User:Daryush

2006-11-20T18:11:01Z

Daryush:

[[Armavi]]

[[Pars]]

[[Artakhshathri]]

[[Assurian]]

[[Alamantian languages]]

[[Artakhshandan Empire]]

[[Vushtism]]

[[Parthavan language]]

Vushtism

2006-11-17T19:16:59Z

Daryush: /* Philosophies of Vushtism */

Vushtism is a religion and set of philosophies that is followed by the majority of western and central Aghantians.

==Origins==
Vushtism was founded by the prophet [[Meryem Helyeni]] in the early [[Artakhshandan Empire]] in [[Parthava]]. The life of the prophet have not been documented at all, and the few things we know about her have been passed down through verbal tradition.

It is claimed by Vushtis that Meryem recieved an arrow wound in a battle between the Padhavana clan and the Terthinatos clan on the steppe at the age of 14. When she was later taken to a hospital, she fell into a trance. On awakening, her friends noticed that her entire personality had changed - she had become much more peaceful, honest, and calm.

Vushtin recorded her philosophies in a book called the [[Madayahura]]. The first copy of this book was carved into the side of [[Takh-e-Kasran]], in modern day [[Parthava city]]. This is the master copy with which all other copies are compared with, and is preserved now by the Parizhian government.

===Further philosophers of Vushtism===
Pure Vushtism is that which was laid down by Meryem herself. A majority of Vushtis identify themselves as pure Vushtis. However, between the 1st and 19th Centuries AI, several other philosophers added to the philosophies laid down by Meryem.

There were 3 main ones:

==Philosophies of Vushtism==
Vushtism is interesting and different from other religions in that it contains absolutely no mention or philosophies about god, prophecies, or any forms of mythology or stories. The Madayahura is simply a book of philosophy and instructions.

Among these are the ''Mehre fiil'' or, the Important Principles. These are:
* Speaking good words, thinking good thoughts, and doing good deeds.
* Equality of gender, race, religion, and age.
* Protection for the environment
* Kindness to animals and other people
* Encouragement for keeping the body clean
* Encouragement for science and learning
* Open-mindedness and tolerance
* Pacifism and calmness (in state of mind as well as physically)

Key to Vushtism (and probably its unique concept) is its system of prayer. Here, prayer does not necessarily involve worshipping a deity - other forms, such as meditation and calming, are generally considered much more important than connecting with deities.

To acquire a trance, one must keep their mind focused on nothing. They should have nothing in their thoughts. At first, it helps to listen to one's own breathing or concentrate on peaceful sounds. Several Vushtis engage in throat-singing chants whilst doing this, as the vibrations in the back of the throat create a calming sensation.

It is partly because of this that Vushtism is compatible with many other religions.

Vushtism

2006-11-17T19:14:32Z

Daryush: /* Philosophies of Vushtism */

Vushtism is a religion and set of philosophies that is followed by the majority of western and central Aghantians.

==Origins==
Vushtism was founded by the prophet [[Meryem Helyeni]] in the early [[Artakhshandan Empire]] in [[Parthava]]. The life of the prophet have not been documented at all, and the few things we know about her have been passed down through verbal tradition.

It is claimed by Vushtis that Meryem recieved an arrow wound in a battle between the Padhavana clan and the Terthinatos clan on the steppe at the age of 14. When she was later taken to a hospital, she fell into a trance. On awakening, her friends noticed that her entire personality had changed - she had become much more peaceful, honest, and calm.

Vushtin recorded her philosophies in a book called the [[Madayahura]]. The first copy of this book was carved into the side of [[Takh-e-Kasran]], in modern day [[Parthava city]]. This is the master copy with which all other copies are compared with, and is preserved now by the Parizhian government.

===Further philosophers of Vushtism===
Pure Vushtism is that which was laid down by Meryem herself. A majority of Vushtis identify themselves as pure Vushtis. However, between the 1st and 19th Centuries AI, several other philosophers added to the philosophies laid down by Meryem.

There were 3 main ones:

==Philosophies of Vushtism==
Vushtism is interesting and different from other religions in that it contains absolutely no mention or philosophies about god, prophecies, or any forms of mythology or stories. The Madayahura is simply a book of philosophy and instructions.

Among these are the ''Mehre fiil'' or, the Important Principles. These are:
* Speaking good words, thinking good thoughts, and doing good deeds.
* Equality of gender, race, and age.
* Protection for the environment
* Kindness to animals and other people
* Encouragement for keeping the body clean
* Encouragement for science and learning
* Open-mindedness and tolerance

Key to Vushtism (and probably its unique concept) is its system of prayer. Here, prayer does not necessarily involve worshipping a deity - other forms, such as meditation and calming, are generally considered much more important than connecting with deities.

To acquire a trance, one must keep their mind focused on nothing. They should have nothing in their thoughts. At first, it helps to listen to one's own breathing or concentrate on peaceful sounds. Several Vushtis engage in throat-singing chants whilst doing this, as the vibrations in the back of the throat create a calming sensation.

2006-11-16T20:06:14Z

Daryush: /* Subordination in comparisons */

{{Infobox|name=Armavi|pronounce=/armaβi/|tu=Alamanti|species=human|in=[[Parizhia]], [[Parsa]], [[Avustrea]], Iniwicia, Armaja, Ispirtia, North Ipriqia, Armavi colonies|no=90 million native, 125 million total|script=[[Armavi script]]|tree=Ayartaic<br>
 Eryanan<br>
  Parizhian<br>
   '''Armavi'''|morph=Agglutinaitve|ms=Nominative-Accusative|wo=SOV|creator=Nadeem Ahmad|date=May 2006}}

Armavi is a conlang originally designed as an auxlang for Turkish, hence it shares very many properties with Turkish. Over time, Armavi grew into a fully fledged conlang with its own conworld and conculture

== Distribution ==
Armavi has a total of 90 million native speakers and 35 million speakers who learned the language as a second or third (etc) language.

The majority of speakers are concentrated in and around Parizhia, East Avrupea, and western Aghantia. There are also many speakers in north Ipriquia, however there, the language is inn decline in favour of Ipriquian-Avrupean languages.

Armavi is also spoken in the Armavi colonies, which are scattered throughout the globe, mostly on the Aral continent, just north of Parizhia.

Armavi is being considered as one of the base-languages for the International Language due to its ease of learning.

== Phonology ==
===Vowels===
Armavi contains the following vowels:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Armavi vowels with Example Words'''
|align="center" colspan="2" |'''Vowel sound'''
|align="center" colspan="3" |'''Example'''
|-
!International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA
!Description
!Transliteration
!English translation
|-
! colspan="5" style="text-align:left" | monophthongs
|-
| {{IPA|i}} || Close front unrounded vowel || ''d'''i'''l'' || 'tongue', 'language'
|-
| {{IPA|y}} || Close front rounded vowel || ''g'''ü'''nbet'' || 'dome'
|-
| {{IPA|ɯ}} || Close back unrounded vowel || '''''ı'''mrtasa'' || 'infantry'
|-
| {{IPA|ɛ}} || Close-mid front unrounded vowel || ''d'''e'''l'' || 'heart'
|-
| {{IPA|œ}} || Open-mid front rounded vowel || ''s'''ö'''nmeğ'' || 'to play the fiddle / violin'
|-
| {{IPA|a}} || Open front unrounded vowel || ''h'''a'''let'' || 'health'
|-
| {{IPA|o}} || Close-mid back rounded vowel || ''mis'''o'''s'' || 'hate'
|-
| {{IPA|u}} || Close back rounded vowel || '''''u'''ğatar'' || 'large drum'
|}

As well as this, there are some diphthongs:

'''ei''' is pronounced /i/, and harmonises like '''i'''

'''ai''' is pronounced /e/, and harmonises like '''e'''

As well as this, any unrounded vowel followed by '''u''', the '''u''' is pronounced /ɸ/ before unvoiced consonants, and /β/ everywhere else

In any other cases where two vowels are next to each other (which is very rare), they are pronounced individually.

===Consonants===
Armavi also contains the following consonants (transliteration as well as IPA is given):
<br/>
<div style="text-align: center;">

{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;"
!colspan=17 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Consonants
|- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em"
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} (m) || || || || {{IPA|n}} (n) || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ŋ}} (n)
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} (p) || {{IPA|b}} (b) || || || {{IPA|t}} (t) || {{IPA|d}} (d) || || || || || || || {{IPA|k}} (k) || {{IPA|g}} (g)
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Fricative || {{IPA|ɸ}} (f) || {{IPA|β}} (v) || || || {{IPA|θ}} (ť) || {{IPA|ð}} (ď) || {{IPA|s}} (s) || {{IPA|z}} (z) || {{IPA|ʃ}} (ş) || {{IPA|ʒ}} (ž) || {{IPA|ç}} (x) || {{IPA|ʝ}} (ğ) || {{IPA|x}} (x) || {{IPA|ɣ}} (ğ) || {{IPA|h}} (h)
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Affricate || || || || || {{IPA|ts}} (ts) ||
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Approximants || || || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}} (y)
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Trill || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}} (r)
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}} (l)
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Lateral Fricative|| || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɬ}} (l)
|}

</div>

'''Notes'''
* The sounds ç and ʝ are allophones of x and ğ respectively if they are followed by any front vowels or the approximant j (y)
* The sound ɬ is an allophone of l when it occurs on the end of words. When suffixes are attached that start with a vowel, it retains its pronounciation

==Vowel harmony==
{| align="right" class="wikitable" style="margin-left: 1em"
|-
! || colspan="2" | Front || colspan="2" | Back
|-
! || Unrounded || Rounded || Unrounded || Rounded
|-
! High
| i || ü || ı || u
|-
! Low
| e || ö || a || o
|-
|}
Vowel harmony is a big part of Armavi (and all Ayartaic languages). There are two types of vowel harmony in Armavi:

===Front / back distinction===
This distinction places the vowels in 2 groups of 4. There are 2 types of vowels here, front vowels, and back vowels. The rules of Armavi state that a (native) word cannot contain both front and back vowels. As a result, suffixes mutate to fit this requirement.

The majority of suffixes that make use of this vowel harmony are of type '''a / e''', however, there are a few others. Any suffix listed as type '''i''', however, takes rounding harmony.

'''Examples:''' (using the suffix ''ver'', which makes the plural)
:Enüşe'''ver''' - girls
:Pesar'''var''' - boys

===Rounding disctinction===
Using the above table, we can see that there are two classes of vowels here as well, round, and unrounded. There is a secondary rule that '''i '''and '''ı''' tend to become '''ü''' and '''u''' respectively after rounded vowels.

'''Examples:''' (using the suffix ''lik'', which makes abstract nouns)
:Genc'''lik''' - ''Youth''
:Düst'''lük''' - ''Friendship''
:Duş'''luk''' - ''Openness''
:Imr'''lık''' - ''Being on foot''

==Consonant mutation==
As well as considering vowel harmony when adding suffixes, there is another factor, called consonant mutation. During consonant mutation, unvoiced consonants change.

===Change to stems===
This applies when we are adding a suffix beginning with a vowel or the letter '''v''' to any word that has the consonants '''k, p, t, c, f''' at the end. The changes are as follows:
: k --- '''ğ'''
: p --- '''b'''
: t --- '''d'''
: c --- '''j'''
: f --- '''v'''

'''Examples:'''
: Kitap (''book'') --- Kitabım (''my book'')
: Toğuc (''bone'') --- Toğuja (''into the bone'')
: Lefaf (''envelope'') --- Lefavvar (''envelopes'')

===Change to suffixes===
This applies when a word ends in '''k, p, t, c, f, s, ş, h, x, ť''' and the suffix begins with '''d, b, g, ğ, j, z, ž,''' (or the other way round). In these cases,
: ğ --- '''k'''
: p --- '''p'''
: d --- '''t'''
: g --- '''k'''
: z --- '''s'''
: ž --- '''ş'''

'''Examples:'''
:Gitmeğ (''to go'') --- Gittim (''I went'')
:Kitap (''book'') --- Kitaptan (''Away from the book'')
:Emezmeğ (''to buy'') --- Emesşer (''customer'')

==Syntax==
===Simple syntax===
The basic word order in Armavi is SOV - the subject goes first, followed by the object, with the verb coming last.

However, with adverbs or time or place, the time phrase always goes to the start. Indirect objects go before the verb. Any nouns that are used as an instrument go after the subject. Any other noun phrases or adverbial phrases can be placed anywhere.

===Questions===
====Closed questions====
Closed questions take the '''interrogative''' mood of the verb. This is formed by taking the personal ending off the verb and putting the suffix '''me-''' before it:
* Gidiyrim ''I am going'' ---> Gidiyr '''me'''yim? ''Am I going?''
* Rüvdüş ''You went'' ---> Rüvdü meş? ''Did you go?''
* Koştulažğ ''S/he has been killed'' ---> Koştulažğ ma? ''Has s/he been killed?''

: Ahmet vazara gitti '''me''', ekmeği xeritteğ?
: ''Did Ahmet go to the shop to buy bread''

: Ahmet vazara gitti ekmeği xerit '''me'''değ?
: ''Was it to buy bread that Ahmet went to the shop?''

This is usually accompanied by a change in intonation.

As well as this, there is the particle '''ne?''', which can be put at the end of sentences, as if to ask for confirmation:
: Ahmet vazara gitti ekmeği xeritteğ, '''ne'''?
: ''Ahmet has gone to the shop to buy bread, hasn't he?''

In more archaic languages, the particle '''aya''', which is placed at the start of the clause, serves both these functions:
: '''Aya''' Ahmet vazara gitti ekmeği xeritteğ?
: ''Ahmet has gone to the shop to buy bread, hasn't he?''
: ''Did Ahmet go to the shop to buy bread''

====Open questions====
Open questions are characterised by question words:

* '''Ne''' - ''What, which''
* '''Neyec''' - ''Who''
* '''Neyže''' - ''Where''
* '''Ne bera''' - ''Why, what for''
* '''Ne vekt''' - ''When''
These question words simply take the position the answer would in a sentence.

: Neyec var?
: ''Who's there''

: Neyi keriyriş?
: ''What are you doing''

: Meni neyžene gideniyriş?
: ''Where are you leading me?''

: Ne bera şuvu kerdiş?
: ''What did you do that for?''

: Ne vekt sinemana gidiyriş?
: ''When are you going to the cinema?''

There are other question words:

* '''Kodam''' - ''How much, how many''
The word ''kodam'' is borrowed from [[Aryan]], and it always goes at the start of the clause.

: Kodam yeyilşer yedi?
: ''How much food did he eat?''

: Kodam vekt tvaletvere gidiyriş
: ''How many times are you going to the toilets?''

: Kodam portmoneme var?
: ''How much is in my wallet?''

* '''Ce ...''' - ''How ...'' (an adverbial quantifier)
Used in a similar way to ''kodam'':

: Emrüz ferda ce ğuyukuş?
: ''How tall are you nowadays?''

* '''Cera''' - ''Why''
Like ''kodam'', this word is borrowed from [[Aryan]] and also goes at the start of clauses.

: Cera osu ketlediş?
: ''Why did you hit her?''

* '''Cetor''' - ''How, in what way''
Likewise, goes at the start of the sentence:

: Cetor haletin?
: ''How are you?''

: Cetor bužana geliyrimiz?
: ''How did we get here?''

===Subordinate clauses===
Formation of subordinate clauses are generally easy. They take the position of a noun phrase depending on the type of subordinate clause it is (with a few exceptions)

====Adverbial time clauses====
These are clauses of ''when X happened, Y happened''. For this, the verb in the subordinate clause must be turned into a past participle by adding the suffix '''-erte / -arta''' (see further on for more detail on participles).

Examples:
:Gelmeğ (''to go'') --- Gel'''erte''' (''having gone'')
:Aklamağ (''to clean'') --- Akl'''arta''' (''having cleaned'')

As time phrases always go at the start of clauses, likewise this type of subordinate clause goes at the start.

'''Examples:'''
:Evim gelinertem, annem portu baz kerdi.
:''My house having been reached by me, my girlfried opened the door''
:''When I reached home, my girlfriend opened the door''

:Köştülerte, düşmenver eğitti
:''Having been defeated, the enemies fled''
:''The enemies fled once they had been defeated''

:Dev pe-orbitalvar hemeşe kererte, siğma-exette saxtılar
:''When two p-orbitals overlap, a σ-bond is formed''

====Relative clauses====
There are 2 ways of forming relative clauses:
* The most common way is by '''Participles''' (see below). This is very simple, especially in simpler relative clauses where the entire clause can be expressed in a participle. The participle clause goes after the noun it is attached to.

'''Examples:'''
:Enüşesi sužada hören dittim
:''There sitting the girl I saw''
:''I saw the girl who was sitting there''

Note: this is different from ''"I saw the girl when she was sitting there, which would be: "Şužada hörerte, enüşesi dittim"

:Hafte-ye-piş madayesi mene deydeyilerte leğdim
:''I read the book you lent me last week''

* The other way of expressing relative clauses is with '''relative pronouns''' and other related words. This is very uncommon and participles should be used wherever possible. The important lexical units for this type of construction are:
**'''Ke''' --- ''who, what, which''
**'''Hemciz''' --- ''whatever''
**'''Hemkis''' --- ''whoever''
**'''Hemje''' --- ''wherever''

Like normal nouns, these decline like normal nouns.

'''Examples:'''
:Hemjene gider, daşarım.
:''Wherever she goes, I follow her''

:Kelem kele yordum emrüz şekaste.
:''The pen with which I used to write is now broken''

:Hemcizi istiyriş istiyrim
:''I like whatever you like''

====Conjunctions====
Conjunctions are rarely used in spoken Armavi, but literary Armavi dating from 1600 - 1800 AI are littered with them. The main ones are:
* '''aat''' - ''then''
* '''ve''' - ''and''
* '''tağ''' - ''in order that''
* '''ke''' - ''that (used for expressing degrees of adjectives)''
* '''ama''' - ''but, however''
* '''at''' - ''but (switching from positive to negative)''
* '''cünke''' - ''because''

All these are borrowed from other languages. Out of the above list, only '''ve''', '''ke''', and '''tağ''' occur in modern Armavi.

To construct a sentence using conjunctions is easy. The conjunction simply comes between two normal sentences. Often a comma is placed after the preposition.

However, modern Armavi uses a completely different method of indicating conjunctins. Suffixes are added to the end of the verb in the second clause. These suffixes change in accordance with the laws of vowel harmony and consonant mutation. They are:
* '''-den / -dan / -ten / -tan''' - ''and''
* '''-en ğuu / -an ğuu''' - ''then''
* '''-eher / -ahar''' - ''after''
* '''-ele / -ala''' - ''before''
* '''-işle / -ışla / -üşle / -uşla''' - ''while, during''
* '''-tağ / -teğ / -dağ / -değ''' - ''so that, in order that''
* '''-at / -et''' - ''but, however''
* '''-toloo / -tölöö / -doloo / -dölöö''' - ''because''
* '''-el / -al''' - ''that (used in degrees of adjectives''

'''Examples:'''
:Gittim evim kleftilen ğuu
:''I went and then my house was robbed''

:Ahmet vazara gitti ekmegi xeritteğ
:''Ahmet went to the shop to buy bread''

:Tvaletvere gitmelidim rekreasyon kerişle
:''I had to go to the toilet during break''

Note that personal endings and tense suffixes are only applied to the second verb if they are different to the main clause independently (as demonstrated in Example 1).

====Subordination with verbs====
Subordination with verbs happens when you want to say "I want you to go" or "I believe that he is not guilty."

In these constructions, using the infinitive is necessary. The infinitive is formed by the suffix '''-me''' (+ possessive endings).

A problem occurs, in that the infinitive is tenseless. In sentences where the main clause is in a different tense from the subordinate, time phrases are used, such as '''deyvarda''' ''(in the past)'', '''ayartta''' ''(in the future)'', '''emrüz''' ''(today)'', or '''ferda''' ''(tomorrow)''.

'''Examples'''
: Gelmeni istiyrim.
: ''I want you to go.''

: Deyvarda Ahmet vazara gitmesi veliyrim
: ''I know that Ahmet went to the shop yesterday.''

: Ayartta şokoladan baynavalmamı fekr keriyr meş?
: ''Do you think that I will be able to keep away from chocolate in the future?''

====Modal verbs====
A similar construction to the above is using modal verbs. However, here, the infinitive does not need possessive endings and has the usual infinitive ending '''-meğ''' as found in the dictionary.

'''Examples:'''
: Bedminton xayrmağı calışıyrım
: ''I am trying to play badminton''

: Eve gitmeği istiyrim
: ''I want to go home''

====Subordination in comparisons====
These are constructions of the type ''"I am faster than I was yesterday"'' or ''"He is as tall as she is short"''. Like the above constructions, this is also formed using an infinitive.

'''Examples:'''
: Hayarda baynmağdan cabuktar
: ''He is faster than he was yesterday.''

: Kücük baynmasıvı kelli
: ''He is as tall as she is short.''

An exception occurs when the verb in the subordinate clause isn't certain - i.e ''"In someone's opinion"'' etc. Here, the '''dubitative mood''' of the verb is utilised:

: Bayna amağıdan coğun ažel
: ''She is much more pretty than she thinks''

: Bayna amasıdan coğun ažel
: ''She is much more pretty than someone else thinks''

===Order of Adjectives===
There are several factors to be considered when putting adjectives in order before a noun.

Numbers always go immediately before the noun. An exception to this is when the number 1 ('''vir''') is used as an indefinite object marker (in some western dialects), in which case it goes before any other adjectives.

With other adjectives, they are ordered in order of increasing intensity. That is to say, the most intense adjective goes closer to the noun, and the least intense adjective goes furthest from the noun.

Compare the following:

# Ažel kücük enüşe
# Kücük ažel enüşe

In Example 1, the girl is very small and slightly pretty, in example 2, the girl is very pretty and only slightly small.

Armavi

2006-11-16T19:58:13Z

Daryush: /* Modal verbs */

{{Infobox|name=Armavi|pronounce=/armaβi/|tu=Alamanti|species=human|in=[[Parizhia]], [[Parsa]], [[Avustrea]], Iniwicia, Armaja, Ispirtia, North Ipriqia, Armavi colonies|no=90 million native, 125 million total|script=[[Armavi script]]|tree=Ayartaic<br>
 Eryanan<br>
  Parizhian<br>
   '''Armavi'''|morph=Agglutinaitve|ms=Nominative-Accusative|wo=SOV|creator=Nadeem Ahmad|date=May 2006}}

Armavi is a conlang originally designed as an auxlang for Turkish, hence it shares very many properties with Turkish. Over time, Armavi grew into a fully fledged conlang with its own conworld and conculture

== Distribution ==
Armavi has a total of 90 million native speakers and 35 million speakers who learned the language as a second or third (etc) language.

The majority of speakers are concentrated in and around Parizhia, East Avrupea, and western Aghantia. There are also many speakers in north Ipriquia, however there, the language is inn decline in favour of Ipriquian-Avrupean languages.

Armavi is also spoken in the Armavi colonies, which are scattered throughout the globe, mostly on the Aral continent, just north of Parizhia.

Armavi is being considered as one of the base-languages for the International Language due to its ease of learning.

== Phonology ==
===Vowels===
Armavi contains the following vowels:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Armavi vowels with Example Words'''
|align="center" colspan="2" |'''Vowel sound'''
|align="center" colspan="3" |'''Example'''
|-
!International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA
!Description
!Transliteration
!English translation
|-
! colspan="5" style="text-align:left" | monophthongs
|-
| {{IPA|i}} || Close front unrounded vowel || ''d'''i'''l'' || 'tongue', 'language'
|-
| {{IPA|y}} || Close front rounded vowel || ''g'''ü'''nbet'' || 'dome'
|-
| {{IPA|ɯ}} || Close back unrounded vowel || '''''ı'''mrtasa'' || 'infantry'
|-
| {{IPA|ɛ}} || Close-mid front unrounded vowel || ''d'''e'''l'' || 'heart'
|-
| {{IPA|œ}} || Open-mid front rounded vowel || ''s'''ö'''nmeğ'' || 'to play the fiddle / violin'
|-
| {{IPA|a}} || Open front unrounded vowel || ''h'''a'''let'' || 'health'
|-
| {{IPA|o}} || Close-mid back rounded vowel || ''mis'''o'''s'' || 'hate'
|-
| {{IPA|u}} || Close back rounded vowel || '''''u'''ğatar'' || 'large drum'
|}

As well as this, there are some diphthongs:

'''ei''' is pronounced /i/, and harmonises like '''i'''

'''ai''' is pronounced /e/, and harmonises like '''e'''

As well as this, any unrounded vowel followed by '''u''', the '''u''' is pronounced /ɸ/ before unvoiced consonants, and /β/ everywhere else

In any other cases where two vowels are next to each other (which is very rare), they are pronounced individually.

===Consonants===
Armavi also contains the following consonants (transliteration as well as IPA is given):
<br/>
<div style="text-align: center;">

{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;"
!colspan=17 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Consonants
|- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em"
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} (m) || || || || {{IPA|n}} (n) || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ŋ}} (n)
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} (p) || {{IPA|b}} (b) || || || {{IPA|t}} (t) || {{IPA|d}} (d) || || || || || || || {{IPA|k}} (k) || {{IPA|g}} (g)
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Fricative || {{IPA|ɸ}} (f) || {{IPA|β}} (v) || || || {{IPA|θ}} (ť) || {{IPA|ð}} (ď) || {{IPA|s}} (s) || {{IPA|z}} (z) || {{IPA|ʃ}} (ş) || {{IPA|ʒ}} (ž) || {{IPA|ç}} (x) || {{IPA|ʝ}} (ğ) || {{IPA|x}} (x) || {{IPA|ɣ}} (ğ) || {{IPA|h}} (h)
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Affricate || || || || || {{IPA|ts}} (ts) ||
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Approximants || || || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}} (y)
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Trill || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}} (r)
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}} (l)
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Lateral Fricative|| || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɬ}} (l)
|}

</div>

'''Notes'''
* The sounds ç and ʝ are allophones of x and ğ respectively if they are followed by any front vowels or the approximant j (y)
* The sound ɬ is an allophone of l when it occurs on the end of words. When suffixes are attached that start with a vowel, it retains its pronounciation

==Vowel harmony==
{| align="right" class="wikitable" style="margin-left: 1em"
|-
! || colspan="2" | Front || colspan="2" | Back
|-
! || Unrounded || Rounded || Unrounded || Rounded
|-
! High
| i || ü || ı || u
|-
! Low
| e || ö || a || o
|-
|}
Vowel harmony is a big part of Armavi (and all Ayartaic languages). There are two types of vowel harmony in Armavi:

===Front / back distinction===
This distinction places the vowels in 2 groups of 4. There are 2 types of vowels here, front vowels, and back vowels. The rules of Armavi state that a (native) word cannot contain both front and back vowels. As a result, suffixes mutate to fit this requirement.

The majority of suffixes that make use of this vowel harmony are of type '''a / e''', however, there are a few others. Any suffix listed as type '''i''', however, takes rounding harmony.

'''Examples:''' (using the suffix ''ver'', which makes the plural)
:Enüşe'''ver''' - girls
:Pesar'''var''' - boys

===Rounding disctinction===
Using the above table, we can see that there are two classes of vowels here as well, round, and unrounded. There is a secondary rule that '''i '''and '''ı''' tend to become '''ü''' and '''u''' respectively after rounded vowels.

'''Examples:''' (using the suffix ''lik'', which makes abstract nouns)
:Genc'''lik''' - ''Youth''
:Düst'''lük''' - ''Friendship''
:Duş'''luk''' - ''Openness''
:Imr'''lık''' - ''Being on foot''

==Consonant mutation==
As well as considering vowel harmony when adding suffixes, there is another factor, called consonant mutation. During consonant mutation, unvoiced consonants change.

===Change to stems===
This applies when we are adding a suffix beginning with a vowel or the letter '''v''' to any word that has the consonants '''k, p, t, c, f''' at the end. The changes are as follows:
: k --- '''ğ'''
: p --- '''b'''
: t --- '''d'''
: c --- '''j'''
: f --- '''v'''

'''Examples:'''
: Kitap (''book'') --- Kitabım (''my book'')
: Toğuc (''bone'') --- Toğuja (''into the bone'')
: Lefaf (''envelope'') --- Lefavvar (''envelopes'')

===Change to suffixes===
This applies when a word ends in '''k, p, t, c, f, s, ş, h, x, ť''' and the suffix begins with '''d, b, g, ğ, j, z, ž,''' (or the other way round). In these cases,
: ğ --- '''k'''
: p --- '''p'''
: d --- '''t'''
: g --- '''k'''
: z --- '''s'''
: ž --- '''ş'''

'''Examples:'''
:Gitmeğ (''to go'') --- Gittim (''I went'')
:Kitap (''book'') --- Kitaptan (''Away from the book'')
:Emezmeğ (''to buy'') --- Emesşer (''customer'')

==Syntax==
===Simple syntax===
The basic word order in Armavi is SOV - the subject goes first, followed by the object, with the verb coming last.

However, with adverbs or time or place, the time phrase always goes to the start. Indirect objects go before the verb. Any nouns that are used as an instrument go after the subject. Any other noun phrases or adverbial phrases can be placed anywhere.

===Questions===
====Closed questions====
Closed questions take the '''interrogative''' mood of the verb. This is formed by taking the personal ending off the verb and putting the suffix '''me-''' before it:
* Gidiyrim ''I am going'' ---> Gidiyr '''me'''yim? ''Am I going?''
* Rüvdüş ''You went'' ---> Rüvdü meş? ''Did you go?''
* Koştulažğ ''S/he has been killed'' ---> Koştulažğ ma? ''Has s/he been killed?''

: Ahmet vazara gitti '''me''', ekmeği xeritteğ?
: ''Did Ahmet go to the shop to buy bread''

: Ahmet vazara gitti ekmeği xerit '''me'''değ?
: ''Was it to buy bread that Ahmet went to the shop?''

This is usually accompanied by a change in intonation.

As well as this, there is the particle '''ne?''', which can be put at the end of sentences, as if to ask for confirmation:
: Ahmet vazara gitti ekmeği xeritteğ, '''ne'''?
: ''Ahmet has gone to the shop to buy bread, hasn't he?''

In more archaic languages, the particle '''aya''', which is placed at the start of the clause, serves both these functions:
: '''Aya''' Ahmet vazara gitti ekmeği xeritteğ?
: ''Ahmet has gone to the shop to buy bread, hasn't he?''
: ''Did Ahmet go to the shop to buy bread''

====Open questions====
Open questions are characterised by question words:

* '''Ne''' - ''What, which''
* '''Neyec''' - ''Who''
* '''Neyže''' - ''Where''
* '''Ne bera''' - ''Why, what for''
* '''Ne vekt''' - ''When''
These question words simply take the position the answer would in a sentence.

: Neyec var?
: ''Who's there''

: Neyi keriyriş?
: ''What are you doing''

: Meni neyžene gideniyriş?
: ''Where are you leading me?''

: Ne bera şuvu kerdiş?
: ''What did you do that for?''

: Ne vekt sinemana gidiyriş?
: ''When are you going to the cinema?''

There are other question words:

* '''Kodam''' - ''How much, how many''
The word ''kodam'' is borrowed from [[Aryan]], and it always goes at the start of the clause.

: Kodam yeyilşer yedi?
: ''How much food did he eat?''

: Kodam vekt tvaletvere gidiyriş
: ''How many times are you going to the toilets?''

: Kodam portmoneme var?
: ''How much is in my wallet?''

* '''Ce ...''' - ''How ...'' (an adverbial quantifier)
Used in a similar way to ''kodam'':

: Emrüz ferda ce ğuyukuş?
: ''How tall are you nowadays?''

* '''Cera''' - ''Why''
Like ''kodam'', this word is borrowed from [[Aryan]] and also goes at the start of clauses.

: Cera osu ketlediş?
: ''Why did you hit her?''

* '''Cetor''' - ''How, in what way''
Likewise, goes at the start of the sentence:

: Cetor haletin?
: ''How are you?''

: Cetor bužana geliyrimiz?
: ''How did we get here?''

===Subordinate clauses===
Formation of subordinate clauses are generally easy. They take the position of a noun phrase depending on the type of subordinate clause it is (with a few exceptions)

====Adverbial time clauses====
These are clauses of ''when X happened, Y happened''. For this, the verb in the subordinate clause must be turned into a past participle by adding the suffix '''-erte / -arta''' (see further on for more detail on participles).

Examples:
:Gelmeğ (''to go'') --- Gel'''erte''' (''having gone'')
:Aklamağ (''to clean'') --- Akl'''arta''' (''having cleaned'')

As time phrases always go at the start of clauses, likewise this type of subordinate clause goes at the start.

'''Examples:'''
:Evim gelinertem, annem portu baz kerdi.
:''My house having been reached by me, my girlfried opened the door''
:''When I reached home, my girlfriend opened the door''

:Köştülerte, düşmenver eğitti
:''Having been defeated, the enemies fled''
:''The enemies fled once they had been defeated''

:Dev pe-orbitalvar hemeşe kererte, siğma-exette saxtılar
:''When two p-orbitals overlap, a σ-bond is formed''

====Relative clauses====
There are 2 ways of forming relative clauses:
* The most common way is by '''Participles''' (see below). This is very simple, especially in simpler relative clauses where the entire clause can be expressed in a participle. The participle clause goes after the noun it is attached to.

'''Examples:'''
:Enüşesi sužada hören dittim
:''There sitting the girl I saw''
:''I saw the girl who was sitting there''

Note: this is different from ''"I saw the girl when she was sitting there, which would be: "Şužada hörerte, enüşesi dittim"

:Hafte-ye-piş madayesi mene deydeyilerte leğdim
:''I read the book you lent me last week''

* The other way of expressing relative clauses is with '''relative pronouns''' and other related words. This is very uncommon and participles should be used wherever possible. The important lexical units for this type of construction are:
**'''Ke''' --- ''who, what, which''
**'''Hemciz''' --- ''whatever''
**'''Hemkis''' --- ''whoever''
**'''Hemje''' --- ''wherever''

Like normal nouns, these decline like normal nouns.

'''Examples:'''
:Hemjene gider, daşarım.
:''Wherever she goes, I follow her''

:Kelem kele yordum emrüz şekaste.
:''The pen with which I used to write is now broken''

:Hemcizi istiyriş istiyrim
:''I like whatever you like''

====Conjunctions====
Conjunctions are rarely used in spoken Armavi, but literary Armavi dating from 1600 - 1800 AI are littered with them. The main ones are:
* '''aat''' - ''then''
* '''ve''' - ''and''
* '''tağ''' - ''in order that''
* '''ke''' - ''that (used for expressing degrees of adjectives)''
* '''ama''' - ''but, however''
* '''at''' - ''but (switching from positive to negative)''
* '''cünke''' - ''because''

All these are borrowed from other languages. Out of the above list, only '''ve''', '''ke''', and '''tağ''' occur in modern Armavi.

To construct a sentence using conjunctions is easy. The conjunction simply comes between two normal sentences. Often a comma is placed after the preposition.

However, modern Armavi uses a completely different method of indicating conjunctins. Suffixes are added to the end of the verb in the second clause. These suffixes change in accordance with the laws of vowel harmony and consonant mutation. They are:
* '''-den / -dan / -ten / -tan''' - ''and''
* '''-en ğuu / -an ğuu''' - ''then''
* '''-eher / -ahar''' - ''after''
* '''-ele / -ala''' - ''before''
* '''-işle / -ışla / -üşle / -uşla''' - ''while, during''
* '''-tağ / -teğ / -dağ / -değ''' - ''so that, in order that''
* '''-at / -et''' - ''but, however''
* '''-toloo / -tölöö / -doloo / -dölöö''' - ''because''
* '''-el / -al''' - ''that (used in degrees of adjectives''

'''Examples:'''
:Gittim evim kleftilen ğuu
:''I went and then my house was robbed''

:Ahmet vazara gitti ekmegi xeritteğ
:''Ahmet went to the shop to buy bread''

:Tvaletvere gitmelidim rekreasyon kerişle
:''I had to go to the toilet during break''

Note that personal endings and tense suffixes are only applied to the second verb if they are different to the main clause independently (as demonstrated in Example 1).

====Subordination with verbs====
Subordination with verbs happens when you want to say "I want you to go" or "I believe that he is not guilty."

In these constructions, using the infinitive is necessary. The infinitive is formed by the suffix '''-me''' (+ possessive endings).

A problem occurs, in that the infinitive is tenseless. In sentences where the main clause is in a different tense from the subordinate, time phrases are used, such as '''deyvarda''' ''(in the past)'', '''ayartta''' ''(in the future)'', '''emrüz''' ''(today)'', or '''ferda''' ''(tomorrow)''.

'''Examples'''
: Gelmeni istiyrim.
: ''I want you to go.''

: Deyvarda Ahmet vazara gitmesi veliyrim
: ''I know that Ahmet went to the shop yesterday.''

: Ayartta şokoladan baynavalmamı fekr keriyr meş?
: ''Do you think that I will be able to keep away from chocolate in the future?''

====Modal verbs====
A similar construction to the above is using modal verbs. However, here, the infinitive does not need possessive endings and has the usual infinitive ending '''-meğ''' as found in the dictionary.

'''Examples:'''
: Bedminton xayrmağı calışıyrım
: ''I am trying to play badminton''

: Eve gitmeği istiyrim
: ''I want to go home''

====Subordination in comparisons====
These are constructions of the type ''"I am faster than I was yesterday"'' or ''"He is as tall as she is short"''. Like the above constructions, this is also formed using an infinitive.

'''Examples:'''
: Hayarda baynmağdan cabuktar
: ''He is faster than he was yesterday.''

: Kücük baynmasıvı kelli
: ''He is as tall as she is short.''

===Order of Adjectives===
There are several factors to be considered when putting adjectives in order before a noun.

Numbers always go immediately before the noun. An exception to this is when the number 1 ('''vir''') is used as an indefinite object marker (in some western dialects), in which case it goes before any other adjectives.

With other adjectives, they are ordered in order of increasing intensity. That is to say, the most intense adjective goes closer to the noun, and the least intense adjective goes furthest from the noun.

Compare the following:

# Ažel kücük enüşe
# Kücük ažel enüşe

In Example 1, the girl is very small and slightly pretty, in example 2, the girl is very pretty and only slightly small.