'''
|-
! '''Instrumental'''
| her'''eo''' || her'''eok'''
|-
! '''Locative'''
| her'''ie''' || her'''iek'''
|-
! '''Active'''
| her'''iv''' || her'''ivi'''
|-
! '''Predicative'''
| her'''in''' || her'''ini'''
|-
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Xetlaqui/Lexicon]]

Xetlaqui

2015-02-01T13:23:07Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Alphabet */

'''Xetlaqui''' is an a priori conlang created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013 and currently under development. The name Xetlaqui literally means "good language". It is intended to be part of a fantasy setting, being spoken by a human race living in a vast region known as Xinchal or the Hive.

Although Xetlaqui is an a priori conlang, it has been inspired by several natural languages, mainly Nahuatl, Basque, Armenian, Irish and Korean. It is designed to reflect the philosophy of the Hive, also known as ''Pheyn Yeotl'' (literally "All is one"), which sees completeness and wholeness as perfection.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+Xetlaqui consonants
!rowspan=2|
!rowspan=2|Bilabial
!rowspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!rowspan=2|Post- alveolar
!rowspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!rowspan=2|Glottal
|-style="font-size: x-small;"
!Central
!Lateral
!Plain
!Labialized
|-align=center
!Nasal
|m|| ||n|| || || || || ||
|-align=center
!Plosive
|p|| ||t d|| || || ||k g||kʷ||ʔ
|-align=center
!Affricate
| || ||ʦ ʣ||tɬ||ʧ|| || || ||
|-align=center
!Fricative
|ɸ β||θ ð||s z|| ||ʃ|| || || ||h
|-align=center
!Approximant
| || || ||ɬ|| ||j|| || ||
|-align=center
!Trill
| || ||r|| || || || || ||
|-align=center
!Flap
| || ||ɾ|| || || || || ||
|}

===Vowels===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Xetlaqui consonants
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!Close
|i
|
|u
|-
!Close-mid
|e eº
|
|o
|-
!Mid
|
|ø
|
|-
!Open-mid
|ɛ ɛº
|
|ɔ
|-
!Open
|
|ä äº
|
|}

[[Category: Conlangs]]
[[Category: Fictional languages]]
[[Category: A priori conlangs]]

===Alphabet===

Xetlaqui has its own writing style (which is currently being developed), but can be transcribed using Latin characters. The alphabet has a one to one letter-sound correspondence, even if few letters can be read in two different ways.

{| class="wikitable"
!'''Latin script'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further information'''
|-
|align=center| a
|align=center|[ä]
|
|-
|align=center| ao
|align=center|[äᵒ]
|The stress never falls on "o".
|-
|align=center|ch
|align=center|[ʧ]
|
|-
|align=center|d
|align=center|[d] / [ð]
|Pronounced as [ð] when ending a word or when followed by an apostrophe.
|-
|align=center|e
|align=center|[ɛ] / [e]
|Generally pronounced as [ɛ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent.
|-
|align=center|eo
|align=center|[ɛᵒ] / [eᵒ]
|See above.
|-
|align=center|eu
|align=center|[ø]
|
|-
|align=center|g
|align=center|[g]
|
|-
|align=center|h
|align=center|[ʔ]
|
|-
|align=center|i
|align=center|[i]
|Never pronounced as [j].
|-
|align=center|k
|align=center|[k]
|
|-
|align=center|l
|align=center|[ɬ]
|
|-
|align=center|m
|align=center|[m]
|
|-
|align=center|n
|align=center|[n]
|
|-
|align=center|o
|align=center|[ɔ] / [o]
|Generally pronounced as [ɔ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent.
|-
|align=center|p
|align=center|[p]
|
|-
|align=center|ph
|align=center|[ɸ]
|Pronounced as [pʰ] in Old Xetlaqui.
|-
|align=center|qu
|align=center|[kʷ]
|Always followed by a, e, i or o.
|-
|align=center|r
|align=center|[r]
|
|-
|align=center|sh
|align=center|[ʃ]
|
|-
|align=center|t
|align=center|[t]
|
|-
|align=center|th
|align=center|[θ]
|Pronounced as [tʰ] in Old Xetlaqui.
|-
|align=center|tl
|align=center|[tɬ]
|
|-
|align=center|tz
|align=center|[ʦ]
|
|-
|align=center|u
|align=center|[u]
|Never pronounced as [w].
|-
|align=center|v
|align=center|[β]
|
|-
|align=center|x
|align=center|[ʣ]
|
|-
|align=center|y
|align=center|[j]
|
|-
|align=center|z
|align=center|[s] / [z]
|No specific rule about its use as voiced or voiceless.
|}

==Grammar==

Xetlaqui is an agglutinative language with declensions for names and adjectives and very few irregular verbs. Nouns and adjectives are gender neutral.

===Declensions===

There are three declensions and eight cases in Xetlaqui.

====First declension====

Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in consonant in the nominative singular. The predominant letters in the ending forms of this declension are ''e'' and ''o''. Nouns and adjectives ending with a vowel followed by a single consonant (except for ''d'', ''l'', ''t'', ''th'' and ''tl'') form the plural by adding ''-tli'' instead of ''-i''. Nouns ending with a vowel followed by ''l'' or ''r'' form the plural by dropping the ''l''/''r'' and adding ''-lli''/''-rri''.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | '''''xintli'' bee
! colspan="2" | '''''challi'' house, home
! colspan="2" | '''''uzgarri'' saw
|-
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| xin'''tli''' || xin'''ek''' || cha'''lli''' || cha'''lek''' || uzga'''rri''' || uzga'''rek'''
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| xin'''o''' || xin'''ok''' || cha'''lo''' || cha'''lok''' || uzga'''ro''' || uzga'''rok'''
|-
! '''Dative'''
| xin'''ur''' || xin'''uri''' || cha'''lur''' || cha'''luri''' || uzga'''rur''' || uzga'''ruri'''
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| xin'''eo''' || xin'''eok''' || cha'''leo''' || cha'''leok''' || uzga'''reo''' || uzga'''reok'''
|-
! '''Predicative'''
| xin'''en''' || xin'''eni''' || cha'''len''' || cha'''leni''' || uzga'''ren''' || uzga'''reni'''
|-
|}

====Second declension====

Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in consonant in ''a'' in the nominative singular. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is ''a''.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | '''''aztla'' work, job
|-
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| aztl'''a''' || aztl'''ak'''
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| aztl'''ea''' || aztl'''eak'''
|-
! '''Dative'''
| aztl'''ar''' || aztl'''ari'''
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| aztl'''ao''' || aztl'''aok'''
|-
! '''Instrumental'''
| aztl'''eo''' || aztl'''eok'''
|-
! '''Locative'''
| aztl'''e''' || aztl'''ek'''
|-
! '''Active'''
| aztl'''av''' || aztl'''avi'''
|-
! '''Predicative'''
| aztl'''an''' || aztl'''ani'''
|-
|}

====Third declension====

Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in consonant in ''i'' in the nominative singular. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is ''i''.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | '''''heri'' sun
|-
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| her'''i''' || her'''ik'''
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| her'''ia''' || her'''iak'''
|-
! '''Dative'''
| her'''ir''' || her'''iri'''
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| her'''io''' || her'''iok'''
|-
! '''Instrumental'''
| her'''eo''' || her'''eok'''
|-
! '''Locative'''
| her'''ie''' || her'''iek'''
|-
! '''Active'''
| her'''iv''' || her'''ivi'''
|-
! '''Predicative'''
| her'''in''' || her'''ini'''
|-
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Xetlaqui/Lexicon]]

Xetlaqui

2015-02-01T13:21:37Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Consonants */

'''Xetlaqui''' is an a priori conlang created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013 and currently under development. The name Xetlaqui literally means "good language". It is intended to be part of a fantasy setting, being spoken by a human race living in a vast region known as Xinchal or the Hive.

Although Xetlaqui is an a priori conlang, it has been inspired by several natural languages, mainly Nahuatl, Basque, Armenian, Irish and Korean. It is designed to reflect the philosophy of the Hive, also known as ''Pheyn Yeotl'' (literally "All is one"), which sees completeness and wholeness as perfection.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+Xetlaqui consonants
!rowspan=2|
!rowspan=2|Bilabial
!rowspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!rowspan=2|Post- alveolar
!rowspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!rowspan=2|Glottal
|-style="font-size: x-small;"
!Central
!Lateral
!Plain
!Labialized
|-align=center
!Nasal
|m|| ||n|| || || || || ||
|-align=center
!Plosive
|p|| ||t d|| || || ||k g||kʷ||ʔ
|-align=center
!Affricate
| || ||ʦ ʣ||tɬ||ʧ|| || || ||
|-align=center
!Fricative
|ɸ β||θ ð||s z|| ||ʃ|| || || ||h
|-align=center
!Approximant
| || || ||ɬ|| ||j|| || ||
|-align=center
!Trill
| || ||r|| || || || || ||
|-align=center
!Flap
| || ||ɾ|| || || || || ||
|}

===Vowels===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Xetlaqui consonants
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!Close
|i
|
|u
|-
!Close-mid
|e eº
|
|o
|-
!Mid
|
|ø
|
|-
!Open-mid
|ɛ ɛº
|
|ɔ
|-
!Open
|
|ä äº
|
|}

[[Category: Conlangs]]
[[Category: Fictional languages]]
[[Category: A priori conlangs]]

===Alphabet===

Xetlaqui has its own writing style (which is currently being developed), but can be transcribed using Latin characters. The alphabet has a one to one letter-sound correspondence, even if few letters can be read in two different ways.

{| class="wikitable"
!'''Latin script'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further information'''
|-
|align=center| a
|align=center|[ä]
|
|-
|align=center| ao
|align=center|[äᵒ]
|The stress never falls on "o".
|-
|align=center|ch
|align=center|[ʧ]
|
|-
|align=center|d
|align=center|[d] / [ð]
|Pronounced as [ð] when ending a word or when followed by an apostrophe.
|-
|align=center|e
|align=center|[ɛ] / [e]
|Generally pronounced as [ɛ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent.
|-
|align=center|eo
|align=center|[ɛᵒ] / [eᵒ]
|See above.
|-
|align=center|eu
|align=center|[ø]
|
|-
|align=center|g
|align=center|[g]
|
|-
|align=center|h
|align=center|[h] / [ʔ]
|Pronounced as [h] only at the beginning of a word.
|-
|align=center|i
|align=center|[i]
|Never pronounced as [j].
|-
|align=center|k
|align=center|[k]
|
|-
|align=center|l
|align=center|[ɬ]
|
|-
|align=center|ll
|align=center|[ɫ]
|
|-
|align=center|m
|align=center|[m]
|
|-
|align=center|n
|align=center|[n]
|
|-
|align=center|o
|align=center|[ɔ] / [o]
|Generally pronounced as [ɔ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent.
|-
|align=center|p
|align=center|[p]
|
|-
|align=center|ph
|align=center|[ɸ]
|Pronounced as [pʰ] in Old Xetlaqui.
|-
|align=center|qu
|align=center|[kʷ]
|Always followed by a, e, i or o.
|-
|align=center|r
|align=center|[ɾ]
|
|-
|align=center|rr
|align=center|[r]
|
|-
|align=center|sh
|align=center|[ʃ]
|
|-
|align=center|t
|align=center|[t]
|
|-
|align=center|th
|align=center|[θ]
|Pronounced as [tʰ] in Old Xetlaqui.
|-
|align=center|tl
|align=center|[tɬ]
|
|-
|align=center|tz
|align=center|[ʦ]
|
|-
|align=center|u
|align=center|[u]
|Never pronounced as [w].
|-
|align=center|v
|align=center|[β]
|
|-
|align=center|x
|align=center|[ʣ]
|
|-
|align=center|y
|align=center|[j]
|
|-
|align=center|z
|align=center|[s] / [z]
|No specific rule about its use as voiced or voiceless.
|}

==Grammar==

Xetlaqui is an agglutinative language with declensions for names and adjectives and very few irregular verbs. Nouns and adjectives are gender neutral.

===Declensions===

There are three declensions and eight cases in Xetlaqui.

====First declension====

Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in consonant in the nominative singular. The predominant letters in the ending forms of this declension are ''e'' and ''o''. Nouns and adjectives ending with a vowel followed by a single consonant (except for ''d'', ''l'', ''t'', ''th'' and ''tl'') form the plural by adding ''-tli'' instead of ''-i''. Nouns ending with a vowel followed by ''l'' or ''r'' form the plural by dropping the ''l''/''r'' and adding ''-lli''/''-rri''.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | '''''xintli'' bee
! colspan="2" | '''''challi'' house, home
! colspan="2" | '''''uzgarri'' saw
|-
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| xin'''tli''' || xin'''ek''' || cha'''lli''' || cha'''lek''' || uzga'''rri''' || uzga'''rek'''
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| xin'''o''' || xin'''ok''' || cha'''lo''' || cha'''lok''' || uzga'''ro''' || uzga'''rok'''
|-
! '''Dative'''
| xin'''ur''' || xin'''uri''' || cha'''lur''' || cha'''luri''' || uzga'''rur''' || uzga'''ruri'''
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| xin'''eo''' || xin'''eok''' || cha'''leo''' || cha'''leok''' || uzga'''reo''' || uzga'''reok'''
|-
! '''Predicative'''
| xin'''en''' || xin'''eni''' || cha'''len''' || cha'''leni''' || uzga'''ren''' || uzga'''reni'''
|-
|}

====Second declension====

Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in consonant in ''a'' in the nominative singular. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is ''a''.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | '''''aztla'' work, job
|-
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| aztl'''a''' || aztl'''ak'''
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| aztl'''ea''' || aztl'''eak'''
|-
! '''Dative'''
| aztl'''ar''' || aztl'''ari'''
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| aztl'''ao''' || aztl'''aok'''
|-
! '''Instrumental'''
| aztl'''eo''' || aztl'''eok'''
|-
! '''Locative'''
| aztl'''e''' || aztl'''ek'''
|-
! '''Active'''
| aztl'''av''' || aztl'''avi'''
|-
! '''Predicative'''
| aztl'''an''' || aztl'''ani'''
|-
|}

====Third declension====

Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in consonant in ''i'' in the nominative singular. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is ''i''.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | '''''heri'' sun
|-
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| her'''i''' || her'''ik'''
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| her'''ia''' || her'''iak'''
|-
! '''Dative'''
| her'''ir''' || her'''iri'''
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| her'''io''' || her'''iok'''
|-
! '''Instrumental'''
| her'''eo''' || her'''eok'''
|-
! '''Locative'''
| her'''ie''' || her'''iek'''
|-
! '''Active'''
| her'''iv''' || her'''ivi'''
|-
! '''Predicative'''
| her'''in''' || her'''ini'''
|-
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Xetlaqui/Lexicon]]

Xetlaqui

2015-02-01T13:16:43Z

Fox Saint-Just:

'''Xetlaqui''' is an a priori conlang created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013 and currently under development. The name Xetlaqui literally means "good language". It is intended to be part of a fantasy setting, being spoken by a human race living in a vast region known as Xinchal or the Hive.

Although Xetlaqui is an a priori conlang, it has been inspired by several natural languages, mainly Nahuatl, Basque, Armenian, Irish and Korean. It is designed to reflect the philosophy of the Hive, also known as ''Pheyn Yeotl'' (literally "All is one"), which sees completeness and wholeness as perfection.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+Xetlaqui consonants
!rowspan=2|
!rowspan=2|Bilabial
!rowspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!rowspan=2|Post- alveolar
!rowspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!rowspan=2|Glottal
|-style="font-size: x-small;"
!Central
!Lateral
!Plain
!Labialized
|-align=center
!Nasal
|m|| ||n|| || || || || ||
|-align=center
!Plosive
|p|| ||t d|| || || ||k g||kʷ||ʔ
|-align=center
!Affricate
| || ||ʦ ʣ||tɬ||ʧ|| || || ||
|-align=center
!Fricative
|ɸ β||θ ð||s z|| ||ʃ|| || || ||h
|-align=center
!Approximant
| || ||ɫ|| || ||j|| || ||
|-align=center
!Trill
| || ||r|| || || || || ||
|-align=center
!Flap
| || ||ɾ|| || || || || ||
|}

===Vowels===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Xetlaqui consonants
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!Close
|i
|
|u
|-
!Close-mid
|e eº
|
|o
|-
!Mid
|
|ø
|
|-
!Open-mid
|ɛ ɛº
|
|ɔ
|-
!Open
|
|ä äº
|
|}

[[Category: Conlangs]]
[[Category: Fictional languages]]
[[Category: A priori conlangs]]

===Alphabet===

Xetlaqui has its own writing style (which is currently being developed), but can be transcribed using Latin characters. The alphabet has a one to one letter-sound correspondence, even if few letters can be read in two different ways.

{| class="wikitable"
!'''Latin script'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further information'''
|-
|align=center| a
|align=center|[ä]
|
|-
|align=center| ao
|align=center|[äᵒ]
|The stress never falls on "o".
|-
|align=center|ch
|align=center|[ʧ]
|
|-
|align=center|d
|align=center|[d] / [ð]
|Pronounced as [ð] when ending a word or when followed by an apostrophe.
|-
|align=center|e
|align=center|[ɛ] / [e]
|Generally pronounced as [ɛ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent.
|-
|align=center|eo
|align=center|[ɛᵒ] / [eᵒ]
|See above.
|-
|align=center|eu
|align=center|[ø]
|
|-
|align=center|g
|align=center|[g]
|
|-
|align=center|h
|align=center|[h] / [ʔ]
|Pronounced as [h] only at the beginning of a word.
|-
|align=center|i
|align=center|[i]
|Never pronounced as [j].
|-
|align=center|k
|align=center|[k]
|
|-
|align=center|l
|align=center|[ɬ]
|
|-
|align=center|ll
|align=center|[ɫ]
|
|-
|align=center|m
|align=center|[m]
|
|-
|align=center|n
|align=center|[n]
|
|-
|align=center|o
|align=center|[ɔ] / [o]
|Generally pronounced as [ɔ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent.
|-
|align=center|p
|align=center|[p]
|
|-
|align=center|ph
|align=center|[ɸ]
|Pronounced as [pʰ] in Old Xetlaqui.
|-
|align=center|qu
|align=center|[kʷ]
|Always followed by a, e, i or o.
|-
|align=center|r
|align=center|[ɾ]
|
|-
|align=center|rr
|align=center|[r]
|
|-
|align=center|sh
|align=center|[ʃ]
|
|-
|align=center|t
|align=center|[t]
|
|-
|align=center|th
|align=center|[θ]
|Pronounced as [tʰ] in Old Xetlaqui.
|-
|align=center|tl
|align=center|[tɬ]
|
|-
|align=center|tz
|align=center|[ʦ]
|
|-
|align=center|u
|align=center|[u]
|Never pronounced as [w].
|-
|align=center|v
|align=center|[β]
|
|-
|align=center|x
|align=center|[ʣ]
|
|-
|align=center|y
|align=center|[j]
|
|-
|align=center|z
|align=center|[s] / [z]
|No specific rule about its use as voiced or voiceless.
|}

==Grammar==

Xetlaqui is an agglutinative language with declensions for names and adjectives and very few irregular verbs. Nouns and adjectives are gender neutral.

===Declensions===

There are three declensions and eight cases in Xetlaqui.

====First declension====

Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in consonant in the nominative singular. The predominant letters in the ending forms of this declension are ''e'' and ''o''. Nouns and adjectives ending with a vowel followed by a single consonant (except for ''d'', ''l'', ''t'', ''th'' and ''tl'') form the plural by adding ''-tli'' instead of ''-i''. Nouns ending with a vowel followed by ''l'' or ''r'' form the plural by dropping the ''l''/''r'' and adding ''-lli''/''-rri''.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | '''''xintli'' bee
! colspan="2" | '''''challi'' house, home
! colspan="2" | '''''uzgarri'' saw
|-
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| xin'''tli''' || xin'''ek''' || cha'''lli''' || cha'''lek''' || uzga'''rri''' || uzga'''rek'''
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| xin'''o''' || xin'''ok''' || cha'''lo''' || cha'''lok''' || uzga'''ro''' || uzga'''rok'''
|-
! '''Dative'''
| xin'''ur''' || xin'''uri''' || cha'''lur''' || cha'''luri''' || uzga'''rur''' || uzga'''ruri'''
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| xin'''eo''' || xin'''eok''' || cha'''leo''' || cha'''leok''' || uzga'''reo''' || uzga'''reok'''
|-
! '''Predicative'''
| xin'''en''' || xin'''eni''' || cha'''len''' || cha'''leni''' || uzga'''ren''' || uzga'''reni'''
|-
|}

====Second declension====

Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in consonant in ''a'' in the nominative singular. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is ''a''.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | '''''aztla'' work, job
|-
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| aztl'''a''' || aztl'''ak'''
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| aztl'''ea''' || aztl'''eak'''
|-
! '''Dative'''
| aztl'''ar''' || aztl'''ari'''
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| aztl'''ao''' || aztl'''aok'''
|-
! '''Instrumental'''
| aztl'''eo''' || aztl'''eok'''
|-
! '''Locative'''
| aztl'''e''' || aztl'''ek'''
|-
! '''Active'''
| aztl'''av''' || aztl'''avi'''
|-
! '''Predicative'''
| aztl'''an''' || aztl'''ani'''
|-
|}

====Third declension====

Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in consonant in ''i'' in the nominative singular. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is ''i''.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | '''''heri'' sun
|-
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| her'''i''' || her'''ik'''
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| her'''ia''' || her'''iak'''
|-
! '''Dative'''
| her'''ir''' || her'''iri'''
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| her'''io''' || her'''iok'''
|-
! '''Instrumental'''
| her'''eo''' || her'''eok'''
|-
! '''Locative'''
| her'''ie''' || her'''iek'''
|-
! '''Active'''
| her'''iv''' || her'''ivi'''
|-
! '''Predicative'''
| her'''in''' || her'''ini'''
|-
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Xetlaqui/Lexicon]]

Novbasa

2015-01-30T17:52:54Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Sample translations */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

Diphtongs ''au'' and ''eu'' are always pronounced as /aw/ and /ew/ respectively.

There cannot be three wovels together. So, for example, ''awal'' ("early"), cannot be written as ''aual''. This also mean that a verb like ''baw'' ("to build") cannot be written as ''bau'' because it would eventually lead to ''bauer'' instead of the correct term ''bawer'' ("builder").

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding ''o'' or ''a'' to the root.
:''bin'' - son or daughter (gender not specified)
:''bino'' - son
:''bina'' - daughter

However, a noun ending in ''o'' or ''a'' doesn't necessarily have a specified gender.
:''kiba'' - fang
:''feno'' - appearance

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''bratro''/''sestra'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hwan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kal''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garm'' (warm) → ''garm-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''na'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''nay'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!omni–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''omnijen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''omnivas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''omnivez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''omnistan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''omnikam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''omnikaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kwant
|''sakwant/tokwant'' (this/that much)
|''mokwant'' (some)
|''aonkwant'' (any quantity)
|''omnikwant'' (all of it)
|''nekwant'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''omnici''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kwan'' || when
|-
| ''kwer'' || where
|-
| ''kwom'' || how
|-
| ''kwey'' || why
|-
| ''kwant'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.
If the verb ends with a consonant, "a", "o", or "u", the suffixes are simply attached to it. If the verbs ends in "e" or "i", the last vowel must be taken off before adding the suffixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''baw'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me baw'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha baw'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li baw'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha baw'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me sa baw'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me va baw'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud baw'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li baw'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) baw'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''bawint'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''bawit'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se-'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped.

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bu'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bu'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me sa es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me va es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bu'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''esint'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bi'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad wa ekwal in dignita wa pravo. Le hav ratyon wa lyanxin wa deb akti naku in spirit de hyondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tuy nam ba ge-fa xen'' 
''Tuy wan-gwo ba lay'' 
''Tuy vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Wa pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utan-jen'' 
''Wa ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2015-01-20T13:23:30Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Sample translations */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

Diphtongs ''au'' and ''eu'' are always pronounced as /aw/ and /ew/ respectively.

There cannot be three wovels together. So, for example, ''awal'' ("early"), cannot be written as ''aual''. This also mean that a verb like ''baw'' ("to build") cannot be written as ''bau'' because it would eventually lead to ''bauer'' instead of the correct term ''bawer'' ("builder").

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding ''o'' or ''a'' to the root.
:''bin'' - son or daughter (gender not specified)
:''bino'' - son
:''bina'' - daughter

However, a noun ending in ''o'' or ''a'' doesn't necessarily have a specified gender.
:''kiba'' - fang
:''feno'' - appearance

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''bratro''/''sestra'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hwan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kal''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garm'' (warm) → ''garm-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''na'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''nay'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!omni–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''omnijen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''omnivas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''omnivez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''omnistan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''omnikam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''omnikaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kwant
|''sakwant/tokwant'' (this/that much)
|''mokwant'' (some)
|''aonkwant'' (any quantity)
|''omnikwant'' (all of it)
|''nekwant'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''omnici''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kwan'' || when
|-
| ''kwer'' || where
|-
| ''kwom'' || how
|-
| ''kwey'' || why
|-
| ''kwant'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.
If the verb ends with a consonant, "a", "o", or "u", the suffixes are simply attached to it. If the verbs ends in "e" or "i", the last vowel must be taken off before adding the suffixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''baw'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me baw'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha baw'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li baw'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha baw'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me sa baw'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me va baw'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud baw'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li baw'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) baw'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''bawint'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''bawit'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se-'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped.

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bu'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bu'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me sa es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me va es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bu'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''esint'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bi'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad wa ekwal in dignita wa pravo. Le hav ratyon wa lyanxin wa deb akti naku in spirit de hyondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tey nam ba ge-fa xen'' 
''Tey wan-gwo ba lay'' 
''Tey vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Wa pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utan-jen'' 
''Wa ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2015-01-12T11:29:00Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Selection criteria */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

Diphtongs ''au'' and ''eu'' are always pronounced as /aw/ and /ew/ respectively.

There cannot be three wovels together. So, for example, ''awal'' ("early"), cannot be written as ''aual''. This also mean that a verb like ''baw'' ("to build") cannot be written as ''bau'' because it would eventually lead to ''bauer'' instead of the correct term ''bawer'' ("builder").

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding ''o'' or ''a'' to the root.
:''bin'' - son or daughter (gender not specified)
:''bino'' - son
:''bina'' - daughter

However, a noun ending in ''o'' or ''a'' doesn't necessarily have a specified gender.
:''kiba'' - fang
:''feno'' - appearance

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''bratro''/''sestra'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hwan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kal''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garm'' (warm) → ''garm-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''na'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''nay'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!omni–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''omnijen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''omnivas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''omnivez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''omnistan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''omnikam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''omnikaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kwant
|''sakwant/tokwant'' (this/that much)
|''mokwant'' (some)
|''aonkwant'' (any quantity)
|''omnikwant'' (all of it)
|''nekwant'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''omnici''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kwan'' || when
|-
| ''kwer'' || where
|-
| ''kwom'' || how
|-
| ''kwey'' || why
|-
| ''kwant'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.
If the verb ends with a consonant, "a", "o", or "u", the suffixes are simply attached to it. If the verbs ends in "e" or "i", the last vowel must be taken off before adding the suffixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''baw'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me baw'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha baw'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li baw'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha baw'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me sa baw'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me va baw'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud baw'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li baw'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) baw'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''bawint'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''bawit'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se-'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped.

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bu'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bu'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me sa es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me va es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bu'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''esint'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bi'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad wa ekwal in dignita wa pravo. Le hav ratyon wa lyanxin wa deb akti naku in spirit de hyondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tey nam ba ge-fa xen'' 
''Tey wan-gwo ba lay'' 
''Tey vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Wa pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utaner'' 
''Wa ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2015-01-12T10:41:41Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Sample translations */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

Diphtongs ''au'' and ''eu'' are always pronounced as /aw/ and /ew/ respectively.

There cannot be three wovels together. So, for example, ''awal'' ("early"), cannot be written as ''aual''. This also mean that a verb like ''baw'' ("to build") cannot be written as ''bau'' because it would eventually lead to ''bauer'' instead of the correct term ''bawer'' ("builder").

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding ''o'' or ''a'' to the root.
:''bin'' - son or daughter (gender not specified)
:''bino'' - son
:''bina'' - daughter

However, a noun ending in ''o'' or ''a'' doesn't necessarily have a specified gender.
:''kiba'' - fang
:''feno'' - appearance

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''bratro''/''sestra'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hwan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kal''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garm'' (warm) → ''garm-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''na'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''nay'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!omni–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''omnijen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''omnivas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''omnivez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''omnistan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''omnikam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''omnikaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kwant
|''sakwant/tokwant'' (this/that much)
|''mokwant'' (some)
|''aonkwant'' (any quantity)
|''omnikwant'' (all of it)
|''nekwant'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''omnici''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kwan'' || when
|-
| ''kwer'' || where
|-
| ''kwom'' || how
|-
| ''kwey'' || why
|-
| ''kwant'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.
If the verb ends with a consonant, "a", "o", or "u", the suffixes are simply attached to it. If the verbs ends in "e" or "i", the last vowel must be taken off before adding the suffixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''baw'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me baw'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha baw'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li baw'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha baw'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me sa baw'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me va baw'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud baw'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li baw'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) baw'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''bawint'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''bawit'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se-'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped.

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bu'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bu'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me sa es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me va es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bu'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''esint'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bi'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Examples: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad wa ekwal in dignita wa pravo. Le hav ratyon wa lyanxin wa deb akti naku in spirit de hyondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tey nam ba ge-fa xen'' 
''Tey wan-gwo ba lay'' 
''Tey vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Wa pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utaner'' 
''Wa ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2015-01-12T10:26:40Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Sample translations */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

Diphtongs ''au'' and ''eu'' are always pronounced as /aw/ and /ew/ respectively.

There cannot be three wovels together. So, for example, ''awal'' ("early"), cannot be written as ''aual''. This also mean that a verb like ''baw'' ("to build") cannot be written as ''bau'' because it would eventually lead to ''bauer'' instead of the correct term ''bawer'' ("builder").

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding ''o'' or ''a'' to the root.
:''bin'' - son or daughter (gender not specified)
:''bino'' - son
:''bina'' - daughter

However, a noun ending in ''o'' or ''a'' doesn't necessarily have a specified gender.
:''kiba'' - fang
:''feno'' - appearance

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''bratro''/''sestra'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hwan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kal''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garm'' (warm) → ''garm-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''na'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''nay'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!omni–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''omnijen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''omnivas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''omnivez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''omnistan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''omnikam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''omnikaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kwant
|''sakwant/tokwant'' (this/that much)
|''mokwant'' (some)
|''aonkwant'' (any quantity)
|''omnikwant'' (all of it)
|''nekwant'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''omnici''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kwan'' || when
|-
| ''kwer'' || where
|-
| ''kwom'' || how
|-
| ''kwey'' || why
|-
| ''kwant'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.
If the verb ends with a consonant, "a", "o", or "u", the suffixes are simply attached to it. If the verbs ends in "e" or "i", the last vowel must be taken off before adding the suffixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''baw'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me baw'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha baw'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li baw'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha baw'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me sa baw'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me va baw'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud baw'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li baw'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) baw'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''bawint'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''bawit'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se-'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped.

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bu'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bu'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me sa es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me va es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bu'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''esint'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bi'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Examples: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad wa ekwal in dignita wa pravo. Le hav ratyon wa lyanxin wa deb akti naku in spirit de hyondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tey nam ba ge-fa xen'' 
''Tey wangwo ba lay'' 
''Tey vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Wa pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utaner'' 
''Wa ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2015-01-12T10:25:15Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* External links */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

Diphtongs ''au'' and ''eu'' are always pronounced as /aw/ and /ew/ respectively.

There cannot be three wovels together. So, for example, ''awal'' ("early"), cannot be written as ''aual''. This also mean that a verb like ''baw'' ("to build") cannot be written as ''bau'' because it would eventually lead to ''bauer'' instead of the correct term ''bawer'' ("builder").

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding ''o'' or ''a'' to the root.
:''bin'' - son or daughter (gender not specified)
:''bino'' - son
:''bina'' - daughter

However, a noun ending in ''o'' or ''a'' doesn't necessarily have a specified gender.
:''kiba'' - fang
:''feno'' - appearance

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''bratro''/''sestra'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hwan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kal''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garm'' (warm) → ''garm-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''na'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''nay'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!omni–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''omnijen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''omnivas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''omnivez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''omnistan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''omnikam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''omnikaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kwant
|''sakwant/tokwant'' (this/that much)
|''mokwant'' (some)
|''aonkwant'' (any quantity)
|''omnikwant'' (all of it)
|''nekwant'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''omnici''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kwan'' || when
|-
| ''kwer'' || where
|-
| ''kwom'' || how
|-
| ''kwey'' || why
|-
| ''kwant'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.
If the verb ends with a consonant, "a", "o", or "u", the suffixes are simply attached to it. If the verbs ends in "e" or "i", the last vowel must be taken off before adding the suffixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''baw'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me baw'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha baw'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li baw'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha baw'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me sa baw'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me va baw'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud baw'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li baw'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) baw'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''bawint'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''bawit'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se-'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped.

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bu'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bu'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me sa es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me va es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bu'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''esint'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bi'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Examples: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad wa ekwal in dignita wa pravo. Le hav ratyon wa lyanxin wa deb akti naku in spirit de hyondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Nay Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tey nam ba ge-fa xen'' 
''Tey wangwo ba lay'' 
''Tey vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a na nay din pan'' 
''Wa pardon a na nay utan'' 
''Kam na pardon le a nay utaner'' 
''Wa ne dukti na in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad na ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2015-01-12T10:23:47Z

Fox Saint-Just:

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

Diphtongs ''au'' and ''eu'' are always pronounced as /aw/ and /ew/ respectively.

There cannot be three wovels together. So, for example, ''awal'' ("early"), cannot be written as ''aual''. This also mean that a verb like ''baw'' ("to build") cannot be written as ''bau'' because it would eventually lead to ''bauer'' instead of the correct term ''bawer'' ("builder").

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding ''o'' or ''a'' to the root.
:''bin'' - son or daughter (gender not specified)
:''bino'' - son
:''bina'' - daughter

However, a noun ending in ''o'' or ''a'' doesn't necessarily have a specified gender.
:''kiba'' - fang
:''feno'' - appearance

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''bratro''/''sestra'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hwan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kal''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garm'' (warm) → ''garm-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''na'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''nay'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!omni–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''omnijen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''omnivas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''omnivez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''omnistan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''omnikam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''omnikaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kwant
|''sakwant/tokwant'' (this/that much)
|''mokwant'' (some)
|''aonkwant'' (any quantity)
|''omnikwant'' (all of it)
|''nekwant'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''omnici''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kwan'' || when
|-
| ''kwer'' || where
|-
| ''kwom'' || how
|-
| ''kwey'' || why
|-
| ''kwant'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.
If the verb ends with a consonant, "a", "o", or "u", the suffixes are simply attached to it. If the verbs ends in "e" or "i", the last vowel must be taken off before adding the suffixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''baw'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me baw'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha baw'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li baw'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha baw'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me sa baw'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me va baw'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud baw'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li baw'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) baw'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''bawint'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''bawit'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se-'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped.

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bu'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bu'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me sa es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me va es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bu'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''esint'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bi'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Examples: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad wa ekwal in dignita wa pravo. Le hav ratyon wa lyanxin wa deb akti naku in spirit de hyondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Nay Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tey nam ba ge-fa xen'' 
''Tey wangwo ba lay'' 
''Tey vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a na nay din pan'' 
''Wa pardon a na nay utan'' 
''Kam na pardon le a nay utaner'' 
''Wa ne dukti na in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad na ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa|Novbasa on KonlangerZ]

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2015-01-07T00:12:00Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Selection criteria */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

Diphtongs ''au'' and ''eu'' are always pronounced as /aw/ and /ew/ respectively.

There cannot be three wovels together. So, for example, ''awal'' ("early"), cannot be written as ''aual''. This also mean that a verb like ''baw'' ("to build") cannot be written as ''bau'' because it would eventually lead to ''bauer'' instead of the correct term ''bawer'' ("builder").

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding ''o'' or ''a'' to the root.
:''bin'' - son or daughter (gender not specified)
:''bino'' - son
:''bina'' - daughter

However, a noun ending in ''o'' or ''a'' doesn't necessarily have a specified gender.
:''kiba'' - fang
:''feno'' - appearance

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''bratro''/''sestra'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hwan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kal''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garm'' (warm) → ''garm-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''na'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''nay'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!omni–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''omnijen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''omnivas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''omnivez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''omnistan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''omnikam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''omnikaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kwant
|''sakwant/tokwant'' (this/that much)
|''mokwant'' (some)
|''aonkwant'' (any quantity)
|''omnikwant'' (all of it)
|''nekwant'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''omnici''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kwan'' || when
|-
| ''kwer'' || where
|-
| ''kwom'' || how
|-
| ''kwey'' || why
|-
| ''kwant'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.
If the verb ends with a consonant, "a", "o", or "u", the suffixes are simply attached to it. If the verbs ends in "e" or "i", the last vowel must be taken off before adding the suffixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''baw'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me baw'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha baw'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li baw'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha baw'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me sa baw'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me va baw'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud baw'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li baw'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) baw'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''bawint'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''bawit'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se-'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped.

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bu'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bu'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me sa es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me va es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bu'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''esint'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bi'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Examples: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad wa ekwal in dignita wa pravo. Le hav ratyon wa lyanxin wa deb akti naku in spirit de hyondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Nay Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tey nam ba ge-fa xen'' 
''Tey wangwo ba lay'' 
''Tey vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a na nay din pan'' 
''Wa pardon a na nay utan'' 
''Kam na pardon le a nay utaner'' 
''Wa ne dukti na in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad na ab mal''

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Xetlaqui

2015-01-04T14:09:31Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* First declension */

'''Xetlaqui''' is an a priori conlang created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013 and currently under development. The name Xetlaqui literally means "good language". It is intended to be part of a fantasy setting, being spoken by a human race living in a vast region known as Xinchal or the Hive.

Although Xetlaqui is an a priori conlang, it has been inspired by several natural languages, mainly Nahuatl, Basque, Armenian, Irish and Korean. It is designed to reflect the philosophy of the Hive, also known as ''Pheyn Yeotl'' (literally "All is one"), which sees completeness and wholeness as perfection.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+Xetlaqui consonants
!rowspan=2|
!rowspan=2|Bilabial
!rowspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!rowspan=2|Post- alveolar
!rowspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!rowspan=2|Glottal
|-style="font-size: x-small;"
!Central
!Lateral
!Plain
!Labialized
|-align=center
!Nasal
|m|| ||n|| || || || || ||
|-align=center
!Plosive
|p|| ||t d|| || || ||k g||kʷ||ʔ
|-align=center
!Affricate
| || ||ʦ ʣ||tɬ||ʧ|| || || ||
|-align=center
!Fricative
|ɸ β||θ ð||s z||ɬ||ʃ|| || || ||h
|-align=center
!Approximant
| || ||ɫ|| || ||j|| || ||
|-align=center
!Trill
| || ||r|| || || || || ||
|-align=center
!Flap
| || ||ɾ|| || || || || ||
|}

===Vowels===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Xetlaqui consonants
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!Close
|i
|
|u
|-
!Close-mid
|e eº
|
|o
|-
!Mid
|
|ø
|
|-
!Open-mid
|ɛ ɛº
|
|ɔ
|-
!Open
|
|ä äº
|
|}

[[Category: Conlangs]]
[[Category: Fictional languages]]
[[Category: A priori conlangs]]

===Alphabet===

Xetlaqui has its own writing style (which is currently being developed), but can be transcribed using Latin characters. The alphabet has a one to one letter-sound correspondence, even if few letters can be read in two different ways.

{| class="wikitable"
!'''Latin script'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further information'''
|-
|align=center| a
|align=center|[ä]
|
|-
|align=center| ao
|align=center|[äᵒ]
|The stress never falls on "o".
|-
|align=center|ch
|align=center|[ʧ]
|
|-
|align=center|d
|align=center|[d] / [ð]
|Pronounced as [ð] when ending a word or when followed by an apostrophe.
|-
|align=center|e
|align=center|[ɛ] / [e]
|Generally pronounced as [ɛ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent.
|-
|align=center|eo
|align=center|[ɛᵒ] / [eᵒ]
|See above.
|-
|align=center|eu
|align=center|[ø]
|
|-
|align=center|g
|align=center|[g]
|
|-
|align=center|h
|align=center|[h] / [ʔ]
|Pronounced as [h] only at the beginning of a word.
|-
|align=center|i
|align=center|[i]
|Never pronounced as [j].
|-
|align=center|k
|align=center|[k]
|
|-
|align=center|l
|align=center|[ɬ]
|
|-
|align=center|ll
|align=center|[ɫ]
|
|-
|align=center|m
|align=center|[m]
|
|-
|align=center|n
|align=center|[n]
|
|-
|align=center|o
|align=center|[ɔ] / [o]
|Generally pronounced as [ɔ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent.
|-
|align=center|p
|align=center|[p]
|
|-
|align=center|ph
|align=center|[ɸ]
|Pronounced as [pʰ] in Old Xetlaqui.
|-
|align=center|qu
|align=center|[kʷ]
|Always followed by a, e, i or o.
|-
|align=center|r
|align=center|[ɾ]
|
|-
|align=center|rr
|align=center|[r]
|
|-
|align=center|sh
|align=center|[ʃ]
|
|-
|align=center|t
|align=center|[t]
|
|-
|align=center|th
|align=center|[θ]
|Pronounced as [tʰ] in Old Xetlaqui.
|-
|align=center|tl
|align=center|[tɬ]
|
|-
|align=center|tz
|align=center|[ʦ]
|
|-
|align=center|u
|align=center|[u]
|Never pronounced as [w].
|-
|align=center|v
|align=center|[β]
|
|-
|align=center|x
|align=center|[ʣ]
|
|-
|align=center|y
|align=center|[j]
|
|-
|align=center|z
|align=center|[s] / [z]
|No specific rule about its use as voiced or voiceless.
|}

==Grammar==

Xetlaqui is an agglutinative language with declensions for names and adjectives and very few irregular verbs. Nouns and adjectives are gender neutral.

===Declensions===

There are three declensions and eight cases in Xetlaqui.

====First declension====

Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in consonant in the nominative singular. The predominant letters in the ending forms of this declension are ''e'' and ''o''. Nouns and adjectives ending with a vowel followed by a single consonant (except for ''d'', ''l'', ''t'', ''th'' and ''tl'') form the plural by adding ''-tli'' instead of ''-i''. Nouns ending with a vowel followed by ''l'' or ''r'' form the plural by dropping the ''l''/''r'' and adding ''-lli''/''-rri''.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | '''''xintli'' bee
! colspan="2" | '''''challi'' house, home
! colspan="2" | '''''uzgarri'' saw
|-
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| xin'''tli''' || xin'''ek''' || cha'''lli''' || cha'''lek''' || uzga'''rri''' || uzga'''rek'''
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| xin'''o''' || xin'''ok''' || cha'''lo''' || cha'''lok''' || uzga'''ro''' || uzga'''rok'''
|-
! '''Dative'''
| xin'''ur''' || xin'''uri''' || cha'''lur''' || cha'''luri''' || uzga'''rur''' || uzga'''ruri'''
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| xin'''eo''' || xin'''eok''' || cha'''leo''' || cha'''leok''' || uzga'''reo''' || uzga'''reok'''
|-
! '''Predicative'''
| xin'''en''' || xin'''eni''' || cha'''len''' || cha'''leni''' || uzga'''ren''' || uzga'''reni'''
|-
|}

====Second declension====

Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in consonant in ''a'' in the nominative singular. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is ''a''.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | '''''aztla'' work, job
|-
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| aztl'''a''' || aztl'''ak'''
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| aztl'''ea''' || aztl'''eak'''
|-
! '''Dative'''
| aztl'''ar''' || aztl'''ari'''
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| aztl'''ao''' || aztl'''aok'''
|-
! '''Instrumental'''
| aztl'''eo''' || aztl'''eok'''
|-
! '''Locative'''
| aztl'''e''' || aztl'''ek'''
|-
! '''Active'''
| aztl'''av''' || aztl'''avi'''
|-
! '''Predicative'''
| aztl'''an''' || aztl'''ani'''
|-
|}

====Third declension====

Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in consonant in ''i'' in the nominative singular. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is ''i''.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | '''''heri'' sun
|-
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| her'''i''' || her'''ik'''
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| her'''ia''' || her'''iak'''
|-
! '''Dative'''
| her'''ir''' || her'''iri'''
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| her'''io''' || her'''iok'''
|-
! '''Instrumental'''
| her'''eo''' || her'''eok'''
|-
! '''Locative'''
| her'''ie''' || her'''iek'''
|-
! '''Active'''
| her'''iv''' || her'''ivi'''
|-
! '''Predicative'''
| her'''in''' || her'''ini'''
|-
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Xetlaqui/Lexicon]]

Novbasa

2014-12-30T18:31:58Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Sample translations */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

Diphtongs ''au'' and ''eu'' are always pronounced as /aw/ and /ew/ respectively.

There cannot be three wovels together. So, for example, ''awal'' ("early"), cannot be written as ''aual''. This also mean that a verb like ''baw'' ("to build") cannot be written as ''bau'' because it would eventually lead to ''bauer'' instead of the correct term ''bawer'' ("builder").

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding ''o'' or ''a'' to the root.
:''bin'' - son or daughter (gender not specified)
:''bino'' - son
:''bina'' - daughter

However, a noun ending in ''o'' or ''a'' doesn't necessarily have a specified gender.
:''kiba'' - fang
:''feno'' - appearance

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''bratro''/''sestra'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hwan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kal''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garm'' (warm) → ''garm-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''na'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''nay'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!omni–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''omnijen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''omnivas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''omnivez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''omnistan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''omnikam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''omnikaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kwant
|''sakwant/tokwant'' (this/that much)
|''mokwant'' (some)
|''aonkwant'' (any quantity)
|''omnikwant'' (all of it)
|''nekwant'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''omnici''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kwan'' || when
|-
| ''kwer'' || where
|-
| ''kwom'' || how
|-
| ''kwey'' || why
|-
| ''kwant'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.
If the verb ends with a consonant, "a", "o", or "u", the suffixes are simply attached to it. If the verbs ends in "e" or "i", the last vowel must be taken off before adding the suffixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''baw'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me baw'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha baw'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li baw'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha baw'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me sa baw'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me va baw'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud baw'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li baw'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) baw'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''bawint'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''bawit'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se-'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped.

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bu'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bu'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me sa es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me va es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bu'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''esint'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bi'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Examples: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''dex'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad wa ekwal in dignita wa pravo. Le hav ratyon wa lyanxin wa deb akti naku in spirit de hyondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Nay Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tey nam ba ge-fa xen'' 
''Tey wangwo ba lay'' 
''Tey vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a na nay din pan'' 
''Wa pardon a na nay utan'' 
''Kam na pardon le a nay utaner'' 
''Wa ne dukti na in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad na ab mal''

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Novbasa/Lexicon

2014-12-15T20:50:42Z

Fox Saint-Just:

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa]]

==A==

'''ab''' ''prep.'' from

'''acid''' ''n.'' acid ''adj.'' acid, acidic

'''adab''' ''adj.'' well-mannered, well-behaved ''n.'' good manners

'''adet''' ''n.'' habit

'''adil''' ''adj.'' just, righteous

'''adres''' ''n.'' address

'''agni''' ''n.'' fire

'''agwi''' ''n.'' malice ''adj.'' malicious

'''akax''' ''n.'' sky ''adj.'' celestial

'''aki''' ''n.'' autumn

'''akil''' ''n.'' intellect ''adj.'' intelligent, smart

'''akusti''' ''v.'' to listen (to)

'''anarhi''' ''n.'' anarchy

'''angel''' ''n.'' angel ''adj.'' angelic

'''anti''' ''prep.'' against

'''anxi''' ''n.'' suggestion ''v.'' to suggest

'''anxin''' ''n.'' relief ''v.'' to relieve

'''aoman''' ''adj.'' arrogant, haughty

'''aon''' ''adj.'' any

'''apel''' ''n.'' apple

'''apena''' ''adv.'' barely

'''aqir''' ''n.'' end ''adj.'' last, final ''adv.'' at last, finally

'''arbalet''' ''n.'' crossbow

'''ard''' ''n.'' earth [planet, element]

'''argent''' ''n.'' silver

'''arhiv''' ''n.'' archive

'''asal''' ''n.'' source, origin

'''atma''' ''n.'' soul

'''audi''' ''v.'' to hear

'''aug''' ''v.'' to grow

'''axa''' ''n.'' hope ''v.'' to hope

'''ay''' ''n.'' love [generic], ''v.'' to like

'''ayam''' ''n.'' chicken

'''ayfu''' ''n.'' caress ''v.'' to caress

'''ayna''' ''adv.'' always

'''azad''' ''adj.'' free ''v.'' to free

'''azma''' ''n.'' intention ''adj.'' intentional ''v.'' to intend

==B==

'''bab''' ''n.'' bean

'''badal''' ''n.'' replacement ''v.'' to replace

'''badan''' ''n.'' body (''anatomy'') ''adj.'' bodily

'''bakti''' ''adj.'' devoted, faithful

'''bal''' ''adj.'' strong

'''baldi''' ''n.'' bucket

'''bana''' ''v.'' to become

'''baraka''' ''n.'' blessing ''v.'' to bless

'''barut''' ''n.'' gunpowder

'''basa''' ''n.'' language [natural]

'''batal''' ''n.'' battle

'''baw''' ''n.'' to build

'''ber''' ''v.'' to bear, to carry

'''beyxin''' ''n.'' betrayal, treason ''v.'' to betray

'''bez''' ''prep.'' without

'''blic''' ''n.'' lightining

'''bodar''' ''adj.'' deaf

'''bota''' ''n.'' boot

'''bozi''' ''n.'' goat

'''brun''' ''adj.'' brown ''n.'' brown

'''budno''' ''n.'' bottom

'''burats''' ''n.'' dishcloth, floorcloth

==C==

'''cal''' ''v.'' to run

'''can''' ''n.'' chin

'''candra''' ''n.'' moon ''adj.'' lunar

'''canzao''' ''v.'' to create ''n.'' creation

'''cao''' ''n.'' tide ''adj.'' tidal

'''cast''' ''adv.'' often

'''cav''' ''n.'' key [to open or close a door]

'''cay''' ''n.'' tea

'''cef''' ''n.'' chief ''adj.'' chief

'''cikle''' ''n.'' cycle ''adj.'' cyclical

'''cin''' ''v.'' to invade ''n.'' invasion

'''cinai''' ''adj.'' dear, beloved

'''cinkwan''' ''n.'' circumstance ''adj.'' circumstantial

'''cinmo''' ''n.'' silence ''adj.'' silent

'''ciryo''' ''n.'' cure ''v.'' to cure, to heal

'''cosan''' ''n.'' ancestor

==D==

'''da''' ''v.'' to give

'''dafan''' ''v.'' to bury ''n.'' burial

'''daka''' ''n.'' shove ''v.'' to push, to shove

'''dakru''' ''n.'' tear

'''dam''' ''n.'' dam

'''dans''' ''v.'' to dance ''n.'' dance

'''dao''' ''n.'' knife

'''daru''' ''n.'' tree

'''derm''' ''n.'' skin

'''dew''' ''n.'' god, deity ''adj.'' godly

'''digit''' ''n.'' finger

'''dikan''' ''v.'' to resist

'''dilg''' ''adj.'' long

'''dingwa''' ''n.'' tongue [anatomy]

'''dukan''' ''n.'' shop

'''dum''' ''prep.'' during

'''duman''' ''n.'' smoke

'''dunya''' ''n.'' world ''adj.'' worldly

'''duxman''' ''n.'' enemy

'''dwar''' ''n.'' door

==E==

'''eban''' ''n.'' ebony

'''ebur''' ''n.'' ivory

'''ekran''' ''n.'' screen ''v.'' to screen

'''eksplot''' ''v.'' to exploit

'''ekwal''' ''adj.'' equal

'''ekwati''' ''n.'' equation

'''epoq''' ''n.'' epoch ''adj.'' epochal

'''eskap''' ''n.'' escape ''v.'' to escape

'''esok''' ''adv.'' tomorrow

'''etap''' ''n.'' stage [of grief, etc.]

'''eufori''' ''n.'' euphoria ''adj.'' euphoric

'''exafot''' ''n.'' gallows

==F==

'''facil''' ''adj.'' easy

'''fakel''' ''n.'' torch

'''fanci''' ''n.'' renounce ''v.'' to renounce

'''fark''' ''adj.'' different

'''fatim''' ''n.'' pronunciation ''v.'' to pronounce

'''feno''' ''n.'' appearance ''adj.'' apparent ''v.'' to appear

'''ferma''' ''n.'' farm

'''fey''' ''n.'' flight ''v.'' to fly ''adj'' flying

'''flam''' ''n.'' flame

'''flot''' ''v.'' to float

'''fluks''' ''n.'' stream

'''fob''' ''n.'' fear ''v.'' to fear

'''foli''' ''n.'' leaf

'''frazi''' ''n.'' phrase

'''fursat''' ''n.'' opportunity

'''futan''' ''n.'' burden

'''futur''' ''n.'' future ''adj.'' future

==G==

'''gaci''' ''n.'' value [economy]

'''galat''' ''adj.'' wrong ''n.'' mistake

'''gamal''' ''n.'' camel

'''gan''' ''v.'' to sing

'''gana''' ''n.'' song

'''gans''' ''n.'' goose

'''gao''' ''adj.'' tall, high

'''garm''' ''adj.'' warm

'''gatal''' ''n.'' itch ''adj.'' itchy ''v.'' to itch

'''genu''' ''n.'' knee

'''gitar''' ''n.'' guitar

'''glup''' ''n.'' fool ''adj.'' foolish, stupid

'''glut''' ''v.'' to swallow

'''gnoz''' ''v.'' to know ''n.'' knowledge

'''gora''' ''n.'' mountain

'''gorla''' ''n.'' throat

'''gravur''' ''n.'' engraving ''v.'' to engrave

'''grit''' ''n.'' scream ''v.'' to scream, to shout

'''grup''' ''n.'' group

'''guha''' ''n.'' cave, grotto

'''gul''' ''n.'' flower

'''gum''' ''n.'' rubber

'''gun''' ''adj.'' military

'''gwansin''' ''n.'' concern ''v.'' to concern

'''gwo''' ''n.'' nation, country ''adj.'' national

==H==

'''hafiz''' ''v.'' to maintain, to preserve, to conserve

'''hakim''' ''v.'' to judge

'''haraka''' ''n.'' haste ''adj.'' hasty

'''heves''' ''n.'' zeal, fervor ''adj.'' zealous

'''hisab''' ''n.'' accounting

'''huzun''' ''adj.'' sad

'''hwan''' ''adj.'' yellow

'''hwanjin''' ''n.'' environment ''adj.'' environmental

'''hyondi''' ''n.'' sibling

==I==

'''ica''' ''n.'' wish, desire ''v.'' to wish, to desire

'''ilaj''' ''n.'' remedy

'''iman''' ''n.'' faith

'''intazar''' ''v.'' to wait

'''iskra''' ''n.'' spark

'''itahat''' ''v.'' to obey

==J==

'''ja''' ''adv.'' already

'''jahaz''' ''n.'' ship

'''jalan''' ''v.'' to walk

'''janma''' ''n.'' birth ''v.'' to be born

'''jawab''' ''n.'' answer ''v.'' to answer

'''jeb''' ''n.'' pocket

'''jejin''' ''v.'' to approach

'''jin''' ''adj.'' near

'''jingao''' ''n.'' warning ''v.'' to warn

'''jinju''' ''n.'' pearl

'''junbi''' ''adj.'' ready, prepared

'''junxi''' ''adj.'' faithful, loyal

'''jus''' ''n.'' juice

==K==

'''kaban''' ''n.'' bag

'''kabila''' ''n.'' tribe

'''kabur''' ''n.'' tomb, grave

'''kad''' ''adj.'' each

'''kafan''' ''n.'' shroud

'''kafas''' ''n.'' cage

'''kafe''' ''n.'' coffee

'''kal''' ''adj.'' black

'''kalam''' ''n.'' pen

'''kalim''' ''n.'' word

'''kamar''' ''n.'' room

'''kamil''' ''adj.'' perfect

'''kamus''' ''n.'' dictionary, vocabulary

'''kan''' ''v.'' to look (at)

'''kanal''' ''n.'' channel ''v.'' to channel

'''kanjo''' ''v.'' to feel [an emotion or a mind state]

'''kanun''' ''n.'' law, canon ''adj.'' lawful, canonical

'''kanvas''' ''n.'' canvas

'''kanxa''' ''v.'' to thank

'''kaolu''' ''v.'' to consider

'''kap''' ''n.'' head

'''kapak''' ''n.'' lid

'''kapti''' ''v.'' to catch ''n.'' capture

'''kasab''' ''v.'' to butcher

'''kat''' ''n.'' cat

'''kata''' ''n.'' cut ''v.'' to cut

'''kav''' ''v.'' to dig

'''kawda''' ''n.'' tail

'''kayfa''' ''n.'' development ''v.'' to develop

'''kayxi''' ''n.'' beginning ''v.'' to begin

'''kelar''' ''n.'' cellar

'''kenkan''' ''adj.'' healthy, sane

'''kenson''' ''adj.'' modest

'''kerd''' ''n.'' heart

'''ki''' ''adv.'' who

'''kibrit''' ''n.'' match [to light fire]

'''kidai''' ''n.'' expectation ''v.'' to expect

'''kinxi''' ''v.'' to forbid ''n.'' prohibition

'''kitab''' ''n.'' book

'''ko''' ''adv.'' what

'''kohak''' ''n.'' science ''adj.'' scientific

'''kolor''' ''n.'' color ''adj.'' colored ''v.'' to color

'''kon''' ''n.'' hole

'''kongan''' ''n.'' space ''adj.'' spacial

'''kongi''' ''n.'' attack ''v.'' to attack

'''konju''' ''n.'' tool

'''krayon''' ''n.'' pencil, crayon

'''kudu''' ''adj.'' alone, lonely

'''kunan''' ''adj.'' difficult

'''kurs''' ''n.'' course [to learn something]

'''kursi''' ''n.'' chair

'''kuton''' ''n.'' torment ''v.'' to torment

'''kwan''' ''adv.'' when

'''kwant''' ''adv.'' how much

'''kwazi''' ''adv.'' almost

'''kwer''' ''adv.'' where

'''kwey''' ''adv.'' why

'''kwom''' ''adv.'' how

==L==

'''la''' ''adv.'' there

'''lak''' ''n.'' lake

'''lan''' ''adj.'' lazy

'''latun''' ''n.'' brass

'''lav''' ''v.'' to wash

'''lej''' ''v.i.'' to lay

'''len''' ''adj.'' cold

'''lev''' ''adj.'' left ''n.'' left

'''lewk''' ''n.'' light

'''lez''' ''v.'' to read

'''licens''' ''n.'' license

'''lid''' ''v.'' to lead ''n.'' guidance

'''lin''' ''n.'' line ''adj.'' linear

'''lipo''' ''n.'' fat ''adj.'' fat

'''loten''' ''n.'' attic

'''lug''' ''n.'' lie ''v.'' to lie

'''lus''' ''n.'' louse

'''lut''' ''v.'' to plunder, to loot

'''lwo''' ''v.'' to fall ''n.'' fall

'''lyanxin''' ''n.'' conscience

'''lyed''' ''n.'' ice ''adj.'' icy

'''lyub''' ''n.'' love ''v.'' to love

==M==

'''ma''' ''conj.'' but

'''mah''' ''n.'' power ''adj.'' powerful

'''mal''' ''adj.'' bad, evil

'''mana''' ''n.'' meaning ''v.'' to mean

'''mao''' ''n.'' hair

'''mar''' ''n.'' horse, mare

'''mas''' ''n.'' meat, flesh

'''masala''' ''n.'' spice ''adj.'' spicy

'''matra''' ''n.'' mother

'''maymun''' ''n.'' monkey

'''meg''' ''adj.'' big

'''menaje''' ''n.'' management ''v.'' to manage

'''mest''' ''n.'' revenge, vengeance ''v.'' to avenge

'''metal''' ''n.'' metal ''adj.'' metallic

'''meza''' ''n.'' table

'''mikas''' ''n.'' scissors

'''minyu''' ''n.'' honor

'''miq''' ''n.'' nail [metallic object]

'''misal''' ''n.'' example

'''miso''' ''n.'' smile ''v.'' to smile

'''mor''' ''n.'' sea

'''mord''' ''n.'' murder ''v.'' to murder

'''mort''' ''n.'' death ''v.'' to die

'''mosun''' ''n.'' contraddiction ''v.'' to contraddict

'''muc''' ''adv.'' much

'''mudri''' ''adj.'' wise

'''muh''' ''n.'' fly

'''multi''' ''adj.'' many

'''mun''' ''n.'' gate

'''mupyo''' ''n.'' target, goal

'''muq''' ''n.'' face

'''mur''' ''n.'' ant

'''mus''' ''n.'' mouse

'''musim''' ''n.'' season

'''muzik''' ''n.'' music ''adj.'' musical

'''myed''' ''n.'' honey

==N==

'''na''' ''pron.'' we

'''nab''' ''n.'' navel

'''nadi''' ''n.'' river

'''nag''' ''n.'' nail [organic]

'''nagar''' ''n.'' city

'''nam''' ''n.'' name

'''nao''' ''n.'' brain ''adj.'' cerebral

'''narod''' ''n.'' people [politics]

'''nas''' ''n.'' nose

'''naut''' ''n.'' navigation ''adj.'' nautical ''v.'' to navigate

'''nem''' ''v.'' to take

'''nen''' ''v.'' to can

'''nil''' ''adj.'' blue

'''nivel''' ''n.'' level

'''nixan''' ''n.'' sign, signal

'''niz''' ''n.'' low

'''nizdo''' ''n.'' nest

'''noga''' ''n.'' leg

'''nov''' ''adj.'' new

'''nwans''' ''n.'' shade, nuance

'''nyan''' ''n.'' year ''adj.'' yearly

'''nyuki''' ''n.'' bee

==O==

'''o''' ''conj.'' or

'''oblivi''' ''v.'' to forget

'''oli''' ''n.'' oil

'''omni''' ''adj.'' every

'''ost''' ''n.'' bone

'''ovo''' ''n.'' egg

==P==

'''pad''' ''n.'' step

'''pag''' ''v.'' to pay

'''pagal''' ''adj.'' crazy

'''pak''' ''n.'' package

'''papier''' ''n.'' paper

'''Paskwa''' ''n.'' Easter

'''pat''' ''n.'' path

'''pati''' ''v.'' to suffer

'''patro''' ''n.'' father

'''pek''' ''v.'' to cook

'''pilao''' ''adj.'' tired

'''pilyo''' ''n.'' need ''v.'' to need

'''pimi''' ''n.'' secret ''adj.'' secret

'''pod''' ''n.'' foot

'''polex''' ''n.'' thumb

'''pravo''' ''n.'' right [law]

'''praxna''' ''n.'' question

'''pubun''' ''n.'' part

'''putao''' ''n.'' grape

'''puzu''' ''n.'' lack ''v.'' to lack

==R==

'''rabot''' ''n.'' work, job ''v.'' to work

'''raf''' ''n.'' shelf

'''rahat''' ''n.'' rest ''v.'' to rest

'''rana''' ''n.'' wound, injury ''v.'' to wound

'''rasmi''' ''n.'' picture ''v.'' to draw [a picture]

'''ration''' ''n.'' reason ''adj.'' rational

'''reja''' ''n.'' queen

'''rejo''' ''n.'' king

'''ris''' ''n.'' rice

'''riza''' ''n.'' root

'''rosa''' ''n.'' dew

'''rud''' ''adj.'' red

'''ruin''' ''n.'' ruin

==S==

'''sa''' ''adj.'' this

'''sabab''' ''conj.'' because

'''sabah''' ''n.'' morning

'''saf''' ''adj.'' clean, pure

'''safar''' ''n.'' travel, voyage ''v.'' to travel

'''sahat''' ''n.'' hour ''adj.'' hourly

'''sam''' ''adj.'' same

'''samaje''' ''v.'' to understand

'''samar''' ''n.'' summer

'''sapato''' ''n.'' shoe

'''saza''' ''n.'' punishment ''v.'' to punish

'''sem''' ''n.'' seed

'''skrib''' ''v.'' to write

'''sombre''' ''adj.'' somber

'''splen''' ''n.'' spleen [organ]

'''sundar''' ''adj.'' beautiful

==T==

'''ta''' ''pron.'' she

'''talak''' ''n.'' divorce

'''tao''' ''n.'' street, road

'''tariq''' ''n.'' date [on a calendar]

'''taur''' ''n.'' bull

'''terazu''' ''n.'' scales

'''teki''' ''adj.'' hostile

'''tigon''' ''n.'' offer ''v.'' to offer

'''tolun''' ''n.'' discussion ''v.'' to discuss

'''tong''' ''n.'' barrel

'''tranx''' ''n.'' slice ''v.'' to slice

'''tras''' ''n.'' trace ''v.'' to trace

'''traur''' ''n.'' grief ''v.'' to grieve

'''trik''' ''n.'' trick

'''tu''' ''pron.'' you [singular]

'''tufan''' ''n.'' storm ''adj.'' stormy

'''tuk''' ''n.'' poison ''adj.'' poisonous ''v.'' to poison

'''tung''' ''n.'' east ''adj.'' eastern

'''tuq''' ''n.'' kerchief

'''tur''' ''n.'' tower

'''turan''' ''adj.'' sudden

'''tux''' ''n.'' touch ''v.'' to touch

'''tyao''' ''n.'' jump ''v.'' to jump

==U==

'''ultra''' ''prep.'' over

'''umri''' ''n.'' age

'''umul''' ''n.'' well

'''ustad''' ''n.'' expert ''adj.'' expert

'''utan''' ''n.'' debt

==V==

'''valk''' ''n.'' wolf

'''vas''' ''n.'' thing

'''velna''' ''n.'' wave

'''vespre''' ''n.'' evening

'''vetan''' ''n.'' wages

'''vijai''' ''v.'' to win ''n.'' victory

'''vin''' ''n.'' wine

'''vo''' ''pron.'' you [plural]

'''vol''' ''n.'' will ''v.'' to want, to well

'''vulpe''' ''n.'' fox

==W==

'''wa''' ''conj.'' and

'''wakt''' ''n.'' time ''adj.'' temporal

'''wan''' ''n.'' lord, regnant

'''wangwo''' ''n.'' kingdom

'''wast''' ''adj.'' desolated

'''way''' ''adj.'' external

'''wazni''' ''n.'' weight

'''web''' ''v.'' to weave

'''wergo''' ''n.'' work [something realized]

'''west''' ''n.'' west ''adj.'' western

'''wuci''' ''n.'' weapon

'''wul''' ''n.'' wool

==X==

'''xak''' ''n.'' doubt ''v.'' to doubt

'''xam''' ''n.'' shame ''adj.'' shameful

'''xanti''' ''adj.'' quiet

'''xao''' ''adj.'' small, little

'''xaya''' ''n.'' shadow

'''xayad''' ''adv.'' maybe, perhaps

'''xipe''' ''v.'' to flay

'''xkad''' ''n.'' misfortune

'''xokolat''' ''n.'' chocolate

'''xum''' ''n.'' noise ''adj.'' noisy

==Y==

'''yad''' ''n.'' hand

'''yag''' ''v.'' to hunt

'''yan''' ''n.'' sheep

'''yao''' ''v.'' to want, to desire

'''yapo''' ''n.'' oppression ''v.'' to oppress

'''yasai''' ''n.'' vegetable

'''yatim''' ''n.'' orphan

'''yenju''' ''n.'' research ''v.'' to research

'''yerek''' ''adv.'' yesterday

'''yexu''' ''n.'' art ''adj.'' artistic

'''yoram''' ''n.'' cradle

'''yu''' ''prep.'' with

'''yud''' ''n.'' war

'''yug''' ''n.'' yoke

'''yimu''' ''n.'' duty, responsibility

'''yun''' ''adj.'' young

'''yunci''' ''n.'' courage ''adj.'' brave, courageous

'''yusan''' ''n.'' umbrella

'''yuyon''' ''v.'' to swim

'''yuzai''' ''n.'' guilt ''adj.'' guilty

==Z==

'''zan''' ''adj.'' dirty

'''zavi''' ''n.'' envy ''adj.'' envious ''v.'' to envy

'''zay''' ''adv.'' again

'''zaytun''' ''n.'' olive

'''zev''' ''n.'' yawn ''v.'' to yawn

'''zima''' ''n.'' winter

'''zina''' ''n.'' adultery

'''zodiak''' ''n.'' zodiac

'''zon''' ''n.'' zone

Novbasa

2014-12-15T18:15:34Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Alphabet */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

Diphtongs ''au'' and ''eu'' are always pronounced as /aw/ and /ew/ respectively.

There cannot be three wovels together. So, for example, ''awal'' ("early"), cannot be written as ''aual''. This also mean that a verb like ''baw'' ("to build") cannot be written as ''bau'' because it would eventually lead to ''bauer'' instead of the correct term ''bawer'' ("builder").

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding ''o'' or ''a'' to the root.
:''bin'' - son or daughter (gender not specified)
:''bino'' - son
:''bina'' - daughter

However, a noun ending in ''o'' or ''a'' doesn't necessarily have a specified gender.
:''kiba'' - fang
:''feno'' - appearance

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''bratro''/''sestra'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hwan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kal''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garm'' (warm) → ''garm-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''na'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''nay'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!omni–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''omnijen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''omnivas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''omnivez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''omnistan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''omnikam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''omnikaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kwant
|''sakwant/tokwant'' (this/that much)
|''mokwant'' (some)
|''aonkwant'' (any quantity)
|''omnikwant'' (all of it)
|''nekwant'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''omnici''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kwan'' || when
|-
| ''kwer'' || where
|-
| ''kwom'' || how
|-
| ''kwey'' || why
|-
| ''kwant'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.
If the verb ends with a consonant, "a", "o", or "u", the suffixes are simply attached to it. If the verbs ends in "e" or "i", the last vowel must be taken off before adding the suffixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''baw'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me baw'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha baw'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li baw'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha baw'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me sa baw'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me va baw'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud baw'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li baw'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) baw'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''bawint'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''bawit'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se-'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped.

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bu'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bu'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me sa es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me va es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bu'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''esint'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bi'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Examples: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''dex'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad wa ekwal in dignita wa pravo. Le hav ratyon wa lyanxin wa deb akti naku in spirit de hyondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Nay Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tey nam ba fait xen'' 
''Tey wangwo ba lay'' 
''Tey vol ba fait'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a na nay din pan'' 
''Wa pardon a na nay utan'' 
''Kam na pardon le a nay utaner'' 
''Wa ne dukti na in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad na ab mal''

'''Various quotes'''

''Qaos es nur orden ke intazar de es desifrit.'' (Chaos is merely order that waits to be deciphered.) ‒ José Saramago

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2014-12-15T18:12:09Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Verbs */

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| q
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| h
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| х
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| x
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

Diphtongs ''au'' and ''eu'' are always pronounced as /aw/ and /ew/ respectively.

There cannot be three wovels together. So, for example, ''awal'' ("early"), cannot be written as ''aual''. This also mean that a verb like ''baw'' ("to build") cannot be written as ''bau'' because it would eventually lead to ''bauer'' instead of the correct term ''bawer'' ("builder").

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding ''o'' or ''a'' to the root.
:''bin'' - son or daughter (gender not specified)
:''bino'' - son
:''bina'' - daughter

However, a noun ending in ''o'' or ''a'' doesn't necessarily have a specified gender.
:''kiba'' - fang
:''feno'' - appearance

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''bratro''/''sestra'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hwan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kal''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garm'' (warm) → ''garm-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''na'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''nay'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!omni–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''omnijen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''omnivas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''omnivez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''omnistan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''omnikam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''omnikaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kwant
|''sakwant/tokwant'' (this/that much)
|''mokwant'' (some)
|''aonkwant'' (any quantity)
|''omnikwant'' (all of it)
|''nekwant'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''omnici''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kwan'' || when
|-
| ''kwer'' || where
|-
| ''kwom'' || how
|-
| ''kwey'' || why
|-
| ''kwant'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.
If the verb ends with a consonant, "a", "o", or "u", the suffixes are simply attached to it. If the verbs ends in "e" or "i", the last vowel must be taken off before adding the suffixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''baw'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me baw'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha baw'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li baw'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha baw'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me sa baw'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me va baw'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud baw'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li baw'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) baw'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''bawint'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''bawit'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se-'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped.

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bu'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bu'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me sa es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me va es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bu'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''esint'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bi'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Examples: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''dex'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad wa ekwal in dignita wa pravo. Le hav ratyon wa lyanxin wa deb akti naku in spirit de hyondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Nay Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tey nam ba fait xen'' 
''Tey wangwo ba lay'' 
''Tey vol ba fait'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a na nay din pan'' 
''Wa pardon a na nay utan'' 
''Kam na pardon le a nay utaner'' 
''Wa ne dukti na in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad na ab mal''

'''Various quotes'''

''Qaos es nur orden ke intazar de es desifrit.'' (Chaos is merely order that waits to be deciphered.) ‒ José Saramago

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]