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Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T12:06:46Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Manifold pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronouns ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
<br />
There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
<br />
The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
<br />
<br />
The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
=== Relative pronouns ===<br />
The relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which then gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. These are substantival relative pronouns, however, which means they stand in for nouns or refer to whole clauses. The best English equivalents are ''(the person) who'', ''(he) who'', or ''(someone) who'', and ''(the thing) which'', ''(that) which'', or ''(something) which''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sol || sos<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soi || sok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| son || sot <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sou || sut <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| son || som <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sun || sum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sol nevvanas, nevant ás.'''<br>''A person who teaches is a teacher.''<br />
*'''Tannar, sut ullan.'''<br>''Do what you want.''<br />
*'''Pol sanlás, sumot tajataker.''' <br>''This is the only thing which I disagree with.''<br />
*'''Pol, sut lonnais, nalj áksi.'''<br>''What he said isn't true.'' (or more literally, ''That which he said isn't true.'')<br />
<br />
=== Unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The unspecified pronouns are similar to interrogative pronouns but refer to an unspecified person, animal, object, etc. They are never used to introduce a question. There are no direct English counterparts, the closest are ''who'', ''anyone'', ''someone'', and ''what'', ''anything'', ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sēl || siu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sau || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| søn || søt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sēn || sēm <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| syn || sym<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sannar vi, søt lallavan.'''<br>''Tell me if you see anything.''<br />
*'''Sannar vi, siu ehtiavausse.''' <br>''Tell me if anything changes.''<br />
*'''Ynnake, sân vettaha pei.'''<br>''I don't know who I should give this to.''<br />
*'''Njainnahas sēl fjøljade.'''<br>''Someone should call the doctor.'' (or ''May someone call the doctor.'')<br />
*'''Yssynnanasse, suj ti sēl søt vettas.'''<br>''It always makes him happy when someone gives him something.''<br />
*'''Ynnaike, synot lottai.'''<br>''I didn't know who I was talking to.''<br />
<br />
=== Relative unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The relative unspecified pronouns are similar to the relative pronouns but with a suffix added to indicate an optional or arbitrary, random choice. They are similar to English ''whoever'' or ''anyone'', and ''whatever'' or ''anything''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| soles || soxes<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soies || soges <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sones || soðes<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| soues || suðes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| soŋes || sōŋes<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| suŋes || sûŋes<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Sientóleu niounnallés soles.'''<br>''Anyone can read this letter.''<br />
*'''Soŋesot annan, ljecyissár.'''<br>''Whoever you go with, be careful.''<br />
*'''Suðeseru ǯiuissás.'''<br>''I'm ready for anything.'' (alternatively also ''I'm ready for whatever [may happen].'')<br />
<br />
=== Indefinite pronouns ===<br />
The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to unknown people, animals, objects, etc. They are equivalent to English ''someone'' or ''somebody'', and ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tel || tei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| tai || tak<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tan || tas <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| teu || tes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ten || tem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tin || tim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tel se naittais.'''<br>''Someone called you.''<br />
*'''Tes ennas øxlu.'''<br>''She has something in his pocket.''<br />
*'''Eillais ve timot.'''<br>''He hit me with something.''<br />
*'''Tan gyttai nareu, či ʒaillai, sân.'''<br>''I lent the book to someone, but I've forgotten who.''<br />
<br />
=== Negative pronouns ===<br />
The negative pronouns indicate the non-existence of persons, animals, objects, etc. Their English equivalents are ''nobody'', ''no-one'', and ''nothing''. They also require the predicate to be negated (double negation). <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tol || toh<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| toi || tok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tor || tos<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| tou || tus<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ton || tom <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tun || tum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tol hjannaiksi.'''<br>''Nobody came.''<br />
*'''Toi lallaike.'''<br>''I saw no-one.''<br />
*'''Tok tinnaike.'''<br>''I found nothing.''<br />
*'''Mønnølu møttaiksi tok.'''<br>''He bought nothing in the shop.''<br />
<br />
This pronoun partly overlaps with its corresponding adjectival negative pronouns - see [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Negative_pronouns_2|here]] for more information.<br />
<br />
=== Total pronouns ===<br />
The total pronouns (sometimes also known as the universal pronouns) are used to indicate the total number of persons, animals, objects, etc. involved. The animate pronoun is often referred to as the distributive pronoun because it refers to each individual, and the inanimate pronoun as the summative pronoun because it refers to the class collectively. Their English equivalents are ''everyone'', ''everybody'', and ''everything'', ''all''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Total''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| fel || fei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| fai || făk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| fân || fâs <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| feu || fet<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| fen || fem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| fin || fim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Feu donnanas.'''<br>''He greets everyone.'' (in the sense of greeting each person separately)<br />
*'''Yvynekja tajatakses fînot.'''<br>''The professor doesn't agree with everyone.''<br />
*'''Pol fei lás, sut sella.'''<br>''This is everything that I know.''<br />
*'''Fâk i ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know how to do everything.''<br />
<br />
=== Manifold pronouns ===<br />
The manifold pronouns are a set of unspecified pronouns with prefixes (and as such, they are declined identically to the unspecified pronouns).<br />
<br />
There are four prefixes:<br />
*'''lae-''' "many"<br />
*'''xae-''' "many" (rarely used)<br />
*'''tue-''' "hardly"<br />
*'''jae-''' "rarely"<br />
<br />
The first two types, ''lae-'' and ''xae-'', are identical in meaning but the ''lae-'' forms are prevalent and the ''xae-'' forms have largely fallen out of use. They refer to multiple people or things and can be translated similarly to English "many a person" and "many a thing". <br />
<br />
The other two types, ''tue-'' and ''jae-'', are also similar in meaning, both referring to the scarcity or low number of people or things. Of these two, ''tue-'' is somewhat more common, but both prefixes are used. They can be translated as "hardly anyone" and "hardly anything".<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | ''lae''-series || colspan="2" | ''xae''-series || colspan="2" | ''tue''-series || colspan="2" | ''jae''-series<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nomiantive<br />
| laessēl || laessiu || xaessēl || xaessiu || tuessēl || tuessiu || jaessēl || jaessiu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| laessau || laessâk || xaessau || xaessâk || tuessau || tuessâk || jaessau || jaessâk<br />
|-<br />
! Datitve<br />
| laessân || laessât || xaessân || xaessât || tuessân || tuessât || jaessân || jaessât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| laessøn || laessøt || xaessøn || xaessøt || tuessøn || tuessøt || jaessøn || jaessøt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| laessēn || laessēm || xaessēn || xaessēm || tuessēn || tuessēm || jaessēn || jaessēm<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| laessyn || laessym || xaessyn || xaessym || tuessyn || tuessym || jaessyn || jaessym<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Laessēl stoido tajatakses.'''<br>''Many a person will not agree with you.''<br />
*'''Vēalu laessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Many a thing has changed in the city.''<br />
*'''Laessâk ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know many a thing.'' (or ''There are many things I don't know.'')<br />
*'''Tuessēl ksynnas aisóleu.'''<br>''Hardly anyone knows this song.'' (or ''Very few people know this song.'')<br />
*'''Vēalu tuessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Hardly anything has changed in the city.''<br />
<br />
=== Combinations [OBSOLETE?]===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
Adjectival pronouns are pronouns that replace adjectives and follow the adjectival inflexion pattern. As with substantival pronouns, there two main groups: personal pronouns and non-personal pronouns.<br />
<br />
There are two types of personal pronouns: the possessive personal pronouns and the reflexive personal pronoun. All the other types of non-personal substantival pronouns have their corresponding adjectival pronouns, with a few additional pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Possessive personal pronouns ====<br />
The personal possessive pronouns inflect like adjectives. There are separate forms for each number, person, and clusivity, but they don't distinguish between animacy, or alienable and inalienable possession. The pronouns do inflect, however, for case and class.<br />
<br />
Each possessive pronoun also has several variants: the full form, the oblique form, and two prefixed forms. The full form is typically used with the basic cases, and the oblique form is used with subcases and additional cases. These two forms are generally used predicatively.<br />
<br />
The prefixed forms attach to the noun they modify. There are two variants: one is added to nouns that begin in a vowel, and the other is added to nouns beginning in a consonant. If the noun begins in a single consonant, it is usually geminated. The prefixed form is otherwise invariable. The full forms can be used instead of the prefixed form, and often are in more formal texts, but the prefixed forms are preferred. When contrast is emphasised, then the full forms can be used.<br />
<br />
The obviative possessive pronoun is somewhat defective as it has only one prefixed form, and the oblique stems are slightly irregular. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Lallai njammiveu.'''<br>''I saw his cat.''<br />
*'''Pol njørrik ás.'''<br>''That's their house.''<br />
*'''Tjannarau tinnoiksi.'''<br>''They didn't find your books.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse sjohlelostost.'''<br>''She agrees with my suggestions.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse njahlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.'''<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse jaurost hlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.''' (the possessive pronoun is further emphasised)<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Luiri naról ás? - Soiri.'''<br>''Whose books is this? - Mine.''<br />
*'''Luiri nareu ksinnain? - Kourve.'''<br>''Whose book did you steal? - Theirs.''<br />
<br />
==== Reflexive possessive pronoun ====<br />
The reflexive possessive pronoun is used in much the same fashion as its substantival counterpart.<br />
<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Mollai njînnifeu.'''<br>''I stroked my dog.''<br />
*'''Nîjesiewallu pai gaittaksi.'''<br>''You don't claim this in your articles.''<br />
*'''Luurte nareu šillain? - Nîjurte.'''<br>''Whose book did you take? - Mine.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronouns becomes very useful with third person subjects. Compare the following two examples:<br />
*'''Teil trâttais najîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (=someone else's) bag and ran away.''<br />
*'''Teil trâttais nîjîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (own) bag and ran away.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, even more distinctions can be made. Compare the following three examples:<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nîjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (own) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis pajestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=two other people's) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nøjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=other people's) travels.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In singular, a similar distinction can be made with the obviative pronoun as well:<br />
*'''Aeklavi lallais nîjurte li jaurte miveu, ēkki lîsurta.'''<br>''Aeklavi saw his (own) and his (=someone else's) cat, but not his (=a non-present person's) cat.''<br />
<br />
<br />
When it comes to body parts or other cases of obvious ownership, or if the context provides enough information to unambiguously determine the ownership, the pronoun can be omitted:<br />
*'''Nif iipleonnais viēnot.'''<br>''The dog wagged its tail.''<br />
*'''Jarralais vates.'''<br>''She opened her eyes.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronoun can also be used to denote approximation:<br />
*'''Haǯi nîjurva liala urava ašissás.'''<br>''The cave is about thirty metres deep.''<br />
*'''Enna nîjurva luela (erova).'''<br>''He's about fifty (years old).''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
Laefêvëši has a wide array of adjectival pronouns. All of the substantival pronouns have corresponding adjectival pronouns, and a few extra pronoun types. The non-personal adjectival pronouns come in three main classes that correspond to the three adjectival classes: qualitative, relational, and possessive pronouns. So each type (eg. interrogative, indefinite, etc.) comes in three classes. There is a fourth class, quantitative, but these are generally considered adverbs as they are non-declinable. Some types, however, do have quantitative adjectival pronouns.<br />
<br />
Similar to the personal possessive pronouns, the non-personal pronouns have more than one variant used. Aside from the full form, they also have an oblique form, but unlike the personal pronouns, many non-personal pronouns have a suffixed variant.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Interrogative pronouns ====<br />
The interrogative adjectival pronouns are used in questions and they enquire about characteristics, qualities, etc. of the head they modify. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''vreisi''', '''vrei(s)-'''; '''-ér''' "what, what sort of"<br />
*relational: '''vraili''', vrae(l)-; '''-ár''' "which, what", and '''þammili''', '''þamme(l)-''' "how many (different)"<br />
*possessive: '''luiri''', '''luu(r)-''' "whose"<br />
*quantitative: '''þammisi''', '''þammi(s)-''' "how large"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Reisi arkalj ás alën?''' <br>''What's the weather like today?''<br />
*'''Hamnajérau fēról ás?''' <br>''What colour is the coat?''<br />
*'''Vraelte siehnareu ullan?'''<br>''Which dictionary do you want?''<br />
*'''Ftîstárau sjemmiw ás?'''<br>''What breed is your cat?''<br />
*'''Luiri naról ás?'''<br>''Whose book is this?''<br />
*'''Þammelve iarises ennas?'''<br>''How many different (kinds of) pets do you have?''<br />
*'''Þammisi hanjast dymøhtau lás?'''<br>''What is the value of the purchase?'' (lit. ''How large is the value of the purchase?'')<br />
<br />
==== Relative pronouns ====<br />
The relative adjectival pronouns are used to introduce relative clauses with animate and inanimate antecedents. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''reisi''', '''rei(s)-''' "such (as), the like(s) of which, the kind that"<br />
*relational: '''raili''', '''vrae(l)-'''; '''á''' "who, which, that"<br />
*possessive: '''løiri''', '''løy(r)-''' "whose"<br />
*quantitative: '''þëttisi''', '''þëtti(s)-''' "(of) such a size"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the qualitative pronoun:<br />
*'''Poli lâl ás, reista xej lallanaike.'''<br>''This is a flower the like of which I have never seen before.''<br />
*'''Bannais ʒylogeu, reiste øllanais.'''<br>''He got the answer he wanted.'' (lit. ''He got the answer such as he wished.'')<br />
<br />
<br />
The relative qualitative pronoun often collocates with the relative demonstrative pronoun '''''šaisi''''' "such" in the main clause:<br />
*'''Hjattaiksi šaista ʒylogau, reiste bannais.'''<br>''She didn't expect such an answer as she got.''<br />
<br />
<br />
There are two relative relational pronouns; the declinable '''''raili''''' and the indeclinable '''''á'''''. The declinable pronoun can replace the indeclinable one at any time but the latter is very common and is usually replaced by the declinable pronoun to avoid ambiguity only. <br />
<br />
The declinable pronoun is used with all subcases and additional cases, whereas the indeclinable pronoun is used with the basic cases:<br />
*'''Miettai sienteu riksedna, raemu tilvallai neontahu.''' <br>''I received a letter from the lady with whom I stayed during my studies.''<br />
*'''Nar, á lânur ás, šijen ás.''' <br>''The book which is on the table is a gift.''<br />
<br />
<br />
When a non-nominative basic case is required, the indeclinable '''''á''''' must be used with the short form of a personal pronoun, and the two are linked by a hyphen:<br />
*'''Gitto rikeu, á-te jøčitittoi.'''<br>''We sold the house which we built.''<br />
*'''Pol nara ós, á-je skiennalais Iskârin.'''<br>''These are the book which Iskârin wrote.''<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á-ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman to whom she gave the book.''<br />
<br />
However, that last example can be ambiguous in the spoken language where it would sound identical to:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
To resolve the ambiguity, the declinable form can be used:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á-ti vettais nareu. → Pol vajy ás, raelti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman to whom she gave the book.''<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á ti vettais nareu. → Pol vajy ás, raili ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
If the obviative pronoun is used, however, there is no ambiguity because the obviative pronoun is incompatible with the hyphenated use:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á leu vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the possessive pronoun:<br />
*'''Hant, løiri rik jøtiuttais, sjoglîah ás.''' <br>''The man whose house burnt down is by uncle.''<br />
*'''Lallai littive, løiri vaiv ve jynnais.'''<br>''I saw mountains whose beauty dazzled me.''<br />
*'''Aisont, løyrot nyþot follai nentelu, rannais.'''<br>''Aisont, with whose sister I went to school, has died.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the quantitative pronoun:<br />
*'''Vettau si geizde, þëttiste jøðettatanno.'''<br>''I will give you the salary that you deserve.'' (lit. ''I will give you the salary of such as a size as you deserve.'')<br />
<br />
Like the qualitative pronoun, the quantitative pronoun also tends to coöccur with a demonstrative pronoun:<br />
*'''Þëttisi šatelt seirráus, tymmisi âta soirráus.'''<br>''Whatever size your share will be, mine will be just as much.''<br />
<br />
==== Unspecified pronouns ====<br />
The unspecified pronouns are identical in form to the interrogative pronouns but they are used in declarative sentences rather than being used to introduce a question (although they can appear in questions but they are not part of what is being asked for).<br />
<br />
The qualitative pronoun '''''vreisi''''' "any sort of" is used to refer to someone or something arbitrarily indefinite: <br />
*'''Šettej viettaisse vreisi doia.'''<br>''Probably some sort of an accident has happened.''<br />
*'''Ennanas vreisve sades.'''<br>''He always has some difficulties or other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The relational pronoun '''''vraili''''' "which" is used to refer to an unspecified or unknown person or thing in a group:<br />
*'''Sellake, vraelte htineu lallais.'''<br>''I don't know which car he saw.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive pronouns '''''luiri''''' "whose" refers to someone or something owned by someone unspecified: <br />
*'''Sella, luurte nareu nionnan!'''<br>''I know whose book you're reading!''<br />
<br />
==== Relative unspecified pronouns ====<br />
Similar to the corresponding substantival pronouns, they indicate an optional or arbitrary choice. Unlike the substantival ones, the adjectival pronouns are formed with a prefix rather than a suffix. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''preisi''', '''prei(s)-'''; ''-ép'' "of any kind whatever"<br />
*relational: '''praili''', '''prae(l)-'''; ''-áp'' "any whatever, whichever"<br />
*possessive: '''pluiri''', '''pluu(r)-''' "whosever, whoever's, of whomever"<br />
*quantitative: '''ƕëttisi''', '''ƕëtti(s)-''' "whatever the size, however large"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Marrana preiste noidde.'''<br>''I'm looking for any kind of job.''<br />
*'''Riŋalallén preiste hamnaðeu.'''<br>''You can use any kind of colour.''<br />
*'''Riŋalallén praelte hamnaðeu.'''<br>''You can use whichever colour.''<br />
*'''Pluurte nareu šillain, noattar te léj.'''<br>''Whosever book you took, return it now.''<br />
*'''Ƕëttiste ðēneu vi vettan, te šillau.'''<br>''However large a piece you give me, I'll take it.''<br />
<br />
==== Indefinite pronouns ====<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''treisi''', '''trei(s)-''' "some sort of, some kind of"<br />
*relational: '''noili''', '''noe(l)-'''; '''-ón''' "some, a certain", and '''vroila''', '''vroe(l)-''' "some, certain"<br />
*possessive: '''noiri''', '''nou(r)-''' "someone's"<br />
*quantitative: '''tømmisi''', '''tømmi(s)-''' "some(what)"<br />
<br />
<br />
The qualitative pronoun refers to someone or something indefinite or one of an unspecified number still to be decided or selected:<br />
*'''Nor treisi mønd áis.'''<br>''The place was some kind of a shop.''<br />
*'''Høstusu kaullais treiste synses.'''<br>''He was drawing symbols of some kind in the sand.''<br />
<br />
<br />
There are two relational pronouns: '''''noili''''' denotes an unknown person or thing, or a person or thing that the speaker does not wish to name, and it can be be used in any number; whereas '''''vroila''''' can be used in plural only, and it denotes (a small) and indefinite number of persons or things of a certain type, and it is selective rather than quantitative. <br />
<br />
Examples of '''''noili''''':<br />
*'''Hjannais harjēssainón.'''<br>''Some young man came.''<br />
*'''Fouttai noela vajy.'''<br>''I met some woman.''<br />
*'''Noelu skyylu pol nalj ás.'''<br>''In a certain sense that is true.''<br />
*'''Toþóneru seksennas.'''<br>''In some way he's right.''<br />
*'''Ʒajahkulu lallai kâlónes.''' <br>''I saw some trees in the distance.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of '''''vroila''''':<br />
*'''Vroila hitjaf hittos liehëisaj.'''<br>''Some/certain drivers drive too fast.''<br />
*'''Vroila kâla ƕejskâissós.'''<br>''Some/certain trees are evergreen.''<br />
*'''Vroellu emlallu losej ennoksi vassannada.'''<br>''In some/certain villages they still don't have electricity.''<br />
*'''Vroila linnos, í poli ljen viettaiksi.''' <br>''Some/certain people say that it didn't even happen.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive pronoun indicates possession by an unknown or unidentified person:<br />
*'''Ljēllarka, pol noiri rik ás!'''<br>''Don't go in, this is someone's house!''<br />
*'''Šillais ewnentau nouta nîhta.'''<br>''He took the wallet from someone's handbag.''<br />
*'''Neirodo kvēj rettais noule øxle.'''<br>''He slowly reached into someone's pocket with his hand.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The quantitative pronoun indicates a small and indefinite amount:<br />
*'''Ukkan hjannais tømmisot sjōnozot.'''<br>''The train arrived with some (small) delay.''<br />
*'''Ennois tømmisau hléansau.'''<br>''They had some (small) advantage.''<br />
<br />
==== Negative pronouns ====<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''skeisi''', '''skei(s)-''' "no, of no kind, not of any kind"<br />
*relational: '''saili''', '''sae(l)-''' "no, none, no-one"<br />
*possessive: '''sairi''', '''sau(r)-''' "no-one's"<br />
*quantitative: '''tohhisi''', '''tohhi(s)-''' "no, not any"<br />
<br />
<br />
The negative pronouns are somewhat confusing. With the exception of the possessive pronoun, all other pronouns have effectively been supplanted by the negative partitive in the modern language, with the actual pronouns used occasionally only for emphasis, and when stand-alone or in nominalised usage. In addition, '''''skeisi''''' and '''''saili''''' have nearly the same meaning, so most of the time either can be used (or the negative partitive case). <br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Saelva koitas ennake. / Skeisva koitas ennake. / Koitēnksi ennake.'''<br>''I have no news. / I have no news (whatsoever/of any kind). / I have no news.''<br />
*'''Saelva icyva ennaksi. / Skeisva icyva ennaksi. / Icynnei ennaksi.''' <br>''She has no worries. / She has no worries (whatsoever/of any kind). / She has no worries.''<br />
<br />
<br />
However, sometimes the difference can be maintained:<br />
*'''Vraelva wiskas ullon? - Saelve.'''<br>''Which cakes do you want? - None.''<br />
*'''Vreisva wiskas ullon? - Skeisve.'''<br>''What kind of cakes do you want? - None (of any sort).''<br />
<br />
<br />
The qualitative pronoun is also rarely used with human referents, where only the relational pronoun or the negative partitive case are typically used:<br />
*'''Saelta fjøljada láksi. / Føljannei láksi.'''<br>''No doctor was there.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The relational pronoun can be used substantivally as well, a usage shared with the substantival negative pronoun '''''tol''''' (''no-one''). Very often the two can be used interchangeably: <br />
*'''Tol/saili ta ksynnaksi.''' <br>''No-one/nobody knows him.''<br />
*'''Tol/saili jai ksynnaksi.''' <br>''No-one/nobody likes them.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Nonetheless, there is often a difference between these two pronouns. The substantival pronoun '''''tol''''' refers to an unlimited number of persons, whereas the adjectival pronoun '''''saili''''' refers to a more limited number of persons or things already mentioned. In terms of usage, this means that ''tol'' appears in general(ised) statements and ''saili'' appears in more specific contexts. <br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Tol minólur ti hûn žonnalléksi.'''<br>''No-one in this world can help him any more.''<br />
*'''Allais jai liala, či saili sellaiksi ʒylogde.'''<br>''There was thirty of them and no-one knew the answer.''<br />
*'''Sel allais ƕênsur? - Tol.'''<br>''Who was at the party? - Nobody.''<br />
*'''Vraili (čainna) allais ƕênsur? - Saili.'''<br>''Which of you was at the meeting? - No-one.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The relational pronoun is also often used with the egressive case to mean "none of" (in plural) or "neither of" (in dual):<br />
*'''Saili neonjasna tajataiksi.'''<br>''None of the students agreed.''<br />
*'''Saili hrainna annauksi fokser.'''<br>''Neither of us will go on the trip.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive pronoun indicates the lack of possession or that a person or thing belongs to no-one: <br />
*'''Alloi saeru tjēdru.'''<br>''We were in no man's land.''<br />
*'''Jâ sairi taloks allanaiksi.'''<br>''She's never been anyone's enemy.''<br />
*'''Nif sairráksi.''' <br>''The dog is no-one's.''<br />
*'''Vanšinól sairi viellanši láksi.'''<br>''This language is no-one's mother tongue.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The quantitative pronoun indicates the total absence of an amount, or that the amount is equal to zero:<br />
*'''Estiaike tohhisot ewnot.'''<br>''I travelled with no money.''<br />
*'''Tohhisve dygvanastas ennake.'''<br>''I've got no savings.''<br />
*'''Ennoke hûn tohhisa daonozau.'''<br>''We have no hope any more.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In the modern language, this pronoun has started to fall out of use and is frequently replaced by the negative partitive case, the relational negative pronoun, or by the abessive case in some contexts:<br />
*'''Estiaike tohhisot ewnot. → Estiai ewnazu.''' (replaced by the abessive case)<br>''I travelled with no money. → I travelled without (any) money.''<br />
*'''Tohhisva dygvanastas ennake. → Saelva dygvanastas ennake.''' (relational pronoun) '''/ Dygvanastēnksi ennake.''' (negative partitive)<br>''I've got no savings.''<br />
<br />
==== Total pronouns ====<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''freisi''', '''frei(s)-'''; '''-ǿr''' "all sorts of, of all sorts"<br />
*relational: '''faili''', '''fae(l)-'''; '''-ǿf''' "each, every"; '''ēffili''', '''ēffe(l)-''' "each and every, every single (one)"; and '''mjeili''', '''mjee(l)-''' "both sorts of"<br />
*possessive: '''fairi''', '''fau(r)-''' "everyone's, of every person"; and '''miiri''', '''miu(r)-''' "of both"<br />
*quantitative: '''xōl''' "all, entire, everything"; and '''mi''' "both"<br />
<br />
<br />
The qualitative pronoun is used to indicate arbitrary totality:<br />
*'''Nionna freisve nares.'''<br>''I read books of all sorts.''<br />
*'''Caenturu freisa alta lóis.'''<br>''There were all sorts of things in the attic.''<br />
*'''Kaljǿrese ksynnas.'''<br>''She knows all sorts of jokes.''<br />
*'''Ʒylotvonsǿrau sasakkalasse.''' <br>''He avoids any kind of responsibility.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The most frequently used relational pronoun is '''''faili''''', which is used to denote each individual person or thing in a group or class:<br />
*'''Sananǿfeu ðoitta.'''<br>''I exercise every morning.''<br />
*'''Nevant hkynnais faelta neonjas.'''<br>''The teacher recognised every student.''<br />
*'''Faendo hleŋendo ʒylogondo bannoun šala činas.'''<br>''With each of the following two answers you will get ten points.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The relational pronoun '''''ēffili''''' is used less frequently and it acts as a more emphasised version of ''faili'':<br />
*'''Pol ʒylotvons ēffelta sainau.'''<br>''This is the responsibility of each and every human being.''<br />
*'''Ēffelte alëteu te fouttai.'''<br>''I met her every single day.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The dual relational pronoun '''''mjeili''''' is used to indicate the closeness or commonness of two persons or things:<br />
*'''Mjeelta karsas vinnai.'''<br>''I've lost both pairs of my shoes.''<br />
*'''Mjeila niora kēttois.'''<br>''The children of both families shouted.''<br />
*'''Miannais ƕenseu li šianeu, mjeelte jattuj.'''<br>''He felt sadness and happiness, both at the same time.'' (or ''He felt both sadness and happiness at the same time.'')<br />
*'''Gylottennéri mjeelost yskytost.'''<br>''We (two) need to talk to both families.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive pronoun '''''fairi''''' indicates collective possession or that something or someone belongs to everyone: <br />
*'''Saōhól flia fairrás.''' <br>''This forest is everyone's property.'' (or ''This forest belongs to everyone.'')<br />
*'''Fairi aks ás rivaj fjēlul.'''<br>''It's everoyne's wish to live in peace.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The dual possessive pronoun '''''miiri''''' indicates that someone or someone belongs to two people: <br />
*'''Naról miirrás.'''<br>''This book belongs to both of us.''<br />
<br />
However, this pronoun is very rarely used and the personal possessive pronouns are preferred: <br />
*'''Naról tairrás.'''<br>''This book is ours.'' (ie. of both of us)<br />
<br />
<br />
Lastly, the quantitative pronouns are '''''xōl''''' and '''''mi''''', which are also known as the summative pronouns. See the following section about their form, meaning, and use.<br />
<br />
==== Summative pronouns ====<br />
These correspond to the total quantitative pronouns. They refer to persons or things in totality. The first summative pronoun is '''''xōl''''', which means "all, the whole/entire", and when used as a nominal pronoun, it means "everyone, everything". Like the demonstrative pronoun, this summative pronoun also has a clitic form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Case !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| xōl(i) || xēl(i) || xal(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| xai || xiai || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| xiu || xye || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| xei || xiei || xet(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| xui || xiui || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| xoi || xioi || xos(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Clitic form<br />
| colspan="3" | -óh<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Mysóheu nøllais.'''<br>''He cried the whole way.''<br />
*'''Þier zannais njynóhis.'''<br>''All the guests liked the food.''<br />
*'''Xei þiuttain!'''<br>''You've eaten everything!''<br />
*'''Xosot mōllaure, sialla!'''<br>''I'll play with everyone, I promise!''<br />
<br />
The pronoun can also be used to indicate the complete or total degree of some property or state:<br />
*'''Eidisóháis.''' <br>''He was completely pale.''<br />
*'''Šianisóha kaillois.'''<br>''All happy they started to sing.''<br />
*'''Alloi xal icyllu kej niorau.'''<br>''We were worried sick because of the child.''<br />
<br />
The pronoun can also carry the meaning of "the very":<br />
*'''Onotóhan sellai, í pei tēttauis.'''<br>''From the very beginning I knew she would do it.''<br />
<br />
<br />
It is also used in several set expressions:<br />
*'''niróhus(u)''' "at all costs, no matter what"<br><br />
**'''Niróhusu hjeattallús.'''<br>''He wants to succeed no matter what.''<br />
*'''ahhisóh''' "all sort of" (usually in plural: '''ahhisóha''' "all sorts of")<br><br />
**'''Hjonnois ahhisóha saina.'''<br>''All sorts of people were coming.''<br />
*'''mânóhost(o)''' "with all one's might; very much so"<br><br />
**'''Mânóhosto tvyddalasse fjøjada.'''<br> ''He resists taking the medicine with all his might.''<br />
*'''mânóhesre/mânóhers''' "on all fours" <br><br />
**'''Annais mânóhesre.'''<br>''He went on all fours.''<br />
*'''mânóhussu/mânóhujs''' "on all fours" (manner of movement)<br><br />
**'''Vattinteu marranais mânóhussu.''' <br>''She was looking for the glasses on all fours.''<br />
<br />
===== The dual summative pronoun =====<br />
The dual summative pronoun can be used as a substantival pronoun or as an adjectival pronoun. It declines in dual only. The pronoun corresponds to English "both".<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Case !! Form<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| mi (mí)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| mia (mía)<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| mii (míi)<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| mie (míe)<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| miu (míu)<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| mio (mío)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Pol Tîmō li Neatvent és, u mí neonjie lés.''' <br>''They are Tîmō and Neatvent, and both are students.''<br />
*'''Miondo neiriodo trâttais čjøde.''' <br>''He grabbed the branch with both hands.''<br />
*'''Mii hriu sexissás.'''<br>''It's difficult for both of us.''<br />
<br />
==== Manifold pronouns ====<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''laevreisi''', '''laevrei(s)-''' "many a(n)"<br />
*relational: '''laevraili''', '''laevrae(l)-''' "many a(n)"; '''tuevraili''', '''tuevrae(l)-''' "(very) few"; and '''jaevraili''', '''jaevrae(l)-''' "(very) few"<br />
*possessive: '''laeluiri''', '''laeluu(r)-''' "of many a person"<br />
*quantitative: '''laeþammisi''', '''laeþammi(s)-''' "of many different sizes"; and '''tueþammisi''', ''tueþammi(s)-'' "of few different sizes"<br />
<br />
<br />
The only qualitative pronoun is of the ''lae''-series. Its meaning has become identical to the ''lae''-series relational pronoun and they can be used interchangeably. They both denote a large number of persons or things of a certain group.<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Laevreiste/laevraelte tuseu nøllais.'''<br>''She spent many a night crying.''<br />
*'''Tēttais nja laevreiste/laevraelte kēkkoinseu.'''<br>''He's already done many a foolish thing.''<br />
*'''Koitansumu nennanne laevreisva/laevraelva ftonas.'''<br>''Studying/doing journalism gives you many a (different) skill.''<br />
<br />
<br />
There are two other relational pronouns, '''''tuevraili''''' and '''''jaevraili''''', with the latter being rarely used. Both pronouns denote a small number of persons or things of a certain group. <br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tuevraelul narul esien rikkás.'''<br>''In very few books is the description so lively.''<br />
*'''Tuevraila lēaf ennos tymjē váičitintas.'''<br>''Very few towns have so many beautiful buildings.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive pronoun '''''laeluiri''''' indicates that someone or something belongs to many people:<br />
*'''Laeluiri ðast lânur ás.'''<br>''Many a person's glass is on the table.'' (ie. ''Many people's glasses are on the table.'')<br />
*'''Ksinnais laeluulte nirykseu.'''<br>''He's stolen many a person's watch.'' (ie. ''He's stolen many people's watches.'')<br />
*'''Naróla luirrós? - Ynnake, laeluira.''' <br>''Whose are these books? - I don't know, many people's.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The quantitative pronoun '''''laeþammisi''''' is used to indicate that something comes in many different sizes (or some other quantity), and the pronoun '''''tueþammisi''''' is used to indicate the opposite. The latter is rarely used.<br />
<br />
Example:<br />
*'''Nifa laeþammissós, ûssaf i tueþammisa.'''<br>''Dogs can be of many different sizes while cows are of few different sizes.''<br />
<br />
==== Differential pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Equative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120362
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T12:01:32Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Summative pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronouns ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
<br />
There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
<br />
The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
<br />
<br />
The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
=== Relative pronouns ===<br />
The relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which then gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. These are substantival relative pronouns, however, which means they stand in for nouns or refer to whole clauses. The best English equivalents are ''(the person) who'', ''(he) who'', or ''(someone) who'', and ''(the thing) which'', ''(that) which'', or ''(something) which''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sol || sos<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soi || sok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| son || sot <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sou || sut <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| son || som <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sun || sum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sol nevvanas, nevant ás.'''<br>''A person who teaches is a teacher.''<br />
*'''Tannar, sut ullan.'''<br>''Do what you want.''<br />
*'''Pol sanlás, sumot tajataker.''' <br>''This is the only thing which I disagree with.''<br />
*'''Pol, sut lonnais, nalj áksi.'''<br>''What he said isn't true.'' (or more literally, ''That which he said isn't true.'')<br />
<br />
=== Unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The unspecified pronouns are similar to interrogative pronouns but refer to an unspecified person, animal, object, etc. They are never used to introduce a question. There are no direct English counterparts, the closest are ''who'', ''anyone'', ''someone'', and ''what'', ''anything'', ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sēl || siu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sau || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| søn || søt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sēn || sēm <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| syn || sym<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sannar vi, søt lallavan.'''<br>''Tell me if you see anything.''<br />
*'''Sannar vi, siu ehtiavausse.''' <br>''Tell me if anything changes.''<br />
*'''Ynnake, sân vettaha pei.'''<br>''I don't know who I should give this to.''<br />
*'''Njainnahas sēl fjøljade.'''<br>''Someone should call the doctor.'' (or ''May someone call the doctor.'')<br />
*'''Yssynnanasse, suj ti sēl søt vettas.'''<br>''It always makes him happy when someone gives him something.''<br />
*'''Ynnaike, synot lottai.'''<br>''I didn't know who I was talking to.''<br />
<br />
=== Relative unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The relative unspecified pronouns are similar to the relative pronouns but with a suffix added to indicate an optional or arbitrary, random choice. They are similar to English ''whoever'' or ''anyone'', and ''whatever'' or ''anything''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| soles || soxes<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soies || soges <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sones || soðes<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| soues || suðes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| soŋes || sōŋes<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| suŋes || sûŋes<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Sientóleu niounnallés soles.'''<br>''Anyone can read this letter.''<br />
*'''Soŋesot annan, ljecyissár.'''<br>''Whoever you go with, be careful.''<br />
*'''Suðeseru ǯiuissás.'''<br>''I'm ready for anything.'' (alternatively also ''I'm ready for whatever [may happen].'')<br />
<br />
=== Indefinite pronouns ===<br />
The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to unknown people, animals, objects, etc. They are equivalent to English ''someone'' or ''somebody'', and ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tel || tei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| tai || tak<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tan || tas <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| teu || tes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ten || tem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tin || tim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tel se naittais.'''<br>''Someone called you.''<br />
*'''Tes ennas øxlu.'''<br>''She has something in his pocket.''<br />
*'''Eillais ve timot.'''<br>''He hit me with something.''<br />
*'''Tan gyttai nareu, či ʒaillai, sân.'''<br>''I lent the book to someone, but I've forgotten who.''<br />
<br />
=== Negative pronouns ===<br />
The negative pronouns indicate the non-existence of persons, animals, objects, etc. Their English equivalents are ''nobody'', ''no-one'', and ''nothing''. They also require the predicate to be negated (double negation). <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tol || toh<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| toi || tok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tor || tos<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| tou || tus<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ton || tom <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tun || tum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tol hjannaiksi.'''<br>''Nobody came.''<br />
*'''Toi lallaike.'''<br>''I saw no-one.''<br />
*'''Tok tinnaike.'''<br>''I found nothing.''<br />
*'''Mønnølu møttaiksi tok.'''<br>''He bought nothing in the shop.''<br />
<br />
This pronoun partly overlaps with its corresponding adjectival negative pronouns - see [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Negative_pronouns_2|here]] for more information.<br />
<br />
=== Total pronouns ===<br />
The total pronouns (sometimes also known as the universal pronouns) are used to indicate the total number of persons, animals, objects, etc. involved. The animate pronoun is often referred to as the distributive pronoun because it refers to each individual, and the inanimate pronoun as the summative pronoun because it refers to the class collectively. Their English equivalents are ''everyone'', ''everybody'', and ''everything'', ''all''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Total''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| fel || fei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| fai || făk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| fân || fâs <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| feu || fet<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| fen || fem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| fin || fim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Feu donnanas.'''<br>''He greets everyone.'' (in the sense of greeting each person separately)<br />
*'''Yvynekja tajatakses fînot.'''<br>''The professor doesn't agree with everyone.''<br />
*'''Pol fei lás, sut sella.'''<br>''This is everything that I know.''<br />
*'''Fâk i ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know how to do everything.''<br />
<br />
=== Manifold pronouns ===<br />
The manifold pronouns are a set of unspecified pronouns with prefixes (and as such, they are declined identically to the unspecified pronouns).<br />
<br />
There are four prefixes:<br />
*'''lae-''' "many"<br />
*'''xae-''' "many" (rarely used)<br />
*'''tue-''' "hardly"<br />
*'''jae-''' "rarely"<br />
<br />
The first two types, ''lae-'' and ''xae-'', are identical in meaning but the ''lae-'' forms are prevalent and the ''xae-'' forms have largely fallen out of use. They refer to multiple people or things and can be translated similarly to English "many a person" and "many a thing". <br />
<br />
The other two types, ''tue-'' and ''jae-'', are also similar in meaning, both referring to the scarcity or low number of people or things. Of these two, ''tue-'' is somewhat more common, but both prefixes are used. They can be translated as "hardly anyone" and "hardly anything".<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | ''lae''-series || colspan="2" | ''xae''-series || colspan="2" | ''tue''-series || colspan="2" | ''jae''-series<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nomiantive<br />
| laessēl || laessiu || xaessēl || xaessiu || tuessēl || tuessiu || jaessēl || jaessiu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| laessau || laessâk || xaessau || xaessâk || tuessau || tuessâk || jaessau || jaessâk<br />
|-<br />
! Datitve<br />
| laessân || laessât || xaessân || xaessât || tuessân || tuessât || jaessân || jaessât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| laessøn || laessøt || xaessøn || xaessøt || tuessøn || tuessøt || jaessøn || jaessøt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| laessēn || laessēm || xaessēn || xaessēm || tuessēn || tuessēm || jaessēn || jaessēm<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| laessyn || laessym || xaessyn || xaessym || tuessyn || tuessym || jaessyn || jaessym<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Laessēl stoido tajatakses.'''<br>''Many a person will not agree with you.''<br />
*'''Vēalu laessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Many a thing has changed in the city.''<br />
*'''Laessâk ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know many a thing.'' (or ''There are many things I don't know.'')<br />
*'''Tuessēl ksynnas aisóleu.'''<br>''Hardly anyone knows this song.'' (or ''Very few people know this song.'')<br />
*'''Vēalu tuessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Hardly anything has changed in the city.''<br />
<br />
=== Combinations [OBSOLETE?]===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
Adjectival pronouns are pronouns that replace adjectives and follow the adjectival inflexion pattern. As with substantival pronouns, there two main groups: personal pronouns and non-personal pronouns.<br />
<br />
There are two types of personal pronouns: the possessive personal pronouns and the reflexive personal pronoun. All the other types of non-personal substantival pronouns have their corresponding adjectival pronouns, with a few additional pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Possessive personal pronouns ====<br />
The personal possessive pronouns inflect like adjectives. There are separate forms for each number, person, and clusivity, but they don't distinguish between animacy, or alienable and inalienable possession. The pronouns do inflect, however, for case and class.<br />
<br />
Each possessive pronoun also has several variants: the full form, the oblique form, and two prefixed forms. The full form is typically used with the basic cases, and the oblique form is used with subcases and additional cases. These two forms are generally used predicatively.<br />
<br />
The prefixed forms attach to the noun they modify. There are two variants: one is added to nouns that begin in a vowel, and the other is added to nouns beginning in a consonant. If the noun begins in a single consonant, it is usually geminated. The prefixed form is otherwise invariable. The full forms can be used instead of the prefixed form, and often are in more formal texts, but the prefixed forms are preferred. When contrast is emphasised, then the full forms can be used.<br />
<br />
The obviative possessive pronoun is somewhat defective as it has only one prefixed form, and the oblique stems are slightly irregular. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Lallai njammiveu.'''<br>''I saw his cat.''<br />
*'''Pol njørrik ás.'''<br>''That's their house.''<br />
*'''Tjannarau tinnoiksi.'''<br>''They didn't find your books.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse sjohlelostost.'''<br>''She agrees with my suggestions.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse njahlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.'''<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse jaurost hlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.''' (the possessive pronoun is further emphasised)<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Luiri naról ás? - Soiri.'''<br>''Whose books is this? - Mine.''<br />
*'''Luiri nareu ksinnain? - Kourve.'''<br>''Whose book did you steal? - Theirs.''<br />
<br />
==== Reflexive possessive pronoun ====<br />
The reflexive possessive pronoun is used in much the same fashion as its substantival counterpart.<br />
<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Mollai njînnifeu.'''<br>''I stroked my dog.''<br />
*'''Nîjesiewallu pai gaittaksi.'''<br>''You don't claim this in your articles.''<br />
*'''Luurte nareu šillain? - Nîjurte.'''<br>''Whose book did you take? - Mine.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronouns becomes very useful with third person subjects. Compare the following two examples:<br />
*'''Teil trâttais najîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (=someone else's) bag and ran away.''<br />
*'''Teil trâttais nîjîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (own) bag and ran away.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, even more distinctions can be made. Compare the following three examples:<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nîjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (own) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis pajestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=two other people's) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nøjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=other people's) travels.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In singular, a similar distinction can be made with the obviative pronoun as well:<br />
*'''Aeklavi lallais nîjurte li jaurte miveu, ēkki lîsurta.'''<br>''Aeklavi saw his (own) and his (=someone else's) cat, but not his (=a non-present person's) cat.''<br />
<br />
<br />
When it comes to body parts or other cases of obvious ownership, or if the context provides enough information to unambiguously determine the ownership, the pronoun can be omitted:<br />
*'''Nif iipleonnais viēnot.'''<br>''The dog wagged its tail.''<br />
*'''Jarralais vates.'''<br>''She opened her eyes.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronoun can also be used to denote approximation:<br />
*'''Haǯi nîjurva liala urava ašissás.'''<br>''The cave is about thirty metres deep.''<br />
*'''Enna nîjurva luela (erova).'''<br>''He's about fifty (years old).''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
Laefêvëši has a wide array of adjectival pronouns. All of the substantival pronouns have corresponding adjectival pronouns, and a few extra pronoun types. The non-personal adjectival pronouns come in three main classes that correspond to the three adjectival classes: qualitative, relational, and possessive pronouns. So each type (eg. interrogative, indefinite, etc.) comes in three classes. There is a fourth class, quantitative, but these are generally considered adverbs as they are non-declinable. Some types, however, do have quantitative adjectival pronouns.<br />
<br />
Similar to the personal possessive pronouns, the non-personal pronouns have more than one variant used. Aside from the full form, they also have an oblique form, but unlike the personal pronouns, many non-personal pronouns have a suffixed variant.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Interrogative pronouns ====<br />
The interrogative adjectival pronouns are used in questions and they enquire about characteristics, qualities, etc. of the head they modify. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''vreisi''', '''vrei(s)-'''; '''-ér''' "what, what sort of"<br />
*relational: '''vraili''', vrae(l)-; '''-ár''' "which, what", and '''þammili''', '''þamme(l)-''' "how many (different)"<br />
*possessive: '''luiri''', '''luu(r)-''' "whose"<br />
*quantitative: '''þammisi''', '''þammi(s)-''' "how large"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Reisi arkalj ás alën?''' <br>''What's the weather like today?''<br />
*'''Hamnajérau fēról ás?''' <br>''What colour is the coat?''<br />
*'''Vraelte siehnareu ullan?'''<br>''Which dictionary do you want?''<br />
*'''Ftîstárau sjemmiw ás?'''<br>''What breed is your cat?''<br />
*'''Luiri naról ás?'''<br>''Whose book is this?''<br />
*'''Þammelve iarises ennas?'''<br>''How many different (kinds of) pets do you have?''<br />
*'''Þammisi hanjast dymøhtau lás?'''<br>''What is the value of the purchase?'' (lit. ''How large is the value of the purchase?'')<br />
<br />
==== Relative pronouns ====<br />
The relative adjectival pronouns are used to introduce relative clauses with animate and inanimate antecedents. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''reisi''', '''rei(s)-''' "such (as), the like(s) of which, the kind that"<br />
*relational: '''raili''', '''vrae(l)-'''; '''á''' "who, which, that"<br />
*possessive: '''løiri''', '''løy(r)-''' "whose"<br />
*quantitative: '''þëttisi''', '''þëtti(s)-''' "(of) such a size"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the qualitative pronoun:<br />
*'''Poli lâl ás, reista xej lallanaike.'''<br>''This is a flower the like of which I have never seen before.''<br />
*'''Bannais ʒylogeu, reiste øllanais.'''<br>''He got the answer he wanted.'' (lit. ''He got the answer such as he wished.'')<br />
<br />
<br />
The relative qualitative pronoun often collocates with the relative demonstrative pronoun '''''šaisi''''' "such" in the main clause:<br />
*'''Hjattaiksi šaista ʒylogau, reiste bannais.'''<br>''She didn't expect such an answer as she got.''<br />
<br />
<br />
There are two relative relational pronouns; the declinable '''''raili''''' and the indeclinable '''''á'''''. The declinable pronoun can replace the indeclinable one at any time but the latter is very common and is usually replaced by the declinable pronoun to avoid ambiguity only. <br />
<br />
The declinable pronoun is used with all subcases and additional cases, whereas the indeclinable pronoun is used with the basic cases:<br />
*'''Miettai sienteu riksedna, raemu tilvallai neontahu.''' <br>''I received a letter from the lady with whom I stayed during my studies.''<br />
*'''Nar, á lânur ás, šijen ás.''' <br>''The book which is on the table is a gift.''<br />
<br />
<br />
When a non-nominative basic case is required, the indeclinable '''''á''''' must be used with the short form of a personal pronoun, and the two are linked by a hyphen:<br />
*'''Gitto rikeu, á-te jøčitittoi.'''<br>''We sold the house which we built.''<br />
*'''Pol nara ós, á-je skiennalais Iskârin.'''<br>''These are the book which Iskârin wrote.''<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á-ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman to whom she gave the book.''<br />
<br />
However, that last example can be ambiguous in the spoken language where it would sound identical to:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
To resolve the ambiguity, the declinable form can be used:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á-ti vettais nareu. → Pol vajy ás, raelti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman to whom she gave the book.''<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á ti vettais nareu. → Pol vajy ás, raili ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
If the obviative pronoun is used, however, there is no ambiguity because the obviative pronoun is incompatible with the hyphenated use:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á leu vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the possessive pronoun:<br />
*'''Hant, løiri rik jøtiuttais, sjoglîah ás.''' <br>''The man whose house burnt down is by uncle.''<br />
*'''Lallai littive, løiri vaiv ve jynnais.'''<br>''I saw mountains whose beauty dazzled me.''<br />
*'''Aisont, løyrot nyþot follai nentelu, rannais.'''<br>''Aisont, with whose sister I went to school, has died.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the quantitative pronoun:<br />
*'''Vettau si geizde, þëttiste jøðettatanno.'''<br>''I will give you the salary that you deserve.'' (lit. ''I will give you the salary of such as a size as you deserve.'')<br />
<br />
Like the qualitative pronoun, the quantitative pronoun also tends to coöccur with a demonstrative pronoun:<br />
*'''Þëttisi šatelt seirráus, tymmisi âta soirráus.'''<br>''Whatever size your share will be, mine will be just as much.''<br />
<br />
==== Unspecified pronouns ====<br />
The unspecified pronouns are identical in form to the interrogative pronouns but they are used in declarative sentences rather than being used to introduce a question (although they can appear in questions but they are not part of what is being asked for).<br />
<br />
The qualitative pronoun '''''vreisi''''' "any sort of" is used to refer to someone or something arbitrarily indefinite: <br />
*'''Šettej viettaisse vreisi doia.'''<br>''Probably some sort of an accident has happened.''<br />
*'''Ennanas vreisve sades.'''<br>''He always has some difficulties or other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The relational pronoun '''''vraili''''' "which" is used to refer to an unspecified or unknown person or thing in a group:<br />
*'''Sellake, vraelte htineu lallais.'''<br>''I don't know which car he saw.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive pronouns '''''luiri''''' "whose" refers to someone or something owned by someone unspecified: <br />
*'''Sella, luurte nareu nionnan!'''<br>''I know whose book you're reading!''<br />
<br />
==== Relative unspecified pronouns ====<br />
Similar to the corresponding substantival pronouns, they indicate an optional or arbitrary choice. Unlike the substantival ones, the adjectival pronouns are formed with a prefix rather than a suffix. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''preisi''', '''prei(s)-'''; ''-ép'' "of any kind whatever"<br />
*relational: '''praili''', '''prae(l)-'''; ''-áp'' "any whatever, whichever"<br />
*possessive: '''pluiri''', '''pluu(r)-''' "whosever, whoever's, of whomever"<br />
*quantitative: '''ƕëttisi''', '''ƕëtti(s)-''' "whatever the size, however large"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Marrana preiste noidde.'''<br>''I'm looking for any kind of job.''<br />
*'''Riŋalallén preiste hamnaðeu.'''<br>''You can use any kind of colour.''<br />
*'''Riŋalallén praelte hamnaðeu.'''<br>''You can use whichever colour.''<br />
*'''Pluurte nareu šillain, noattar te léj.'''<br>''Whosever book you took, return it now.''<br />
*'''Ƕëttiste ðēneu vi vettan, te šillau.'''<br>''However large a piece you give me, I'll take it.''<br />
<br />
==== Indefinite pronouns ====<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''treisi''', '''trei(s)-''' "some sort of, some kind of"<br />
*relational: '''noili''', '''noe(l)-'''; '''-ón''' "some, a certain", and '''vroila''', '''vroe(l)-''' "some, certain"<br />
*possessive: '''noiri''', '''nou(r)-''' "someone's"<br />
*quantitative: '''tømmisi''', '''tømmi(s)-''' "some(what)"<br />
<br />
<br />
The qualitative pronoun refers to someone or something indefinite or one of an unspecified number still to be decided or selected:<br />
*'''Nor treisi mønd áis.'''<br>''The place was some kind of a shop.''<br />
*'''Høstusu kaullais treiste synses.'''<br>''He was drawing symbols of some kind in the sand.''<br />
<br />
<br />
There are two relational pronouns: '''''noili''''' denotes an unknown person or thing, or a person or thing that the speaker does not wish to name, and it can be be used in any number; whereas '''''vroila''''' can be used in plural only, and it denotes (a small) and indefinite number of persons or things of a certain type, and it is selective rather than quantitative. <br />
<br />
Examples of '''''noili''''':<br />
*'''Hjannais harjēssainón.'''<br>''Some young man came.''<br />
*'''Fouttai noela vajy.'''<br>''I met some woman.''<br />
*'''Noelu skyylu pol nalj ás.'''<br>''In a certain sense that is true.''<br />
*'''Toþóneru seksennas.'''<br>''In some way he's right.''<br />
*'''Ʒajahkulu lallai kâlónes.''' <br>''I saw some trees in the distance.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of '''''vroila''''':<br />
*'''Vroila hitjaf hittos liehëisaj.'''<br>''Some/certain drivers drive too fast.''<br />
*'''Vroila kâla ƕejskâissós.'''<br>''Some/certain trees are evergreen.''<br />
*'''Vroellu emlallu losej ennoksi vassannada.'''<br>''In some/certain villages they still don't have electricity.''<br />
*'''Vroila linnos, í poli ljen viettaiksi.''' <br>''Some/certain people say that it didn't even happen.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive pronoun indicates possession by an unknown or unidentified person:<br />
*'''Ljēllarka, pol noiri rik ás!'''<br>''Don't go in, this is someone's house!''<br />
*'''Šillais ewnentau nouta nîhta.'''<br>''He took the wallet from someone's handbag.''<br />
*'''Neirodo kvēj rettais noule øxle.'''<br>''He slowly reached into someone's pocket with his hand.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The quantitative pronoun indicates a small and indefinite amount:<br />
*'''Ukkan hjannais tømmisot sjōnozot.'''<br>''The train arrived with some (small) delay.''<br />
*'''Ennois tømmisau hléansau.'''<br>''They had some (small) advantage.''<br />
<br />
==== Negative pronouns ====<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''skeisi''', '''skei(s)-''' "no, of no kind, not of any kind"<br />
*relational: '''saili''', '''sae(l)-''' "no, none, no-one"<br />
*possessive: '''sairi''', '''sau(r)-''' "no-one's"<br />
*quantitative: '''tohhisi''', '''tohhi(s)-''' "no, not any"<br />
<br />
<br />
The negative pronouns are somewhat confusing. With the exception of the possessive pronoun, all other pronouns have effectively been supplanted by the negative partitive in the modern language, with the actual pronouns used occasionally only for emphasis, and when stand-alone or in nominalised usage. In addition, '''''skeisi''''' and '''''saili''''' have nearly the same meaning, so most of the time either can be used (or the negative partitive case). <br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Saelva koitas ennake. / Skeisva koitas ennake. / Koitēnksi ennake.'''<br>''I have no news. / I have no news (whatsoever/of any kind). / I have no news.''<br />
*'''Saelva icyva ennaksi. / Skeisva icyva ennaksi. / Icynnei ennaksi.''' <br>''She has no worries. / She has no worries (whatsoever/of any kind). / She has no worries.''<br />
<br />
<br />
However, sometimes the difference can be maintained:<br />
*'''Vraelva wiskas ullon? - Saelve.'''<br>''Which cakes do you want? - None.''<br />
*'''Vreisva wiskas ullon? - Skeisve.'''<br>''What kind of cakes do you want? - None (of any sort).''<br />
<br />
<br />
The qualitative pronoun is also rarely used with human referents, where only the relational pronoun or the negative partitive case are typically used:<br />
*'''Saelta fjøljada láksi. / Føljannei láksi.'''<br>''No doctor was there.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The relational pronoun can be used substantivally as well, a usage shared with the substantival negative pronoun '''''tol''''' (''no-one''). Very often the two can be used interchangeably: <br />
*'''Tol/saili ta ksynnaksi.''' <br>''No-one/nobody knows him.''<br />
*'''Tol/saili jai ksynnaksi.''' <br>''No-one/nobody likes them.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Nonetheless, there is often a difference between these two pronouns. The substantival pronoun '''''tol''''' refers to an unlimited number of persons, whereas the adjectival pronoun '''''saili''''' refers to a more limited number of persons or things already mentioned. In terms of usage, this means that ''tol'' appears in general(ised) statements and ''saili'' appears in more specific contexts. <br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Tol minólur ti hûn žonnalléksi.'''<br>''No-one in this world can help him any more.''<br />
*'''Allais jai liala, či saili sellaiksi ʒylogde.'''<br>''There was thirty of them and no-one knew the answer.''<br />
*'''Sel allais ƕênsur? - Tol.'''<br>''Who was at the party? - Nobody.''<br />
*'''Vraili (čainna) allais ƕênsur? - Saili.'''<br>''Which of you was at the meeting? - No-one.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The relational pronoun is also often used with the egressive case to mean "none of" (in plural) or "neither of" (in dual):<br />
*'''Saili neonjasna tajataiksi.'''<br>''None of the students agreed.''<br />
*'''Saili hrainna annauksi fokser.'''<br>''Neither of us will go on the trip.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive pronoun indicates the lack of possession or that a person or thing belongs to no-one: <br />
*'''Alloi saeru tjēdru.'''<br>''We were in no man's land.''<br />
*'''Jâ sairi taloks allanaiksi.'''<br>''She's never been anyone's enemy.''<br />
*'''Nif sairráksi.''' <br>''The dog is no-one's.''<br />
*'''Vanšinól sairi viellanši láksi.'''<br>''This language is no-one's mother tongue.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The quantitative pronoun indicates the total absence of an amount, or that the amount is equal to zero:<br />
*'''Estiaike tohhisot ewnot.'''<br>''I travelled with no money.''<br />
*'''Tohhisve dygvanastas ennake.'''<br>''I've got no savings.''<br />
*'''Ennoke hûn tohhisa daonozau.'''<br>''We have no hope any more.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In the modern language, this pronoun has started to fall out of use and is frequently replaced by the negative partitive case, the relational negative pronoun, or by the abessive case in some contexts:<br />
*'''Estiaike tohhisot ewnot. → Estiai ewnazu.''' (replaced by the abessive case)<br>''I travelled with no money. → I travelled without (any) money.''<br />
*'''Tohhisva dygvanastas ennake. → Saelva dygvanastas ennake.''' (relational pronoun) '''/ Dygvanastēnksi ennake.''' (negative partitive)<br>''I've got no savings.''<br />
<br />
==== Total pronouns ====<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''freisi''', '''frei(s)-'''; '''-ǿr''' "all sorts of, of all sorts"<br />
*relational: '''faili''', '''fae(l)-'''; '''-ǿf''' "each, every"; '''ēffili''', '''ēffe(l)-''' "each and every, every single (one)"; and '''mjeili''', '''mjee(l)-''' "both sorts of"<br />
*possessive: '''fairi''', '''fau(r)-''' "everyone's, of every person"; and '''miiri''', '''miu(r)-''' "of both"<br />
*quantitative: '''xōl''' "all, entire, everything"; and '''mi''' "both"<br />
<br />
<br />
The qualitative pronoun is used to indicate arbitrary totality:<br />
*'''Nionna freisve nares.'''<br>''I read books of all sorts.''<br />
*'''Caenturu freisa alta lóis.'''<br>''There were all sorts of things in the attic.''<br />
*'''Kaljǿrese ksynnas.'''<br>''She knows all sorts of jokes.''<br />
*'''Ʒylotvonsǿrau sasakkalasse.''' <br>''He avoids any kind of responsibility.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The most frequently used relational pronoun is '''''faili''''', which is used to denote each individual person or thing in a group or class:<br />
*'''Sananǿfeu ðoitta.'''<br>''I exercise every morning.''<br />
*'''Nevant hkynnais faelta neonjas.'''<br>''The teacher recognised every student.''<br />
*'''Faendo hleŋendo ʒylogondo bannoun šala činas.'''<br>''With each of the following two answers you will get ten points.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The relational pronoun '''''ēffili''''' is used less frequently and it acts as a more emphasised version of ''faili'':<br />
*'''Pol ʒylotvons ēffelta sainau.'''<br>''This is the responsibility of each and every human being.''<br />
*'''Ēffelte alëteu te fouttai.'''<br>''I met her every single day.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The dual relational pronoun '''''mjeili''''' is used to indicate the closeness or commonness of two persons or things:<br />
*'''Mjeelta karsas vinnai.'''<br>''I've lost both pairs of my shoes.''<br />
*'''Mjeila niora kēttois.'''<br>''The children of both families shouted.''<br />
*'''Miannais ƕenseu li šianeu, mjeelte jattuj.'''<br>''He felt sadness and happiness, both at the same time.'' (or ''He felt both sadness and happiness at the same time.'')<br />
*'''Gylottennéri mjeelost yskytost.'''<br>''We (two) need to talk to both families.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive pronoun '''''fairi''''' indicates collective possession or that something or someone belongs to everyone: <br />
*'''Saōhól flia fairrás.''' <br>''This forest is everyone's property.'' (or ''This forest belongs to everyone.'')<br />
*'''Fairi aks ás rivaj fjēlul.'''<br>''It's everoyne's wish to live in peace.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The dual possessive pronoun '''''miiri''''' indicates that someone or someone belongs to two people: <br />
*'''Naról miirrás.'''<br>''This book belongs to both of us.''<br />
<br />
However, this pronoun is very rarely used and the personal possessive pronouns are preferred: <br />
*'''Naról tairrás.'''<br>''This book is ours.'' (ie. of both of us)<br />
<br />
<br />
Lastly, the quantitative pronouns are '''''xōl''''' and '''''mi''''', which are also known as the summative pronouns. See the following section about their form, meaning, and use.<br />
<br />
==== Summative pronouns ====<br />
These correspond to the total quantitative pronouns. They refer to persons or things in totality. The first summative pronoun is '''''xōl''''', which means "all, the whole/entire", and when used as a nominal pronoun, it means "everyone, everything". Like the demonstrative pronoun, this summative pronoun also has a clitic form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Case !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| xōl(i) || xēl(i) || xal(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| xai || xiai || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| xiu || xye || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| xei || xiei || xet(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| xui || xiui || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| xoi || xioi || xos(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Clitic form<br />
| colspan="3" | -óh<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Mysóheu nøllais.'''<br>''He cried the whole way.''<br />
*'''Þier zannais njynóhis.'''<br>''All the guests liked the food.''<br />
*'''Xei þiuttain!'''<br>''You've eaten everything!''<br />
*'''Xosot mōllaure, sialla!'''<br>''I'll play with everyone, I promise!''<br />
<br />
The pronoun can also be used to indicate the complete or total degree of some property or state:<br />
*'''Eidisóháis.''' <br>''He was completely pale.''<br />
*'''Šianisóha kaillois.'''<br>''All happy they started to sing.''<br />
*'''Alloi xal icyllu kej niorau.'''<br>''We were worried sick because of the child.''<br />
<br />
The pronoun can also carry the meaning of "the very":<br />
*'''Onotóhan sellai, í pei tēttauis.'''<br>''From the very beginning I knew she would do it.''<br />
<br />
<br />
It is also used in several set expressions:<br />
*'''niróhus(u)''' "at all costs, no matter what"<br><br />
**'''Niróhusu hjeattallús.'''<br>''He wants to succeed no matter what.''<br />
*'''ahhisóh''' "all sort of" (usually in plural: '''ahhisóha''' "all sorts of")<br><br />
**'''Hjonnois ahhisóha saina.'''<br>''All sorts of people were coming.''<br />
*'''mânóhost(o)''' "with all one's might; very much so"<br><br />
**'''Mânóhosto tvyddalasse fjøjada.'''<br> ''He resists taking the medicine with all his might.''<br />
*'''mânóhesre/mânóhers''' "on all fours" <br><br />
**'''Annais mânóhesre.'''<br>''He went on all fours.''<br />
*'''mânóhussu/mânóhujs''' "on all fours" (manner of movement)<br><br />
**'''Vattinteu marranais mânóhussu.''' <br>''She was looking for the glasses on all fours.''<br />
<br />
===== The dual summative pronoun =====<br />
The dual summative pronoun can be used as a substantival pronoun or as an adjectival pronoun. It declines in dual only. The pronoun corresponds to English "both".<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Case !! Form<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| mi (mí)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| mia (mía)<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| mii (míi)<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| mie (míe)<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| miu (míu)<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| mio (mío)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Pol Tîmō li Neatvent és, u mí neonjie lés.''' <br>''They are Tîmō and Neatvent, and both are students.''<br />
*'''Miondo neiriodo trâttais čjøde.''' <br>''He grabbed the branch with both hands.''<br />
*'''Mii hriu sexissás.'''<br>''It's difficult for both of us.''<br />
<br />
==== Manifold pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Differential pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Equative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120361
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T11:56:45Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Summative pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronouns ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
<br />
There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
<br />
The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
<br />
<br />
The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
=== Relative pronouns ===<br />
The relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which then gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. These are substantival relative pronouns, however, which means they stand in for nouns or refer to whole clauses. The best English equivalents are ''(the person) who'', ''(he) who'', or ''(someone) who'', and ''(the thing) which'', ''(that) which'', or ''(something) which''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sol || sos<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soi || sok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| son || sot <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sou || sut <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| son || som <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sun || sum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sol nevvanas, nevant ás.'''<br>''A person who teaches is a teacher.''<br />
*'''Tannar, sut ullan.'''<br>''Do what you want.''<br />
*'''Pol sanlás, sumot tajataker.''' <br>''This is the only thing which I disagree with.''<br />
*'''Pol, sut lonnais, nalj áksi.'''<br>''What he said isn't true.'' (or more literally, ''That which he said isn't true.'')<br />
<br />
=== Unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The unspecified pronouns are similar to interrogative pronouns but refer to an unspecified person, animal, object, etc. They are never used to introduce a question. There are no direct English counterparts, the closest are ''who'', ''anyone'', ''someone'', and ''what'', ''anything'', ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sēl || siu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sau || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| søn || søt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sēn || sēm <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| syn || sym<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sannar vi, søt lallavan.'''<br>''Tell me if you see anything.''<br />
*'''Sannar vi, siu ehtiavausse.''' <br>''Tell me if anything changes.''<br />
*'''Ynnake, sân vettaha pei.'''<br>''I don't know who I should give this to.''<br />
*'''Njainnahas sēl fjøljade.'''<br>''Someone should call the doctor.'' (or ''May someone call the doctor.'')<br />
*'''Yssynnanasse, suj ti sēl søt vettas.'''<br>''It always makes him happy when someone gives him something.''<br />
*'''Ynnaike, synot lottai.'''<br>''I didn't know who I was talking to.''<br />
<br />
=== Relative unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The relative unspecified pronouns are similar to the relative pronouns but with a suffix added to indicate an optional or arbitrary, random choice. They are similar to English ''whoever'' or ''anyone'', and ''whatever'' or ''anything''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| soles || soxes<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soies || soges <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sones || soðes<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| soues || suðes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| soŋes || sōŋes<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| suŋes || sûŋes<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Sientóleu niounnallés soles.'''<br>''Anyone can read this letter.''<br />
*'''Soŋesot annan, ljecyissár.'''<br>''Whoever you go with, be careful.''<br />
*'''Suðeseru ǯiuissás.'''<br>''I'm ready for anything.'' (alternatively also ''I'm ready for whatever [may happen].'')<br />
<br />
=== Indefinite pronouns ===<br />
The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to unknown people, animals, objects, etc. They are equivalent to English ''someone'' or ''somebody'', and ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tel || tei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| tai || tak<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tan || tas <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| teu || tes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ten || tem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tin || tim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tel se naittais.'''<br>''Someone called you.''<br />
*'''Tes ennas øxlu.'''<br>''She has something in his pocket.''<br />
*'''Eillais ve timot.'''<br>''He hit me with something.''<br />
*'''Tan gyttai nareu, či ʒaillai, sân.'''<br>''I lent the book to someone, but I've forgotten who.''<br />
<br />
=== Negative pronouns ===<br />
The negative pronouns indicate the non-existence of persons, animals, objects, etc. Their English equivalents are ''nobody'', ''no-one'', and ''nothing''. They also require the predicate to be negated (double negation). <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tol || toh<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| toi || tok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tor || tos<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| tou || tus<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ton || tom <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tun || tum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tol hjannaiksi.'''<br>''Nobody came.''<br />
*'''Toi lallaike.'''<br>''I saw no-one.''<br />
*'''Tok tinnaike.'''<br>''I found nothing.''<br />
*'''Mønnølu møttaiksi tok.'''<br>''He bought nothing in the shop.''<br />
<br />
This pronoun partly overlaps with its corresponding adjectival negative pronouns - see [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Negative_pronouns_2|here]] for more information.<br />
<br />
=== Total pronouns ===<br />
The total pronouns (sometimes also known as the universal pronouns) are used to indicate the total number of persons, animals, objects, etc. involved. The animate pronoun is often referred to as the distributive pronoun because it refers to each individual, and the inanimate pronoun as the summative pronoun because it refers to the class collectively. Their English equivalents are ''everyone'', ''everybody'', and ''everything'', ''all''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Total''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| fel || fei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| fai || făk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| fân || fâs <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| feu || fet<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| fen || fem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| fin || fim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Feu donnanas.'''<br>''He greets everyone.'' (in the sense of greeting each person separately)<br />
*'''Yvynekja tajatakses fînot.'''<br>''The professor doesn't agree with everyone.''<br />
*'''Pol fei lás, sut sella.'''<br>''This is everything that I know.''<br />
*'''Fâk i ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know how to do everything.''<br />
<br />
=== Manifold pronouns ===<br />
The manifold pronouns are a set of unspecified pronouns with prefixes (and as such, they are declined identically to the unspecified pronouns).<br />
<br />
There are four prefixes:<br />
*'''lae-''' "many"<br />
*'''xae-''' "many" (rarely used)<br />
*'''tue-''' "hardly"<br />
*'''jae-''' "rarely"<br />
<br />
The first two types, ''lae-'' and ''xae-'', are identical in meaning but the ''lae-'' forms are prevalent and the ''xae-'' forms have largely fallen out of use. They refer to multiple people or things and can be translated similarly to English "many a person" and "many a thing". <br />
<br />
The other two types, ''tue-'' and ''jae-'', are also similar in meaning, both referring to the scarcity or low number of people or things. Of these two, ''tue-'' is somewhat more common, but both prefixes are used. They can be translated as "hardly anyone" and "hardly anything".<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | ''lae''-series || colspan="2" | ''xae''-series || colspan="2" | ''tue''-series || colspan="2" | ''jae''-series<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nomiantive<br />
| laessēl || laessiu || xaessēl || xaessiu || tuessēl || tuessiu || jaessēl || jaessiu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| laessau || laessâk || xaessau || xaessâk || tuessau || tuessâk || jaessau || jaessâk<br />
|-<br />
! Datitve<br />
| laessân || laessât || xaessân || xaessât || tuessân || tuessât || jaessân || jaessât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| laessøn || laessøt || xaessøn || xaessøt || tuessøn || tuessøt || jaessøn || jaessøt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| laessēn || laessēm || xaessēn || xaessēm || tuessēn || tuessēm || jaessēn || jaessēm<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| laessyn || laessym || xaessyn || xaessym || tuessyn || tuessym || jaessyn || jaessym<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Laessēl stoido tajatakses.'''<br>''Many a person will not agree with you.''<br />
*'''Vēalu laessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Many a thing has changed in the city.''<br />
*'''Laessâk ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know many a thing.'' (or ''There are many things I don't know.'')<br />
*'''Tuessēl ksynnas aisóleu.'''<br>''Hardly anyone knows this song.'' (or ''Very few people know this song.'')<br />
*'''Vēalu tuessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Hardly anything has changed in the city.''<br />
<br />
=== Combinations [OBSOLETE?]===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
Adjectival pronouns are pronouns that replace adjectives and follow the adjectival inflexion pattern. As with substantival pronouns, there two main groups: personal pronouns and non-personal pronouns.<br />
<br />
There are two types of personal pronouns: the possessive personal pronouns and the reflexive personal pronoun. All the other types of non-personal substantival pronouns have their corresponding adjectival pronouns, with a few additional pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Possessive personal pronouns ====<br />
The personal possessive pronouns inflect like adjectives. There are separate forms for each number, person, and clusivity, but they don't distinguish between animacy, or alienable and inalienable possession. The pronouns do inflect, however, for case and class.<br />
<br />
Each possessive pronoun also has several variants: the full form, the oblique form, and two prefixed forms. The full form is typically used with the basic cases, and the oblique form is used with subcases and additional cases. These two forms are generally used predicatively.<br />
<br />
The prefixed forms attach to the noun they modify. There are two variants: one is added to nouns that begin in a vowel, and the other is added to nouns beginning in a consonant. If the noun begins in a single consonant, it is usually geminated. The prefixed form is otherwise invariable. The full forms can be used instead of the prefixed form, and often are in more formal texts, but the prefixed forms are preferred. When contrast is emphasised, then the full forms can be used.<br />
<br />
The obviative possessive pronoun is somewhat defective as it has only one prefixed form, and the oblique stems are slightly irregular. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Lallai njammiveu.'''<br>''I saw his cat.''<br />
*'''Pol njørrik ás.'''<br>''That's their house.''<br />
*'''Tjannarau tinnoiksi.'''<br>''They didn't find your books.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse sjohlelostost.'''<br>''She agrees with my suggestions.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse njahlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.'''<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse jaurost hlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.''' (the possessive pronoun is further emphasised)<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Luiri naról ás? - Soiri.'''<br>''Whose books is this? - Mine.''<br />
*'''Luiri nareu ksinnain? - Kourve.'''<br>''Whose book did you steal? - Theirs.''<br />
<br />
==== Reflexive possessive pronoun ====<br />
The reflexive possessive pronoun is used in much the same fashion as its substantival counterpart.<br />
<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Mollai njînnifeu.'''<br>''I stroked my dog.''<br />
*'''Nîjesiewallu pai gaittaksi.'''<br>''You don't claim this in your articles.''<br />
*'''Luurte nareu šillain? - Nîjurte.'''<br>''Whose book did you take? - Mine.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronouns becomes very useful with third person subjects. Compare the following two examples:<br />
*'''Teil trâttais najîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (=someone else's) bag and ran away.''<br />
*'''Teil trâttais nîjîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (own) bag and ran away.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, even more distinctions can be made. Compare the following three examples:<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nîjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (own) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis pajestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=two other people's) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nøjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=other people's) travels.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In singular, a similar distinction can be made with the obviative pronoun as well:<br />
*'''Aeklavi lallais nîjurte li jaurte miveu, ēkki lîsurta.'''<br>''Aeklavi saw his (own) and his (=someone else's) cat, but not his (=a non-present person's) cat.''<br />
<br />
<br />
When it comes to body parts or other cases of obvious ownership, or if the context provides enough information to unambiguously determine the ownership, the pronoun can be omitted:<br />
*'''Nif iipleonnais viēnot.'''<br>''The dog wagged its tail.''<br />
*'''Jarralais vates.'''<br>''She opened her eyes.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronoun can also be used to denote approximation:<br />
*'''Haǯi nîjurva liala urava ašissás.'''<br>''The cave is about thirty metres deep.''<br />
*'''Enna nîjurva luela (erova).'''<br>''He's about fifty (years old).''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
Laefêvëši has a wide array of adjectival pronouns. All of the substantival pronouns have corresponding adjectival pronouns, and a few extra pronoun types. The non-personal adjectival pronouns come in three main classes that correspond to the three adjectival classes: qualitative, relational, and possessive pronouns. So each type (eg. interrogative, indefinite, etc.) comes in three classes. There is a fourth class, quantitative, but these are generally considered adverbs as they are non-declinable. Some types, however, do have quantitative adjectival pronouns.<br />
<br />
Similar to the personal possessive pronouns, the non-personal pronouns have more than one variant used. Aside from the full form, they also have an oblique form, but unlike the personal pronouns, many non-personal pronouns have a suffixed variant.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Interrogative pronouns ====<br />
The interrogative adjectival pronouns are used in questions and they enquire about characteristics, qualities, etc. of the head they modify. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''vreisi''', '''vrei(s)-'''; '''-ér''' "what, what sort of"<br />
*relational: '''vraili''', vrae(l)-; '''-ár''' "which, what", and '''þammili''', '''þamme(l)-''' "how many (different)"<br />
*possessive: '''luiri''', '''luu(r)-''' "whose"<br />
*quantitative: '''þammisi''', '''þammi(s)-''' "how large"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Reisi arkalj ás alën?''' <br>''What's the weather like today?''<br />
*'''Hamnajérau fēról ás?''' <br>''What colour is the coat?''<br />
*'''Vraelte siehnareu ullan?'''<br>''Which dictionary do you want?''<br />
*'''Ftîstárau sjemmiw ás?'''<br>''What breed is your cat?''<br />
*'''Luiri naról ás?'''<br>''Whose book is this?''<br />
*'''Þammelve iarises ennas?'''<br>''How many different (kinds of) pets do you have?''<br />
*'''Þammisi hanjast dymøhtau lás?'''<br>''What is the value of the purchase?'' (lit. ''How large is the value of the purchase?'')<br />
<br />
==== Relative pronouns ====<br />
The relative adjectival pronouns are used to introduce relative clauses with animate and inanimate antecedents. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''reisi''', '''rei(s)-''' "such (as), the like(s) of which, the kind that"<br />
*relational: '''raili''', '''vrae(l)-'''; '''á''' "who, which, that"<br />
*possessive: '''løiri''', '''løy(r)-''' "whose"<br />
*quantitative: '''þëttisi''', '''þëtti(s)-''' "(of) such a size"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the qualitative pronoun:<br />
*'''Poli lâl ás, reista xej lallanaike.'''<br>''This is a flower the like of which I have never seen before.''<br />
*'''Bannais ʒylogeu, reiste øllanais.'''<br>''He got the answer he wanted.'' (lit. ''He got the answer such as he wished.'')<br />
<br />
<br />
The relative qualitative pronoun often collocates with the relative demonstrative pronoun '''''šaisi''''' "such" in the main clause:<br />
*'''Hjattaiksi šaista ʒylogau, reiste bannais.'''<br>''She didn't expect such an answer as she got.''<br />
<br />
<br />
There are two relative relational pronouns; the declinable '''''raili''''' and the indeclinable '''''á'''''. The declinable pronoun can replace the indeclinable one at any time but the latter is very common and is usually replaced by the declinable pronoun to avoid ambiguity only. <br />
<br />
The declinable pronoun is used with all subcases and additional cases, whereas the indeclinable pronoun is used with the basic cases:<br />
*'''Miettai sienteu riksedna, raemu tilvallai neontahu.''' <br>''I received a letter from the lady with whom I stayed during my studies.''<br />
*'''Nar, á lânur ás, šijen ás.''' <br>''The book which is on the table is a gift.''<br />
<br />
<br />
When a non-nominative basic case is required, the indeclinable '''''á''''' must be used with the short form of a personal pronoun, and the two are linked by a hyphen:<br />
*'''Gitto rikeu, á-te jøčitittoi.'''<br>''We sold the house which we built.''<br />
*'''Pol nara ós, á-je skiennalais Iskârin.'''<br>''These are the book which Iskârin wrote.''<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á-ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman to whom she gave the book.''<br />
<br />
However, that last example can be ambiguous in the spoken language where it would sound identical to:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
To resolve the ambiguity, the declinable form can be used:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á-ti vettais nareu. → Pol vajy ás, raelti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman to whom she gave the book.''<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á ti vettais nareu. → Pol vajy ás, raili ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
If the obviative pronoun is used, however, there is no ambiguity because the obviative pronoun is incompatible with the hyphenated use:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á leu vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the possessive pronoun:<br />
*'''Hant, løiri rik jøtiuttais, sjoglîah ás.''' <br>''The man whose house burnt down is by uncle.''<br />
*'''Lallai littive, løiri vaiv ve jynnais.'''<br>''I saw mountains whose beauty dazzled me.''<br />
*'''Aisont, løyrot nyþot follai nentelu, rannais.'''<br>''Aisont, with whose sister I went to school, has died.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the quantitative pronoun:<br />
*'''Vettau si geizde, þëttiste jøðettatanno.'''<br>''I will give you the salary that you deserve.'' (lit. ''I will give you the salary of such as a size as you deserve.'')<br />
<br />
Like the qualitative pronoun, the quantitative pronoun also tends to coöccur with a demonstrative pronoun:<br />
*'''Þëttisi šatelt seirráus, tymmisi âta soirráus.'''<br>''Whatever size your share will be, mine will be just as much.''<br />
<br />
==== Unspecified pronouns ====<br />
The unspecified pronouns are identical in form to the interrogative pronouns but they are used in declarative sentences rather than being used to introduce a question (although they can appear in questions but they are not part of what is being asked for).<br />
<br />
The qualitative pronoun '''''vreisi''''' "any sort of" is used to refer to someone or something arbitrarily indefinite: <br />
*'''Šettej viettaisse vreisi doia.'''<br>''Probably some sort of an accident has happened.''<br />
*'''Ennanas vreisve sades.'''<br>''He always has some difficulties or other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The relational pronoun '''''vraili''''' "which" is used to refer to an unspecified or unknown person or thing in a group:<br />
*'''Sellake, vraelte htineu lallais.'''<br>''I don't know which car he saw.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive pronouns '''''luiri''''' "whose" refers to someone or something owned by someone unspecified: <br />
*'''Sella, luurte nareu nionnan!'''<br>''I know whose book you're reading!''<br />
<br />
==== Relative unspecified pronouns ====<br />
Similar to the corresponding substantival pronouns, they indicate an optional or arbitrary choice. Unlike the substantival ones, the adjectival pronouns are formed with a prefix rather than a suffix. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''preisi''', '''prei(s)-'''; ''-ép'' "of any kind whatever"<br />
*relational: '''praili''', '''prae(l)-'''; ''-áp'' "any whatever, whichever"<br />
*possessive: '''pluiri''', '''pluu(r)-''' "whosever, whoever's, of whomever"<br />
*quantitative: '''ƕëttisi''', '''ƕëtti(s)-''' "whatever the size, however large"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Marrana preiste noidde.'''<br>''I'm looking for any kind of job.''<br />
*'''Riŋalallén preiste hamnaðeu.'''<br>''You can use any kind of colour.''<br />
*'''Riŋalallén praelte hamnaðeu.'''<br>''You can use whichever colour.''<br />
*'''Pluurte nareu šillain, noattar te léj.'''<br>''Whosever book you took, return it now.''<br />
*'''Ƕëttiste ðēneu vi vettan, te šillau.'''<br>''However large a piece you give me, I'll take it.''<br />
<br />
==== Indefinite pronouns ====<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''treisi''', '''trei(s)-''' "some sort of, some kind of"<br />
*relational: '''noili''', '''noe(l)-'''; '''-ón''' "some, a certain", and '''vroila''', '''vroe(l)-''' "some, certain"<br />
*possessive: '''noiri''', '''nou(r)-''' "someone's"<br />
*quantitative: '''tømmisi''', '''tømmi(s)-''' "some(what)"<br />
<br />
<br />
The qualitative pronoun refers to someone or something indefinite or one of an unspecified number still to be decided or selected:<br />
*'''Nor treisi mønd áis.'''<br>''The place was some kind of a shop.''<br />
*'''Høstusu kaullais treiste synses.'''<br>''He was drawing symbols of some kind in the sand.''<br />
<br />
<br />
There are two relational pronouns: '''''noili''''' denotes an unknown person or thing, or a person or thing that the speaker does not wish to name, and it can be be used in any number; whereas '''''vroila''''' can be used in plural only, and it denotes (a small) and indefinite number of persons or things of a certain type, and it is selective rather than quantitative. <br />
<br />
Examples of '''''noili''''':<br />
*'''Hjannais harjēssainón.'''<br>''Some young man came.''<br />
*'''Fouttai noela vajy.'''<br>''I met some woman.''<br />
*'''Noelu skyylu pol nalj ás.'''<br>''In a certain sense that is true.''<br />
*'''Toþóneru seksennas.'''<br>''In some way he's right.''<br />
*'''Ʒajahkulu lallai kâlónes.''' <br>''I saw some trees in the distance.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of '''''vroila''''':<br />
*'''Vroila hitjaf hittos liehëisaj.'''<br>''Some/certain drivers drive too fast.''<br />
*'''Vroila kâla ƕejskâissós.'''<br>''Some/certain trees are evergreen.''<br />
*'''Vroellu emlallu losej ennoksi vassannada.'''<br>''In some/certain villages they still don't have electricity.''<br />
*'''Vroila linnos, í poli ljen viettaiksi.''' <br>''Some/certain people say that it didn't even happen.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive pronoun indicates possession by an unknown or unidentified person:<br />
*'''Ljēllarka, pol noiri rik ás!'''<br>''Don't go in, this is someone's house!''<br />
*'''Šillais ewnentau nouta nîhta.'''<br>''He took the wallet from someone's handbag.''<br />
*'''Neirodo kvēj rettais noule øxle.'''<br>''He slowly reached into someone's pocket with his hand.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The quantitative pronoun indicates a small and indefinite amount:<br />
*'''Ukkan hjannais tømmisot sjōnozot.'''<br>''The train arrived with some (small) delay.''<br />
*'''Ennois tømmisau hléansau.'''<br>''They had some (small) advantage.''<br />
<br />
==== Negative pronouns ====<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''skeisi''', '''skei(s)-''' "no, of no kind, not of any kind"<br />
*relational: '''saili''', '''sae(l)-''' "no, none, no-one"<br />
*possessive: '''sairi''', '''sau(r)-''' "no-one's"<br />
*quantitative: '''tohhisi''', '''tohhi(s)-''' "no, not any"<br />
<br />
<br />
The negative pronouns are somewhat confusing. With the exception of the possessive pronoun, all other pronouns have effectively been supplanted by the negative partitive in the modern language, with the actual pronouns used occasionally only for emphasis, and when stand-alone or in nominalised usage. In addition, '''''skeisi''''' and '''''saili''''' have nearly the same meaning, so most of the time either can be used (or the negative partitive case). <br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Saelva koitas ennake. / Skeisva koitas ennake. / Koitēnksi ennake.'''<br>''I have no news. / I have no news (whatsoever/of any kind). / I have no news.''<br />
*'''Saelva icyva ennaksi. / Skeisva icyva ennaksi. / Icynnei ennaksi.''' <br>''She has no worries. / She has no worries (whatsoever/of any kind). / She has no worries.''<br />
<br />
<br />
However, sometimes the difference can be maintained:<br />
*'''Vraelva wiskas ullon? - Saelve.'''<br>''Which cakes do you want? - None.''<br />
*'''Vreisva wiskas ullon? - Skeisve.'''<br>''What kind of cakes do you want? - None (of any sort).''<br />
<br />
<br />
The qualitative pronoun is also rarely used with human referents, where only the relational pronoun or the negative partitive case are typically used:<br />
*'''Saelta fjøljada láksi. / Føljannei láksi.'''<br>''No doctor was there.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The relational pronoun can be used substantivally as well, a usage shared with the substantival negative pronoun '''''tol''''' (''no-one''). Very often the two can be used interchangeably: <br />
*'''Tol/saili ta ksynnaksi.''' <br>''No-one/nobody knows him.''<br />
*'''Tol/saili jai ksynnaksi.''' <br>''No-one/nobody likes them.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Nonetheless, there is often a difference between these two pronouns. The substantival pronoun '''''tol''''' refers to an unlimited number of persons, whereas the adjectival pronoun '''''saili''''' refers to a more limited number of persons or things already mentioned. In terms of usage, this means that ''tol'' appears in general(ised) statements and ''saili'' appears in more specific contexts. <br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Tol minólur ti hûn žonnalléksi.'''<br>''No-one in this world can help him any more.''<br />
*'''Allais jai liala, či saili sellaiksi ʒylogde.'''<br>''There was thirty of them and no-one knew the answer.''<br />
*'''Sel allais ƕênsur? - Tol.'''<br>''Who was at the party? - Nobody.''<br />
*'''Vraili (čainna) allais ƕênsur? - Saili.'''<br>''Which of you was at the meeting? - No-one.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The relational pronoun is also often used with the egressive case to mean "none of" (in plural) or "neither of" (in dual):<br />
*'''Saili neonjasna tajataiksi.'''<br>''None of the students agreed.''<br />
*'''Saili hrainna annauksi fokser.'''<br>''Neither of us will go on the trip.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive pronoun indicates the lack of possession or that a person or thing belongs to no-one: <br />
*'''Alloi saeru tjēdru.'''<br>''We were in no man's land.''<br />
*'''Jâ sairi taloks allanaiksi.'''<br>''She's never been anyone's enemy.''<br />
*'''Nif sairráksi.''' <br>''The dog is no-one's.''<br />
*'''Vanšinól sairi viellanši láksi.'''<br>''This language is no-one's mother tongue.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The quantitative pronoun indicates the total absence of an amount, or that the amount is equal to zero:<br />
*'''Estiaike tohhisot ewnot.'''<br>''I travelled with no money.''<br />
*'''Tohhisve dygvanastas ennake.'''<br>''I've got no savings.''<br />
*'''Ennoke hûn tohhisa daonozau.'''<br>''We have no hope any more.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In the modern language, this pronoun has started to fall out of use and is frequently replaced by the negative partitive case, the relational negative pronoun, or by the abessive case in some contexts:<br />
*'''Estiaike tohhisot ewnot. → Estiai ewnazu.''' (replaced by the abessive case)<br>''I travelled with no money. → I travelled without (any) money.''<br />
*'''Tohhisva dygvanastas ennake. → Saelva dygvanastas ennake.''' (relational pronoun) '''/ Dygvanastēnksi ennake.''' (negative partitive)<br>''I've got no savings.''<br />
<br />
==== Total pronouns ====<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''freisi''', '''frei(s)-'''; '''-ǿr''' "all sorts of, of all sorts"<br />
*relational: '''faili''', '''fae(l)-'''; '''-ǿf''' "each, every"; '''ēffili''', '''ēffe(l)-''' "each and every, every single (one)"; and '''mjeili''', '''mjee(l)-''' "both sorts of"<br />
*possessive: '''fairi''', '''fau(r)-''' "everyone's, of every person"; and '''miiri''', '''miu(r)-''' "of both"<br />
*quantitative: '''xōl''' "all, entire, everything"; and '''mi''' "both"<br />
<br />
<br />
The qualitative pronoun is used to indicate arbitrary totality:<br />
*'''Nionna freisve nares.'''<br>''I read books of all sorts.''<br />
*'''Caenturu freisa alta lóis.'''<br>''There were all sorts of things in the attic.''<br />
*'''Kaljǿrese ksynnas.'''<br>''She knows all sorts of jokes.''<br />
*'''Ʒylotvonsǿrau sasakkalasse.''' <br>''He avoids any kind of responsibility.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The most frequently used relational pronoun is '''''faili''''', which is used to denote each individual person or thing in a group or class:<br />
*'''Sananǿfeu ðoitta.'''<br>''I exercise every morning.''<br />
*'''Nevant hkynnais faelta neonjas.'''<br>''The teacher recognised every student.''<br />
*'''Faendo hleŋendo ʒylogondo bannoun šala činas.'''<br>''With each of the following two answers you will get ten points.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The relational pronoun '''''ēffili''''' is used less frequently and it acts as a more emphasised version of ''faili'':<br />
*'''Pol ʒylotvons ēffelta sainau.'''<br>''This is the responsibility of each and every human being.''<br />
*'''Ēffelte alëteu te fouttai.'''<br>''I met her every single day.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The dual relational pronoun '''''mjeili''''' is used to indicate the closeness or commonness of two persons or things:<br />
*'''Mjeelta karsas vinnai.'''<br>''I've lost both pairs of my shoes.''<br />
*'''Mjeila niora kēttois.'''<br>''The children of both families shouted.''<br />
*'''Miannais ƕenseu li šianeu, mjeelte jattuj.'''<br>''He felt sadness and happiness, both at the same time.'' (or ''He felt both sadness and happiness at the same time.'')<br />
*'''Gylottennéri mjeelost yskytost.'''<br>''We (two) need to talk to both families.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive pronoun '''''fairi''''' indicates collective possession or that something or someone belongs to everyone: <br />
*'''Saōhól flia fairrás.''' <br>''This forest is everyone's property.'' (or ''This forest belongs to everyone.'')<br />
*'''Fairi aks ás rivaj fjēlul.'''<br>''It's everoyne's wish to live in peace.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The dual possessive pronoun '''''miiri''''' indicates that someone or someone belongs to two people: <br />
*'''Naról miirrás.'''<br>''This book belongs to both of us.''<br />
<br />
However, this pronoun is very rarely used and the personal possessive pronouns are preferred: <br />
*'''Naról tairrás.'''<br>''This book is ours.'' (ie. of both of us)<br />
<br />
<br />
Lastly, the quantitative pronouns are '''''xōl''''' and '''''mi''''', which are also known as the summative pronouns. See the following section about their form, meaning, and use.<br />
<br />
==== Summative pronouns ====<br />
These correspond to the total quantitative pronouns. They refer to persons or things in totality. The first summative pronoun is '''''xōl''''', which means "all, the whole/entire", and when used as a nominal pronoun, it means "everyone, everything". Like the demonstrative pronoun, this summative pronoun also has a clitic form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Case !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| xōl(i) || xēl(i) || xal(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| xai || xiai || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| xiu || xye || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| xei || xiei || xet(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| xui || xiui || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| xoi || xioi || xos(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Clitic form<br />
| colspan="3" | -óh<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Mysóheu nøllais.'''<br>''He cried the whole way.''<br />
*'''Þier zannais njynóhis.'''<br>''All the guests liked the food.''<br />
*'''Xei þiuttain!'''<br>''You've eaten everything!''<br />
*'''Xosot mōllaure, sialla!'''<br>''I'll play with everyone, I promise!''<br />
<br />
The pronoun can also be used to indicate the complete or total degree of some property or state:<br />
*'''Eidisóháis.''' <br>''He was completely pale.''<br />
*'''Šianisóha kaillois.'''<br>''All happy they started to sing.''<br />
*'''Alloi xal icyllu kej niorau.'''<br>''We were worried sick because of the child.''<br />
<br />
The pronoun can also carry the meaning of "the very":<br />
*'''Onotóhan sellai, í pei tēttauis.'''<br>''From the very beginning I knew she would do it.''<br />
<br />
<br />
It is also used in several set expressions:<br />
*'''niróhus(u)''' "at all costs, no matter what"<br><br />
'''Niróhusu hjeattallús.'''<br />
''He wants to succeed no matter what.''<br />
<br />
*'''ahhisóh''' "all sort of" (usually in plural: '''ahhisóha''' "all sorts of")<br><br />
'''Hjonnois ahhisóha saina.'''<br />
''All sorts of people were coming.''<br />
<br />
*'''mânóhost(o)''' "with all one's might; very much so"<br><br />
'''Mânóhosto tvyddalasse fjøjada.''' <br />
''He resists taking the medicine with all his might.''<br />
<br />
*'''mânóhesre/mânóhers''' "on all fours" <br><br />
'''Annais mânóhesre.'''<br />
''He went on all fours.''<br />
<br />
*'''mânóhussu/mânóhujs''' "on all fours" (manner of movement)<br><br />
**'''Vattinteu marranais mânóhussu.''' <br>''She was looking for the glasses on all fours.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The dual summative pronoun<br />
The dual summative pronoun can be used as a substantival pronoun or as an adjectival pronoun. It declines in dual only. The pronoun corresponds to English "both".<br />
<br />
Case Form<br />
Nominative mi (mí)<br />
Genitive mia (mía)<br />
Dative mii (míi)<br />
Accusative mie (míe)<br />
Locative miu (míu)<br />
Instrumental mio (mío)<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
Pol Tîmō li Neatvent és, u mí neonjie lés. <br />
They are Tîmō and Neatvent, and both are students.<br />
<br />
Miondo neiriodo trâttais čjøde. <br />
He grabbed the branch with both hands.<br />
<br />
Mii hriu sexissás. <br />
It's difficult for both of us.<br />
<br />
==== Manifold pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Differential pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Equative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120360
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T11:39:01Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Total pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronouns ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
<br />
There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
<br />
The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
<br />
<br />
The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
=== Relative pronouns ===<br />
The relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which then gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. These are substantival relative pronouns, however, which means they stand in for nouns or refer to whole clauses. The best English equivalents are ''(the person) who'', ''(he) who'', or ''(someone) who'', and ''(the thing) which'', ''(that) which'', or ''(something) which''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sol || sos<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soi || sok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| son || sot <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sou || sut <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| son || som <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sun || sum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sol nevvanas, nevant ás.'''<br>''A person who teaches is a teacher.''<br />
*'''Tannar, sut ullan.'''<br>''Do what you want.''<br />
*'''Pol sanlás, sumot tajataker.''' <br>''This is the only thing which I disagree with.''<br />
*'''Pol, sut lonnais, nalj áksi.'''<br>''What he said isn't true.'' (or more literally, ''That which he said isn't true.'')<br />
<br />
=== Unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The unspecified pronouns are similar to interrogative pronouns but refer to an unspecified person, animal, object, etc. They are never used to introduce a question. There are no direct English counterparts, the closest are ''who'', ''anyone'', ''someone'', and ''what'', ''anything'', ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sēl || siu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sau || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| søn || søt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sēn || sēm <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| syn || sym<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sannar vi, søt lallavan.'''<br>''Tell me if you see anything.''<br />
*'''Sannar vi, siu ehtiavausse.''' <br>''Tell me if anything changes.''<br />
*'''Ynnake, sân vettaha pei.'''<br>''I don't know who I should give this to.''<br />
*'''Njainnahas sēl fjøljade.'''<br>''Someone should call the doctor.'' (or ''May someone call the doctor.'')<br />
*'''Yssynnanasse, suj ti sēl søt vettas.'''<br>''It always makes him happy when someone gives him something.''<br />
*'''Ynnaike, synot lottai.'''<br>''I didn't know who I was talking to.''<br />
<br />
=== Relative unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The relative unspecified pronouns are similar to the relative pronouns but with a suffix added to indicate an optional or arbitrary, random choice. They are similar to English ''whoever'' or ''anyone'', and ''whatever'' or ''anything''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| soles || soxes<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soies || soges <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sones || soðes<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| soues || suðes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| soŋes || sōŋes<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| suŋes || sûŋes<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Sientóleu niounnallés soles.'''<br>''Anyone can read this letter.''<br />
*'''Soŋesot annan, ljecyissár.'''<br>''Whoever you go with, be careful.''<br />
*'''Suðeseru ǯiuissás.'''<br>''I'm ready for anything.'' (alternatively also ''I'm ready for whatever [may happen].'')<br />
<br />
=== Indefinite pronouns ===<br />
The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to unknown people, animals, objects, etc. They are equivalent to English ''someone'' or ''somebody'', and ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tel || tei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| tai || tak<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tan || tas <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| teu || tes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ten || tem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tin || tim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tel se naittais.'''<br>''Someone called you.''<br />
*'''Tes ennas øxlu.'''<br>''She has something in his pocket.''<br />
*'''Eillais ve timot.'''<br>''He hit me with something.''<br />
*'''Tan gyttai nareu, či ʒaillai, sân.'''<br>''I lent the book to someone, but I've forgotten who.''<br />
<br />
=== Negative pronouns ===<br />
The negative pronouns indicate the non-existence of persons, animals, objects, etc. Their English equivalents are ''nobody'', ''no-one'', and ''nothing''. They also require the predicate to be negated (double negation). <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tol || toh<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| toi || tok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tor || tos<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| tou || tus<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ton || tom <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tun || tum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tol hjannaiksi.'''<br>''Nobody came.''<br />
*'''Toi lallaike.'''<br>''I saw no-one.''<br />
*'''Tok tinnaike.'''<br>''I found nothing.''<br />
*'''Mønnølu møttaiksi tok.'''<br>''He bought nothing in the shop.''<br />
<br />
This pronoun partly overlaps with its corresponding adjectival negative pronouns - see [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Negative_pronouns_2|here]] for more information.<br />
<br />
=== Total pronouns ===<br />
The total pronouns (sometimes also known as the universal pronouns) are used to indicate the total number of persons, animals, objects, etc. involved. The animate pronoun is often referred to as the distributive pronoun because it refers to each individual, and the inanimate pronoun as the summative pronoun because it refers to the class collectively. Their English equivalents are ''everyone'', ''everybody'', and ''everything'', ''all''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Total''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| fel || fei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| fai || făk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| fân || fâs <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| feu || fet<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| fen || fem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| fin || fim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Feu donnanas.'''<br>''He greets everyone.'' (in the sense of greeting each person separately)<br />
*'''Yvynekja tajatakses fînot.'''<br>''The professor doesn't agree with everyone.''<br />
*'''Pol fei lás, sut sella.'''<br>''This is everything that I know.''<br />
*'''Fâk i ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know how to do everything.''<br />
<br />
=== Manifold pronouns ===<br />
The manifold pronouns are a set of unspecified pronouns with prefixes (and as such, they are declined identically to the unspecified pronouns).<br />
<br />
There are four prefixes:<br />
*'''lae-''' "many"<br />
*'''xae-''' "many" (rarely used)<br />
*'''tue-''' "hardly"<br />
*'''jae-''' "rarely"<br />
<br />
The first two types, ''lae-'' and ''xae-'', are identical in meaning but the ''lae-'' forms are prevalent and the ''xae-'' forms have largely fallen out of use. They refer to multiple people or things and can be translated similarly to English "many a person" and "many a thing". <br />
<br />
The other two types, ''tue-'' and ''jae-'', are also similar in meaning, both referring to the scarcity or low number of people or things. Of these two, ''tue-'' is somewhat more common, but both prefixes are used. They can be translated as "hardly anyone" and "hardly anything".<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | ''lae''-series || colspan="2" | ''xae''-series || colspan="2" | ''tue''-series || colspan="2" | ''jae''-series<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nomiantive<br />
| laessēl || laessiu || xaessēl || xaessiu || tuessēl || tuessiu || jaessēl || jaessiu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| laessau || laessâk || xaessau || xaessâk || tuessau || tuessâk || jaessau || jaessâk<br />
|-<br />
! Datitve<br />
| laessân || laessât || xaessân || xaessât || tuessân || tuessât || jaessân || jaessât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| laessøn || laessøt || xaessøn || xaessøt || tuessøn || tuessøt || jaessøn || jaessøt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| laessēn || laessēm || xaessēn || xaessēm || tuessēn || tuessēm || jaessēn || jaessēm<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| laessyn || laessym || xaessyn || xaessym || tuessyn || tuessym || jaessyn || jaessym<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Laessēl stoido tajatakses.'''<br>''Many a person will not agree with you.''<br />
*'''Vēalu laessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Many a thing has changed in the city.''<br />
*'''Laessâk ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know many a thing.'' (or ''There are many things I don't know.'')<br />
*'''Tuessēl ksynnas aisóleu.'''<br>''Hardly anyone knows this song.'' (or ''Very few people know this song.'')<br />
*'''Vēalu tuessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Hardly anything has changed in the city.''<br />
<br />
=== Combinations [OBSOLETE?]===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
Adjectival pronouns are pronouns that replace adjectives and follow the adjectival inflexion pattern. As with substantival pronouns, there two main groups: personal pronouns and non-personal pronouns.<br />
<br />
There are two types of personal pronouns: the possessive personal pronouns and the reflexive personal pronoun. All the other types of non-personal substantival pronouns have their corresponding adjectival pronouns, with a few additional pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Possessive personal pronouns ====<br />
The personal possessive pronouns inflect like adjectives. There are separate forms for each number, person, and clusivity, but they don't distinguish between animacy, or alienable and inalienable possession. The pronouns do inflect, however, for case and class.<br />
<br />
Each possessive pronoun also has several variants: the full form, the oblique form, and two prefixed forms. The full form is typically used with the basic cases, and the oblique form is used with subcases and additional cases. These two forms are generally used predicatively.<br />
<br />
The prefixed forms attach to the noun they modify. There are two variants: one is added to nouns that begin in a vowel, and the other is added to nouns beginning in a consonant. If the noun begins in a single consonant, it is usually geminated. The prefixed form is otherwise invariable. The full forms can be used instead of the prefixed form, and often are in more formal texts, but the prefixed forms are preferred. When contrast is emphasised, then the full forms can be used.<br />
<br />
The obviative possessive pronoun is somewhat defective as it has only one prefixed form, and the oblique stems are slightly irregular. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Lallai njammiveu.'''<br>''I saw his cat.''<br />
*'''Pol njørrik ás.'''<br>''That's their house.''<br />
*'''Tjannarau tinnoiksi.'''<br>''They didn't find your books.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse sjohlelostost.'''<br>''She agrees with my suggestions.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse njahlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.'''<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse jaurost hlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.''' (the possessive pronoun is further emphasised)<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Luiri naról ás? - Soiri.'''<br>''Whose books is this? - Mine.''<br />
*'''Luiri nareu ksinnain? - Kourve.'''<br>''Whose book did you steal? - Theirs.''<br />
<br />
==== Reflexive possessive pronoun ====<br />
The reflexive possessive pronoun is used in much the same fashion as its substantival counterpart.<br />
<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Mollai njînnifeu.'''<br>''I stroked my dog.''<br />
*'''Nîjesiewallu pai gaittaksi.'''<br>''You don't claim this in your articles.''<br />
*'''Luurte nareu šillain? - Nîjurte.'''<br>''Whose book did you take? - Mine.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronouns becomes very useful with third person subjects. Compare the following two examples:<br />
*'''Teil trâttais najîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (=someone else's) bag and ran away.''<br />
*'''Teil trâttais nîjîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (own) bag and ran away.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, even more distinctions can be made. Compare the following three examples:<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nîjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (own) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis pajestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=two other people's) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nøjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=other people's) travels.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In singular, a similar distinction can be made with the obviative pronoun as well:<br />
*'''Aeklavi lallais nîjurte li jaurte miveu, ēkki lîsurta.'''<br>''Aeklavi saw his (own) and his (=someone else's) cat, but not his (=a non-present person's) cat.''<br />
<br />
<br />
When it comes to body parts or other cases of obvious ownership, or if the context provides enough information to unambiguously determine the ownership, the pronoun can be omitted:<br />
*'''Nif iipleonnais viēnot.'''<br>''The dog wagged its tail.''<br />
*'''Jarralais vates.'''<br>''She opened her eyes.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronoun can also be used to denote approximation:<br />
*'''Haǯi nîjurva liala urava ašissás.'''<br>''The cave is about thirty metres deep.''<br />
*'''Enna nîjurva luela (erova).'''<br>''He's about fifty (years old).''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
Laefêvëši has a wide array of adjectival pronouns. All of the substantival pronouns have corresponding adjectival pronouns, and a few extra pronoun types. The non-personal adjectival pronouns come in three main classes that correspond to the three adjectival classes: qualitative, relational, and possessive pronouns. So each type (eg. interrogative, indefinite, etc.) comes in three classes. There is a fourth class, quantitative, but these are generally considered adverbs as they are non-declinable. Some types, however, do have quantitative adjectival pronouns.<br />
<br />
Similar to the personal possessive pronouns, the non-personal pronouns have more than one variant used. Aside from the full form, they also have an oblique form, but unlike the personal pronouns, many non-personal pronouns have a suffixed variant.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Interrogative pronouns ====<br />
The interrogative adjectival pronouns are used in questions and they enquire about characteristics, qualities, etc. of the head they modify. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''vreisi''', '''vrei(s)-'''; '''-ér''' "what, what sort of"<br />
*relational: '''vraili''', vrae(l)-; '''-ár''' "which, what", and '''þammili''', '''þamme(l)-''' "how many (different)"<br />
*possessive: '''luiri''', '''luu(r)-''' "whose"<br />
*quantitative: '''þammisi''', '''þammi(s)-''' "how large"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Reisi arkalj ás alën?''' <br>''What's the weather like today?''<br />
*'''Hamnajérau fēról ás?''' <br>''What colour is the coat?''<br />
*'''Vraelte siehnareu ullan?'''<br>''Which dictionary do you want?''<br />
*'''Ftîstárau sjemmiw ás?'''<br>''What breed is your cat?''<br />
*'''Luiri naról ás?'''<br>''Whose book is this?''<br />
*'''Þammelve iarises ennas?'''<br>''How many different (kinds of) pets do you have?''<br />
*'''Þammisi hanjast dymøhtau lás?'''<br>''What is the value of the purchase?'' (lit. ''How large is the value of the purchase?'')<br />
<br />
==== Relative pronouns ====<br />
The relative adjectival pronouns are used to introduce relative clauses with animate and inanimate antecedents. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''reisi''', '''rei(s)-''' "such (as), the like(s) of which, the kind that"<br />
*relational: '''raili''', '''vrae(l)-'''; '''á''' "who, which, that"<br />
*possessive: '''løiri''', '''løy(r)-''' "whose"<br />
*quantitative: '''þëttisi''', '''þëtti(s)-''' "(of) such a size"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the qualitative pronoun:<br />
*'''Poli lâl ás, reista xej lallanaike.'''<br>''This is a flower the like of which I have never seen before.''<br />
*'''Bannais ʒylogeu, reiste øllanais.'''<br>''He got the answer he wanted.'' (lit. ''He got the answer such as he wished.'')<br />
<br />
<br />
The relative qualitative pronoun often collocates with the relative demonstrative pronoun '''''šaisi''''' "such" in the main clause:<br />
*'''Hjattaiksi šaista ʒylogau, reiste bannais.'''<br>''She didn't expect such an answer as she got.''<br />
<br />
<br />
There are two relative relational pronouns; the declinable '''''raili''''' and the indeclinable '''''á'''''. The declinable pronoun can replace the indeclinable one at any time but the latter is very common and is usually replaced by the declinable pronoun to avoid ambiguity only. <br />
<br />
The declinable pronoun is used with all subcases and additional cases, whereas the indeclinable pronoun is used with the basic cases:<br />
*'''Miettai sienteu riksedna, raemu tilvallai neontahu.''' <br>''I received a letter from the lady with whom I stayed during my studies.''<br />
*'''Nar, á lânur ás, šijen ás.''' <br>''The book which is on the table is a gift.''<br />
<br />
<br />
When a non-nominative basic case is required, the indeclinable '''''á''''' must be used with the short form of a personal pronoun, and the two are linked by a hyphen:<br />
*'''Gitto rikeu, á-te jøčitittoi.'''<br>''We sold the house which we built.''<br />
*'''Pol nara ós, á-je skiennalais Iskârin.'''<br>''These are the book which Iskârin wrote.''<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á-ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman to whom she gave the book.''<br />
<br />
However, that last example can be ambiguous in the spoken language where it would sound identical to:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
To resolve the ambiguity, the declinable form can be used:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á-ti vettais nareu. → Pol vajy ás, raelti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman to whom she gave the book.''<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á ti vettais nareu. → Pol vajy ás, raili ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
If the obviative pronoun is used, however, there is no ambiguity because the obviative pronoun is incompatible with the hyphenated use:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á leu vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the possessive pronoun:<br />
*'''Hant, løiri rik jøtiuttais, sjoglîah ás.''' <br>''The man whose house burnt down is by uncle.''<br />
*'''Lallai littive, løiri vaiv ve jynnais.'''<br>''I saw mountains whose beauty dazzled me.''<br />
*'''Aisont, løyrot nyþot follai nentelu, rannais.'''<br>''Aisont, with whose sister I went to school, has died.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the quantitative pronoun:<br />
*'''Vettau si geizde, þëttiste jøðettatanno.'''<br>''I will give you the salary that you deserve.'' (lit. ''I will give you the salary of such as a size as you deserve.'')<br />
<br />
Like the qualitative pronoun, the quantitative pronoun also tends to coöccur with a demonstrative pronoun:<br />
*'''Þëttisi šatelt seirráus, tymmisi âta soirráus.'''<br>''Whatever size your share will be, mine will be just as much.''<br />
<br />
==== Unspecified pronouns ====<br />
The unspecified pronouns are identical in form to the interrogative pronouns but they are used in declarative sentences rather than being used to introduce a question (although they can appear in questions but they are not part of what is being asked for).<br />
<br />
The qualitative pronoun '''''vreisi''''' "any sort of" is used to refer to someone or something arbitrarily indefinite: <br />
*'''Šettej viettaisse vreisi doia.'''<br>''Probably some sort of an accident has happened.''<br />
*'''Ennanas vreisve sades.'''<br>''He always has some difficulties or other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The relational pronoun '''''vraili''''' "which" is used to refer to an unspecified or unknown person or thing in a group:<br />
*'''Sellake, vraelte htineu lallais.'''<br>''I don't know which car he saw.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive pronouns '''''luiri''''' "whose" refers to someone or something owned by someone unspecified: <br />
*'''Sella, luurte nareu nionnan!'''<br>''I know whose book you're reading!''<br />
<br />
==== Relative unspecified pronouns ====<br />
Similar to the corresponding substantival pronouns, they indicate an optional or arbitrary choice. Unlike the substantival ones, the adjectival pronouns are formed with a prefix rather than a suffix. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''preisi''', '''prei(s)-'''; ''-ép'' "of any kind whatever"<br />
*relational: '''praili''', '''prae(l)-'''; ''-áp'' "any whatever, whichever"<br />
*possessive: '''pluiri''', '''pluu(r)-''' "whosever, whoever's, of whomever"<br />
*quantitative: '''ƕëttisi''', '''ƕëtti(s)-''' "whatever the size, however large"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Marrana preiste noidde.'''<br>''I'm looking for any kind of job.''<br />
*'''Riŋalallén preiste hamnaðeu.'''<br>''You can use any kind of colour.''<br />
*'''Riŋalallén praelte hamnaðeu.'''<br>''You can use whichever colour.''<br />
*'''Pluurte nareu šillain, noattar te léj.'''<br>''Whosever book you took, return it now.''<br />
*'''Ƕëttiste ðēneu vi vettan, te šillau.'''<br>''However large a piece you give me, I'll take it.''<br />
<br />
==== Indefinite pronouns ====<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''treisi''', '''trei(s)-''' "some sort of, some kind of"<br />
*relational: '''noili''', '''noe(l)-'''; '''-ón''' "some, a certain", and '''vroila''', '''vroe(l)-''' "some, certain"<br />
*possessive: '''noiri''', '''nou(r)-''' "someone's"<br />
*quantitative: '''tømmisi''', '''tømmi(s)-''' "some(what)"<br />
<br />
<br />
The qualitative pronoun refers to someone or something indefinite or one of an unspecified number still to be decided or selected:<br />
*'''Nor treisi mønd áis.'''<br>''The place was some kind of a shop.''<br />
*'''Høstusu kaullais treiste synses.'''<br>''He was drawing symbols of some kind in the sand.''<br />
<br />
<br />
There are two relational pronouns: '''''noili''''' denotes an unknown person or thing, or a person or thing that the speaker does not wish to name, and it can be be used in any number; whereas '''''vroila''''' can be used in plural only, and it denotes (a small) and indefinite number of persons or things of a certain type, and it is selective rather than quantitative. <br />
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Examples of '''''noili''''':<br />
*'''Hjannais harjēssainón.'''<br>''Some young man came.''<br />
*'''Fouttai noela vajy.'''<br>''I met some woman.''<br />
*'''Noelu skyylu pol nalj ás.'''<br>''In a certain sense that is true.''<br />
*'''Toþóneru seksennas.'''<br>''In some way he's right.''<br />
*'''Ʒajahkulu lallai kâlónes.''' <br>''I saw some trees in the distance.''<br />
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<br />
Examples of '''''vroila''''':<br />
*'''Vroila hitjaf hittos liehëisaj.'''<br>''Some/certain drivers drive too fast.''<br />
*'''Vroila kâla ƕejskâissós.'''<br>''Some/certain trees are evergreen.''<br />
*'''Vroellu emlallu losej ennoksi vassannada.'''<br>''In some/certain villages they still don't have electricity.''<br />
*'''Vroila linnos, í poli ljen viettaiksi.''' <br>''Some/certain people say that it didn't even happen.''<br />
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<br />
The possessive pronoun indicates possession by an unknown or unidentified person:<br />
*'''Ljēllarka, pol noiri rik ás!'''<br>''Don't go in, this is someone's house!''<br />
*'''Šillais ewnentau nouta nîhta.'''<br>''He took the wallet from someone's handbag.''<br />
*'''Neirodo kvēj rettais noule øxle.'''<br>''He slowly reached into someone's pocket with his hand.''<br />
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The quantitative pronoun indicates a small and indefinite amount:<br />
*'''Ukkan hjannais tømmisot sjōnozot.'''<br>''The train arrived with some (small) delay.''<br />
*'''Ennois tømmisau hléansau.'''<br>''They had some (small) advantage.''<br />
<br />
==== Negative pronouns ====<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''skeisi''', '''skei(s)-''' "no, of no kind, not of any kind"<br />
*relational: '''saili''', '''sae(l)-''' "no, none, no-one"<br />
*possessive: '''sairi''', '''sau(r)-''' "no-one's"<br />
*quantitative: '''tohhisi''', '''tohhi(s)-''' "no, not any"<br />
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<br />
The negative pronouns are somewhat confusing. With the exception of the possessive pronoun, all other pronouns have effectively been supplanted by the negative partitive in the modern language, with the actual pronouns used occasionally only for emphasis, and when stand-alone or in nominalised usage. In addition, '''''skeisi''''' and '''''saili''''' have nearly the same meaning, so most of the time either can be used (or the negative partitive case). <br />
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Examples:<br />
*'''Saelva koitas ennake. / Skeisva koitas ennake. / Koitēnksi ennake.'''<br>''I have no news. / I have no news (whatsoever/of any kind). / I have no news.''<br />
*'''Saelva icyva ennaksi. / Skeisva icyva ennaksi. / Icynnei ennaksi.''' <br>''She has no worries. / She has no worries (whatsoever/of any kind). / She has no worries.''<br />
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<br />
However, sometimes the difference can be maintained:<br />
*'''Vraelva wiskas ullon? - Saelve.'''<br>''Which cakes do you want? - None.''<br />
*'''Vreisva wiskas ullon? - Skeisve.'''<br>''What kind of cakes do you want? - None (of any sort).''<br />
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The qualitative pronoun is also rarely used with human referents, where only the relational pronoun or the negative partitive case are typically used:<br />
*'''Saelta fjøljada láksi. / Føljannei láksi.'''<br>''No doctor was there.''<br />
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The relational pronoun can be used substantivally as well, a usage shared with the substantival negative pronoun '''''tol''''' (''no-one''). Very often the two can be used interchangeably: <br />
*'''Tol/saili ta ksynnaksi.''' <br>''No-one/nobody knows him.''<br />
*'''Tol/saili jai ksynnaksi.''' <br>''No-one/nobody likes them.''<br />
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<br />
Nonetheless, there is often a difference between these two pronouns. The substantival pronoun '''''tol''''' refers to an unlimited number of persons, whereas the adjectival pronoun '''''saili''''' refers to a more limited number of persons or things already mentioned. In terms of usage, this means that ''tol'' appears in general(ised) statements and ''saili'' appears in more specific contexts. <br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Tol minólur ti hûn žonnalléksi.'''<br>''No-one in this world can help him any more.''<br />
*'''Allais jai liala, či saili sellaiksi ʒylogde.'''<br>''There was thirty of them and no-one knew the answer.''<br />
*'''Sel allais ƕênsur? - Tol.'''<br>''Who was at the party? - Nobody.''<br />
*'''Vraili (čainna) allais ƕênsur? - Saili.'''<br>''Which of you was at the meeting? - No-one.''<br />
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The relational pronoun is also often used with the egressive case to mean "none of" (in plural) or "neither of" (in dual):<br />
*'''Saili neonjasna tajataiksi.'''<br>''None of the students agreed.''<br />
*'''Saili hrainna annauksi fokser.'''<br>''Neither of us will go on the trip.''<br />
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<br />
The possessive pronoun indicates the lack of possession or that a person or thing belongs to no-one: <br />
*'''Alloi saeru tjēdru.'''<br>''We were in no man's land.''<br />
*'''Jâ sairi taloks allanaiksi.'''<br>''She's never been anyone's enemy.''<br />
*'''Nif sairráksi.''' <br>''The dog is no-one's.''<br />
*'''Vanšinól sairi viellanši láksi.'''<br>''This language is no-one's mother tongue.''<br />
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The quantitative pronoun indicates the total absence of an amount, or that the amount is equal to zero:<br />
*'''Estiaike tohhisot ewnot.'''<br>''I travelled with no money.''<br />
*'''Tohhisve dygvanastas ennake.'''<br>''I've got no savings.''<br />
*'''Ennoke hûn tohhisa daonozau.'''<br>''We have no hope any more.''<br />
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In the modern language, this pronoun has started to fall out of use and is frequently replaced by the negative partitive case, the relational negative pronoun, or by the abessive case in some contexts:<br />
*'''Estiaike tohhisot ewnot. → Estiai ewnazu.''' (replaced by the abessive case)<br>''I travelled with no money. → I travelled without (any) money.''<br />
*'''Tohhisva dygvanastas ennake. → Saelva dygvanastas ennake.''' (relational pronoun) '''/ Dygvanastēnksi ennake.''' (negative partitive)<br>''I've got no savings.''<br />
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==== Total pronouns ====<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''freisi''', '''frei(s)-'''; '''-ǿr''' "all sorts of, of all sorts"<br />
*relational: '''faili''', '''fae(l)-'''; '''-ǿf''' "each, every"; '''ēffili''', '''ēffe(l)-''' "each and every, every single (one)"; and '''mjeili''', '''mjee(l)-''' "both sorts of"<br />
*possessive: '''fairi''', '''fau(r)-''' "everyone's, of every person"; and '''miiri''', '''miu(r)-''' "of both"<br />
*quantitative: '''xōl''' "all, entire, everything"; and '''mi''' "both"<br />
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<br />
The qualitative pronoun is used to indicate arbitrary totality:<br />
*'''Nionna freisve nares.'''<br>''I read books of all sorts.''<br />
*'''Caenturu freisa alta lóis.'''<br>''There were all sorts of things in the attic.''<br />
*'''Kaljǿrese ksynnas.'''<br>''She knows all sorts of jokes.''<br />
*'''Ʒylotvonsǿrau sasakkalasse.''' <br>''He avoids any kind of responsibility.''<br />
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The most frequently used relational pronoun is '''''faili''''', which is used to denote each individual person or thing in a group or class:<br />
*'''Sananǿfeu ðoitta.'''<br>''I exercise every morning.''<br />
*'''Nevant hkynnais faelta neonjas.'''<br>''The teacher recognised every student.''<br />
*'''Faendo hleŋendo ʒylogondo bannoun šala činas.'''<br>''With each of the following two answers you will get ten points.''<br />
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The relational pronoun '''''ēffili''''' is used less frequently and it acts as a more emphasised version of ''faili'':<br />
*'''Pol ʒylotvons ēffelta sainau.'''<br>''This is the responsibility of each and every human being.''<br />
*'''Ēffelte alëteu te fouttai.'''<br>''I met her every single day.''<br />
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The dual relational pronoun '''''mjeili''''' is used to indicate the closeness or commonness of two persons or things:<br />
*'''Mjeelta karsas vinnai.'''<br>''I've lost both pairs of my shoes.''<br />
*'''Mjeila niora kēttois.'''<br>''The children of both families shouted.''<br />
*'''Miannais ƕenseu li šianeu, mjeelte jattuj.'''<br>''He felt sadness and happiness, both at the same time.'' (or ''He felt both sadness and happiness at the same time.'')<br />
*'''Gylottennéri mjeelost yskytost.'''<br>''We (two) need to talk to both families.''<br />
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The possessive pronoun '''''fairi''''' indicates collective possession or that something or someone belongs to everyone: <br />
*'''Saōhól flia fairrás.''' <br>''This forest is everyone's property.'' (or ''This forest belongs to everyone.'')<br />
*'''Fairi aks ás rivaj fjēlul.'''<br>''It's everoyne's wish to live in peace.''<br />
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The dual possessive pronoun '''''miiri''''' indicates that someone or someone belongs to two people: <br />
*'''Naról miirrás.'''<br>''This book belongs to both of us.''<br />
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However, this pronoun is very rarely used and the personal possessive pronouns are preferred: <br />
*'''Naról tairrás.'''<br>''This book is ours.'' (ie. of both of us)<br />
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Lastly, the quantitative pronouns are '''''xōl''''' and '''''mi''''', which are also known as the summative pronouns. See the following section about their form, meaning, and use.<br />
<br />
==== Summative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Manifold pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Differential pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Equative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120359
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T11:31:01Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Negative pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
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There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
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== Substantival pronouns ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
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The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
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=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
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The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
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Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
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Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
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There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
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Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
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Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
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The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
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Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
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====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
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Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
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In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
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Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
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In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
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The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
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=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
=== Relative pronouns ===<br />
The relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which then gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. These are substantival relative pronouns, however, which means they stand in for nouns or refer to whole clauses. The best English equivalents are ''(the person) who'', ''(he) who'', or ''(someone) who'', and ''(the thing) which'', ''(that) which'', or ''(something) which''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sol || sos<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soi || sok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| son || sot <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sou || sut <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| son || som <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sun || sum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sol nevvanas, nevant ás.'''<br>''A person who teaches is a teacher.''<br />
*'''Tannar, sut ullan.'''<br>''Do what you want.''<br />
*'''Pol sanlás, sumot tajataker.''' <br>''This is the only thing which I disagree with.''<br />
*'''Pol, sut lonnais, nalj áksi.'''<br>''What he said isn't true.'' (or more literally, ''That which he said isn't true.'')<br />
<br />
=== Unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The unspecified pronouns are similar to interrogative pronouns but refer to an unspecified person, animal, object, etc. They are never used to introduce a question. There are no direct English counterparts, the closest are ''who'', ''anyone'', ''someone'', and ''what'', ''anything'', ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sēl || siu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sau || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| søn || søt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sēn || sēm <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| syn || sym<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sannar vi, søt lallavan.'''<br>''Tell me if you see anything.''<br />
*'''Sannar vi, siu ehtiavausse.''' <br>''Tell me if anything changes.''<br />
*'''Ynnake, sân vettaha pei.'''<br>''I don't know who I should give this to.''<br />
*'''Njainnahas sēl fjøljade.'''<br>''Someone should call the doctor.'' (or ''May someone call the doctor.'')<br />
*'''Yssynnanasse, suj ti sēl søt vettas.'''<br>''It always makes him happy when someone gives him something.''<br />
*'''Ynnaike, synot lottai.'''<br>''I didn't know who I was talking to.''<br />
<br />
=== Relative unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The relative unspecified pronouns are similar to the relative pronouns but with a suffix added to indicate an optional or arbitrary, random choice. They are similar to English ''whoever'' or ''anyone'', and ''whatever'' or ''anything''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| soles || soxes<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soies || soges <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sones || soðes<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| soues || suðes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| soŋes || sōŋes<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| suŋes || sûŋes<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Sientóleu niounnallés soles.'''<br>''Anyone can read this letter.''<br />
*'''Soŋesot annan, ljecyissár.'''<br>''Whoever you go with, be careful.''<br />
*'''Suðeseru ǯiuissás.'''<br>''I'm ready for anything.'' (alternatively also ''I'm ready for whatever [may happen].'')<br />
<br />
=== Indefinite pronouns ===<br />
The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to unknown people, animals, objects, etc. They are equivalent to English ''someone'' or ''somebody'', and ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tel || tei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| tai || tak<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tan || tas <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| teu || tes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ten || tem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tin || tim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tel se naittais.'''<br>''Someone called you.''<br />
*'''Tes ennas øxlu.'''<br>''She has something in his pocket.''<br />
*'''Eillais ve timot.'''<br>''He hit me with something.''<br />
*'''Tan gyttai nareu, či ʒaillai, sân.'''<br>''I lent the book to someone, but I've forgotten who.''<br />
<br />
=== Negative pronouns ===<br />
The negative pronouns indicate the non-existence of persons, animals, objects, etc. Their English equivalents are ''nobody'', ''no-one'', and ''nothing''. They also require the predicate to be negated (double negation). <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tol || toh<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| toi || tok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tor || tos<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| tou || tus<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ton || tom <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tun || tum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tol hjannaiksi.'''<br>''Nobody came.''<br />
*'''Toi lallaike.'''<br>''I saw no-one.''<br />
*'''Tok tinnaike.'''<br>''I found nothing.''<br />
*'''Mønnølu møttaiksi tok.'''<br>''He bought nothing in the shop.''<br />
<br />
This pronoun partly overlaps with its corresponding adjectival negative pronouns - see [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Negative_pronouns_2|here]] for more information.<br />
<br />
=== Total pronouns ===<br />
The total pronouns (sometimes also known as the universal pronouns) are used to indicate the total number of persons, animals, objects, etc. involved. The animate pronoun is often referred to as the distributive pronoun because it refers to each individual, and the inanimate pronoun as the summative pronoun because it refers to the class collectively. Their English equivalents are ''everyone'', ''everybody'', and ''everything'', ''all''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Total''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| fel || fei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| fai || făk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| fân || fâs <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| feu || fet<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| fen || fem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| fin || fim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Feu donnanas.'''<br>''He greets everyone.'' (in the sense of greeting each person separately)<br />
*'''Yvynekja tajatakses fînot.'''<br>''The professor doesn't agree with everyone.''<br />
*'''Pol fei lás, sut sella.'''<br>''This is everything that I know.''<br />
*'''Fâk i ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know how to do everything.''<br />
<br />
=== Manifold pronouns ===<br />
The manifold pronouns are a set of unspecified pronouns with prefixes (and as such, they are declined identically to the unspecified pronouns).<br />
<br />
There are four prefixes:<br />
*'''lae-''' "many"<br />
*'''xae-''' "many" (rarely used)<br />
*'''tue-''' "hardly"<br />
*'''jae-''' "rarely"<br />
<br />
The first two types, ''lae-'' and ''xae-'', are identical in meaning but the ''lae-'' forms are prevalent and the ''xae-'' forms have largely fallen out of use. They refer to multiple people or things and can be translated similarly to English "many a person" and "many a thing". <br />
<br />
The other two types, ''tue-'' and ''jae-'', are also similar in meaning, both referring to the scarcity or low number of people or things. Of these two, ''tue-'' is somewhat more common, but both prefixes are used. They can be translated as "hardly anyone" and "hardly anything".<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | ''lae''-series || colspan="2" | ''xae''-series || colspan="2" | ''tue''-series || colspan="2" | ''jae''-series<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nomiantive<br />
| laessēl || laessiu || xaessēl || xaessiu || tuessēl || tuessiu || jaessēl || jaessiu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| laessau || laessâk || xaessau || xaessâk || tuessau || tuessâk || jaessau || jaessâk<br />
|-<br />
! Datitve<br />
| laessân || laessât || xaessân || xaessât || tuessân || tuessât || jaessân || jaessât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| laessøn || laessøt || xaessøn || xaessøt || tuessøn || tuessøt || jaessøn || jaessøt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| laessēn || laessēm || xaessēn || xaessēm || tuessēn || tuessēm || jaessēn || jaessēm<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| laessyn || laessym || xaessyn || xaessym || tuessyn || tuessym || jaessyn || jaessym<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Laessēl stoido tajatakses.'''<br>''Many a person will not agree with you.''<br />
*'''Vēalu laessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Many a thing has changed in the city.''<br />
*'''Laessâk ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know many a thing.'' (or ''There are many things I don't know.'')<br />
*'''Tuessēl ksynnas aisóleu.'''<br>''Hardly anyone knows this song.'' (or ''Very few people know this song.'')<br />
*'''Vēalu tuessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Hardly anything has changed in the city.''<br />
<br />
=== Combinations [OBSOLETE?]===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
Adjectival pronouns are pronouns that replace adjectives and follow the adjectival inflexion pattern. As with substantival pronouns, there two main groups: personal pronouns and non-personal pronouns.<br />
<br />
There are two types of personal pronouns: the possessive personal pronouns and the reflexive personal pronoun. All the other types of non-personal substantival pronouns have their corresponding adjectival pronouns, with a few additional pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Possessive personal pronouns ====<br />
The personal possessive pronouns inflect like adjectives. There are separate forms for each number, person, and clusivity, but they don't distinguish between animacy, or alienable and inalienable possession. The pronouns do inflect, however, for case and class.<br />
<br />
Each possessive pronoun also has several variants: the full form, the oblique form, and two prefixed forms. The full form is typically used with the basic cases, and the oblique form is used with subcases and additional cases. These two forms are generally used predicatively.<br />
<br />
The prefixed forms attach to the noun they modify. There are two variants: one is added to nouns that begin in a vowel, and the other is added to nouns beginning in a consonant. If the noun begins in a single consonant, it is usually geminated. The prefixed form is otherwise invariable. The full forms can be used instead of the prefixed form, and often are in more formal texts, but the prefixed forms are preferred. When contrast is emphasised, then the full forms can be used.<br />
<br />
The obviative possessive pronoun is somewhat defective as it has only one prefixed form, and the oblique stems are slightly irregular. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Lallai njammiveu.'''<br>''I saw his cat.''<br />
*'''Pol njørrik ás.'''<br>''That's their house.''<br />
*'''Tjannarau tinnoiksi.'''<br>''They didn't find your books.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse sjohlelostost.'''<br>''She agrees with my suggestions.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse njahlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.'''<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse jaurost hlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.''' (the possessive pronoun is further emphasised)<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Luiri naról ás? - Soiri.'''<br>''Whose books is this? - Mine.''<br />
*'''Luiri nareu ksinnain? - Kourve.'''<br>''Whose book did you steal? - Theirs.''<br />
<br />
==== Reflexive possessive pronoun ====<br />
The reflexive possessive pronoun is used in much the same fashion as its substantival counterpart.<br />
<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Mollai njînnifeu.'''<br>''I stroked my dog.''<br />
*'''Nîjesiewallu pai gaittaksi.'''<br>''You don't claim this in your articles.''<br />
*'''Luurte nareu šillain? - Nîjurte.'''<br>''Whose book did you take? - Mine.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronouns becomes very useful with third person subjects. Compare the following two examples:<br />
*'''Teil trâttais najîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (=someone else's) bag and ran away.''<br />
*'''Teil trâttais nîjîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (own) bag and ran away.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, even more distinctions can be made. Compare the following three examples:<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nîjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (own) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis pajestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=two other people's) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nøjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=other people's) travels.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In singular, a similar distinction can be made with the obviative pronoun as well:<br />
*'''Aeklavi lallais nîjurte li jaurte miveu, ēkki lîsurta.'''<br>''Aeklavi saw his (own) and his (=someone else's) cat, but not his (=a non-present person's) cat.''<br />
<br />
<br />
When it comes to body parts or other cases of obvious ownership, or if the context provides enough information to unambiguously determine the ownership, the pronoun can be omitted:<br />
*'''Nif iipleonnais viēnot.'''<br>''The dog wagged its tail.''<br />
*'''Jarralais vates.'''<br>''She opened her eyes.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronoun can also be used to denote approximation:<br />
*'''Haǯi nîjurva liala urava ašissás.'''<br>''The cave is about thirty metres deep.''<br />
*'''Enna nîjurva luela (erova).'''<br>''He's about fifty (years old).''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
Laefêvëši has a wide array of adjectival pronouns. All of the substantival pronouns have corresponding adjectival pronouns, and a few extra pronoun types. The non-personal adjectival pronouns come in three main classes that correspond to the three adjectival classes: qualitative, relational, and possessive pronouns. So each type (eg. interrogative, indefinite, etc.) comes in three classes. There is a fourth class, quantitative, but these are generally considered adverbs as they are non-declinable. Some types, however, do have quantitative adjectival pronouns.<br />
<br />
Similar to the personal possessive pronouns, the non-personal pronouns have more than one variant used. Aside from the full form, they also have an oblique form, but unlike the personal pronouns, many non-personal pronouns have a suffixed variant.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Interrogative pronouns ====<br />
The interrogative adjectival pronouns are used in questions and they enquire about characteristics, qualities, etc. of the head they modify. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''vreisi''', '''vrei(s)-'''; '''-ér''' "what, what sort of"<br />
*relational: '''vraili''', vrae(l)-; '''-ár''' "which, what", and '''þammili''', '''þamme(l)-''' "how many (different)"<br />
*possessive: '''luiri''', '''luu(r)-''' "whose"<br />
*quantitative: '''þammisi''', '''þammi(s)-''' "how large"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Reisi arkalj ás alën?''' <br>''What's the weather like today?''<br />
*'''Hamnajérau fēról ás?''' <br>''What colour is the coat?''<br />
*'''Vraelte siehnareu ullan?'''<br>''Which dictionary do you want?''<br />
*'''Ftîstárau sjemmiw ás?'''<br>''What breed is your cat?''<br />
*'''Luiri naról ás?'''<br>''Whose book is this?''<br />
*'''Þammelve iarises ennas?'''<br>''How many different (kinds of) pets do you have?''<br />
*'''Þammisi hanjast dymøhtau lás?'''<br>''What is the value of the purchase?'' (lit. ''How large is the value of the purchase?'')<br />
<br />
==== Relative pronouns ====<br />
The relative adjectival pronouns are used to introduce relative clauses with animate and inanimate antecedents. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''reisi''', '''rei(s)-''' "such (as), the like(s) of which, the kind that"<br />
*relational: '''raili''', '''vrae(l)-'''; '''á''' "who, which, that"<br />
*possessive: '''løiri''', '''løy(r)-''' "whose"<br />
*quantitative: '''þëttisi''', '''þëtti(s)-''' "(of) such a size"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the qualitative pronoun:<br />
*'''Poli lâl ás, reista xej lallanaike.'''<br>''This is a flower the like of which I have never seen before.''<br />
*'''Bannais ʒylogeu, reiste øllanais.'''<br>''He got the answer he wanted.'' (lit. ''He got the answer such as he wished.'')<br />
<br />
<br />
The relative qualitative pronoun often collocates with the relative demonstrative pronoun '''''šaisi''''' "such" in the main clause:<br />
*'''Hjattaiksi šaista ʒylogau, reiste bannais.'''<br>''She didn't expect such an answer as she got.''<br />
<br />
<br />
There are two relative relational pronouns; the declinable '''''raili''''' and the indeclinable '''''á'''''. The declinable pronoun can replace the indeclinable one at any time but the latter is very common and is usually replaced by the declinable pronoun to avoid ambiguity only. <br />
<br />
The declinable pronoun is used with all subcases and additional cases, whereas the indeclinable pronoun is used with the basic cases:<br />
*'''Miettai sienteu riksedna, raemu tilvallai neontahu.''' <br>''I received a letter from the lady with whom I stayed during my studies.''<br />
*'''Nar, á lânur ás, šijen ás.''' <br>''The book which is on the table is a gift.''<br />
<br />
<br />
When a non-nominative basic case is required, the indeclinable '''''á''''' must be used with the short form of a personal pronoun, and the two are linked by a hyphen:<br />
*'''Gitto rikeu, á-te jøčitittoi.'''<br>''We sold the house which we built.''<br />
*'''Pol nara ós, á-je skiennalais Iskârin.'''<br>''These are the book which Iskârin wrote.''<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á-ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman to whom she gave the book.''<br />
<br />
However, that last example can be ambiguous in the spoken language where it would sound identical to:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
To resolve the ambiguity, the declinable form can be used:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á-ti vettais nareu. → Pol vajy ás, raelti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman to whom she gave the book.''<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á ti vettais nareu. → Pol vajy ás, raili ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
If the obviative pronoun is used, however, there is no ambiguity because the obviative pronoun is incompatible with the hyphenated use:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á leu vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the possessive pronoun:<br />
*'''Hant, løiri rik jøtiuttais, sjoglîah ás.''' <br>''The man whose house burnt down is by uncle.''<br />
*'''Lallai littive, løiri vaiv ve jynnais.'''<br>''I saw mountains whose beauty dazzled me.''<br />
*'''Aisont, løyrot nyþot follai nentelu, rannais.'''<br>''Aisont, with whose sister I went to school, has died.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the quantitative pronoun:<br />
*'''Vettau si geizde, þëttiste jøðettatanno.'''<br>''I will give you the salary that you deserve.'' (lit. ''I will give you the salary of such as a size as you deserve.'')<br />
<br />
Like the qualitative pronoun, the quantitative pronoun also tends to coöccur with a demonstrative pronoun:<br />
*'''Þëttisi šatelt seirráus, tymmisi âta soirráus.'''<br>''Whatever size your share will be, mine will be just as much.''<br />
<br />
==== Unspecified pronouns ====<br />
The unspecified pronouns are identical in form to the interrogative pronouns but they are used in declarative sentences rather than being used to introduce a question (although they can appear in questions but they are not part of what is being asked for).<br />
<br />
The qualitative pronoun '''''vreisi''''' "any sort of" is used to refer to someone or something arbitrarily indefinite: <br />
*'''Šettej viettaisse vreisi doia.'''<br>''Probably some sort of an accident has happened.''<br />
*'''Ennanas vreisve sades.'''<br>''He always has some difficulties or other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The relational pronoun '''''vraili''''' "which" is used to refer to an unspecified or unknown person or thing in a group:<br />
*'''Sellake, vraelte htineu lallais.'''<br>''I don't know which car he saw.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive pronouns '''''luiri''''' "whose" refers to someone or something owned by someone unspecified: <br />
*'''Sella, luurte nareu nionnan!'''<br>''I know whose book you're reading!''<br />
<br />
==== Relative unspecified pronouns ====<br />
Similar to the corresponding substantival pronouns, they indicate an optional or arbitrary choice. Unlike the substantival ones, the adjectival pronouns are formed with a prefix rather than a suffix. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''preisi''', '''prei(s)-'''; ''-ép'' "of any kind whatever"<br />
*relational: '''praili''', '''prae(l)-'''; ''-áp'' "any whatever, whichever"<br />
*possessive: '''pluiri''', '''pluu(r)-''' "whosever, whoever's, of whomever"<br />
*quantitative: '''ƕëttisi''', '''ƕëtti(s)-''' "whatever the size, however large"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Marrana preiste noidde.'''<br>''I'm looking for any kind of job.''<br />
*'''Riŋalallén preiste hamnaðeu.'''<br>''You can use any kind of colour.''<br />
*'''Riŋalallén praelte hamnaðeu.'''<br>''You can use whichever colour.''<br />
*'''Pluurte nareu šillain, noattar te léj.'''<br>''Whosever book you took, return it now.''<br />
*'''Ƕëttiste ðēneu vi vettan, te šillau.'''<br>''However large a piece you give me, I'll take it.''<br />
<br />
==== Indefinite pronouns ====<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''treisi''', '''trei(s)-''' "some sort of, some kind of"<br />
*relational: '''noili''', '''noe(l)-'''; '''-ón''' "some, a certain", and '''vroila''', '''vroe(l)-''' "some, certain"<br />
*possessive: '''noiri''', '''nou(r)-''' "someone's"<br />
*quantitative: '''tømmisi''', '''tømmi(s)-''' "some(what)"<br />
<br />
<br />
The qualitative pronoun refers to someone or something indefinite or one of an unspecified number still to be decided or selected:<br />
*'''Nor treisi mønd áis.'''<br>''The place was some kind of a shop.''<br />
*'''Høstusu kaullais treiste synses.'''<br>''He was drawing symbols of some kind in the sand.''<br />
<br />
<br />
There are two relational pronouns: '''''noili''''' denotes an unknown person or thing, or a person or thing that the speaker does not wish to name, and it can be be used in any number; whereas '''''vroila''''' can be used in plural only, and it denotes (a small) and indefinite number of persons or things of a certain type, and it is selective rather than quantitative. <br />
<br />
Examples of '''''noili''''':<br />
*'''Hjannais harjēssainón.'''<br>''Some young man came.''<br />
*'''Fouttai noela vajy.'''<br>''I met some woman.''<br />
*'''Noelu skyylu pol nalj ás.'''<br>''In a certain sense that is true.''<br />
*'''Toþóneru seksennas.'''<br>''In some way he's right.''<br />
*'''Ʒajahkulu lallai kâlónes.''' <br>''I saw some trees in the distance.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of '''''vroila''''':<br />
*'''Vroila hitjaf hittos liehëisaj.'''<br>''Some/certain drivers drive too fast.''<br />
*'''Vroila kâla ƕejskâissós.'''<br>''Some/certain trees are evergreen.''<br />
*'''Vroellu emlallu losej ennoksi vassannada.'''<br>''In some/certain villages they still don't have electricity.''<br />
*'''Vroila linnos, í poli ljen viettaiksi.''' <br>''Some/certain people say that it didn't even happen.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive pronoun indicates possession by an unknown or unidentified person:<br />
*'''Ljēllarka, pol noiri rik ás!'''<br>''Don't go in, this is someone's house!''<br />
*'''Šillais ewnentau nouta nîhta.'''<br>''He took the wallet from someone's handbag.''<br />
*'''Neirodo kvēj rettais noule øxle.'''<br>''He slowly reached into someone's pocket with his hand.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The quantitative pronoun indicates a small and indefinite amount:<br />
*'''Ukkan hjannais tømmisot sjōnozot.'''<br>''The train arrived with some (small) delay.''<br />
*'''Ennois tømmisau hléansau.'''<br>''They had some (small) advantage.''<br />
<br />
==== Negative pronouns ====<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''skeisi''', '''skei(s)-''' "no, of no kind, not of any kind"<br />
*relational: '''saili''', '''sae(l)-''' "no, none, no-one"<br />
*possessive: '''sairi''', '''sau(r)-''' "no-one's"<br />
*quantitative: '''tohhisi''', '''tohhi(s)-''' "no, not any"<br />
<br />
<br />
The negative pronouns are somewhat confusing. With the exception of the possessive pronoun, all other pronouns have effectively been supplanted by the negative partitive in the modern language, with the actual pronouns used occasionally only for emphasis, and when stand-alone or in nominalised usage. In addition, '''''skeisi''''' and '''''saili''''' have nearly the same meaning, so most of the time either can be used (or the negative partitive case). <br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Saelva koitas ennake. / Skeisva koitas ennake. / Koitēnksi ennake.'''<br>''I have no news. / I have no news (whatsoever/of any kind). / I have no news.''<br />
*'''Saelva icyva ennaksi. / Skeisva icyva ennaksi. / Icynnei ennaksi.''' <br>''She has no worries. / She has no worries (whatsoever/of any kind). / She has no worries.''<br />
<br />
<br />
However, sometimes the difference can be maintained:<br />
*'''Vraelva wiskas ullon? - Saelve.'''<br>''Which cakes do you want? - None.''<br />
*'''Vreisva wiskas ullon? - Skeisve.'''<br>''What kind of cakes do you want? - None (of any sort).''<br />
<br />
<br />
The qualitative pronoun is also rarely used with human referents, where only the relational pronoun or the negative partitive case are typically used:<br />
*'''Saelta fjøljada láksi. / Føljannei láksi.'''<br>''No doctor was there.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The relational pronoun can be used substantivally as well, a usage shared with the substantival negative pronoun '''''tol''''' (''no-one''). Very often the two can be used interchangeably: <br />
*'''Tol/saili ta ksynnaksi.''' <br>''No-one/nobody knows him.''<br />
*'''Tol/saili jai ksynnaksi.''' <br>''No-one/nobody likes them.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Nonetheless, there is often a difference between these two pronouns. The substantival pronoun '''''tol''''' refers to an unlimited number of persons, whereas the adjectival pronoun '''''saili''''' refers to a more limited number of persons or things already mentioned. In terms of usage, this means that ''tol'' appears in general(ised) statements and ''saili'' appears in more specific contexts. <br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Tol minólur ti hûn žonnalléksi.'''<br>''No-one in this world can help him any more.''<br />
*'''Allais jai liala, či saili sellaiksi ʒylogde.'''<br>''There was thirty of them and no-one knew the answer.''<br />
*'''Sel allais ƕênsur? - Tol.'''<br>''Who was at the party? - Nobody.''<br />
*'''Vraili (čainna) allais ƕênsur? - Saili.'''<br>''Which of you was at the meeting? - No-one.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The relational pronoun is also often used with the egressive case to mean "none of" (in plural) or "neither of" (in dual):<br />
*'''Saili neonjasna tajataiksi.'''<br>''None of the students agreed.''<br />
*'''Saili hrainna annauksi fokser.'''<br>''Neither of us will go on the trip.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive pronoun indicates the lack of possession or that a person or thing belongs to no-one: <br />
*'''Alloi saeru tjēdru.'''<br>''We were in no man's land.''<br />
*'''Jâ sairi taloks allanaiksi.'''<br>''She's never been anyone's enemy.''<br />
*'''Nif sairráksi.''' <br>''The dog is no-one's.''<br />
*'''Vanšinól sairi viellanši láksi.'''<br>''This language is no-one's mother tongue.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The quantitative pronoun indicates the total absence of an amount, or that the amount is equal to zero:<br />
*'''Estiaike tohhisot ewnot.'''<br>''I travelled with no money.''<br />
*'''Tohhisve dygvanastas ennake.'''<br>''I've got no savings.''<br />
*'''Ennoke hûn tohhisa daonozau.'''<br>''We have no hope any more.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In the modern language, this pronoun has started to fall out of use and is frequently replaced by the negative partitive case, the relational negative pronoun, or by the abessive case in some contexts:<br />
*'''Estiaike tohhisot ewnot. → Estiai ewnazu.''' (replaced by the abessive case)<br>''I travelled with no money. → I travelled without (any) money.''<br />
*'''Tohhisva dygvanastas ennake. → Saelva dygvanastas ennake.''' (relational pronoun) '''/ Dygvanastēnksi ennake.''' (negative partitive)<br>''I've got no savings.''<br />
<br />
==== Total pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Summative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Manifold pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Differential pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Equative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120358
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T11:30:25Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Negative pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronouns ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
<br />
There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
<br />
The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
<br />
<br />
The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
=== Relative pronouns ===<br />
The relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which then gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. These are substantival relative pronouns, however, which means they stand in for nouns or refer to whole clauses. The best English equivalents are ''(the person) who'', ''(he) who'', or ''(someone) who'', and ''(the thing) which'', ''(that) which'', or ''(something) which''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sol || sos<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soi || sok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| son || sot <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sou || sut <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| son || som <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sun || sum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sol nevvanas, nevant ás.'''<br>''A person who teaches is a teacher.''<br />
*'''Tannar, sut ullan.'''<br>''Do what you want.''<br />
*'''Pol sanlás, sumot tajataker.''' <br>''This is the only thing which I disagree with.''<br />
*'''Pol, sut lonnais, nalj áksi.'''<br>''What he said isn't true.'' (or more literally, ''That which he said isn't true.'')<br />
<br />
=== Unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The unspecified pronouns are similar to interrogative pronouns but refer to an unspecified person, animal, object, etc. They are never used to introduce a question. There are no direct English counterparts, the closest are ''who'', ''anyone'', ''someone'', and ''what'', ''anything'', ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sēl || siu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sau || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| søn || søt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sēn || sēm <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| syn || sym<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sannar vi, søt lallavan.'''<br>''Tell me if you see anything.''<br />
*'''Sannar vi, siu ehtiavausse.''' <br>''Tell me if anything changes.''<br />
*'''Ynnake, sân vettaha pei.'''<br>''I don't know who I should give this to.''<br />
*'''Njainnahas sēl fjøljade.'''<br>''Someone should call the doctor.'' (or ''May someone call the doctor.'')<br />
*'''Yssynnanasse, suj ti sēl søt vettas.'''<br>''It always makes him happy when someone gives him something.''<br />
*'''Ynnaike, synot lottai.'''<br>''I didn't know who I was talking to.''<br />
<br />
=== Relative unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The relative unspecified pronouns are similar to the relative pronouns but with a suffix added to indicate an optional or arbitrary, random choice. They are similar to English ''whoever'' or ''anyone'', and ''whatever'' or ''anything''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| soles || soxes<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soies || soges <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sones || soðes<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| soues || suðes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| soŋes || sōŋes<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| suŋes || sûŋes<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Sientóleu niounnallés soles.'''<br>''Anyone can read this letter.''<br />
*'''Soŋesot annan, ljecyissár.'''<br>''Whoever you go with, be careful.''<br />
*'''Suðeseru ǯiuissás.'''<br>''I'm ready for anything.'' (alternatively also ''I'm ready for whatever [may happen].'')<br />
<br />
=== Indefinite pronouns ===<br />
The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to unknown people, animals, objects, etc. They are equivalent to English ''someone'' or ''somebody'', and ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tel || tei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| tai || tak<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tan || tas <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| teu || tes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ten || tem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tin || tim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tel se naittais.'''<br>''Someone called you.''<br />
*'''Tes ennas øxlu.'''<br>''She has something in his pocket.''<br />
*'''Eillais ve timot.'''<br>''He hit me with something.''<br />
*'''Tan gyttai nareu, či ʒaillai, sân.'''<br>''I lent the book to someone, but I've forgotten who.''<br />
<br />
=== Negative pronouns ===<br />
The negative pronouns indicate the non-existence of persons, animals, objects, etc. Their English equivalents are ''nobody'', ''no-one'', and ''nothing''. They also require the predicate to be negated (double negation). <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tol || toh<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| toi || tok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tor || tos<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| tou || tus<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ton || tom <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tun || tum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tol hjannaiksi.'''<br>''Nobody came.''<br />
*'''Toi lallaike.'''<br>''I saw no-one.''<br />
*'''Tok tinnaike.'''<br>''I found nothing.''<br />
*'''Mønnølu møttaiksi tok.'''<br>''He bought nothing in the shop.''<br />
<br />
This pronoun partly overlaps with its corresponding adjectival negative pronouns - see here for more information.<br />
<br />
=== Total pronouns ===<br />
The total pronouns (sometimes also known as the universal pronouns) are used to indicate the total number of persons, animals, objects, etc. involved. The animate pronoun is often referred to as the distributive pronoun because it refers to each individual, and the inanimate pronoun as the summative pronoun because it refers to the class collectively. Their English equivalents are ''everyone'', ''everybody'', and ''everything'', ''all''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Total''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| fel || fei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| fai || făk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| fân || fâs <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| feu || fet<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| fen || fem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| fin || fim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Feu donnanas.'''<br>''He greets everyone.'' (in the sense of greeting each person separately)<br />
*'''Yvynekja tajatakses fînot.'''<br>''The professor doesn't agree with everyone.''<br />
*'''Pol fei lás, sut sella.'''<br>''This is everything that I know.''<br />
*'''Fâk i ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know how to do everything.''<br />
<br />
=== Manifold pronouns ===<br />
The manifold pronouns are a set of unspecified pronouns with prefixes (and as such, they are declined identically to the unspecified pronouns).<br />
<br />
There are four prefixes:<br />
*'''lae-''' "many"<br />
*'''xae-''' "many" (rarely used)<br />
*'''tue-''' "hardly"<br />
*'''jae-''' "rarely"<br />
<br />
The first two types, ''lae-'' and ''xae-'', are identical in meaning but the ''lae-'' forms are prevalent and the ''xae-'' forms have largely fallen out of use. They refer to multiple people or things and can be translated similarly to English "many a person" and "many a thing". <br />
<br />
The other two types, ''tue-'' and ''jae-'', are also similar in meaning, both referring to the scarcity or low number of people or things. Of these two, ''tue-'' is somewhat more common, but both prefixes are used. They can be translated as "hardly anyone" and "hardly anything".<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | ''lae''-series || colspan="2" | ''xae''-series || colspan="2" | ''tue''-series || colspan="2" | ''jae''-series<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nomiantive<br />
| laessēl || laessiu || xaessēl || xaessiu || tuessēl || tuessiu || jaessēl || jaessiu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| laessau || laessâk || xaessau || xaessâk || tuessau || tuessâk || jaessau || jaessâk<br />
|-<br />
! Datitve<br />
| laessân || laessât || xaessân || xaessât || tuessân || tuessât || jaessân || jaessât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| laessøn || laessøt || xaessøn || xaessøt || tuessøn || tuessøt || jaessøn || jaessøt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| laessēn || laessēm || xaessēn || xaessēm || tuessēn || tuessēm || jaessēn || jaessēm<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| laessyn || laessym || xaessyn || xaessym || tuessyn || tuessym || jaessyn || jaessym<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Laessēl stoido tajatakses.'''<br>''Many a person will not agree with you.''<br />
*'''Vēalu laessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Many a thing has changed in the city.''<br />
*'''Laessâk ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know many a thing.'' (or ''There are many things I don't know.'')<br />
*'''Tuessēl ksynnas aisóleu.'''<br>''Hardly anyone knows this song.'' (or ''Very few people know this song.'')<br />
*'''Vēalu tuessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Hardly anything has changed in the city.''<br />
<br />
=== Combinations [OBSOLETE?]===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
Adjectival pronouns are pronouns that replace adjectives and follow the adjectival inflexion pattern. As with substantival pronouns, there two main groups: personal pronouns and non-personal pronouns.<br />
<br />
There are two types of personal pronouns: the possessive personal pronouns and the reflexive personal pronoun. All the other types of non-personal substantival pronouns have their corresponding adjectival pronouns, with a few additional pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Possessive personal pronouns ====<br />
The personal possessive pronouns inflect like adjectives. There are separate forms for each number, person, and clusivity, but they don't distinguish between animacy, or alienable and inalienable possession. The pronouns do inflect, however, for case and class.<br />
<br />
Each possessive pronoun also has several variants: the full form, the oblique form, and two prefixed forms. The full form is typically used with the basic cases, and the oblique form is used with subcases and additional cases. These two forms are generally used predicatively.<br />
<br />
The prefixed forms attach to the noun they modify. There are two variants: one is added to nouns that begin in a vowel, and the other is added to nouns beginning in a consonant. If the noun begins in a single consonant, it is usually geminated. The prefixed form is otherwise invariable. The full forms can be used instead of the prefixed form, and often are in more formal texts, but the prefixed forms are preferred. When contrast is emphasised, then the full forms can be used.<br />
<br />
The obviative possessive pronoun is somewhat defective as it has only one prefixed form, and the oblique stems are slightly irregular. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Lallai njammiveu.'''<br>''I saw his cat.''<br />
*'''Pol njørrik ás.'''<br>''That's their house.''<br />
*'''Tjannarau tinnoiksi.'''<br>''They didn't find your books.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse sjohlelostost.'''<br>''She agrees with my suggestions.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse njahlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.'''<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse jaurost hlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.''' (the possessive pronoun is further emphasised)<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Luiri naról ás? - Soiri.'''<br>''Whose books is this? - Mine.''<br />
*'''Luiri nareu ksinnain? - Kourve.'''<br>''Whose book did you steal? - Theirs.''<br />
<br />
==== Reflexive possessive pronoun ====<br />
The reflexive possessive pronoun is used in much the same fashion as its substantival counterpart.<br />
<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Mollai njînnifeu.'''<br>''I stroked my dog.''<br />
*'''Nîjesiewallu pai gaittaksi.'''<br>''You don't claim this in your articles.''<br />
*'''Luurte nareu šillain? - Nîjurte.'''<br>''Whose book did you take? - Mine.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronouns becomes very useful with third person subjects. Compare the following two examples:<br />
*'''Teil trâttais najîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (=someone else's) bag and ran away.''<br />
*'''Teil trâttais nîjîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (own) bag and ran away.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, even more distinctions can be made. Compare the following three examples:<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nîjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (own) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis pajestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=two other people's) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nøjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=other people's) travels.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In singular, a similar distinction can be made with the obviative pronoun as well:<br />
*'''Aeklavi lallais nîjurte li jaurte miveu, ēkki lîsurta.'''<br>''Aeklavi saw his (own) and his (=someone else's) cat, but not his (=a non-present person's) cat.''<br />
<br />
<br />
When it comes to body parts or other cases of obvious ownership, or if the context provides enough information to unambiguously determine the ownership, the pronoun can be omitted:<br />
*'''Nif iipleonnais viēnot.'''<br>''The dog wagged its tail.''<br />
*'''Jarralais vates.'''<br>''She opened her eyes.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronoun can also be used to denote approximation:<br />
*'''Haǯi nîjurva liala urava ašissás.'''<br>''The cave is about thirty metres deep.''<br />
*'''Enna nîjurva luela (erova).'''<br>''He's about fifty (years old).''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
Laefêvëši has a wide array of adjectival pronouns. All of the substantival pronouns have corresponding adjectival pronouns, and a few extra pronoun types. The non-personal adjectival pronouns come in three main classes that correspond to the three adjectival classes: qualitative, relational, and possessive pronouns. So each type (eg. interrogative, indefinite, etc.) comes in three classes. There is a fourth class, quantitative, but these are generally considered adverbs as they are non-declinable. Some types, however, do have quantitative adjectival pronouns.<br />
<br />
Similar to the personal possessive pronouns, the non-personal pronouns have more than one variant used. Aside from the full form, they also have an oblique form, but unlike the personal pronouns, many non-personal pronouns have a suffixed variant.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Interrogative pronouns ====<br />
The interrogative adjectival pronouns are used in questions and they enquire about characteristics, qualities, etc. of the head they modify. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''vreisi''', '''vrei(s)-'''; '''-ér''' "what, what sort of"<br />
*relational: '''vraili''', vrae(l)-; '''-ár''' "which, what", and '''þammili''', '''þamme(l)-''' "how many (different)"<br />
*possessive: '''luiri''', '''luu(r)-''' "whose"<br />
*quantitative: '''þammisi''', '''þammi(s)-''' "how large"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Reisi arkalj ás alën?''' <br>''What's the weather like today?''<br />
*'''Hamnajérau fēról ás?''' <br>''What colour is the coat?''<br />
*'''Vraelte siehnareu ullan?'''<br>''Which dictionary do you want?''<br />
*'''Ftîstárau sjemmiw ás?'''<br>''What breed is your cat?''<br />
*'''Luiri naról ás?'''<br>''Whose book is this?''<br />
*'''Þammelve iarises ennas?'''<br>''How many different (kinds of) pets do you have?''<br />
*'''Þammisi hanjast dymøhtau lás?'''<br>''What is the value of the purchase?'' (lit. ''How large is the value of the purchase?'')<br />
<br />
==== Relative pronouns ====<br />
The relative adjectival pronouns are used to introduce relative clauses with animate and inanimate antecedents. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''reisi''', '''rei(s)-''' "such (as), the like(s) of which, the kind that"<br />
*relational: '''raili''', '''vrae(l)-'''; '''á''' "who, which, that"<br />
*possessive: '''løiri''', '''løy(r)-''' "whose"<br />
*quantitative: '''þëttisi''', '''þëtti(s)-''' "(of) such a size"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the qualitative pronoun:<br />
*'''Poli lâl ás, reista xej lallanaike.'''<br>''This is a flower the like of which I have never seen before.''<br />
*'''Bannais ʒylogeu, reiste øllanais.'''<br>''He got the answer he wanted.'' (lit. ''He got the answer such as he wished.'')<br />
<br />
<br />
The relative qualitative pronoun often collocates with the relative demonstrative pronoun '''''šaisi''''' "such" in the main clause:<br />
*'''Hjattaiksi šaista ʒylogau, reiste bannais.'''<br>''She didn't expect such an answer as she got.''<br />
<br />
<br />
There are two relative relational pronouns; the declinable '''''raili''''' and the indeclinable '''''á'''''. The declinable pronoun can replace the indeclinable one at any time but the latter is very common and is usually replaced by the declinable pronoun to avoid ambiguity only. <br />
<br />
The declinable pronoun is used with all subcases and additional cases, whereas the indeclinable pronoun is used with the basic cases:<br />
*'''Miettai sienteu riksedna, raemu tilvallai neontahu.''' <br>''I received a letter from the lady with whom I stayed during my studies.''<br />
*'''Nar, á lânur ás, šijen ás.''' <br>''The book which is on the table is a gift.''<br />
<br />
<br />
When a non-nominative basic case is required, the indeclinable '''''á''''' must be used with the short form of a personal pronoun, and the two are linked by a hyphen:<br />
*'''Gitto rikeu, á-te jøčitittoi.'''<br>''We sold the house which we built.''<br />
*'''Pol nara ós, á-je skiennalais Iskârin.'''<br>''These are the book which Iskârin wrote.''<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á-ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman to whom she gave the book.''<br />
<br />
However, that last example can be ambiguous in the spoken language where it would sound identical to:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
To resolve the ambiguity, the declinable form can be used:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á-ti vettais nareu. → Pol vajy ás, raelti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman to whom she gave the book.''<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á ti vettais nareu. → Pol vajy ás, raili ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
If the obviative pronoun is used, however, there is no ambiguity because the obviative pronoun is incompatible with the hyphenated use:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á leu vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the possessive pronoun:<br />
*'''Hant, løiri rik jøtiuttais, sjoglîah ás.''' <br>''The man whose house burnt down is by uncle.''<br />
*'''Lallai littive, løiri vaiv ve jynnais.'''<br>''I saw mountains whose beauty dazzled me.''<br />
*'''Aisont, løyrot nyþot follai nentelu, rannais.'''<br>''Aisont, with whose sister I went to school, has died.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the quantitative pronoun:<br />
*'''Vettau si geizde, þëttiste jøðettatanno.'''<br>''I will give you the salary that you deserve.'' (lit. ''I will give you the salary of such as a size as you deserve.'')<br />
<br />
Like the qualitative pronoun, the quantitative pronoun also tends to coöccur with a demonstrative pronoun:<br />
*'''Þëttisi šatelt seirráus, tymmisi âta soirráus.'''<br>''Whatever size your share will be, mine will be just as much.''<br />
<br />
==== Unspecified pronouns ====<br />
The unspecified pronouns are identical in form to the interrogative pronouns but they are used in declarative sentences rather than being used to introduce a question (although they can appear in questions but they are not part of what is being asked for).<br />
<br />
The qualitative pronoun '''''vreisi''''' "any sort of" is used to refer to someone or something arbitrarily indefinite: <br />
*'''Šettej viettaisse vreisi doia.'''<br>''Probably some sort of an accident has happened.''<br />
*'''Ennanas vreisve sades.'''<br>''He always has some difficulties or other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The relational pronoun '''''vraili''''' "which" is used to refer to an unspecified or unknown person or thing in a group:<br />
*'''Sellake, vraelte htineu lallais.'''<br>''I don't know which car he saw.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive pronouns '''''luiri''''' "whose" refers to someone or something owned by someone unspecified: <br />
*'''Sella, luurte nareu nionnan!'''<br>''I know whose book you're reading!''<br />
<br />
==== Relative unspecified pronouns ====<br />
Similar to the corresponding substantival pronouns, they indicate an optional or arbitrary choice. Unlike the substantival ones, the adjectival pronouns are formed with a prefix rather than a suffix. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''preisi''', '''prei(s)-'''; ''-ép'' "of any kind whatever"<br />
*relational: '''praili''', '''prae(l)-'''; ''-áp'' "any whatever, whichever"<br />
*possessive: '''pluiri''', '''pluu(r)-''' "whosever, whoever's, of whomever"<br />
*quantitative: '''ƕëttisi''', '''ƕëtti(s)-''' "whatever the size, however large"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Marrana preiste noidde.'''<br>''I'm looking for any kind of job.''<br />
*'''Riŋalallén preiste hamnaðeu.'''<br>''You can use any kind of colour.''<br />
*'''Riŋalallén praelte hamnaðeu.'''<br>''You can use whichever colour.''<br />
*'''Pluurte nareu šillain, noattar te léj.'''<br>''Whosever book you took, return it now.''<br />
*'''Ƕëttiste ðēneu vi vettan, te šillau.'''<br>''However large a piece you give me, I'll take it.''<br />
<br />
==== Indefinite pronouns ====<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''treisi''', '''trei(s)-''' "some sort of, some kind of"<br />
*relational: '''noili''', '''noe(l)-'''; '''-ón''' "some, a certain", and '''vroila''', '''vroe(l)-''' "some, certain"<br />
*possessive: '''noiri''', '''nou(r)-''' "someone's"<br />
*quantitative: '''tømmisi''', '''tømmi(s)-''' "some(what)"<br />
<br />
<br />
The qualitative pronoun refers to someone or something indefinite or one of an unspecified number still to be decided or selected:<br />
*'''Nor treisi mønd áis.'''<br>''The place was some kind of a shop.''<br />
*'''Høstusu kaullais treiste synses.'''<br>''He was drawing symbols of some kind in the sand.''<br />
<br />
<br />
There are two relational pronouns: '''''noili''''' denotes an unknown person or thing, or a person or thing that the speaker does not wish to name, and it can be be used in any number; whereas '''''vroila''''' can be used in plural only, and it denotes (a small) and indefinite number of persons or things of a certain type, and it is selective rather than quantitative. <br />
<br />
Examples of '''''noili''''':<br />
*'''Hjannais harjēssainón.'''<br>''Some young man came.''<br />
*'''Fouttai noela vajy.'''<br>''I met some woman.''<br />
*'''Noelu skyylu pol nalj ás.'''<br>''In a certain sense that is true.''<br />
*'''Toþóneru seksennas.'''<br>''In some way he's right.''<br />
*'''Ʒajahkulu lallai kâlónes.''' <br>''I saw some trees in the distance.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of '''''vroila''''':<br />
*'''Vroila hitjaf hittos liehëisaj.'''<br>''Some/certain drivers drive too fast.''<br />
*'''Vroila kâla ƕejskâissós.'''<br>''Some/certain trees are evergreen.''<br />
*'''Vroellu emlallu losej ennoksi vassannada.'''<br>''In some/certain villages they still don't have electricity.''<br />
*'''Vroila linnos, í poli ljen viettaiksi.''' <br>''Some/certain people say that it didn't even happen.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive pronoun indicates possession by an unknown or unidentified person:<br />
*'''Ljēllarka, pol noiri rik ás!'''<br>''Don't go in, this is someone's house!''<br />
*'''Šillais ewnentau nouta nîhta.'''<br>''He took the wallet from someone's handbag.''<br />
*'''Neirodo kvēj rettais noule øxle.'''<br>''He slowly reached into someone's pocket with his hand.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The quantitative pronoun indicates a small and indefinite amount:<br />
*'''Ukkan hjannais tømmisot sjōnozot.'''<br>''The train arrived with some (small) delay.''<br />
*'''Ennois tømmisau hléansau.'''<br>''They had some (small) advantage.''<br />
<br />
==== Negative pronouns ====<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''skeisi''', '''skei(s)-''' "no, of no kind, not of any kind"<br />
*relational: '''saili''', '''sae(l)-''' "no, none, no-one"<br />
*possessive: '''sairi''', '''sau(r)-''' "no-one's"<br />
*quantitative: '''tohhisi''', '''tohhi(s)-''' "no, not any"<br />
<br />
<br />
The negative pronouns are somewhat confusing. With the exception of the possessive pronoun, all other pronouns have effectively been supplanted by the negative partitive in the modern language, with the actual pronouns used occasionally only for emphasis, and when stand-alone or in nominalised usage. In addition, '''''skeisi''''' and '''''saili''''' have nearly the same meaning, so most of the time either can be used (or the negative partitive case). <br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Saelva koitas ennake. / Skeisva koitas ennake. / Koitēnksi ennake.'''<br>''I have no news. / I have no news (whatsoever/of any kind). / I have no news.''<br />
*'''Saelva icyva ennaksi. / Skeisva icyva ennaksi. / Icynnei ennaksi.''' <br>''She has no worries. / She has no worries (whatsoever/of any kind). / She has no worries.''<br />
<br />
<br />
However, sometimes the difference can be maintained:<br />
*'''Vraelva wiskas ullon? - Saelve.'''<br>''Which cakes do you want? - None.''<br />
*'''Vreisva wiskas ullon? - Skeisve.'''<br>''What kind of cakes do you want? - None (of any sort).''<br />
<br />
<br />
The qualitative pronoun is also rarely used with human referents, where only the relational pronoun or the negative partitive case are typically used:<br />
*'''Saelta fjøljada láksi. / Føljannei láksi.'''<br>''No doctor was there.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The relational pronoun can be used substantivally as well, a usage shared with the substantival negative pronoun '''''tol''''' (''no-one''). Very often the two can be used interchangeably: <br />
*'''Tol/saili ta ksynnaksi.''' <br>''No-one/nobody knows him.''<br />
*'''Tol/saili jai ksynnaksi.''' <br>''No-one/nobody likes them.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Nonetheless, there is often a difference between these two pronouns. The substantival pronoun '''''tol''''' refers to an unlimited number of persons, whereas the adjectival pronoun '''''saili''''' refers to a more limited number of persons or things already mentioned. In terms of usage, this means that ''tol'' appears in general(ised) statements and ''saili'' appears in more specific contexts. <br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Tol minólur ti hûn žonnalléksi.'''<br>''No-one in this world can help him any more.''<br />
*'''Allais jai liala, či saili sellaiksi ʒylogde.'''<br>''There was thirty of them and no-one knew the answer.''<br />
*'''Sel allais ƕênsur? - Tol.'''<br>''Who was at the party? - Nobody.''<br />
*'''Vraili (čainna) allais ƕênsur? - Saili.'''<br>''Which of you was at the meeting? - No-one.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The relational pronoun is also often used with the egressive case to mean "none of" (in plural) or "neither of" (in dual):<br />
*'''Saili neonjasna tajataiksi.'''<br>''None of the students agreed.''<br />
*'''Saili hrainna annauksi fokser.'''<br>''Neither of us will go on the trip.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive pronoun indicates the lack of possession or that a person or thing belongs to no-one: <br />
*'''Alloi saeru tjēdru.'''<br>''We were in no man's land.''<br />
*'''Jâ sairi taloks allanaiksi.'''<br>''She's never been anyone's enemy.''<br />
*'''Nif sairráksi.''' <br>''The dog is no-one's.''<br />
*'''Vanšinól sairi viellanši láksi.'''<br>''This language is no-one's mother tongue.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The quantitative pronoun indicates the total absence of an amount, or that the amount is equal to zero:<br />
*'''Estiaike tohhisot ewnot.'''<br>''I travelled with no money.''<br />
*'''Tohhisve dygvanastas ennake.'''<br>''I've got no savings.''<br />
*'''Ennoke hûn tohhisa daonozau.'''<br>''We have no hope any more.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In the modern language, this pronoun has started to fall out of use and is frequently replaced by the negative partitive case, the relational negative pronoun, or by the abessive case in some contexts:<br />
*'''Estiaike tohhisot ewnot. → Estiai ewnazu.''' (replaced by the abessive case)<br>''I travelled with no money. → I travelled without (any) money.''<br />
*'''Tohhisva dygvanastas ennake. → Saelva dygvanastas ennake.''' (relational pronoun) '''/ Dygvanastēnksi ennake.''' (negative partitive)<br>''I've got no savings.''<br />
<br />
==== Total pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Summative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Manifold pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Differential pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Equative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120357
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T11:29:06Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Negative pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronouns ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
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There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
<br />
The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
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<br />
Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
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In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
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<br />
Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
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<br />
The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
=== Relative pronouns ===<br />
The relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which then gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. These are substantival relative pronouns, however, which means they stand in for nouns or refer to whole clauses. The best English equivalents are ''(the person) who'', ''(he) who'', or ''(someone) who'', and ''(the thing) which'', ''(that) which'', or ''(something) which''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sol || sos<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soi || sok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| son || sot <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sou || sut <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| son || som <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sun || sum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sol nevvanas, nevant ás.'''<br>''A person who teaches is a teacher.''<br />
*'''Tannar, sut ullan.'''<br>''Do what you want.''<br />
*'''Pol sanlás, sumot tajataker.''' <br>''This is the only thing which I disagree with.''<br />
*'''Pol, sut lonnais, nalj áksi.'''<br>''What he said isn't true.'' (or more literally, ''That which he said isn't true.'')<br />
<br />
=== Unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The unspecified pronouns are similar to interrogative pronouns but refer to an unspecified person, animal, object, etc. They are never used to introduce a question. There are no direct English counterparts, the closest are ''who'', ''anyone'', ''someone'', and ''what'', ''anything'', ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sēl || siu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sau || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| søn || søt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sēn || sēm <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| syn || sym<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sannar vi, søt lallavan.'''<br>''Tell me if you see anything.''<br />
*'''Sannar vi, siu ehtiavausse.''' <br>''Tell me if anything changes.''<br />
*'''Ynnake, sân vettaha pei.'''<br>''I don't know who I should give this to.''<br />
*'''Njainnahas sēl fjøljade.'''<br>''Someone should call the doctor.'' (or ''May someone call the doctor.'')<br />
*'''Yssynnanasse, suj ti sēl søt vettas.'''<br>''It always makes him happy when someone gives him something.''<br />
*'''Ynnaike, synot lottai.'''<br>''I didn't know who I was talking to.''<br />
<br />
=== Relative unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The relative unspecified pronouns are similar to the relative pronouns but with a suffix added to indicate an optional or arbitrary, random choice. They are similar to English ''whoever'' or ''anyone'', and ''whatever'' or ''anything''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| soles || soxes<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soies || soges <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sones || soðes<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| soues || suðes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| soŋes || sōŋes<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| suŋes || sûŋes<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Sientóleu niounnallés soles.'''<br>''Anyone can read this letter.''<br />
*'''Soŋesot annan, ljecyissár.'''<br>''Whoever you go with, be careful.''<br />
*'''Suðeseru ǯiuissás.'''<br>''I'm ready for anything.'' (alternatively also ''I'm ready for whatever [may happen].'')<br />
<br />
=== Indefinite pronouns ===<br />
The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to unknown people, animals, objects, etc. They are equivalent to English ''someone'' or ''somebody'', and ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tel || tei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| tai || tak<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tan || tas <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| teu || tes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ten || tem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tin || tim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tel se naittais.'''<br>''Someone called you.''<br />
*'''Tes ennas øxlu.'''<br>''She has something in his pocket.''<br />
*'''Eillais ve timot.'''<br>''He hit me with something.''<br />
*'''Tan gyttai nareu, či ʒaillai, sân.'''<br>''I lent the book to someone, but I've forgotten who.''<br />
<br />
=== Negative pronouns ===<br />
The negative pronouns indicate the non-existence of persons, animals, objects, etc. Their English equivalents are ''nobody'', ''no-one'', and ''nothing''. They also require the predicate to be negated (double negation). <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tol || toh<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| toi || tok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tor || tos<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| tou || tus<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ton || tom <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tun || tum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tol hjannaiksi.'''<br>''Nobody came.''<br />
*'''Toi lallaike.'''<br>''I saw no-one.''<br />
*'''Tok tinnaike.'''<br>''I found nothing.''<br />
*'''Mønnølu møttaiksi tok.'''<br>''He bought nothing in the shop.''<br />
<br />
=== Total pronouns ===<br />
The total pronouns (sometimes also known as the universal pronouns) are used to indicate the total number of persons, animals, objects, etc. involved. The animate pronoun is often referred to as the distributive pronoun because it refers to each individual, and the inanimate pronoun as the summative pronoun because it refers to the class collectively. Their English equivalents are ''everyone'', ''everybody'', and ''everything'', ''all''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Total''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| fel || fei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| fai || făk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| fân || fâs <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| feu || fet<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| fen || fem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| fin || fim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Feu donnanas.'''<br>''He greets everyone.'' (in the sense of greeting each person separately)<br />
*'''Yvynekja tajatakses fînot.'''<br>''The professor doesn't agree with everyone.''<br />
*'''Pol fei lás, sut sella.'''<br>''This is everything that I know.''<br />
*'''Fâk i ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know how to do everything.''<br />
<br />
=== Manifold pronouns ===<br />
The manifold pronouns are a set of unspecified pronouns with prefixes (and as such, they are declined identically to the unspecified pronouns).<br />
<br />
There are four prefixes:<br />
*'''lae-''' "many"<br />
*'''xae-''' "many" (rarely used)<br />
*'''tue-''' "hardly"<br />
*'''jae-''' "rarely"<br />
<br />
The first two types, ''lae-'' and ''xae-'', are identical in meaning but the ''lae-'' forms are prevalent and the ''xae-'' forms have largely fallen out of use. They refer to multiple people or things and can be translated similarly to English "many a person" and "many a thing". <br />
<br />
The other two types, ''tue-'' and ''jae-'', are also similar in meaning, both referring to the scarcity or low number of people or things. Of these two, ''tue-'' is somewhat more common, but both prefixes are used. They can be translated as "hardly anyone" and "hardly anything".<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | ''lae''-series || colspan="2" | ''xae''-series || colspan="2" | ''tue''-series || colspan="2" | ''jae''-series<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nomiantive<br />
| laessēl || laessiu || xaessēl || xaessiu || tuessēl || tuessiu || jaessēl || jaessiu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| laessau || laessâk || xaessau || xaessâk || tuessau || tuessâk || jaessau || jaessâk<br />
|-<br />
! Datitve<br />
| laessân || laessât || xaessân || xaessât || tuessân || tuessât || jaessân || jaessât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| laessøn || laessøt || xaessøn || xaessøt || tuessøn || tuessøt || jaessøn || jaessøt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| laessēn || laessēm || xaessēn || xaessēm || tuessēn || tuessēm || jaessēn || jaessēm<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| laessyn || laessym || xaessyn || xaessym || tuessyn || tuessym || jaessyn || jaessym<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Laessēl stoido tajatakses.'''<br>''Many a person will not agree with you.''<br />
*'''Vēalu laessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Many a thing has changed in the city.''<br />
*'''Laessâk ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know many a thing.'' (or ''There are many things I don't know.'')<br />
*'''Tuessēl ksynnas aisóleu.'''<br>''Hardly anyone knows this song.'' (or ''Very few people know this song.'')<br />
*'''Vēalu tuessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Hardly anything has changed in the city.''<br />
<br />
=== Combinations [OBSOLETE?]===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
Adjectival pronouns are pronouns that replace adjectives and follow the adjectival inflexion pattern. As with substantival pronouns, there two main groups: personal pronouns and non-personal pronouns.<br />
<br />
There are two types of personal pronouns: the possessive personal pronouns and the reflexive personal pronoun. All the other types of non-personal substantival pronouns have their corresponding adjectival pronouns, with a few additional pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Possessive personal pronouns ====<br />
The personal possessive pronouns inflect like adjectives. There are separate forms for each number, person, and clusivity, but they don't distinguish between animacy, or alienable and inalienable possession. The pronouns do inflect, however, for case and class.<br />
<br />
Each possessive pronoun also has several variants: the full form, the oblique form, and two prefixed forms. The full form is typically used with the basic cases, and the oblique form is used with subcases and additional cases. These two forms are generally used predicatively.<br />
<br />
The prefixed forms attach to the noun they modify. There are two variants: one is added to nouns that begin in a vowel, and the other is added to nouns beginning in a consonant. If the noun begins in a single consonant, it is usually geminated. The prefixed form is otherwise invariable. The full forms can be used instead of the prefixed form, and often are in more formal texts, but the prefixed forms are preferred. When contrast is emphasised, then the full forms can be used.<br />
<br />
The obviative possessive pronoun is somewhat defective as it has only one prefixed form, and the oblique stems are slightly irregular. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Lallai njammiveu.'''<br>''I saw his cat.''<br />
*'''Pol njørrik ás.'''<br>''That's their house.''<br />
*'''Tjannarau tinnoiksi.'''<br>''They didn't find your books.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse sjohlelostost.'''<br>''She agrees with my suggestions.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse njahlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.'''<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse jaurost hlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.''' (the possessive pronoun is further emphasised)<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Luiri naról ás? - Soiri.'''<br>''Whose books is this? - Mine.''<br />
*'''Luiri nareu ksinnain? - Kourve.'''<br>''Whose book did you steal? - Theirs.''<br />
<br />
==== Reflexive possessive pronoun ====<br />
The reflexive possessive pronoun is used in much the same fashion as its substantival counterpart.<br />
<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Mollai njînnifeu.'''<br>''I stroked my dog.''<br />
*'''Nîjesiewallu pai gaittaksi.'''<br>''You don't claim this in your articles.''<br />
*'''Luurte nareu šillain? - Nîjurte.'''<br>''Whose book did you take? - Mine.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronouns becomes very useful with third person subjects. Compare the following two examples:<br />
*'''Teil trâttais najîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (=someone else's) bag and ran away.''<br />
*'''Teil trâttais nîjîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (own) bag and ran away.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, even more distinctions can be made. Compare the following three examples:<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nîjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (own) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis pajestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=two other people's) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nøjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=other people's) travels.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In singular, a similar distinction can be made with the obviative pronoun as well:<br />
*'''Aeklavi lallais nîjurte li jaurte miveu, ēkki lîsurta.'''<br>''Aeklavi saw his (own) and his (=someone else's) cat, but not his (=a non-present person's) cat.''<br />
<br />
<br />
When it comes to body parts or other cases of obvious ownership, or if the context provides enough information to unambiguously determine the ownership, the pronoun can be omitted:<br />
*'''Nif iipleonnais viēnot.'''<br>''The dog wagged its tail.''<br />
*'''Jarralais vates.'''<br>''She opened her eyes.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronoun can also be used to denote approximation:<br />
*'''Haǯi nîjurva liala urava ašissás.'''<br>''The cave is about thirty metres deep.''<br />
*'''Enna nîjurva luela (erova).'''<br>''He's about fifty (years old).''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
Laefêvëši has a wide array of adjectival pronouns. All of the substantival pronouns have corresponding adjectival pronouns, and a few extra pronoun types. The non-personal adjectival pronouns come in three main classes that correspond to the three adjectival classes: qualitative, relational, and possessive pronouns. So each type (eg. interrogative, indefinite, etc.) comes in three classes. There is a fourth class, quantitative, but these are generally considered adverbs as they are non-declinable. Some types, however, do have quantitative adjectival pronouns.<br />
<br />
Similar to the personal possessive pronouns, the non-personal pronouns have more than one variant used. Aside from the full form, they also have an oblique form, but unlike the personal pronouns, many non-personal pronouns have a suffixed variant.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Interrogative pronouns ====<br />
The interrogative adjectival pronouns are used in questions and they enquire about characteristics, qualities, etc. of the head they modify. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''vreisi''', '''vrei(s)-'''; '''-ér''' "what, what sort of"<br />
*relational: '''vraili''', vrae(l)-; '''-ár''' "which, what", and '''þammili''', '''þamme(l)-''' "how many (different)"<br />
*possessive: '''luiri''', '''luu(r)-''' "whose"<br />
*quantitative: '''þammisi''', '''þammi(s)-''' "how large"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Reisi arkalj ás alën?''' <br>''What's the weather like today?''<br />
*'''Hamnajérau fēról ás?''' <br>''What colour is the coat?''<br />
*'''Vraelte siehnareu ullan?'''<br>''Which dictionary do you want?''<br />
*'''Ftîstárau sjemmiw ás?'''<br>''What breed is your cat?''<br />
*'''Luiri naról ás?'''<br>''Whose book is this?''<br />
*'''Þammelve iarises ennas?'''<br>''How many different (kinds of) pets do you have?''<br />
*'''Þammisi hanjast dymøhtau lás?'''<br>''What is the value of the purchase?'' (lit. ''How large is the value of the purchase?'')<br />
<br />
==== Relative pronouns ====<br />
The relative adjectival pronouns are used to introduce relative clauses with animate and inanimate antecedents. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''reisi''', '''rei(s)-''' "such (as), the like(s) of which, the kind that"<br />
*relational: '''raili''', '''vrae(l)-'''; '''á''' "who, which, that"<br />
*possessive: '''løiri''', '''løy(r)-''' "whose"<br />
*quantitative: '''þëttisi''', '''þëtti(s)-''' "(of) such a size"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the qualitative pronoun:<br />
*'''Poli lâl ás, reista xej lallanaike.'''<br>''This is a flower the like of which I have never seen before.''<br />
*'''Bannais ʒylogeu, reiste øllanais.'''<br>''He got the answer he wanted.'' (lit. ''He got the answer such as he wished.'')<br />
<br />
<br />
The relative qualitative pronoun often collocates with the relative demonstrative pronoun '''''šaisi''''' "such" in the main clause:<br />
*'''Hjattaiksi šaista ʒylogau, reiste bannais.'''<br>''She didn't expect such an answer as she got.''<br />
<br />
<br />
There are two relative relational pronouns; the declinable '''''raili''''' and the indeclinable '''''á'''''. The declinable pronoun can replace the indeclinable one at any time but the latter is very common and is usually replaced by the declinable pronoun to avoid ambiguity only. <br />
<br />
The declinable pronoun is used with all subcases and additional cases, whereas the indeclinable pronoun is used with the basic cases:<br />
*'''Miettai sienteu riksedna, raemu tilvallai neontahu.''' <br>''I received a letter from the lady with whom I stayed during my studies.''<br />
*'''Nar, á lânur ás, šijen ás.''' <br>''The book which is on the table is a gift.''<br />
<br />
<br />
When a non-nominative basic case is required, the indeclinable '''''á''''' must be used with the short form of a personal pronoun, and the two are linked by a hyphen:<br />
*'''Gitto rikeu, á-te jøčitittoi.'''<br>''We sold the house which we built.''<br />
*'''Pol nara ós, á-je skiennalais Iskârin.'''<br>''These are the book which Iskârin wrote.''<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á-ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman to whom she gave the book.''<br />
<br />
However, that last example can be ambiguous in the spoken language where it would sound identical to:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
To resolve the ambiguity, the declinable form can be used:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á-ti vettais nareu. → Pol vajy ás, raelti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman to whom she gave the book.''<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á ti vettais nareu. → Pol vajy ás, raili ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
If the obviative pronoun is used, however, there is no ambiguity because the obviative pronoun is incompatible with the hyphenated use:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á leu vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the possessive pronoun:<br />
*'''Hant, løiri rik jøtiuttais, sjoglîah ás.''' <br>''The man whose house burnt down is by uncle.''<br />
*'''Lallai littive, løiri vaiv ve jynnais.'''<br>''I saw mountains whose beauty dazzled me.''<br />
*'''Aisont, løyrot nyþot follai nentelu, rannais.'''<br>''Aisont, with whose sister I went to school, has died.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the quantitative pronoun:<br />
*'''Vettau si geizde, þëttiste jøðettatanno.'''<br>''I will give you the salary that you deserve.'' (lit. ''I will give you the salary of such as a size as you deserve.'')<br />
<br />
Like the qualitative pronoun, the quantitative pronoun also tends to coöccur with a demonstrative pronoun:<br />
*'''Þëttisi šatelt seirráus, tymmisi âta soirráus.'''<br>''Whatever size your share will be, mine will be just as much.''<br />
<br />
==== Unspecified pronouns ====<br />
The unspecified pronouns are identical in form to the interrogative pronouns but they are used in declarative sentences rather than being used to introduce a question (although they can appear in questions but they are not part of what is being asked for).<br />
<br />
The qualitative pronoun '''''vreisi''''' "any sort of" is used to refer to someone or something arbitrarily indefinite: <br />
*'''Šettej viettaisse vreisi doia.'''<br>''Probably some sort of an accident has happened.''<br />
*'''Ennanas vreisve sades.'''<br>''He always has some difficulties or other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The relational pronoun '''''vraili''''' "which" is used to refer to an unspecified or unknown person or thing in a group:<br />
*'''Sellake, vraelte htineu lallais.'''<br>''I don't know which car he saw.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive pronouns '''''luiri''''' "whose" refers to someone or something owned by someone unspecified: <br />
*'''Sella, luurte nareu nionnan!'''<br>''I know whose book you're reading!''<br />
<br />
==== Relative unspecified pronouns ====<br />
Similar to the corresponding substantival pronouns, they indicate an optional or arbitrary choice. Unlike the substantival ones, the adjectival pronouns are formed with a prefix rather than a suffix. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''preisi''', '''prei(s)-'''; ''-ép'' "of any kind whatever"<br />
*relational: '''praili''', '''prae(l)-'''; ''-áp'' "any whatever, whichever"<br />
*possessive: '''pluiri''', '''pluu(r)-''' "whosever, whoever's, of whomever"<br />
*quantitative: '''ƕëttisi''', '''ƕëtti(s)-''' "whatever the size, however large"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Marrana preiste noidde.'''<br>''I'm looking for any kind of job.''<br />
*'''Riŋalallén preiste hamnaðeu.'''<br>''You can use any kind of colour.''<br />
*'''Riŋalallén praelte hamnaðeu.'''<br>''You can use whichever colour.''<br />
*'''Pluurte nareu šillain, noattar te léj.'''<br>''Whosever book you took, return it now.''<br />
*'''Ƕëttiste ðēneu vi vettan, te šillau.'''<br>''However large a piece you give me, I'll take it.''<br />
<br />
==== Indefinite pronouns ====<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''treisi''', '''trei(s)-''' "some sort of, some kind of"<br />
*relational: '''noili''', '''noe(l)-'''; '''-ón''' "some, a certain", and '''vroila''', '''vroe(l)-''' "some, certain"<br />
*possessive: '''noiri''', '''nou(r)-''' "someone's"<br />
*quantitative: '''tømmisi''', '''tømmi(s)-''' "some(what)"<br />
<br />
<br />
The qualitative pronoun refers to someone or something indefinite or one of an unspecified number still to be decided or selected:<br />
*'''Nor treisi mønd áis.'''<br>''The place was some kind of a shop.''<br />
*'''Høstusu kaullais treiste synses.'''<br>''He was drawing symbols of some kind in the sand.''<br />
<br />
<br />
There are two relational pronouns: '''''noili''''' denotes an unknown person or thing, or a person or thing that the speaker does not wish to name, and it can be be used in any number; whereas '''''vroila''''' can be used in plural only, and it denotes (a small) and indefinite number of persons or things of a certain type, and it is selective rather than quantitative. <br />
<br />
Examples of '''''noili''''':<br />
*'''Hjannais harjēssainón.'''<br>''Some young man came.''<br />
*'''Fouttai noela vajy.'''<br>''I met some woman.''<br />
*'''Noelu skyylu pol nalj ás.'''<br>''In a certain sense that is true.''<br />
*'''Toþóneru seksennas.'''<br>''In some way he's right.''<br />
*'''Ʒajahkulu lallai kâlónes.''' <br>''I saw some trees in the distance.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of '''''vroila''''':<br />
*'''Vroila hitjaf hittos liehëisaj.'''<br>''Some/certain drivers drive too fast.''<br />
*'''Vroila kâla ƕejskâissós.'''<br>''Some/certain trees are evergreen.''<br />
*'''Vroellu emlallu losej ennoksi vassannada.'''<br>''In some/certain villages they still don't have electricity.''<br />
*'''Vroila linnos, í poli ljen viettaiksi.''' <br>''Some/certain people say that it didn't even happen.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive pronoun indicates possession by an unknown or unidentified person:<br />
*'''Ljēllarka, pol noiri rik ás!'''<br>''Don't go in, this is someone's house!''<br />
*'''Šillais ewnentau nouta nîhta.'''<br>''He took the wallet from someone's handbag.''<br />
*'''Neirodo kvēj rettais noule øxle.'''<br>''He slowly reached into someone's pocket with his hand.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The quantitative pronoun indicates a small and indefinite amount:<br />
*'''Ukkan hjannais tømmisot sjōnozot.'''<br>''The train arrived with some (small) delay.''<br />
*'''Ennois tømmisau hléansau.'''<br>''They had some (small) advantage.''<br />
<br />
==== Negative pronouns ====<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''skeisi''', '''skei(s)-''' "no, of no kind, not of any kind"<br />
*relational: '''saili''', '''sae(l)-''' "no, none, no-one"<br />
*possessive: '''sairi''', '''sau(r)-''' "no-one's"<br />
*quantitative: '''tohhisi''', '''tohhi(s)-''' "no, not any"<br />
<br />
<br />
The negative pronouns are somewhat confusing. With the exception of the possessive pronoun, all other pronouns have effectively been supplanted by the negative partitive in the modern language, with the actual pronouns used occasionally only for emphasis, and when stand-alone or in nominalised usage. In addition, '''''skeisi''''' and '''''saili''''' have nearly the same meaning, so most of the time either can be used (or the negative partitive case). <br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Saelva koitas ennake. / Skeisva koitas ennake. / Koitēnksi ennake.'''<br>''I have no news. / I have no news (whatsoever/of any kind). / I have no news.''<br />
*'''Saelva icyva ennaksi. / Skeisva icyva ennaksi. / Icynnei ennaksi.''' <br>''She has no worries. / She has no worries (whatsoever/of any kind). / She has no worries.''<br />
<br />
<br />
However, sometimes the difference can be maintained:<br />
*'''Vraelva wiskas ullon? - Saelve.'''<br>''Which cakes do you want? - None.''<br />
*'''Vreisva wiskas ullon? - Skeisve.'''<br>''What kind of cakes do you want? - None (of any sort).''<br />
<br />
<br />
The qualitative pronoun is also rarely used with human referents, where only the relational pronoun or the negative partitive case are typically used:<br />
*'''Saelta fjøljada láksi. / Føljannei láksi.'''<br>''No doctor was there.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The relational pronoun can be used substantivally as well, a usage shared with the substantival negative pronoun '''''tol''''' (''no-one''). Very often the two can be used interchangeably: <br />
*'''Tol/saili ta ksynnaksi.''' <br>''No-one/nobody knows him.''<br />
*'''Tol/saili jai ksynnaksi.''' <br>''No-one/nobody likes them.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Nonetheless, there is often a difference between these two pronouns. The substantival pronoun '''''tol''''' refers to an unlimited number of persons, whereas the adjectival pronoun '''''saili''''' refers to a more limited number of persons or things already mentioned. In terms of usage, this means that ''tol'' appears in general(ised) statements and ''saili'' appears in more specific contexts. <br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Tol minólur ti hûn žonnalléksi.'''<br>''No-one in this world can help him any more.''<br />
*'''Allais jai liala, či saili sellaiksi ʒylogde.'''<br>''There was thirty of them and no-one knew the answer.''<br />
*'''Sel allais ƕênsur? - Tol.'''<br>''Who was at the party? - Nobody.''<br />
*'''Vraili (čainna) allais ƕênsur? - Saili.'''<br>''Which of you was at the meeting? - No-one.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The relational pronoun is also often used with the egressive case to mean "none of" (in plural) or "neither of" (in dual):<br />
*'''Saili neonjasna tajataiksi.'''<br>''None of the students agreed.''<br />
*'''Saili hrainna annauksi fokser.'''<br>''Neither of us will go on the trip.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive pronoun indicates the lack of possession or that a person or thing belongs to no-one: <br />
*'''Alloi saeru tjēdru.'''<br>''We were in no man's land.''<br />
*'''Jâ sairi taloks allanaiksi.'''<br>''She's never been anyone's enemy.''<br />
*'''Nif sairráksi.''' <br>''The dog is no-one's.''<br />
*'''Vanšinól sairi viellanši láksi.'''<br>''This language is no-one's mother tongue.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The quantitative pronoun indicates the total absence of an amount, or that the amount is equal to zero:<br />
*'''Estiaike tohhisot ewnot.'''<br>''I travelled with no money.''<br />
*'''Tohhisve dygvanastas ennake.'''<br>''I've got no savings.''<br />
*'''Ennoke hûn tohhisa daonozau.'''<br>''We have no hope any more.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In the modern language, this pronoun has started to fall out of use and is frequently replaced by the negative partitive case, the relational negative pronoun, or by the abessive case in some contexts:<br />
*'''Estiaike tohhisot ewnot. → Estiai ewnazu.''' (replaced by the abessive case)<br>''I travelled with no money. → I travelled without (any) money.''<br />
*'''Tohhisva dygvanastas ennake. → Saelva dygvanastas ennake.''' (relational pronoun) '''/ Dygvanastēnksi ennake.''' (negative partitive)<br>''I've got no savings.''<br />
<br />
==== Total pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Summative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Manifold pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Differential pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Equative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120356
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T11:20:42Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Indefinite pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronouns ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
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There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
<br />
The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
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<br />
In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
<br />
<br />
The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
=== Relative pronouns ===<br />
The relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which then gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. These are substantival relative pronouns, however, which means they stand in for nouns or refer to whole clauses. The best English equivalents are ''(the person) who'', ''(he) who'', or ''(someone) who'', and ''(the thing) which'', ''(that) which'', or ''(something) which''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sol || sos<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soi || sok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| son || sot <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sou || sut <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| son || som <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sun || sum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sol nevvanas, nevant ás.'''<br>''A person who teaches is a teacher.''<br />
*'''Tannar, sut ullan.'''<br>''Do what you want.''<br />
*'''Pol sanlás, sumot tajataker.''' <br>''This is the only thing which I disagree with.''<br />
*'''Pol, sut lonnais, nalj áksi.'''<br>''What he said isn't true.'' (or more literally, ''That which he said isn't true.'')<br />
<br />
=== Unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The unspecified pronouns are similar to interrogative pronouns but refer to an unspecified person, animal, object, etc. They are never used to introduce a question. There are no direct English counterparts, the closest are ''who'', ''anyone'', ''someone'', and ''what'', ''anything'', ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sēl || siu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sau || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| søn || søt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sēn || sēm <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| syn || sym<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sannar vi, søt lallavan.'''<br>''Tell me if you see anything.''<br />
*'''Sannar vi, siu ehtiavausse.''' <br>''Tell me if anything changes.''<br />
*'''Ynnake, sân vettaha pei.'''<br>''I don't know who I should give this to.''<br />
*'''Njainnahas sēl fjøljade.'''<br>''Someone should call the doctor.'' (or ''May someone call the doctor.'')<br />
*'''Yssynnanasse, suj ti sēl søt vettas.'''<br>''It always makes him happy when someone gives him something.''<br />
*'''Ynnaike, synot lottai.'''<br>''I didn't know who I was talking to.''<br />
<br />
=== Relative unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The relative unspecified pronouns are similar to the relative pronouns but with a suffix added to indicate an optional or arbitrary, random choice. They are similar to English ''whoever'' or ''anyone'', and ''whatever'' or ''anything''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| soles || soxes<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soies || soges <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sones || soðes<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| soues || suðes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| soŋes || sōŋes<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| suŋes || sûŋes<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Sientóleu niounnallés soles.'''<br>''Anyone can read this letter.''<br />
*'''Soŋesot annan, ljecyissár.'''<br>''Whoever you go with, be careful.''<br />
*'''Suðeseru ǯiuissás.'''<br>''I'm ready for anything.'' (alternatively also ''I'm ready for whatever [may happen].'')<br />
<br />
=== Indefinite pronouns ===<br />
The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to unknown people, animals, objects, etc. They are equivalent to English ''someone'' or ''somebody'', and ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tel || tei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| tai || tak<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tan || tas <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| teu || tes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ten || tem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tin || tim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tel se naittais.'''<br>''Someone called you.''<br />
*'''Tes ennas øxlu.'''<br>''She has something in his pocket.''<br />
*'''Eillais ve timot.'''<br>''He hit me with something.''<br />
*'''Tan gyttai nareu, či ʒaillai, sân.'''<br>''I lent the book to someone, but I've forgotten who.''<br />
<br />
=== Negative pronouns ===<br />
The negative pronouns indicate the non-existence of persons, animals, objects, etc. Their English equivalents are ''nobody'', ''no-one'', and ''nothing''. They also require the predicate to be negated (double negation). <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tol || toh<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| toi || tok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tor || tos<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| tou || tus<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ton || tom <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tun || tum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tol hjannaiksi.'''<br>''Nobody came.''<br />
*'''Toi lallaike.'''<br>''I saw no-one.''<br />
*'''Tok tinnaike.'''<br>''I found nothing.''<br />
*'''Mønnølu møttaiksi tok.'''<br>''He bought nothing in the shop.''<br />
<br />
=== Total pronouns ===<br />
The total pronouns (sometimes also known as the universal pronouns) are used to indicate the total number of persons, animals, objects, etc. involved. The animate pronoun is often referred to as the distributive pronoun because it refers to each individual, and the inanimate pronoun as the summative pronoun because it refers to the class collectively. Their English equivalents are ''everyone'', ''everybody'', and ''everything'', ''all''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Total''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| fel || fei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| fai || făk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| fân || fâs <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| feu || fet<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| fen || fem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| fin || fim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Feu donnanas.'''<br>''He greets everyone.'' (in the sense of greeting each person separately)<br />
*'''Yvynekja tajatakses fînot.'''<br>''The professor doesn't agree with everyone.''<br />
*'''Pol fei lás, sut sella.'''<br>''This is everything that I know.''<br />
*'''Fâk i ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know how to do everything.''<br />
<br />
=== Manifold pronouns ===<br />
The manifold pronouns are a set of unspecified pronouns with prefixes (and as such, they are declined identically to the unspecified pronouns).<br />
<br />
There are four prefixes:<br />
*'''lae-''' "many"<br />
*'''xae-''' "many" (rarely used)<br />
*'''tue-''' "hardly"<br />
*'''jae-''' "rarely"<br />
<br />
The first two types, ''lae-'' and ''xae-'', are identical in meaning but the ''lae-'' forms are prevalent and the ''xae-'' forms have largely fallen out of use. They refer to multiple people or things and can be translated similarly to English "many a person" and "many a thing". <br />
<br />
The other two types, ''tue-'' and ''jae-'', are also similar in meaning, both referring to the scarcity or low number of people or things. Of these two, ''tue-'' is somewhat more common, but both prefixes are used. They can be translated as "hardly anyone" and "hardly anything".<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | ''lae''-series || colspan="2" | ''xae''-series || colspan="2" | ''tue''-series || colspan="2" | ''jae''-series<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nomiantive<br />
| laessēl || laessiu || xaessēl || xaessiu || tuessēl || tuessiu || jaessēl || jaessiu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| laessau || laessâk || xaessau || xaessâk || tuessau || tuessâk || jaessau || jaessâk<br />
|-<br />
! Datitve<br />
| laessân || laessât || xaessân || xaessât || tuessân || tuessât || jaessân || jaessât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| laessøn || laessøt || xaessøn || xaessøt || tuessøn || tuessøt || jaessøn || jaessøt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| laessēn || laessēm || xaessēn || xaessēm || tuessēn || tuessēm || jaessēn || jaessēm<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| laessyn || laessym || xaessyn || xaessym || tuessyn || tuessym || jaessyn || jaessym<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Laessēl stoido tajatakses.'''<br>''Many a person will not agree with you.''<br />
*'''Vēalu laessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Many a thing has changed in the city.''<br />
*'''Laessâk ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know many a thing.'' (or ''There are many things I don't know.'')<br />
*'''Tuessēl ksynnas aisóleu.'''<br>''Hardly anyone knows this song.'' (or ''Very few people know this song.'')<br />
*'''Vēalu tuessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Hardly anything has changed in the city.''<br />
<br />
=== Combinations [OBSOLETE?]===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
Adjectival pronouns are pronouns that replace adjectives and follow the adjectival inflexion pattern. As with substantival pronouns, there two main groups: personal pronouns and non-personal pronouns.<br />
<br />
There are two types of personal pronouns: the possessive personal pronouns and the reflexive personal pronoun. All the other types of non-personal substantival pronouns have their corresponding adjectival pronouns, with a few additional pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Possessive personal pronouns ====<br />
The personal possessive pronouns inflect like adjectives. There are separate forms for each number, person, and clusivity, but they don't distinguish between animacy, or alienable and inalienable possession. The pronouns do inflect, however, for case and class.<br />
<br />
Each possessive pronoun also has several variants: the full form, the oblique form, and two prefixed forms. The full form is typically used with the basic cases, and the oblique form is used with subcases and additional cases. These two forms are generally used predicatively.<br />
<br />
The prefixed forms attach to the noun they modify. There are two variants: one is added to nouns that begin in a vowel, and the other is added to nouns beginning in a consonant. If the noun begins in a single consonant, it is usually geminated. The prefixed form is otherwise invariable. The full forms can be used instead of the prefixed form, and often are in more formal texts, but the prefixed forms are preferred. When contrast is emphasised, then the full forms can be used.<br />
<br />
The obviative possessive pronoun is somewhat defective as it has only one prefixed form, and the oblique stems are slightly irregular. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Lallai njammiveu.'''<br>''I saw his cat.''<br />
*'''Pol njørrik ás.'''<br>''That's their house.''<br />
*'''Tjannarau tinnoiksi.'''<br>''They didn't find your books.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse sjohlelostost.'''<br>''She agrees with my suggestions.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse njahlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.'''<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse jaurost hlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.''' (the possessive pronoun is further emphasised)<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Luiri naról ás? - Soiri.'''<br>''Whose books is this? - Mine.''<br />
*'''Luiri nareu ksinnain? - Kourve.'''<br>''Whose book did you steal? - Theirs.''<br />
<br />
==== Reflexive possessive pronoun ====<br />
The reflexive possessive pronoun is used in much the same fashion as its substantival counterpart.<br />
<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Mollai njînnifeu.'''<br>''I stroked my dog.''<br />
*'''Nîjesiewallu pai gaittaksi.'''<br>''You don't claim this in your articles.''<br />
*'''Luurte nareu šillain? - Nîjurte.'''<br>''Whose book did you take? - Mine.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronouns becomes very useful with third person subjects. Compare the following two examples:<br />
*'''Teil trâttais najîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (=someone else's) bag and ran away.''<br />
*'''Teil trâttais nîjîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (own) bag and ran away.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, even more distinctions can be made. Compare the following three examples:<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nîjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (own) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis pajestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=two other people's) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nøjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=other people's) travels.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In singular, a similar distinction can be made with the obviative pronoun as well:<br />
*'''Aeklavi lallais nîjurte li jaurte miveu, ēkki lîsurta.'''<br>''Aeklavi saw his (own) and his (=someone else's) cat, but not his (=a non-present person's) cat.''<br />
<br />
<br />
When it comes to body parts or other cases of obvious ownership, or if the context provides enough information to unambiguously determine the ownership, the pronoun can be omitted:<br />
*'''Nif iipleonnais viēnot.'''<br>''The dog wagged its tail.''<br />
*'''Jarralais vates.'''<br>''She opened her eyes.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronoun can also be used to denote approximation:<br />
*'''Haǯi nîjurva liala urava ašissás.'''<br>''The cave is about thirty metres deep.''<br />
*'''Enna nîjurva luela (erova).'''<br>''He's about fifty (years old).''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
Laefêvëši has a wide array of adjectival pronouns. All of the substantival pronouns have corresponding adjectival pronouns, and a few extra pronoun types. The non-personal adjectival pronouns come in three main classes that correspond to the three adjectival classes: qualitative, relational, and possessive pronouns. So each type (eg. interrogative, indefinite, etc.) comes in three classes. There is a fourth class, quantitative, but these are generally considered adverbs as they are non-declinable. Some types, however, do have quantitative adjectival pronouns.<br />
<br />
Similar to the personal possessive pronouns, the non-personal pronouns have more than one variant used. Aside from the full form, they also have an oblique form, but unlike the personal pronouns, many non-personal pronouns have a suffixed variant.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Interrogative pronouns ====<br />
The interrogative adjectival pronouns are used in questions and they enquire about characteristics, qualities, etc. of the head they modify. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''vreisi''', '''vrei(s)-'''; '''-ér''' "what, what sort of"<br />
*relational: '''vraili''', vrae(l)-; '''-ár''' "which, what", and '''þammili''', '''þamme(l)-''' "how many (different)"<br />
*possessive: '''luiri''', '''luu(r)-''' "whose"<br />
*quantitative: '''þammisi''', '''þammi(s)-''' "how large"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Reisi arkalj ás alën?''' <br>''What's the weather like today?''<br />
*'''Hamnajérau fēról ás?''' <br>''What colour is the coat?''<br />
*'''Vraelte siehnareu ullan?'''<br>''Which dictionary do you want?''<br />
*'''Ftîstárau sjemmiw ás?'''<br>''What breed is your cat?''<br />
*'''Luiri naról ás?'''<br>''Whose book is this?''<br />
*'''Þammelve iarises ennas?'''<br>''How many different (kinds of) pets do you have?''<br />
*'''Þammisi hanjast dymøhtau lás?'''<br>''What is the value of the purchase?'' (lit. ''How large is the value of the purchase?'')<br />
<br />
==== Relative pronouns ====<br />
The relative adjectival pronouns are used to introduce relative clauses with animate and inanimate antecedents. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''reisi''', '''rei(s)-''' "such (as), the like(s) of which, the kind that"<br />
*relational: '''raili''', '''vrae(l)-'''; '''á''' "who, which, that"<br />
*possessive: '''løiri''', '''løy(r)-''' "whose"<br />
*quantitative: '''þëttisi''', '''þëtti(s)-''' "(of) such a size"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the qualitative pronoun:<br />
*'''Poli lâl ás, reista xej lallanaike.'''<br>''This is a flower the like of which I have never seen before.''<br />
*'''Bannais ʒylogeu, reiste øllanais.'''<br>''He got the answer he wanted.'' (lit. ''He got the answer such as he wished.'')<br />
<br />
<br />
The relative qualitative pronoun often collocates with the relative demonstrative pronoun '''''šaisi''''' "such" in the main clause:<br />
*'''Hjattaiksi šaista ʒylogau, reiste bannais.'''<br>''She didn't expect such an answer as she got.''<br />
<br />
<br />
There are two relative relational pronouns; the declinable '''''raili''''' and the indeclinable '''''á'''''. The declinable pronoun can replace the indeclinable one at any time but the latter is very common and is usually replaced by the declinable pronoun to avoid ambiguity only. <br />
<br />
The declinable pronoun is used with all subcases and additional cases, whereas the indeclinable pronoun is used with the basic cases:<br />
*'''Miettai sienteu riksedna, raemu tilvallai neontahu.''' <br>''I received a letter from the lady with whom I stayed during my studies.''<br />
*'''Nar, á lânur ás, šijen ás.''' <br>''The book which is on the table is a gift.''<br />
<br />
<br />
When a non-nominative basic case is required, the indeclinable '''''á''''' must be used with the short form of a personal pronoun, and the two are linked by a hyphen:<br />
*'''Gitto rikeu, á-te jøčitittoi.'''<br>''We sold the house which we built.''<br />
*'''Pol nara ós, á-je skiennalais Iskârin.'''<br>''These are the book which Iskârin wrote.''<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á-ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman to whom she gave the book.''<br />
<br />
However, that last example can be ambiguous in the spoken language where it would sound identical to:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
To resolve the ambiguity, the declinable form can be used:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á-ti vettais nareu. → Pol vajy ás, raelti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman to whom she gave the book.''<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á ti vettais nareu. → Pol vajy ás, raili ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
If the obviative pronoun is used, however, there is no ambiguity because the obviative pronoun is incompatible with the hyphenated use:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á leu vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the possessive pronoun:<br />
*'''Hant, løiri rik jøtiuttais, sjoglîah ás.''' <br>''The man whose house burnt down is by uncle.''<br />
*'''Lallai littive, løiri vaiv ve jynnais.'''<br>''I saw mountains whose beauty dazzled me.''<br />
*'''Aisont, løyrot nyþot follai nentelu, rannais.'''<br>''Aisont, with whose sister I went to school, has died.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the quantitative pronoun:<br />
*'''Vettau si geizde, þëttiste jøðettatanno.'''<br>''I will give you the salary that you deserve.'' (lit. ''I will give you the salary of such as a size as you deserve.'')<br />
<br />
Like the qualitative pronoun, the quantitative pronoun also tends to coöccur with a demonstrative pronoun:<br />
*'''Þëttisi šatelt seirráus, tymmisi âta soirráus.'''<br>''Whatever size your share will be, mine will be just as much.''<br />
<br />
==== Unspecified pronouns ====<br />
The unspecified pronouns are identical in form to the interrogative pronouns but they are used in declarative sentences rather than being used to introduce a question (although they can appear in questions but they are not part of what is being asked for).<br />
<br />
The qualitative pronoun '''''vreisi''''' "any sort of" is used to refer to someone or something arbitrarily indefinite: <br />
*'''Šettej viettaisse vreisi doia.'''<br>''Probably some sort of an accident has happened.''<br />
*'''Ennanas vreisve sades.'''<br>''He always has some difficulties or other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The relational pronoun '''''vraili''''' "which" is used to refer to an unspecified or unknown person or thing in a group:<br />
*'''Sellake, vraelte htineu lallais.'''<br>''I don't know which car he saw.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive pronouns '''''luiri''''' "whose" refers to someone or something owned by someone unspecified: <br />
*'''Sella, luurte nareu nionnan!'''<br>''I know whose book you're reading!''<br />
<br />
==== Relative unspecified pronouns ====<br />
Similar to the corresponding substantival pronouns, they indicate an optional or arbitrary choice. Unlike the substantival ones, the adjectival pronouns are formed with a prefix rather than a suffix. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''preisi''', '''prei(s)-'''; ''-ép'' "of any kind whatever"<br />
*relational: '''praili''', '''prae(l)-'''; ''-áp'' "any whatever, whichever"<br />
*possessive: '''pluiri''', '''pluu(r)-''' "whosever, whoever's, of whomever"<br />
*quantitative: '''ƕëttisi''', '''ƕëtti(s)-''' "whatever the size, however large"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Marrana preiste noidde.'''<br>''I'm looking for any kind of job.''<br />
*'''Riŋalallén preiste hamnaðeu.'''<br>''You can use any kind of colour.''<br />
*'''Riŋalallén praelte hamnaðeu.'''<br>''You can use whichever colour.''<br />
*'''Pluurte nareu šillain, noattar te léj.'''<br>''Whosever book you took, return it now.''<br />
*'''Ƕëttiste ðēneu vi vettan, te šillau.'''<br>''However large a piece you give me, I'll take it.''<br />
<br />
==== Indefinite pronouns ====<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''treisi''', '''trei(s)-''' "some sort of, some kind of"<br />
*relational: '''noili''', '''noe(l)-'''; '''-ón''' "some, a certain", and '''vroila''', '''vroe(l)-''' "some, certain"<br />
*possessive: '''noiri''', '''nou(r)-''' "someone's"<br />
*quantitative: '''tømmisi''', '''tømmi(s)-''' "some(what)"<br />
<br />
<br />
The qualitative pronoun refers to someone or something indefinite or one of an unspecified number still to be decided or selected:<br />
*'''Nor treisi mønd áis.'''<br>''The place was some kind of a shop.''<br />
*'''Høstusu kaullais treiste synses.'''<br>''He was drawing symbols of some kind in the sand.''<br />
<br />
<br />
There are two relational pronouns: '''''noili''''' denotes an unknown person or thing, or a person or thing that the speaker does not wish to name, and it can be be used in any number; whereas '''''vroila''''' can be used in plural only, and it denotes (a small) and indefinite number of persons or things of a certain type, and it is selective rather than quantitative. <br />
<br />
Examples of '''''noili''''':<br />
*'''Hjannais harjēssainón.'''<br>''Some young man came.''<br />
*'''Fouttai noela vajy.'''<br>''I met some woman.''<br />
*'''Noelu skyylu pol nalj ás.'''<br>''In a certain sense that is true.''<br />
*'''Toþóneru seksennas.'''<br>''In some way he's right.''<br />
*'''Ʒajahkulu lallai kâlónes.''' <br>''I saw some trees in the distance.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of '''''vroila''''':<br />
*'''Vroila hitjaf hittos liehëisaj.'''<br>''Some/certain drivers drive too fast.''<br />
*'''Vroila kâla ƕejskâissós.'''<br>''Some/certain trees are evergreen.''<br />
*'''Vroellu emlallu losej ennoksi vassannada.'''<br>''In some/certain villages they still don't have electricity.''<br />
*'''Vroila linnos, í poli ljen viettaiksi.''' <br>''Some/certain people say that it didn't even happen.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive pronoun indicates possession by an unknown or unidentified person:<br />
*'''Ljēllarka, pol noiri rik ás!'''<br>''Don't go in, this is someone's house!''<br />
*'''Šillais ewnentau nouta nîhta.'''<br>''He took the wallet from someone's handbag.''<br />
*'''Neirodo kvēj rettais noule øxle.'''<br>''He slowly reached into someone's pocket with his hand.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The quantitative pronoun indicates a small and indefinite amount:<br />
*'''Ukkan hjannais tømmisot sjōnozot.'''<br>''The train arrived with some (small) delay.''<br />
*'''Ennois tømmisau hléansau.'''<br>''They had some (small) advantage.''<br />
<br />
==== Negative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Total pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Summative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Manifold pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Differential pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Equative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120355
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T11:16:31Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Relative unspecified pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronouns ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
<br />
There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
<br />
The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
<br />
<br />
The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
=== Relative pronouns ===<br />
The relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which then gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. These are substantival relative pronouns, however, which means they stand in for nouns or refer to whole clauses. The best English equivalents are ''(the person) who'', ''(he) who'', or ''(someone) who'', and ''(the thing) which'', ''(that) which'', or ''(something) which''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sol || sos<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soi || sok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| son || sot <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sou || sut <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| son || som <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sun || sum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sol nevvanas, nevant ás.'''<br>''A person who teaches is a teacher.''<br />
*'''Tannar, sut ullan.'''<br>''Do what you want.''<br />
*'''Pol sanlás, sumot tajataker.''' <br>''This is the only thing which I disagree with.''<br />
*'''Pol, sut lonnais, nalj áksi.'''<br>''What he said isn't true.'' (or more literally, ''That which he said isn't true.'')<br />
<br />
=== Unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The unspecified pronouns are similar to interrogative pronouns but refer to an unspecified person, animal, object, etc. They are never used to introduce a question. There are no direct English counterparts, the closest are ''who'', ''anyone'', ''someone'', and ''what'', ''anything'', ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sēl || siu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sau || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| søn || søt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sēn || sēm <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| syn || sym<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sannar vi, søt lallavan.'''<br>''Tell me if you see anything.''<br />
*'''Sannar vi, siu ehtiavausse.''' <br>''Tell me if anything changes.''<br />
*'''Ynnake, sân vettaha pei.'''<br>''I don't know who I should give this to.''<br />
*'''Njainnahas sēl fjøljade.'''<br>''Someone should call the doctor.'' (or ''May someone call the doctor.'')<br />
*'''Yssynnanasse, suj ti sēl søt vettas.'''<br>''It always makes him happy when someone gives him something.''<br />
*'''Ynnaike, synot lottai.'''<br>''I didn't know who I was talking to.''<br />
<br />
=== Relative unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The relative unspecified pronouns are similar to the relative pronouns but with a suffix added to indicate an optional or arbitrary, random choice. They are similar to English ''whoever'' or ''anyone'', and ''whatever'' or ''anything''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| soles || soxes<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soies || soges <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sones || soðes<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| soues || suðes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| soŋes || sōŋes<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| suŋes || sûŋes<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Sientóleu niounnallés soles.'''<br>''Anyone can read this letter.''<br />
*'''Soŋesot annan, ljecyissár.'''<br>''Whoever you go with, be careful.''<br />
*'''Suðeseru ǯiuissás.'''<br>''I'm ready for anything.'' (alternatively also ''I'm ready for whatever [may happen].'')<br />
<br />
=== Indefinite pronouns ===<br />
The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to unknown people, animals, objects, etc. They are equivalent to English ''someone'' or ''somebody'', and ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tel || tei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| tai || tak<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tan || tas <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| teu || tes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ten || tem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tin || tim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tel se naittais.'''<br>''Someone called you.''<br />
*'''Tes ennas øxlu.'''<br>''She has something in his pocket.''<br />
*'''Eillais ve timot.'''<br>''He hit me with something.''<br />
*'''Tan gyttai nareu, či ʒaillai, sân.'''<br>''I lent the book to someone, but I've forgotten who.''<br />
<br />
=== Negative pronouns ===<br />
The negative pronouns indicate the non-existence of persons, animals, objects, etc. Their English equivalents are ''nobody'', ''no-one'', and ''nothing''. They also require the predicate to be negated (double negation). <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tol || toh<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| toi || tok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tor || tos<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| tou || tus<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ton || tom <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tun || tum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tol hjannaiksi.'''<br>''Nobody came.''<br />
*'''Toi lallaike.'''<br>''I saw no-one.''<br />
*'''Tok tinnaike.'''<br>''I found nothing.''<br />
*'''Mønnølu møttaiksi tok.'''<br>''He bought nothing in the shop.''<br />
<br />
=== Total pronouns ===<br />
The total pronouns (sometimes also known as the universal pronouns) are used to indicate the total number of persons, animals, objects, etc. involved. The animate pronoun is often referred to as the distributive pronoun because it refers to each individual, and the inanimate pronoun as the summative pronoun because it refers to the class collectively. Their English equivalents are ''everyone'', ''everybody'', and ''everything'', ''all''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Total''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| fel || fei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| fai || făk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| fân || fâs <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| feu || fet<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| fen || fem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| fin || fim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Feu donnanas.'''<br>''He greets everyone.'' (in the sense of greeting each person separately)<br />
*'''Yvynekja tajatakses fînot.'''<br>''The professor doesn't agree with everyone.''<br />
*'''Pol fei lás, sut sella.'''<br>''This is everything that I know.''<br />
*'''Fâk i ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know how to do everything.''<br />
<br />
=== Manifold pronouns ===<br />
The manifold pronouns are a set of unspecified pronouns with prefixes (and as such, they are declined identically to the unspecified pronouns).<br />
<br />
There are four prefixes:<br />
*'''lae-''' "many"<br />
*'''xae-''' "many" (rarely used)<br />
*'''tue-''' "hardly"<br />
*'''jae-''' "rarely"<br />
<br />
The first two types, ''lae-'' and ''xae-'', are identical in meaning but the ''lae-'' forms are prevalent and the ''xae-'' forms have largely fallen out of use. They refer to multiple people or things and can be translated similarly to English "many a person" and "many a thing". <br />
<br />
The other two types, ''tue-'' and ''jae-'', are also similar in meaning, both referring to the scarcity or low number of people or things. Of these two, ''tue-'' is somewhat more common, but both prefixes are used. They can be translated as "hardly anyone" and "hardly anything".<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | ''lae''-series || colspan="2" | ''xae''-series || colspan="2" | ''tue''-series || colspan="2" | ''jae''-series<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nomiantive<br />
| laessēl || laessiu || xaessēl || xaessiu || tuessēl || tuessiu || jaessēl || jaessiu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| laessau || laessâk || xaessau || xaessâk || tuessau || tuessâk || jaessau || jaessâk<br />
|-<br />
! Datitve<br />
| laessân || laessât || xaessân || xaessât || tuessân || tuessât || jaessân || jaessât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| laessøn || laessøt || xaessøn || xaessøt || tuessøn || tuessøt || jaessøn || jaessøt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| laessēn || laessēm || xaessēn || xaessēm || tuessēn || tuessēm || jaessēn || jaessēm<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| laessyn || laessym || xaessyn || xaessym || tuessyn || tuessym || jaessyn || jaessym<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Laessēl stoido tajatakses.'''<br>''Many a person will not agree with you.''<br />
*'''Vēalu laessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Many a thing has changed in the city.''<br />
*'''Laessâk ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know many a thing.'' (or ''There are many things I don't know.'')<br />
*'''Tuessēl ksynnas aisóleu.'''<br>''Hardly anyone knows this song.'' (or ''Very few people know this song.'')<br />
*'''Vēalu tuessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Hardly anything has changed in the city.''<br />
<br />
=== Combinations [OBSOLETE?]===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
Adjectival pronouns are pronouns that replace adjectives and follow the adjectival inflexion pattern. As with substantival pronouns, there two main groups: personal pronouns and non-personal pronouns.<br />
<br />
There are two types of personal pronouns: the possessive personal pronouns and the reflexive personal pronoun. All the other types of non-personal substantival pronouns have their corresponding adjectival pronouns, with a few additional pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Possessive personal pronouns ====<br />
The personal possessive pronouns inflect like adjectives. There are separate forms for each number, person, and clusivity, but they don't distinguish between animacy, or alienable and inalienable possession. The pronouns do inflect, however, for case and class.<br />
<br />
Each possessive pronoun also has several variants: the full form, the oblique form, and two prefixed forms. The full form is typically used with the basic cases, and the oblique form is used with subcases and additional cases. These two forms are generally used predicatively.<br />
<br />
The prefixed forms attach to the noun they modify. There are two variants: one is added to nouns that begin in a vowel, and the other is added to nouns beginning in a consonant. If the noun begins in a single consonant, it is usually geminated. The prefixed form is otherwise invariable. The full forms can be used instead of the prefixed form, and often are in more formal texts, but the prefixed forms are preferred. When contrast is emphasised, then the full forms can be used.<br />
<br />
The obviative possessive pronoun is somewhat defective as it has only one prefixed form, and the oblique stems are slightly irregular. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Lallai njammiveu.'''<br>''I saw his cat.''<br />
*'''Pol njørrik ás.'''<br>''That's their house.''<br />
*'''Tjannarau tinnoiksi.'''<br>''They didn't find your books.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse sjohlelostost.'''<br>''She agrees with my suggestions.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse njahlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.'''<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse jaurost hlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.''' (the possessive pronoun is further emphasised)<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Luiri naról ás? - Soiri.'''<br>''Whose books is this? - Mine.''<br />
*'''Luiri nareu ksinnain? - Kourve.'''<br>''Whose book did you steal? - Theirs.''<br />
<br />
==== Reflexive possessive pronoun ====<br />
The reflexive possessive pronoun is used in much the same fashion as its substantival counterpart.<br />
<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Mollai njînnifeu.'''<br>''I stroked my dog.''<br />
*'''Nîjesiewallu pai gaittaksi.'''<br>''You don't claim this in your articles.''<br />
*'''Luurte nareu šillain? - Nîjurte.'''<br>''Whose book did you take? - Mine.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronouns becomes very useful with third person subjects. Compare the following two examples:<br />
*'''Teil trâttais najîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (=someone else's) bag and ran away.''<br />
*'''Teil trâttais nîjîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (own) bag and ran away.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, even more distinctions can be made. Compare the following three examples:<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nîjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (own) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis pajestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=two other people's) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nøjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=other people's) travels.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In singular, a similar distinction can be made with the obviative pronoun as well:<br />
*'''Aeklavi lallais nîjurte li jaurte miveu, ēkki lîsurta.'''<br>''Aeklavi saw his (own) and his (=someone else's) cat, but not his (=a non-present person's) cat.''<br />
<br />
<br />
When it comes to body parts or other cases of obvious ownership, or if the context provides enough information to unambiguously determine the ownership, the pronoun can be omitted:<br />
*'''Nif iipleonnais viēnot.'''<br>''The dog wagged its tail.''<br />
*'''Jarralais vates.'''<br>''She opened her eyes.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronoun can also be used to denote approximation:<br />
*'''Haǯi nîjurva liala urava ašissás.'''<br>''The cave is about thirty metres deep.''<br />
*'''Enna nîjurva luela (erova).'''<br>''He's about fifty (years old).''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
Laefêvëši has a wide array of adjectival pronouns. All of the substantival pronouns have corresponding adjectival pronouns, and a few extra pronoun types. The non-personal adjectival pronouns come in three main classes that correspond to the three adjectival classes: qualitative, relational, and possessive pronouns. So each type (eg. interrogative, indefinite, etc.) comes in three classes. There is a fourth class, quantitative, but these are generally considered adverbs as they are non-declinable. Some types, however, do have quantitative adjectival pronouns.<br />
<br />
Similar to the personal possessive pronouns, the non-personal pronouns have more than one variant used. Aside from the full form, they also have an oblique form, but unlike the personal pronouns, many non-personal pronouns have a suffixed variant.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Interrogative pronouns ====<br />
The interrogative adjectival pronouns are used in questions and they enquire about characteristics, qualities, etc. of the head they modify. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''vreisi''', '''vrei(s)-'''; '''-ér''' "what, what sort of"<br />
*relational: '''vraili''', vrae(l)-; '''-ár''' "which, what", and '''þammili''', '''þamme(l)-''' "how many (different)"<br />
*possessive: '''luiri''', '''luu(r)-''' "whose"<br />
*quantitative: '''þammisi''', '''þammi(s)-''' "how large"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Reisi arkalj ás alën?''' <br>''What's the weather like today?''<br />
*'''Hamnajérau fēról ás?''' <br>''What colour is the coat?''<br />
*'''Vraelte siehnareu ullan?'''<br>''Which dictionary do you want?''<br />
*'''Ftîstárau sjemmiw ás?'''<br>''What breed is your cat?''<br />
*'''Luiri naról ás?'''<br>''Whose book is this?''<br />
*'''Þammelve iarises ennas?'''<br>''How many different (kinds of) pets do you have?''<br />
*'''Þammisi hanjast dymøhtau lás?'''<br>''What is the value of the purchase?'' (lit. ''How large is the value of the purchase?'')<br />
<br />
==== Relative pronouns ====<br />
The relative adjectival pronouns are used to introduce relative clauses with animate and inanimate antecedents. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''reisi''', '''rei(s)-''' "such (as), the like(s) of which, the kind that"<br />
*relational: '''raili''', '''vrae(l)-'''; '''á''' "who, which, that"<br />
*possessive: '''løiri''', '''løy(r)-''' "whose"<br />
*quantitative: '''þëttisi''', '''þëtti(s)-''' "(of) such a size"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the qualitative pronoun:<br />
*'''Poli lâl ás, reista xej lallanaike.'''<br>''This is a flower the like of which I have never seen before.''<br />
*'''Bannais ʒylogeu, reiste øllanais.'''<br>''He got the answer he wanted.'' (lit. ''He got the answer such as he wished.'')<br />
<br />
<br />
The relative qualitative pronoun often collocates with the relative demonstrative pronoun '''''šaisi''''' "such" in the main clause:<br />
*'''Hjattaiksi šaista ʒylogau, reiste bannais.'''<br>''She didn't expect such an answer as she got.''<br />
<br />
<br />
There are two relative relational pronouns; the declinable '''''raili''''' and the indeclinable '''''á'''''. The declinable pronoun can replace the indeclinable one at any time but the latter is very common and is usually replaced by the declinable pronoun to avoid ambiguity only. <br />
<br />
The declinable pronoun is used with all subcases and additional cases, whereas the indeclinable pronoun is used with the basic cases:<br />
*'''Miettai sienteu riksedna, raemu tilvallai neontahu.''' <br>''I received a letter from the lady with whom I stayed during my studies.''<br />
*'''Nar, á lânur ás, šijen ás.''' <br>''The book which is on the table is a gift.''<br />
<br />
<br />
When a non-nominative basic case is required, the indeclinable '''''á''''' must be used with the short form of a personal pronoun, and the two are linked by a hyphen:<br />
*'''Gitto rikeu, á-te jøčitittoi.'''<br>''We sold the house which we built.''<br />
*'''Pol nara ós, á-je skiennalais Iskârin.'''<br>''These are the book which Iskârin wrote.''<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á-ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman to whom she gave the book.''<br />
<br />
However, that last example can be ambiguous in the spoken language where it would sound identical to:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
To resolve the ambiguity, the declinable form can be used:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á-ti vettais nareu. → Pol vajy ás, raelti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman to whom she gave the book.''<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á ti vettais nareu. → Pol vajy ás, raili ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
If the obviative pronoun is used, however, there is no ambiguity because the obviative pronoun is incompatible with the hyphenated use:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á leu vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the possessive pronoun:<br />
*'''Hant, løiri rik jøtiuttais, sjoglîah ás.''' <br>''The man whose house burnt down is by uncle.''<br />
*'''Lallai littive, løiri vaiv ve jynnais.'''<br>''I saw mountains whose beauty dazzled me.''<br />
*'''Aisont, løyrot nyþot follai nentelu, rannais.'''<br>''Aisont, with whose sister I went to school, has died.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the quantitative pronoun:<br />
*'''Vettau si geizde, þëttiste jøðettatanno.'''<br>''I will give you the salary that you deserve.'' (lit. ''I will give you the salary of such as a size as you deserve.'')<br />
<br />
Like the qualitative pronoun, the quantitative pronoun also tends to coöccur with a demonstrative pronoun:<br />
*'''Þëttisi šatelt seirráus, tymmisi âta soirráus.'''<br>''Whatever size your share will be, mine will be just as much.''<br />
<br />
==== Unspecified pronouns ====<br />
The unspecified pronouns are identical in form to the interrogative pronouns but they are used in declarative sentences rather than being used to introduce a question (although they can appear in questions but they are not part of what is being asked for).<br />
<br />
The qualitative pronoun '''''vreisi''''' "any sort of" is used to refer to someone or something arbitrarily indefinite: <br />
*'''Šettej viettaisse vreisi doia.'''<br>''Probably some sort of an accident has happened.''<br />
*'''Ennanas vreisve sades.'''<br>''He always has some difficulties or other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The relational pronoun '''''vraili''''' "which" is used to refer to an unspecified or unknown person or thing in a group:<br />
*'''Sellake, vraelte htineu lallais.'''<br>''I don't know which car he saw.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive pronouns '''''luiri''''' "whose" refers to someone or something owned by someone unspecified: <br />
*'''Sella, luurte nareu nionnan!'''<br>''I know whose book you're reading!''<br />
<br />
==== Relative unspecified pronouns ====<br />
Similar to the corresponding substantival pronouns, they indicate an optional or arbitrary choice. Unlike the substantival ones, the adjectival pronouns are formed with a prefix rather than a suffix. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''preisi''', '''prei(s)-'''; ''-ép'' "of any kind whatever"<br />
*relational: '''praili''', '''prae(l)-'''; ''-áp'' "any whatever, whichever"<br />
*possessive: '''pluiri''', '''pluu(r)-''' "whosever, whoever's, of whomever"<br />
*quantitative: '''ƕëttisi''', '''ƕëtti(s)-''' "whatever the size, however large"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Marrana preiste noidde.'''<br>''I'm looking for any kind of job.''<br />
*'''Riŋalallén preiste hamnaðeu.'''<br>''You can use any kind of colour.''<br />
*'''Riŋalallén praelte hamnaðeu.'''<br>''You can use whichever colour.''<br />
*'''Pluurte nareu šillain, noattar te léj.'''<br>''Whosever book you took, return it now.''<br />
*'''Ƕëttiste ðēneu vi vettan, te šillau.'''<br>''However large a piece you give me, I'll take it.''<br />
<br />
==== Indefinite pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Negative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Total pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Summative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Manifold pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Differential pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Equative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120354
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T11:14:18Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Unspecified pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronouns ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
<br />
There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
<br />
The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
<br />
<br />
The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
=== Relative pronouns ===<br />
The relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which then gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. These are substantival relative pronouns, however, which means they stand in for nouns or refer to whole clauses. The best English equivalents are ''(the person) who'', ''(he) who'', or ''(someone) who'', and ''(the thing) which'', ''(that) which'', or ''(something) which''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sol || sos<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soi || sok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| son || sot <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sou || sut <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| son || som <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sun || sum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sol nevvanas, nevant ás.'''<br>''A person who teaches is a teacher.''<br />
*'''Tannar, sut ullan.'''<br>''Do what you want.''<br />
*'''Pol sanlás, sumot tajataker.''' <br>''This is the only thing which I disagree with.''<br />
*'''Pol, sut lonnais, nalj áksi.'''<br>''What he said isn't true.'' (or more literally, ''That which he said isn't true.'')<br />
<br />
=== Unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The unspecified pronouns are similar to interrogative pronouns but refer to an unspecified person, animal, object, etc. They are never used to introduce a question. There are no direct English counterparts, the closest are ''who'', ''anyone'', ''someone'', and ''what'', ''anything'', ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sēl || siu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sau || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| søn || søt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sēn || sēm <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| syn || sym<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sannar vi, søt lallavan.'''<br>''Tell me if you see anything.''<br />
*'''Sannar vi, siu ehtiavausse.''' <br>''Tell me if anything changes.''<br />
*'''Ynnake, sân vettaha pei.'''<br>''I don't know who I should give this to.''<br />
*'''Njainnahas sēl fjøljade.'''<br>''Someone should call the doctor.'' (or ''May someone call the doctor.'')<br />
*'''Yssynnanasse, suj ti sēl søt vettas.'''<br>''It always makes him happy when someone gives him something.''<br />
*'''Ynnaike, synot lottai.'''<br>''I didn't know who I was talking to.''<br />
<br />
=== Relative unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The relative unspecified pronouns are similar to the relative pronouns but with a suffix added to indicate an optional or arbitrary, random choice. They are similar to English ''whoever'' or ''anyone'', and ''whatever'' or ''anything''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| soles || soxes<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soies || soges <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sones || soðes<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| soues || suðes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| soŋes || sōŋes<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| suŋes || sûŋes<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Sientóleu niounnallés soles.'''<br>''Anyone can read this letter.''<br />
*'''Soŋesot annan, ljecyissár.'''<br>''Whoever you go with, be careful.''<br />
*'''Suðeseru ǯiuissás.'''<br>''I'm ready for anything.'' (alternatively also ''I'm ready for whatever [may happen].'')<br />
<br />
=== Indefinite pronouns ===<br />
The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to unknown people, animals, objects, etc. They are equivalent to English ''someone'' or ''somebody'', and ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tel || tei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| tai || tak<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tan || tas <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| teu || tes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ten || tem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tin || tim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tel se naittais.'''<br>''Someone called you.''<br />
*'''Tes ennas øxlu.'''<br>''She has something in his pocket.''<br />
*'''Eillais ve timot.'''<br>''He hit me with something.''<br />
*'''Tan gyttai nareu, či ʒaillai, sân.'''<br>''I lent the book to someone, but I've forgotten who.''<br />
<br />
=== Negative pronouns ===<br />
The negative pronouns indicate the non-existence of persons, animals, objects, etc. Their English equivalents are ''nobody'', ''no-one'', and ''nothing''. They also require the predicate to be negated (double negation). <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tol || toh<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| toi || tok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tor || tos<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| tou || tus<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ton || tom <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tun || tum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tol hjannaiksi.'''<br>''Nobody came.''<br />
*'''Toi lallaike.'''<br>''I saw no-one.''<br />
*'''Tok tinnaike.'''<br>''I found nothing.''<br />
*'''Mønnølu møttaiksi tok.'''<br>''He bought nothing in the shop.''<br />
<br />
=== Total pronouns ===<br />
The total pronouns (sometimes also known as the universal pronouns) are used to indicate the total number of persons, animals, objects, etc. involved. The animate pronoun is often referred to as the distributive pronoun because it refers to each individual, and the inanimate pronoun as the summative pronoun because it refers to the class collectively. Their English equivalents are ''everyone'', ''everybody'', and ''everything'', ''all''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Total''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| fel || fei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| fai || făk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| fân || fâs <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| feu || fet<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| fen || fem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| fin || fim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Feu donnanas.'''<br>''He greets everyone.'' (in the sense of greeting each person separately)<br />
*'''Yvynekja tajatakses fînot.'''<br>''The professor doesn't agree with everyone.''<br />
*'''Pol fei lás, sut sella.'''<br>''This is everything that I know.''<br />
*'''Fâk i ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know how to do everything.''<br />
<br />
=== Manifold pronouns ===<br />
The manifold pronouns are a set of unspecified pronouns with prefixes (and as such, they are declined identically to the unspecified pronouns).<br />
<br />
There are four prefixes:<br />
*'''lae-''' "many"<br />
*'''xae-''' "many" (rarely used)<br />
*'''tue-''' "hardly"<br />
*'''jae-''' "rarely"<br />
<br />
The first two types, ''lae-'' and ''xae-'', are identical in meaning but the ''lae-'' forms are prevalent and the ''xae-'' forms have largely fallen out of use. They refer to multiple people or things and can be translated similarly to English "many a person" and "many a thing". <br />
<br />
The other two types, ''tue-'' and ''jae-'', are also similar in meaning, both referring to the scarcity or low number of people or things. Of these two, ''tue-'' is somewhat more common, but both prefixes are used. They can be translated as "hardly anyone" and "hardly anything".<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | ''lae''-series || colspan="2" | ''xae''-series || colspan="2" | ''tue''-series || colspan="2" | ''jae''-series<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nomiantive<br />
| laessēl || laessiu || xaessēl || xaessiu || tuessēl || tuessiu || jaessēl || jaessiu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| laessau || laessâk || xaessau || xaessâk || tuessau || tuessâk || jaessau || jaessâk<br />
|-<br />
! Datitve<br />
| laessân || laessât || xaessân || xaessât || tuessân || tuessât || jaessân || jaessât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| laessøn || laessøt || xaessøn || xaessøt || tuessøn || tuessøt || jaessøn || jaessøt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| laessēn || laessēm || xaessēn || xaessēm || tuessēn || tuessēm || jaessēn || jaessēm<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| laessyn || laessym || xaessyn || xaessym || tuessyn || tuessym || jaessyn || jaessym<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Laessēl stoido tajatakses.'''<br>''Many a person will not agree with you.''<br />
*'''Vēalu laessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Many a thing has changed in the city.''<br />
*'''Laessâk ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know many a thing.'' (or ''There are many things I don't know.'')<br />
*'''Tuessēl ksynnas aisóleu.'''<br>''Hardly anyone knows this song.'' (or ''Very few people know this song.'')<br />
*'''Vēalu tuessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Hardly anything has changed in the city.''<br />
<br />
=== Combinations [OBSOLETE?]===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
Adjectival pronouns are pronouns that replace adjectives and follow the adjectival inflexion pattern. As with substantival pronouns, there two main groups: personal pronouns and non-personal pronouns.<br />
<br />
There are two types of personal pronouns: the possessive personal pronouns and the reflexive personal pronoun. All the other types of non-personal substantival pronouns have their corresponding adjectival pronouns, with a few additional pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Possessive personal pronouns ====<br />
The personal possessive pronouns inflect like adjectives. There are separate forms for each number, person, and clusivity, but they don't distinguish between animacy, or alienable and inalienable possession. The pronouns do inflect, however, for case and class.<br />
<br />
Each possessive pronoun also has several variants: the full form, the oblique form, and two prefixed forms. The full form is typically used with the basic cases, and the oblique form is used with subcases and additional cases. These two forms are generally used predicatively.<br />
<br />
The prefixed forms attach to the noun they modify. There are two variants: one is added to nouns that begin in a vowel, and the other is added to nouns beginning in a consonant. If the noun begins in a single consonant, it is usually geminated. The prefixed form is otherwise invariable. The full forms can be used instead of the prefixed form, and often are in more formal texts, but the prefixed forms are preferred. When contrast is emphasised, then the full forms can be used.<br />
<br />
The obviative possessive pronoun is somewhat defective as it has only one prefixed form, and the oblique stems are slightly irregular. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Lallai njammiveu.'''<br>''I saw his cat.''<br />
*'''Pol njørrik ás.'''<br>''That's their house.''<br />
*'''Tjannarau tinnoiksi.'''<br>''They didn't find your books.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse sjohlelostost.'''<br>''She agrees with my suggestions.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse njahlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.'''<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse jaurost hlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.''' (the possessive pronoun is further emphasised)<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Luiri naról ás? - Soiri.'''<br>''Whose books is this? - Mine.''<br />
*'''Luiri nareu ksinnain? - Kourve.'''<br>''Whose book did you steal? - Theirs.''<br />
<br />
==== Reflexive possessive pronoun ====<br />
The reflexive possessive pronoun is used in much the same fashion as its substantival counterpart.<br />
<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Mollai njînnifeu.'''<br>''I stroked my dog.''<br />
*'''Nîjesiewallu pai gaittaksi.'''<br>''You don't claim this in your articles.''<br />
*'''Luurte nareu šillain? - Nîjurte.'''<br>''Whose book did you take? - Mine.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronouns becomes very useful with third person subjects. Compare the following two examples:<br />
*'''Teil trâttais najîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (=someone else's) bag and ran away.''<br />
*'''Teil trâttais nîjîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (own) bag and ran away.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, even more distinctions can be made. Compare the following three examples:<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nîjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (own) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis pajestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=two other people's) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nøjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=other people's) travels.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In singular, a similar distinction can be made with the obviative pronoun as well:<br />
*'''Aeklavi lallais nîjurte li jaurte miveu, ēkki lîsurta.'''<br>''Aeklavi saw his (own) and his (=someone else's) cat, but not his (=a non-present person's) cat.''<br />
<br />
<br />
When it comes to body parts or other cases of obvious ownership, or if the context provides enough information to unambiguously determine the ownership, the pronoun can be omitted:<br />
*'''Nif iipleonnais viēnot.'''<br>''The dog wagged its tail.''<br />
*'''Jarralais vates.'''<br>''She opened her eyes.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronoun can also be used to denote approximation:<br />
*'''Haǯi nîjurva liala urava ašissás.'''<br>''The cave is about thirty metres deep.''<br />
*'''Enna nîjurva luela (erova).'''<br>''He's about fifty (years old).''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
Laefêvëši has a wide array of adjectival pronouns. All of the substantival pronouns have corresponding adjectival pronouns, and a few extra pronoun types. The non-personal adjectival pronouns come in three main classes that correspond to the three adjectival classes: qualitative, relational, and possessive pronouns. So each type (eg. interrogative, indefinite, etc.) comes in three classes. There is a fourth class, quantitative, but these are generally considered adverbs as they are non-declinable. Some types, however, do have quantitative adjectival pronouns.<br />
<br />
Similar to the personal possessive pronouns, the non-personal pronouns have more than one variant used. Aside from the full form, they also have an oblique form, but unlike the personal pronouns, many non-personal pronouns have a suffixed variant.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Interrogative pronouns ====<br />
The interrogative adjectival pronouns are used in questions and they enquire about characteristics, qualities, etc. of the head they modify. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''vreisi''', '''vrei(s)-'''; '''-ér''' "what, what sort of"<br />
*relational: '''vraili''', vrae(l)-; '''-ár''' "which, what", and '''þammili''', '''þamme(l)-''' "how many (different)"<br />
*possessive: '''luiri''', '''luu(r)-''' "whose"<br />
*quantitative: '''þammisi''', '''þammi(s)-''' "how large"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Reisi arkalj ás alën?''' <br>''What's the weather like today?''<br />
*'''Hamnajérau fēról ás?''' <br>''What colour is the coat?''<br />
*'''Vraelte siehnareu ullan?'''<br>''Which dictionary do you want?''<br />
*'''Ftîstárau sjemmiw ás?'''<br>''What breed is your cat?''<br />
*'''Luiri naról ás?'''<br>''Whose book is this?''<br />
*'''Þammelve iarises ennas?'''<br>''How many different (kinds of) pets do you have?''<br />
*'''Þammisi hanjast dymøhtau lás?'''<br>''What is the value of the purchase?'' (lit. ''How large is the value of the purchase?'')<br />
<br />
==== Relative pronouns ====<br />
The relative adjectival pronouns are used to introduce relative clauses with animate and inanimate antecedents. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''reisi''', '''rei(s)-''' "such (as), the like(s) of which, the kind that"<br />
*relational: '''raili''', '''vrae(l)-'''; '''á''' "who, which, that"<br />
*possessive: '''løiri''', '''løy(r)-''' "whose"<br />
*quantitative: '''þëttisi''', '''þëtti(s)-''' "(of) such a size"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the qualitative pronoun:<br />
*'''Poli lâl ás, reista xej lallanaike.'''<br>''This is a flower the like of which I have never seen before.''<br />
*'''Bannais ʒylogeu, reiste øllanais.'''<br>''He got the answer he wanted.'' (lit. ''He got the answer such as he wished.'')<br />
<br />
<br />
The relative qualitative pronoun often collocates with the relative demonstrative pronoun '''''šaisi''''' "such" in the main clause:<br />
*'''Hjattaiksi šaista ʒylogau, reiste bannais.'''<br>''She didn't expect such an answer as she got.''<br />
<br />
<br />
There are two relative relational pronouns; the declinable '''''raili''''' and the indeclinable '''''á'''''. The declinable pronoun can replace the indeclinable one at any time but the latter is very common and is usually replaced by the declinable pronoun to avoid ambiguity only. <br />
<br />
The declinable pronoun is used with all subcases and additional cases, whereas the indeclinable pronoun is used with the basic cases:<br />
*'''Miettai sienteu riksedna, raemu tilvallai neontahu.''' <br>''I received a letter from the lady with whom I stayed during my studies.''<br />
*'''Nar, á lânur ás, šijen ás.''' <br>''The book which is on the table is a gift.''<br />
<br />
<br />
When a non-nominative basic case is required, the indeclinable '''''á''''' must be used with the short form of a personal pronoun, and the two are linked by a hyphen:<br />
*'''Gitto rikeu, á-te jøčitittoi.'''<br>''We sold the house which we built.''<br />
*'''Pol nara ós, á-je skiennalais Iskârin.'''<br>''These are the book which Iskârin wrote.''<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á-ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman to whom she gave the book.''<br />
<br />
However, that last example can be ambiguous in the spoken language where it would sound identical to:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
To resolve the ambiguity, the declinable form can be used:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á-ti vettais nareu. → Pol vajy ás, raelti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman to whom she gave the book.''<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á ti vettais nareu. → Pol vajy ás, raili ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
If the obviative pronoun is used, however, there is no ambiguity because the obviative pronoun is incompatible with the hyphenated use:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á leu vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the possessive pronoun:<br />
*'''Hant, løiri rik jøtiuttais, sjoglîah ás.''' <br>''The man whose house burnt down is by uncle.''<br />
*'''Lallai littive, løiri vaiv ve jynnais.'''<br>''I saw mountains whose beauty dazzled me.''<br />
*'''Aisont, løyrot nyþot follai nentelu, rannais.'''<br>''Aisont, with whose sister I went to school, has died.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the quantitative pronoun:<br />
*'''Vettau si geizde, þëttiste jøðettatanno.'''<br>''I will give you the salary that you deserve.'' (lit. ''I will give you the salary of such as a size as you deserve.'')<br />
<br />
Like the qualitative pronoun, the quantitative pronoun also tends to coöccur with a demonstrative pronoun:<br />
*'''Þëttisi šatelt seirráus, tymmisi âta soirráus.'''<br>''Whatever size your share will be, mine will be just as much.''<br />
<br />
==== Unspecified pronouns ====<br />
The unspecified pronouns are identical in form to the interrogative pronouns but they are used in declarative sentences rather than being used to introduce a question (although they can appear in questions but they are not part of what is being asked for).<br />
<br />
The qualitative pronoun '''''vreisi''''' "any sort of" is used to refer to someone or something arbitrarily indefinite: <br />
*'''Šettej viettaisse vreisi doia.'''<br>''Probably some sort of an accident has happened.''<br />
*'''Ennanas vreisve sades.'''<br>''He always has some difficulties or other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The relational pronoun '''''vraili''''' "which" is used to refer to an unspecified or unknown person or thing in a group:<br />
*'''Sellake, vraelte htineu lallais.'''<br>''I don't know which car he saw.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive pronouns '''''luiri''''' "whose" refers to someone or something owned by someone unspecified: <br />
*'''Sella, luurte nareu nionnan!'''<br>''I know whose book you're reading!''<br />
<br />
==== Relative unspecified pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Indefinite pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Negative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Total pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Summative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Manifold pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Differential pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Equative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120353
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T11:13:55Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Unspecified pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronouns ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
<br />
There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
<br />
The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
<br />
<br />
The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
=== Relative pronouns ===<br />
The relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which then gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. These are substantival relative pronouns, however, which means they stand in for nouns or refer to whole clauses. The best English equivalents are ''(the person) who'', ''(he) who'', or ''(someone) who'', and ''(the thing) which'', ''(that) which'', or ''(something) which''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sol || sos<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soi || sok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| son || sot <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sou || sut <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| son || som <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sun || sum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sol nevvanas, nevant ás.'''<br>''A person who teaches is a teacher.''<br />
*'''Tannar, sut ullan.'''<br>''Do what you want.''<br />
*'''Pol sanlás, sumot tajataker.''' <br>''This is the only thing which I disagree with.''<br />
*'''Pol, sut lonnais, nalj áksi.'''<br>''What he said isn't true.'' (or more literally, ''That which he said isn't true.'')<br />
<br />
=== Unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The unspecified pronouns are similar to interrogative pronouns but refer to an unspecified person, animal, object, etc. They are never used to introduce a question. There are no direct English counterparts, the closest are ''who'', ''anyone'', ''someone'', and ''what'', ''anything'', ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sēl || siu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sau || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| søn || søt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sēn || sēm <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| syn || sym<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sannar vi, søt lallavan.'''<br>''Tell me if you see anything.''<br />
*'''Sannar vi, siu ehtiavausse.''' <br>''Tell me if anything changes.''<br />
*'''Ynnake, sân vettaha pei.'''<br>''I don't know who I should give this to.''<br />
*'''Njainnahas sēl fjøljade.'''<br>''Someone should call the doctor.'' (or ''May someone call the doctor.'')<br />
*'''Yssynnanasse, suj ti sēl søt vettas.'''<br>''It always makes him happy when someone gives him something.''<br />
*'''Ynnaike, synot lottai.'''<br>''I didn't know who I was talking to.''<br />
<br />
=== Relative unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The relative unspecified pronouns are similar to the relative pronouns but with a suffix added to indicate an optional or arbitrary, random choice. They are similar to English ''whoever'' or ''anyone'', and ''whatever'' or ''anything''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| soles || soxes<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soies || soges <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sones || soðes<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| soues || suðes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| soŋes || sōŋes<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| suŋes || sûŋes<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Sientóleu niounnallés soles.'''<br>''Anyone can read this letter.''<br />
*'''Soŋesot annan, ljecyissár.'''<br>''Whoever you go with, be careful.''<br />
*'''Suðeseru ǯiuissás.'''<br>''I'm ready for anything.'' (alternatively also ''I'm ready for whatever [may happen].'')<br />
<br />
=== Indefinite pronouns ===<br />
The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to unknown people, animals, objects, etc. They are equivalent to English ''someone'' or ''somebody'', and ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tel || tei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| tai || tak<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tan || tas <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| teu || tes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ten || tem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tin || tim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tel se naittais.'''<br>''Someone called you.''<br />
*'''Tes ennas øxlu.'''<br>''She has something in his pocket.''<br />
*'''Eillais ve timot.'''<br>''He hit me with something.''<br />
*'''Tan gyttai nareu, či ʒaillai, sân.'''<br>''I lent the book to someone, but I've forgotten who.''<br />
<br />
=== Negative pronouns ===<br />
The negative pronouns indicate the non-existence of persons, animals, objects, etc. Their English equivalents are ''nobody'', ''no-one'', and ''nothing''. They also require the predicate to be negated (double negation). <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tol || toh<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| toi || tok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tor || tos<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| tou || tus<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ton || tom <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tun || tum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tol hjannaiksi.'''<br>''Nobody came.''<br />
*'''Toi lallaike.'''<br>''I saw no-one.''<br />
*'''Tok tinnaike.'''<br>''I found nothing.''<br />
*'''Mønnølu møttaiksi tok.'''<br>''He bought nothing in the shop.''<br />
<br />
=== Total pronouns ===<br />
The total pronouns (sometimes also known as the universal pronouns) are used to indicate the total number of persons, animals, objects, etc. involved. The animate pronoun is often referred to as the distributive pronoun because it refers to each individual, and the inanimate pronoun as the summative pronoun because it refers to the class collectively. Their English equivalents are ''everyone'', ''everybody'', and ''everything'', ''all''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Total''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| fel || fei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| fai || făk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| fân || fâs <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| feu || fet<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| fen || fem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| fin || fim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Feu donnanas.'''<br>''He greets everyone.'' (in the sense of greeting each person separately)<br />
*'''Yvynekja tajatakses fînot.'''<br>''The professor doesn't agree with everyone.''<br />
*'''Pol fei lás, sut sella.'''<br>''This is everything that I know.''<br />
*'''Fâk i ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know how to do everything.''<br />
<br />
=== Manifold pronouns ===<br />
The manifold pronouns are a set of unspecified pronouns with prefixes (and as such, they are declined identically to the unspecified pronouns).<br />
<br />
There are four prefixes:<br />
*'''lae-''' "many"<br />
*'''xae-''' "many" (rarely used)<br />
*'''tue-''' "hardly"<br />
*'''jae-''' "rarely"<br />
<br />
The first two types, ''lae-'' and ''xae-'', are identical in meaning but the ''lae-'' forms are prevalent and the ''xae-'' forms have largely fallen out of use. They refer to multiple people or things and can be translated similarly to English "many a person" and "many a thing". <br />
<br />
The other two types, ''tue-'' and ''jae-'', are also similar in meaning, both referring to the scarcity or low number of people or things. Of these two, ''tue-'' is somewhat more common, but both prefixes are used. They can be translated as "hardly anyone" and "hardly anything".<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | ''lae''-series || colspan="2" | ''xae''-series || colspan="2" | ''tue''-series || colspan="2" | ''jae''-series<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nomiantive<br />
| laessēl || laessiu || xaessēl || xaessiu || tuessēl || tuessiu || jaessēl || jaessiu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| laessau || laessâk || xaessau || xaessâk || tuessau || tuessâk || jaessau || jaessâk<br />
|-<br />
! Datitve<br />
| laessân || laessât || xaessân || xaessât || tuessân || tuessât || jaessân || jaessât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| laessøn || laessøt || xaessøn || xaessøt || tuessøn || tuessøt || jaessøn || jaessøt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| laessēn || laessēm || xaessēn || xaessēm || tuessēn || tuessēm || jaessēn || jaessēm<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| laessyn || laessym || xaessyn || xaessym || tuessyn || tuessym || jaessyn || jaessym<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Laessēl stoido tajatakses.'''<br>''Many a person will not agree with you.''<br />
*'''Vēalu laessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Many a thing has changed in the city.''<br />
*'''Laessâk ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know many a thing.'' (or ''There are many things I don't know.'')<br />
*'''Tuessēl ksynnas aisóleu.'''<br>''Hardly anyone knows this song.'' (or ''Very few people know this song.'')<br />
*'''Vēalu tuessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Hardly anything has changed in the city.''<br />
<br />
=== Combinations [OBSOLETE?]===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
Adjectival pronouns are pronouns that replace adjectives and follow the adjectival inflexion pattern. As with substantival pronouns, there two main groups: personal pronouns and non-personal pronouns.<br />
<br />
There are two types of personal pronouns: the possessive personal pronouns and the reflexive personal pronoun. All the other types of non-personal substantival pronouns have their corresponding adjectival pronouns, with a few additional pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Possessive personal pronouns ====<br />
The personal possessive pronouns inflect like adjectives. There are separate forms for each number, person, and clusivity, but they don't distinguish between animacy, or alienable and inalienable possession. The pronouns do inflect, however, for case and class.<br />
<br />
Each possessive pronoun also has several variants: the full form, the oblique form, and two prefixed forms. The full form is typically used with the basic cases, and the oblique form is used with subcases and additional cases. These two forms are generally used predicatively.<br />
<br />
The prefixed forms attach to the noun they modify. There are two variants: one is added to nouns that begin in a vowel, and the other is added to nouns beginning in a consonant. If the noun begins in a single consonant, it is usually geminated. The prefixed form is otherwise invariable. The full forms can be used instead of the prefixed form, and often are in more formal texts, but the prefixed forms are preferred. When contrast is emphasised, then the full forms can be used.<br />
<br />
The obviative possessive pronoun is somewhat defective as it has only one prefixed form, and the oblique stems are slightly irregular. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Lallai njammiveu.'''<br>''I saw his cat.''<br />
*'''Pol njørrik ás.'''<br>''That's their house.''<br />
*'''Tjannarau tinnoiksi.'''<br>''They didn't find your books.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse sjohlelostost.'''<br>''She agrees with my suggestions.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse njahlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.'''<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse jaurost hlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.''' (the possessive pronoun is further emphasised)<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Luiri naról ás? - Soiri.'''<br>''Whose books is this? - Mine.''<br />
*'''Luiri nareu ksinnain? - Kourve.'''<br>''Whose book did you steal? - Theirs.''<br />
<br />
==== Reflexive possessive pronoun ====<br />
The reflexive possessive pronoun is used in much the same fashion as its substantival counterpart.<br />
<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Mollai njînnifeu.'''<br>''I stroked my dog.''<br />
*'''Nîjesiewallu pai gaittaksi.'''<br>''You don't claim this in your articles.''<br />
*'''Luurte nareu šillain? - Nîjurte.'''<br>''Whose book did you take? - Mine.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronouns becomes very useful with third person subjects. Compare the following two examples:<br />
*'''Teil trâttais najîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (=someone else's) bag and ran away.''<br />
*'''Teil trâttais nîjîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (own) bag and ran away.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, even more distinctions can be made. Compare the following three examples:<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nîjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (own) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis pajestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=two other people's) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nøjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=other people's) travels.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In singular, a similar distinction can be made with the obviative pronoun as well:<br />
*'''Aeklavi lallais nîjurte li jaurte miveu, ēkki lîsurta.'''<br>''Aeklavi saw his (own) and his (=someone else's) cat, but not his (=a non-present person's) cat.''<br />
<br />
<br />
When it comes to body parts or other cases of obvious ownership, or if the context provides enough information to unambiguously determine the ownership, the pronoun can be omitted:<br />
*'''Nif iipleonnais viēnot.'''<br>''The dog wagged its tail.''<br />
*'''Jarralais vates.'''<br>''She opened her eyes.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronoun can also be used to denote approximation:<br />
*'''Haǯi nîjurva liala urava ašissás.'''<br>''The cave is about thirty metres deep.''<br />
*'''Enna nîjurva luela (erova).'''<br>''He's about fifty (years old).''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
Laefêvëši has a wide array of adjectival pronouns. All of the substantival pronouns have corresponding adjectival pronouns, and a few extra pronoun types. The non-personal adjectival pronouns come in three main classes that correspond to the three adjectival classes: qualitative, relational, and possessive pronouns. So each type (eg. interrogative, indefinite, etc.) comes in three classes. There is a fourth class, quantitative, but these are generally considered adverbs as they are non-declinable. Some types, however, do have quantitative adjectival pronouns.<br />
<br />
Similar to the personal possessive pronouns, the non-personal pronouns have more than one variant used. Aside from the full form, they also have an oblique form, but unlike the personal pronouns, many non-personal pronouns have a suffixed variant.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Interrogative pronouns ====<br />
The interrogative adjectival pronouns are used in questions and they enquire about characteristics, qualities, etc. of the head they modify. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''vreisi''', '''vrei(s)-'''; '''-ér''' "what, what sort of"<br />
*relational: '''vraili''', vrae(l)-; '''-ár''' "which, what", and '''þammili''', '''þamme(l)-''' "how many (different)"<br />
*possessive: '''luiri''', '''luu(r)-''' "whose"<br />
*quantitative: '''þammisi''', '''þammi(s)-''' "how large"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Reisi arkalj ás alën?''' <br>''What's the weather like today?''<br />
*'''Hamnajérau fēról ás?''' <br>''What colour is the coat?''<br />
*'''Vraelte siehnareu ullan?'''<br>''Which dictionary do you want?''<br />
*'''Ftîstárau sjemmiw ás?'''<br>''What breed is your cat?''<br />
*'''Luiri naról ás?'''<br>''Whose book is this?''<br />
*'''Þammelve iarises ennas?'''<br>''How many different (kinds of) pets do you have?''<br />
*'''Þammisi hanjast dymøhtau lás?'''<br>''What is the value of the purchase?'' (lit. ''How large is the value of the purchase?'')<br />
<br />
==== Relative pronouns ====<br />
The relative adjectival pronouns are used to introduce relative clauses with animate and inanimate antecedents. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''reisi''', '''rei(s)-''' "such (as), the like(s) of which, the kind that"<br />
*relational: '''raili''', '''vrae(l)-'''; '''á''' "who, which, that"<br />
*possessive: '''løiri''', '''løy(r)-''' "whose"<br />
*quantitative: '''þëttisi''', '''þëtti(s)-''' "(of) such a size"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the qualitative pronoun:<br />
*'''Poli lâl ás, reista xej lallanaike.'''<br>''This is a flower the like of which I have never seen before.''<br />
*'''Bannais ʒylogeu, reiste øllanais.'''<br>''He got the answer he wanted.'' (lit. ''He got the answer such as he wished.'')<br />
<br />
<br />
The relative qualitative pronoun often collocates with the relative demonstrative pronoun '''''šaisi''''' "such" in the main clause:<br />
*'''Hjattaiksi šaista ʒylogau, reiste bannais.'''<br>''She didn't expect such an answer as she got.''<br />
<br />
<br />
There are two relative relational pronouns; the declinable '''''raili''''' and the indeclinable '''''á'''''. The declinable pronoun can replace the indeclinable one at any time but the latter is very common and is usually replaced by the declinable pronoun to avoid ambiguity only. <br />
<br />
The declinable pronoun is used with all subcases and additional cases, whereas the indeclinable pronoun is used with the basic cases:<br />
*'''Miettai sienteu riksedna, raemu tilvallai neontahu.''' <br>''I received a letter from the lady with whom I stayed during my studies.''<br />
*'''Nar, á lânur ás, šijen ás.''' <br>''The book which is on the table is a gift.''<br />
<br />
<br />
When a non-nominative basic case is required, the indeclinable '''''á''''' must be used with the short form of a personal pronoun, and the two are linked by a hyphen:<br />
*'''Gitto rikeu, á-te jøčitittoi.'''<br>''We sold the house which we built.''<br />
*'''Pol nara ós, á-je skiennalais Iskârin.'''<br>''These are the book which Iskârin wrote.''<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á-ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman to whom she gave the book.''<br />
<br />
However, that last example can be ambiguous in the spoken language where it would sound identical to:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
To resolve the ambiguity, the declinable form can be used:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á-ti vettais nareu. → Pol vajy ás, raelti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman to whom she gave the book.''<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á ti vettais nareu. → Pol vajy ás, raili ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
If the obviative pronoun is used, however, there is no ambiguity because the obviative pronoun is incompatible with the hyphenated use:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á leu vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the possessive pronoun:<br />
*'''Hant, løiri rik jøtiuttais, sjoglîah ás.''' <br>''The man whose house burnt down is by uncle.''<br />
*'''Lallai littive, løiri vaiv ve jynnais.'''<br>''I saw mountains whose beauty dazzled me.''<br />
*'''Aisont, løyrot nyþot follai nentelu, rannais.'''<br>''Aisont, with whose sister I went to school, has died.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the quantitative pronoun:<br />
*'''Vettau si geizde, þëttiste jøðettatanno.'''<br>''I will give you the salary that you deserve.'' (lit. ''I will give you the salary of such as a size as you deserve.'')<br />
<br />
Like the qualitative pronoun, the quantitative pronoun also tends to coöccur with a demonstrative pronoun:<br />
*'''Þëttisi šatelt seirráus, tymmisi âta soirráus.'''<br>''Whatever size your share will be, mine will be just as much.''<br />
<br />
==== Unspecified pronouns ====<br />
The unspecified pronouns are identical in form to the interrogative pronouns but they are used in declarative sentences rather than being used to introduce a question )although they can appear in questions but they are not part of what is being asked for).<br />
<br />
The qualitative pronoun '''''vreisi''''' "any sort of" is used to refer to someone or something arbitrarily indefinite: <br />
*'''Šettej viettaisse vreisi doia.'''<br>''Probably some sort of an accident has happened.''<br />
*'''Ennanas vreisve sades.'''<br>''He always has some difficulties or other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The relational pronoun '''''vraili''''' "which" is used to refer to an unspecified or unknown person or thing in a group:<br />
*'''Sellake, vraelte htineu lallais.'''<br>''I don't know which car he saw.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive pronouns '''''luiri''''' "whose" refers to someone or something owned by someone unspecified: <br />
*'''Sella, luurte nareu nionnan!'''<br>''I know whose book you're reading!''<br />
<br />
==== Relative unspecified pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Indefinite pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Negative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Total pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Summative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Manifold pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Differential pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Equative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120352
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T11:11:19Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Relative pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronouns ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
<br />
There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
<br />
The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
<br />
<br />
The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
=== Relative pronouns ===<br />
The relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which then gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. These are substantival relative pronouns, however, which means they stand in for nouns or refer to whole clauses. The best English equivalents are ''(the person) who'', ''(he) who'', or ''(someone) who'', and ''(the thing) which'', ''(that) which'', or ''(something) which''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sol || sos<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soi || sok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| son || sot <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sou || sut <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| son || som <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sun || sum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sol nevvanas, nevant ás.'''<br>''A person who teaches is a teacher.''<br />
*'''Tannar, sut ullan.'''<br>''Do what you want.''<br />
*'''Pol sanlás, sumot tajataker.''' <br>''This is the only thing which I disagree with.''<br />
*'''Pol, sut lonnais, nalj áksi.'''<br>''What he said isn't true.'' (or more literally, ''That which he said isn't true.'')<br />
<br />
=== Unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The unspecified pronouns are similar to interrogative pronouns but refer to an unspecified person, animal, object, etc. They are never used to introduce a question. There are no direct English counterparts, the closest are ''who'', ''anyone'', ''someone'', and ''what'', ''anything'', ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sēl || siu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sau || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| søn || søt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sēn || sēm <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| syn || sym<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sannar vi, søt lallavan.'''<br>''Tell me if you see anything.''<br />
*'''Sannar vi, siu ehtiavausse.''' <br>''Tell me if anything changes.''<br />
*'''Ynnake, sân vettaha pei.'''<br>''I don't know who I should give this to.''<br />
*'''Njainnahas sēl fjøljade.'''<br>''Someone should call the doctor.'' (or ''May someone call the doctor.'')<br />
*'''Yssynnanasse, suj ti sēl søt vettas.'''<br>''It always makes him happy when someone gives him something.''<br />
*'''Ynnaike, synot lottai.'''<br>''I didn't know who I was talking to.''<br />
<br />
=== Relative unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The relative unspecified pronouns are similar to the relative pronouns but with a suffix added to indicate an optional or arbitrary, random choice. They are similar to English ''whoever'' or ''anyone'', and ''whatever'' or ''anything''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| soles || soxes<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soies || soges <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sones || soðes<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| soues || suðes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| soŋes || sōŋes<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| suŋes || sûŋes<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Sientóleu niounnallés soles.'''<br>''Anyone can read this letter.''<br />
*'''Soŋesot annan, ljecyissár.'''<br>''Whoever you go with, be careful.''<br />
*'''Suðeseru ǯiuissás.'''<br>''I'm ready for anything.'' (alternatively also ''I'm ready for whatever [may happen].'')<br />
<br />
=== Indefinite pronouns ===<br />
The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to unknown people, animals, objects, etc. They are equivalent to English ''someone'' or ''somebody'', and ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tel || tei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| tai || tak<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tan || tas <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| teu || tes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ten || tem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tin || tim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tel se naittais.'''<br>''Someone called you.''<br />
*'''Tes ennas øxlu.'''<br>''She has something in his pocket.''<br />
*'''Eillais ve timot.'''<br>''He hit me with something.''<br />
*'''Tan gyttai nareu, či ʒaillai, sân.'''<br>''I lent the book to someone, but I've forgotten who.''<br />
<br />
=== Negative pronouns ===<br />
The negative pronouns indicate the non-existence of persons, animals, objects, etc. Their English equivalents are ''nobody'', ''no-one'', and ''nothing''. They also require the predicate to be negated (double negation). <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tol || toh<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| toi || tok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tor || tos<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| tou || tus<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ton || tom <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tun || tum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tol hjannaiksi.'''<br>''Nobody came.''<br />
*'''Toi lallaike.'''<br>''I saw no-one.''<br />
*'''Tok tinnaike.'''<br>''I found nothing.''<br />
*'''Mønnølu møttaiksi tok.'''<br>''He bought nothing in the shop.''<br />
<br />
=== Total pronouns ===<br />
The total pronouns (sometimes also known as the universal pronouns) are used to indicate the total number of persons, animals, objects, etc. involved. The animate pronoun is often referred to as the distributive pronoun because it refers to each individual, and the inanimate pronoun as the summative pronoun because it refers to the class collectively. Their English equivalents are ''everyone'', ''everybody'', and ''everything'', ''all''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Total''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| fel || fei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| fai || făk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| fân || fâs <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| feu || fet<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| fen || fem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| fin || fim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Feu donnanas.'''<br>''He greets everyone.'' (in the sense of greeting each person separately)<br />
*'''Yvynekja tajatakses fînot.'''<br>''The professor doesn't agree with everyone.''<br />
*'''Pol fei lás, sut sella.'''<br>''This is everything that I know.''<br />
*'''Fâk i ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know how to do everything.''<br />
<br />
=== Manifold pronouns ===<br />
The manifold pronouns are a set of unspecified pronouns with prefixes (and as such, they are declined identically to the unspecified pronouns).<br />
<br />
There are four prefixes:<br />
*'''lae-''' "many"<br />
*'''xae-''' "many" (rarely used)<br />
*'''tue-''' "hardly"<br />
*'''jae-''' "rarely"<br />
<br />
The first two types, ''lae-'' and ''xae-'', are identical in meaning but the ''lae-'' forms are prevalent and the ''xae-'' forms have largely fallen out of use. They refer to multiple people or things and can be translated similarly to English "many a person" and "many a thing". <br />
<br />
The other two types, ''tue-'' and ''jae-'', are also similar in meaning, both referring to the scarcity or low number of people or things. Of these two, ''tue-'' is somewhat more common, but both prefixes are used. They can be translated as "hardly anyone" and "hardly anything".<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | ''lae''-series || colspan="2" | ''xae''-series || colspan="2" | ''tue''-series || colspan="2" | ''jae''-series<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nomiantive<br />
| laessēl || laessiu || xaessēl || xaessiu || tuessēl || tuessiu || jaessēl || jaessiu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| laessau || laessâk || xaessau || xaessâk || tuessau || tuessâk || jaessau || jaessâk<br />
|-<br />
! Datitve<br />
| laessân || laessât || xaessân || xaessât || tuessân || tuessât || jaessân || jaessât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| laessøn || laessøt || xaessøn || xaessøt || tuessøn || tuessøt || jaessøn || jaessøt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| laessēn || laessēm || xaessēn || xaessēm || tuessēn || tuessēm || jaessēn || jaessēm<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| laessyn || laessym || xaessyn || xaessym || tuessyn || tuessym || jaessyn || jaessym<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Laessēl stoido tajatakses.'''<br>''Many a person will not agree with you.''<br />
*'''Vēalu laessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Many a thing has changed in the city.''<br />
*'''Laessâk ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know many a thing.'' (or ''There are many things I don't know.'')<br />
*'''Tuessēl ksynnas aisóleu.'''<br>''Hardly anyone knows this song.'' (or ''Very few people know this song.'')<br />
*'''Vēalu tuessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Hardly anything has changed in the city.''<br />
<br />
=== Combinations [OBSOLETE?]===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
Adjectival pronouns are pronouns that replace adjectives and follow the adjectival inflexion pattern. As with substantival pronouns, there two main groups: personal pronouns and non-personal pronouns.<br />
<br />
There are two types of personal pronouns: the possessive personal pronouns and the reflexive personal pronoun. All the other types of non-personal substantival pronouns have their corresponding adjectival pronouns, with a few additional pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Possessive personal pronouns ====<br />
The personal possessive pronouns inflect like adjectives. There are separate forms for each number, person, and clusivity, but they don't distinguish between animacy, or alienable and inalienable possession. The pronouns do inflect, however, for case and class.<br />
<br />
Each possessive pronoun also has several variants: the full form, the oblique form, and two prefixed forms. The full form is typically used with the basic cases, and the oblique form is used with subcases and additional cases. These two forms are generally used predicatively.<br />
<br />
The prefixed forms attach to the noun they modify. There are two variants: one is added to nouns that begin in a vowel, and the other is added to nouns beginning in a consonant. If the noun begins in a single consonant, it is usually geminated. The prefixed form is otherwise invariable. The full forms can be used instead of the prefixed form, and often are in more formal texts, but the prefixed forms are preferred. When contrast is emphasised, then the full forms can be used.<br />
<br />
The obviative possessive pronoun is somewhat defective as it has only one prefixed form, and the oblique stems are slightly irregular. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Lallai njammiveu.'''<br>''I saw his cat.''<br />
*'''Pol njørrik ás.'''<br>''That's their house.''<br />
*'''Tjannarau tinnoiksi.'''<br>''They didn't find your books.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse sjohlelostost.'''<br>''She agrees with my suggestions.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse njahlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.'''<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse jaurost hlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.''' (the possessive pronoun is further emphasised)<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Luiri naról ás? - Soiri.'''<br>''Whose books is this? - Mine.''<br />
*'''Luiri nareu ksinnain? - Kourve.'''<br>''Whose book did you steal? - Theirs.''<br />
<br />
==== Reflexive possessive pronoun ====<br />
The reflexive possessive pronoun is used in much the same fashion as its substantival counterpart.<br />
<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Mollai njînnifeu.'''<br>''I stroked my dog.''<br />
*'''Nîjesiewallu pai gaittaksi.'''<br>''You don't claim this in your articles.''<br />
*'''Luurte nareu šillain? - Nîjurte.'''<br>''Whose book did you take? - Mine.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronouns becomes very useful with third person subjects. Compare the following two examples:<br />
*'''Teil trâttais najîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (=someone else's) bag and ran away.''<br />
*'''Teil trâttais nîjîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (own) bag and ran away.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, even more distinctions can be made. Compare the following three examples:<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nîjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (own) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis pajestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=two other people's) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nøjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=other people's) travels.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In singular, a similar distinction can be made with the obviative pronoun as well:<br />
*'''Aeklavi lallais nîjurte li jaurte miveu, ēkki lîsurta.'''<br>''Aeklavi saw his (own) and his (=someone else's) cat, but not his (=a non-present person's) cat.''<br />
<br />
<br />
When it comes to body parts or other cases of obvious ownership, or if the context provides enough information to unambiguously determine the ownership, the pronoun can be omitted:<br />
*'''Nif iipleonnais viēnot.'''<br>''The dog wagged its tail.''<br />
*'''Jarralais vates.'''<br>''She opened her eyes.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronoun can also be used to denote approximation:<br />
*'''Haǯi nîjurva liala urava ašissás.'''<br>''The cave is about thirty metres deep.''<br />
*'''Enna nîjurva luela (erova).'''<br>''He's about fifty (years old).''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
Laefêvëši has a wide array of adjectival pronouns. All of the substantival pronouns have corresponding adjectival pronouns, and a few extra pronoun types. The non-personal adjectival pronouns come in three main classes that correspond to the three adjectival classes: qualitative, relational, and possessive pronouns. So each type (eg. interrogative, indefinite, etc.) comes in three classes. There is a fourth class, quantitative, but these are generally considered adverbs as they are non-declinable. Some types, however, do have quantitative adjectival pronouns.<br />
<br />
Similar to the personal possessive pronouns, the non-personal pronouns have more than one variant used. Aside from the full form, they also have an oblique form, but unlike the personal pronouns, many non-personal pronouns have a suffixed variant.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Interrogative pronouns ====<br />
The interrogative adjectival pronouns are used in questions and they enquire about characteristics, qualities, etc. of the head they modify. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''vreisi''', '''vrei(s)-'''; '''-ér''' "what, what sort of"<br />
*relational: '''vraili''', vrae(l)-; '''-ár''' "which, what", and '''þammili''', '''þamme(l)-''' "how many (different)"<br />
*possessive: '''luiri''', '''luu(r)-''' "whose"<br />
*quantitative: '''þammisi''', '''þammi(s)-''' "how large"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Reisi arkalj ás alën?''' <br>''What's the weather like today?''<br />
*'''Hamnajérau fēról ás?''' <br>''What colour is the coat?''<br />
*'''Vraelte siehnareu ullan?'''<br>''Which dictionary do you want?''<br />
*'''Ftîstárau sjemmiw ás?'''<br>''What breed is your cat?''<br />
*'''Luiri naról ás?'''<br>''Whose book is this?''<br />
*'''Þammelve iarises ennas?'''<br>''How many different (kinds of) pets do you have?''<br />
*'''Þammisi hanjast dymøhtau lás?'''<br>''What is the value of the purchase?'' (lit. ''How large is the value of the purchase?'')<br />
<br />
==== Relative pronouns ====<br />
The relative adjectival pronouns are used to introduce relative clauses with animate and inanimate antecedents. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''reisi''', '''rei(s)-''' "such (as), the like(s) of which, the kind that"<br />
*relational: '''raili''', '''vrae(l)-'''; '''á''' "who, which, that"<br />
*possessive: '''løiri''', '''løy(r)-''' "whose"<br />
*quantitative: '''þëttisi''', '''þëtti(s)-''' "(of) such a size"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the qualitative pronoun:<br />
*'''Poli lâl ás, reista xej lallanaike.'''<br>''This is a flower the like of which I have never seen before.''<br />
*'''Bannais ʒylogeu, reiste øllanais.'''<br>''He got the answer he wanted.'' (lit. ''He got the answer such as he wished.'')<br />
<br />
<br />
The relative qualitative pronoun often collocates with the relative demonstrative pronoun '''''šaisi''''' "such" in the main clause:<br />
*'''Hjattaiksi šaista ʒylogau, reiste bannais.'''<br>''She didn't expect such an answer as she got.''<br />
<br />
<br />
There are two relative relational pronouns; the declinable '''''raili''''' and the indeclinable '''''á'''''. The declinable pronoun can replace the indeclinable one at any time but the latter is very common and is usually replaced by the declinable pronoun to avoid ambiguity only. <br />
<br />
The declinable pronoun is used with all subcases and additional cases, whereas the indeclinable pronoun is used with the basic cases:<br />
*'''Miettai sienteu riksedna, raemu tilvallai neontahu.''' <br>''I received a letter from the lady with whom I stayed during my studies.''<br />
*'''Nar, á lânur ás, šijen ás.''' <br>''The book which is on the table is a gift.''<br />
<br />
<br />
When a non-nominative basic case is required, the indeclinable '''''á''''' must be used with the short form of a personal pronoun, and the two are linked by a hyphen:<br />
*'''Gitto rikeu, á-te jøčitittoi.'''<br>''We sold the house which we built.''<br />
*'''Pol nara ós, á-je skiennalais Iskârin.'''<br>''These are the book which Iskârin wrote.''<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á-ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman to whom she gave the book.''<br />
<br />
However, that last example can be ambiguous in the spoken language where it would sound identical to:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
To resolve the ambiguity, the declinable form can be used:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á-ti vettais nareu. → Pol vajy ás, raelti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman to whom she gave the book.''<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á ti vettais nareu. → Pol vajy ás, raili ti vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
If the obviative pronoun is used, however, there is no ambiguity because the obviative pronoun is incompatible with the hyphenated use:<br />
*'''Pol vajy ás, á leu vettais nareu.'''<br>''This is the woman who gave the book to her.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the possessive pronoun:<br />
*'''Hant, løiri rik jøtiuttais, sjoglîah ás.''' <br>''The man whose house burnt down is by uncle.''<br />
*'''Lallai littive, løiri vaiv ve jynnais.'''<br>''I saw mountains whose beauty dazzled me.''<br />
*'''Aisont, løyrot nyþot follai nentelu, rannais.'''<br>''Aisont, with whose sister I went to school, has died.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of the quantitative pronoun:<br />
*'''Vettau si geizde, þëttiste jøðettatanno.'''<br>''I will give you the salary that you deserve.'' (lit. ''I will give you the salary of such as a size as you deserve.'')<br />
<br />
Like the qualitative pronoun, the quantitative pronoun also tends to coöccur with a demonstrative pronoun:<br />
*'''Þëttisi šatelt seirráus, tymmisi âta soirráus.'''<br>''Whatever size your share will be, mine will be just as much.''<br />
<br />
==== Unspecified pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Relative unspecified pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Indefinite pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Negative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Total pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Summative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Manifold pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Differential pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Equative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120351
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T11:04:11Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Interrogative pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronouns ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
<br />
There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
<br />
The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
<br />
<br />
The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
=== Relative pronouns ===<br />
The relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which then gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. These are substantival relative pronouns, however, which means they stand in for nouns or refer to whole clauses. The best English equivalents are ''(the person) who'', ''(he) who'', or ''(someone) who'', and ''(the thing) which'', ''(that) which'', or ''(something) which''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sol || sos<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soi || sok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| son || sot <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sou || sut <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| son || som <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sun || sum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sol nevvanas, nevant ás.'''<br>''A person who teaches is a teacher.''<br />
*'''Tannar, sut ullan.'''<br>''Do what you want.''<br />
*'''Pol sanlás, sumot tajataker.''' <br>''This is the only thing which I disagree with.''<br />
*'''Pol, sut lonnais, nalj áksi.'''<br>''What he said isn't true.'' (or more literally, ''That which he said isn't true.'')<br />
<br />
=== Unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The unspecified pronouns are similar to interrogative pronouns but refer to an unspecified person, animal, object, etc. They are never used to introduce a question. There are no direct English counterparts, the closest are ''who'', ''anyone'', ''someone'', and ''what'', ''anything'', ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sēl || siu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sau || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| søn || søt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sēn || sēm <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| syn || sym<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sannar vi, søt lallavan.'''<br>''Tell me if you see anything.''<br />
*'''Sannar vi, siu ehtiavausse.''' <br>''Tell me if anything changes.''<br />
*'''Ynnake, sân vettaha pei.'''<br>''I don't know who I should give this to.''<br />
*'''Njainnahas sēl fjøljade.'''<br>''Someone should call the doctor.'' (or ''May someone call the doctor.'')<br />
*'''Yssynnanasse, suj ti sēl søt vettas.'''<br>''It always makes him happy when someone gives him something.''<br />
*'''Ynnaike, synot lottai.'''<br>''I didn't know who I was talking to.''<br />
<br />
=== Relative unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The relative unspecified pronouns are similar to the relative pronouns but with a suffix added to indicate an optional or arbitrary, random choice. They are similar to English ''whoever'' or ''anyone'', and ''whatever'' or ''anything''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| soles || soxes<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soies || soges <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sones || soðes<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| soues || suðes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| soŋes || sōŋes<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| suŋes || sûŋes<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Sientóleu niounnallés soles.'''<br>''Anyone can read this letter.''<br />
*'''Soŋesot annan, ljecyissár.'''<br>''Whoever you go with, be careful.''<br />
*'''Suðeseru ǯiuissás.'''<br>''I'm ready for anything.'' (alternatively also ''I'm ready for whatever [may happen].'')<br />
<br />
=== Indefinite pronouns ===<br />
The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to unknown people, animals, objects, etc. They are equivalent to English ''someone'' or ''somebody'', and ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tel || tei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| tai || tak<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tan || tas <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| teu || tes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ten || tem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tin || tim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tel se naittais.'''<br>''Someone called you.''<br />
*'''Tes ennas øxlu.'''<br>''She has something in his pocket.''<br />
*'''Eillais ve timot.'''<br>''He hit me with something.''<br />
*'''Tan gyttai nareu, či ʒaillai, sân.'''<br>''I lent the book to someone, but I've forgotten who.''<br />
<br />
=== Negative pronouns ===<br />
The negative pronouns indicate the non-existence of persons, animals, objects, etc. Their English equivalents are ''nobody'', ''no-one'', and ''nothing''. They also require the predicate to be negated (double negation). <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tol || toh<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| toi || tok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tor || tos<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| tou || tus<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ton || tom <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tun || tum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tol hjannaiksi.'''<br>''Nobody came.''<br />
*'''Toi lallaike.'''<br>''I saw no-one.''<br />
*'''Tok tinnaike.'''<br>''I found nothing.''<br />
*'''Mønnølu møttaiksi tok.'''<br>''He bought nothing in the shop.''<br />
<br />
=== Total pronouns ===<br />
The total pronouns (sometimes also known as the universal pronouns) are used to indicate the total number of persons, animals, objects, etc. involved. The animate pronoun is often referred to as the distributive pronoun because it refers to each individual, and the inanimate pronoun as the summative pronoun because it refers to the class collectively. Their English equivalents are ''everyone'', ''everybody'', and ''everything'', ''all''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Total''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| fel || fei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| fai || făk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| fân || fâs <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| feu || fet<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| fen || fem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| fin || fim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Feu donnanas.'''<br>''He greets everyone.'' (in the sense of greeting each person separately)<br />
*'''Yvynekja tajatakses fînot.'''<br>''The professor doesn't agree with everyone.''<br />
*'''Pol fei lás, sut sella.'''<br>''This is everything that I know.''<br />
*'''Fâk i ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know how to do everything.''<br />
<br />
=== Manifold pronouns ===<br />
The manifold pronouns are a set of unspecified pronouns with prefixes (and as such, they are declined identically to the unspecified pronouns).<br />
<br />
There are four prefixes:<br />
*'''lae-''' "many"<br />
*'''xae-''' "many" (rarely used)<br />
*'''tue-''' "hardly"<br />
*'''jae-''' "rarely"<br />
<br />
The first two types, ''lae-'' and ''xae-'', are identical in meaning but the ''lae-'' forms are prevalent and the ''xae-'' forms have largely fallen out of use. They refer to multiple people or things and can be translated similarly to English "many a person" and "many a thing". <br />
<br />
The other two types, ''tue-'' and ''jae-'', are also similar in meaning, both referring to the scarcity or low number of people or things. Of these two, ''tue-'' is somewhat more common, but both prefixes are used. They can be translated as "hardly anyone" and "hardly anything".<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | ''lae''-series || colspan="2" | ''xae''-series || colspan="2" | ''tue''-series || colspan="2" | ''jae''-series<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nomiantive<br />
| laessēl || laessiu || xaessēl || xaessiu || tuessēl || tuessiu || jaessēl || jaessiu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| laessau || laessâk || xaessau || xaessâk || tuessau || tuessâk || jaessau || jaessâk<br />
|-<br />
! Datitve<br />
| laessân || laessât || xaessân || xaessât || tuessân || tuessât || jaessân || jaessât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| laessøn || laessøt || xaessøn || xaessøt || tuessøn || tuessøt || jaessøn || jaessøt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| laessēn || laessēm || xaessēn || xaessēm || tuessēn || tuessēm || jaessēn || jaessēm<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| laessyn || laessym || xaessyn || xaessym || tuessyn || tuessym || jaessyn || jaessym<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Laessēl stoido tajatakses.'''<br>''Many a person will not agree with you.''<br />
*'''Vēalu laessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Many a thing has changed in the city.''<br />
*'''Laessâk ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know many a thing.'' (or ''There are many things I don't know.'')<br />
*'''Tuessēl ksynnas aisóleu.'''<br>''Hardly anyone knows this song.'' (or ''Very few people know this song.'')<br />
*'''Vēalu tuessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Hardly anything has changed in the city.''<br />
<br />
=== Combinations [OBSOLETE?]===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
Adjectival pronouns are pronouns that replace adjectives and follow the adjectival inflexion pattern. As with substantival pronouns, there two main groups: personal pronouns and non-personal pronouns.<br />
<br />
There are two types of personal pronouns: the possessive personal pronouns and the reflexive personal pronoun. All the other types of non-personal substantival pronouns have their corresponding adjectival pronouns, with a few additional pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Possessive personal pronouns ====<br />
The personal possessive pronouns inflect like adjectives. There are separate forms for each number, person, and clusivity, but they don't distinguish between animacy, or alienable and inalienable possession. The pronouns do inflect, however, for case and class.<br />
<br />
Each possessive pronoun also has several variants: the full form, the oblique form, and two prefixed forms. The full form is typically used with the basic cases, and the oblique form is used with subcases and additional cases. These two forms are generally used predicatively.<br />
<br />
The prefixed forms attach to the noun they modify. There are two variants: one is added to nouns that begin in a vowel, and the other is added to nouns beginning in a consonant. If the noun begins in a single consonant, it is usually geminated. The prefixed form is otherwise invariable. The full forms can be used instead of the prefixed form, and often are in more formal texts, but the prefixed forms are preferred. When contrast is emphasised, then the full forms can be used.<br />
<br />
The obviative possessive pronoun is somewhat defective as it has only one prefixed form, and the oblique stems are slightly irregular. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Lallai njammiveu.'''<br>''I saw his cat.''<br />
*'''Pol njørrik ás.'''<br>''That's their house.''<br />
*'''Tjannarau tinnoiksi.'''<br>''They didn't find your books.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse sjohlelostost.'''<br>''She agrees with my suggestions.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse njahlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.'''<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse jaurost hlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.''' (the possessive pronoun is further emphasised)<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Luiri naról ás? - Soiri.'''<br>''Whose books is this? - Mine.''<br />
*'''Luiri nareu ksinnain? - Kourve.'''<br>''Whose book did you steal? - Theirs.''<br />
<br />
==== Reflexive possessive pronoun ====<br />
The reflexive possessive pronoun is used in much the same fashion as its substantival counterpart.<br />
<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Mollai njînnifeu.'''<br>''I stroked my dog.''<br />
*'''Nîjesiewallu pai gaittaksi.'''<br>''You don't claim this in your articles.''<br />
*'''Luurte nareu šillain? - Nîjurte.'''<br>''Whose book did you take? - Mine.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronouns becomes very useful with third person subjects. Compare the following two examples:<br />
*'''Teil trâttais najîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (=someone else's) bag and ran away.''<br />
*'''Teil trâttais nîjîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (own) bag and ran away.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, even more distinctions can be made. Compare the following three examples:<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nîjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (own) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis pajestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=two other people's) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nøjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=other people's) travels.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In singular, a similar distinction can be made with the obviative pronoun as well:<br />
*'''Aeklavi lallais nîjurte li jaurte miveu, ēkki lîsurta.'''<br>''Aeklavi saw his (own) and his (=someone else's) cat, but not his (=a non-present person's) cat.''<br />
<br />
<br />
When it comes to body parts or other cases of obvious ownership, or if the context provides enough information to unambiguously determine the ownership, the pronoun can be omitted:<br />
*'''Nif iipleonnais viēnot.'''<br>''The dog wagged its tail.''<br />
*'''Jarralais vates.'''<br>''She opened her eyes.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronoun can also be used to denote approximation:<br />
*'''Haǯi nîjurva liala urava ašissás.'''<br>''The cave is about thirty metres deep.''<br />
*'''Enna nîjurva luela (erova).'''<br>''He's about fifty (years old).''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
Laefêvëši has a wide array of adjectival pronouns. All of the substantival pronouns have corresponding adjectival pronouns, and a few extra pronoun types. The non-personal adjectival pronouns come in three main classes that correspond to the three adjectival classes: qualitative, relational, and possessive pronouns. So each type (eg. interrogative, indefinite, etc.) comes in three classes. There is a fourth class, quantitative, but these are generally considered adverbs as they are non-declinable. Some types, however, do have quantitative adjectival pronouns.<br />
<br />
Similar to the personal possessive pronouns, the non-personal pronouns have more than one variant used. Aside from the full form, they also have an oblique form, but unlike the personal pronouns, many non-personal pronouns have a suffixed variant.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Interrogative pronouns ====<br />
The interrogative adjectival pronouns are used in questions and they enquire about characteristics, qualities, etc. of the head they modify. <br />
<br />
The pronouns are:<br />
*qualitative: '''vreisi''', '''vrei(s)-'''; '''-ér''' "what, what sort of"<br />
*relational: '''vraili''', vrae(l)-; '''-ár''' "which, what", and '''þammili''', '''þamme(l)-''' "how many (different)"<br />
*possessive: '''luiri''', '''luu(r)-''' "whose"<br />
*quantitative: '''þammisi''', '''þammi(s)-''' "how large"<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Reisi arkalj ás alën?''' <br>''What's the weather like today?''<br />
*'''Hamnajérau fēról ás?''' <br>''What colour is the coat?''<br />
*'''Vraelte siehnareu ullan?'''<br>''Which dictionary do you want?''<br />
*'''Ftîstárau sjemmiw ás?'''<br>''What breed is your cat?''<br />
*'''Luiri naról ás?'''<br>''Whose book is this?''<br />
*'''Þammelve iarises ennas?'''<br>''How many different (kinds of) pets do you have?''<br />
*'''Þammisi hanjast dymøhtau lás?'''<br>''What is the value of the purchase?'' (lit. ''How large is the value of the purchase?'')<br />
<br />
==== Relative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Unspecified pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Relative unspecified pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Indefinite pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Negative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Total pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Summative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Manifold pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Differential pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Equative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120350
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T11:00:57Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Non-personal adjectival pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronouns ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
<br />
There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
<br />
The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
<br />
<br />
The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
=== Relative pronouns ===<br />
The relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which then gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. These are substantival relative pronouns, however, which means they stand in for nouns or refer to whole clauses. The best English equivalents are ''(the person) who'', ''(he) who'', or ''(someone) who'', and ''(the thing) which'', ''(that) which'', or ''(something) which''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sol || sos<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soi || sok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| son || sot <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sou || sut <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| son || som <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sun || sum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sol nevvanas, nevant ás.'''<br>''A person who teaches is a teacher.''<br />
*'''Tannar, sut ullan.'''<br>''Do what you want.''<br />
*'''Pol sanlás, sumot tajataker.''' <br>''This is the only thing which I disagree with.''<br />
*'''Pol, sut lonnais, nalj áksi.'''<br>''What he said isn't true.'' (or more literally, ''That which he said isn't true.'')<br />
<br />
=== Unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The unspecified pronouns are similar to interrogative pronouns but refer to an unspecified person, animal, object, etc. They are never used to introduce a question. There are no direct English counterparts, the closest are ''who'', ''anyone'', ''someone'', and ''what'', ''anything'', ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sēl || siu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sau || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| søn || søt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sēn || sēm <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| syn || sym<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sannar vi, søt lallavan.'''<br>''Tell me if you see anything.''<br />
*'''Sannar vi, siu ehtiavausse.''' <br>''Tell me if anything changes.''<br />
*'''Ynnake, sân vettaha pei.'''<br>''I don't know who I should give this to.''<br />
*'''Njainnahas sēl fjøljade.'''<br>''Someone should call the doctor.'' (or ''May someone call the doctor.'')<br />
*'''Yssynnanasse, suj ti sēl søt vettas.'''<br>''It always makes him happy when someone gives him something.''<br />
*'''Ynnaike, synot lottai.'''<br>''I didn't know who I was talking to.''<br />
<br />
=== Relative unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The relative unspecified pronouns are similar to the relative pronouns but with a suffix added to indicate an optional or arbitrary, random choice. They are similar to English ''whoever'' or ''anyone'', and ''whatever'' or ''anything''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| soles || soxes<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soies || soges <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sones || soðes<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| soues || suðes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| soŋes || sōŋes<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| suŋes || sûŋes<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Sientóleu niounnallés soles.'''<br>''Anyone can read this letter.''<br />
*'''Soŋesot annan, ljecyissár.'''<br>''Whoever you go with, be careful.''<br />
*'''Suðeseru ǯiuissás.'''<br>''I'm ready for anything.'' (alternatively also ''I'm ready for whatever [may happen].'')<br />
<br />
=== Indefinite pronouns ===<br />
The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to unknown people, animals, objects, etc. They are equivalent to English ''someone'' or ''somebody'', and ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tel || tei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| tai || tak<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tan || tas <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| teu || tes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ten || tem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tin || tim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tel se naittais.'''<br>''Someone called you.''<br />
*'''Tes ennas øxlu.'''<br>''She has something in his pocket.''<br />
*'''Eillais ve timot.'''<br>''He hit me with something.''<br />
*'''Tan gyttai nareu, či ʒaillai, sân.'''<br>''I lent the book to someone, but I've forgotten who.''<br />
<br />
=== Negative pronouns ===<br />
The negative pronouns indicate the non-existence of persons, animals, objects, etc. Their English equivalents are ''nobody'', ''no-one'', and ''nothing''. They also require the predicate to be negated (double negation). <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tol || toh<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| toi || tok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tor || tos<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| tou || tus<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ton || tom <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tun || tum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tol hjannaiksi.'''<br>''Nobody came.''<br />
*'''Toi lallaike.'''<br>''I saw no-one.''<br />
*'''Tok tinnaike.'''<br>''I found nothing.''<br />
*'''Mønnølu møttaiksi tok.'''<br>''He bought nothing in the shop.''<br />
<br />
=== Total pronouns ===<br />
The total pronouns (sometimes also known as the universal pronouns) are used to indicate the total number of persons, animals, objects, etc. involved. The animate pronoun is often referred to as the distributive pronoun because it refers to each individual, and the inanimate pronoun as the summative pronoun because it refers to the class collectively. Their English equivalents are ''everyone'', ''everybody'', and ''everything'', ''all''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Total''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| fel || fei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| fai || făk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| fân || fâs <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| feu || fet<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| fen || fem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| fin || fim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Feu donnanas.'''<br>''He greets everyone.'' (in the sense of greeting each person separately)<br />
*'''Yvynekja tajatakses fînot.'''<br>''The professor doesn't agree with everyone.''<br />
*'''Pol fei lás, sut sella.'''<br>''This is everything that I know.''<br />
*'''Fâk i ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know how to do everything.''<br />
<br />
=== Manifold pronouns ===<br />
The manifold pronouns are a set of unspecified pronouns with prefixes (and as such, they are declined identically to the unspecified pronouns).<br />
<br />
There are four prefixes:<br />
*'''lae-''' "many"<br />
*'''xae-''' "many" (rarely used)<br />
*'''tue-''' "hardly"<br />
*'''jae-''' "rarely"<br />
<br />
The first two types, ''lae-'' and ''xae-'', are identical in meaning but the ''lae-'' forms are prevalent and the ''xae-'' forms have largely fallen out of use. They refer to multiple people or things and can be translated similarly to English "many a person" and "many a thing". <br />
<br />
The other two types, ''tue-'' and ''jae-'', are also similar in meaning, both referring to the scarcity or low number of people or things. Of these two, ''tue-'' is somewhat more common, but both prefixes are used. They can be translated as "hardly anyone" and "hardly anything".<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | ''lae''-series || colspan="2" | ''xae''-series || colspan="2" | ''tue''-series || colspan="2" | ''jae''-series<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nomiantive<br />
| laessēl || laessiu || xaessēl || xaessiu || tuessēl || tuessiu || jaessēl || jaessiu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| laessau || laessâk || xaessau || xaessâk || tuessau || tuessâk || jaessau || jaessâk<br />
|-<br />
! Datitve<br />
| laessân || laessât || xaessân || xaessât || tuessân || tuessât || jaessân || jaessât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| laessøn || laessøt || xaessøn || xaessøt || tuessøn || tuessøt || jaessøn || jaessøt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| laessēn || laessēm || xaessēn || xaessēm || tuessēn || tuessēm || jaessēn || jaessēm<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| laessyn || laessym || xaessyn || xaessym || tuessyn || tuessym || jaessyn || jaessym<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Laessēl stoido tajatakses.'''<br>''Many a person will not agree with you.''<br />
*'''Vēalu laessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Many a thing has changed in the city.''<br />
*'''Laessâk ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know many a thing.'' (or ''There are many things I don't know.'')<br />
*'''Tuessēl ksynnas aisóleu.'''<br>''Hardly anyone knows this song.'' (or ''Very few people know this song.'')<br />
*'''Vēalu tuessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Hardly anything has changed in the city.''<br />
<br />
=== Combinations [OBSOLETE?]===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
Adjectival pronouns are pronouns that replace adjectives and follow the adjectival inflexion pattern. As with substantival pronouns, there two main groups: personal pronouns and non-personal pronouns.<br />
<br />
There are two types of personal pronouns: the possessive personal pronouns and the reflexive personal pronoun. All the other types of non-personal substantival pronouns have their corresponding adjectival pronouns, with a few additional pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Possessive personal pronouns ====<br />
The personal possessive pronouns inflect like adjectives. There are separate forms for each number, person, and clusivity, but they don't distinguish between animacy, or alienable and inalienable possession. The pronouns do inflect, however, for case and class.<br />
<br />
Each possessive pronoun also has several variants: the full form, the oblique form, and two prefixed forms. The full form is typically used with the basic cases, and the oblique form is used with subcases and additional cases. These two forms are generally used predicatively.<br />
<br />
The prefixed forms attach to the noun they modify. There are two variants: one is added to nouns that begin in a vowel, and the other is added to nouns beginning in a consonant. If the noun begins in a single consonant, it is usually geminated. The prefixed form is otherwise invariable. The full forms can be used instead of the prefixed form, and often are in more formal texts, but the prefixed forms are preferred. When contrast is emphasised, then the full forms can be used.<br />
<br />
The obviative possessive pronoun is somewhat defective as it has only one prefixed form, and the oblique stems are slightly irregular. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Lallai njammiveu.'''<br>''I saw his cat.''<br />
*'''Pol njørrik ás.'''<br>''That's their house.''<br />
*'''Tjannarau tinnoiksi.'''<br>''They didn't find your books.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse sjohlelostost.'''<br>''She agrees with my suggestions.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse njahlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.'''<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse jaurost hlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.''' (the possessive pronoun is further emphasised)<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Luiri naról ás? - Soiri.'''<br>''Whose books is this? - Mine.''<br />
*'''Luiri nareu ksinnain? - Kourve.'''<br>''Whose book did you steal? - Theirs.''<br />
<br />
==== Reflexive possessive pronoun ====<br />
The reflexive possessive pronoun is used in much the same fashion as its substantival counterpart.<br />
<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Mollai njînnifeu.'''<br>''I stroked my dog.''<br />
*'''Nîjesiewallu pai gaittaksi.'''<br>''You don't claim this in your articles.''<br />
*'''Luurte nareu šillain? - Nîjurte.'''<br>''Whose book did you take? - Mine.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronouns becomes very useful with third person subjects. Compare the following two examples:<br />
*'''Teil trâttais najîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (=someone else's) bag and ran away.''<br />
*'''Teil trâttais nîjîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (own) bag and ran away.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, even more distinctions can be made. Compare the following three examples:<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nîjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (own) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis pajestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=two other people's) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nøjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=other people's) travels.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In singular, a similar distinction can be made with the obviative pronoun as well:<br />
*'''Aeklavi lallais nîjurte li jaurte miveu, ēkki lîsurta.'''<br>''Aeklavi saw his (own) and his (=someone else's) cat, but not his (=a non-present person's) cat.''<br />
<br />
<br />
When it comes to body parts or other cases of obvious ownership, or if the context provides enough information to unambiguously determine the ownership, the pronoun can be omitted:<br />
*'''Nif iipleonnais viēnot.'''<br>''The dog wagged its tail.''<br />
*'''Jarralais vates.'''<br>''She opened her eyes.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronoun can also be used to denote approximation:<br />
*'''Haǯi nîjurva liala urava ašissás.'''<br>''The cave is about thirty metres deep.''<br />
*'''Enna nîjurva luela (erova).'''<br>''He's about fifty (years old).''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
Laefêvëši has a wide array of adjectival pronouns. All of the substantival pronouns have corresponding adjectival pronouns, and a few extra pronoun types. The non-personal adjectival pronouns come in three main classes that correspond to the three adjectival classes: qualitative, relational, and possessive pronouns. So each type (eg. interrogative, indefinite, etc.) comes in three classes. There is a fourth class, quantitative, but these are generally considered adverbs as they are non-declinable. Some types, however, do have quantitative adjectival pronouns.<br />
<br />
Similar to the personal possessive pronouns, the non-personal pronouns have more than one variant used. Aside from the full form, they also have an oblique form, but unlike the personal pronouns, many non-personal pronouns have a suffixed variant.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Interrogative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Relative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Unspecified pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Relative unspecified pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Indefinite pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Negative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Total pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Summative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Manifold pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Differential pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Equative pronouns ====<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120349
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T10:54:49Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Reflexive possessive pronoun */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronouns ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
<br />
There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
<br />
The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
<br />
<br />
The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
=== Relative pronouns ===<br />
The relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which then gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. These are substantival relative pronouns, however, which means they stand in for nouns or refer to whole clauses. The best English equivalents are ''(the person) who'', ''(he) who'', or ''(someone) who'', and ''(the thing) which'', ''(that) which'', or ''(something) which''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sol || sos<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soi || sok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| son || sot <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sou || sut <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| son || som <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sun || sum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sol nevvanas, nevant ás.'''<br>''A person who teaches is a teacher.''<br />
*'''Tannar, sut ullan.'''<br>''Do what you want.''<br />
*'''Pol sanlás, sumot tajataker.''' <br>''This is the only thing which I disagree with.''<br />
*'''Pol, sut lonnais, nalj áksi.'''<br>''What he said isn't true.'' (or more literally, ''That which he said isn't true.'')<br />
<br />
=== Unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The unspecified pronouns are similar to interrogative pronouns but refer to an unspecified person, animal, object, etc. They are never used to introduce a question. There are no direct English counterparts, the closest are ''who'', ''anyone'', ''someone'', and ''what'', ''anything'', ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sēl || siu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sau || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| søn || søt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sēn || sēm <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| syn || sym<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sannar vi, søt lallavan.'''<br>''Tell me if you see anything.''<br />
*'''Sannar vi, siu ehtiavausse.''' <br>''Tell me if anything changes.''<br />
*'''Ynnake, sân vettaha pei.'''<br>''I don't know who I should give this to.''<br />
*'''Njainnahas sēl fjøljade.'''<br>''Someone should call the doctor.'' (or ''May someone call the doctor.'')<br />
*'''Yssynnanasse, suj ti sēl søt vettas.'''<br>''It always makes him happy when someone gives him something.''<br />
*'''Ynnaike, synot lottai.'''<br>''I didn't know who I was talking to.''<br />
<br />
=== Relative unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The relative unspecified pronouns are similar to the relative pronouns but with a suffix added to indicate an optional or arbitrary, random choice. They are similar to English ''whoever'' or ''anyone'', and ''whatever'' or ''anything''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| soles || soxes<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soies || soges <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sones || soðes<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| soues || suðes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| soŋes || sōŋes<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| suŋes || sûŋes<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Sientóleu niounnallés soles.'''<br>''Anyone can read this letter.''<br />
*'''Soŋesot annan, ljecyissár.'''<br>''Whoever you go with, be careful.''<br />
*'''Suðeseru ǯiuissás.'''<br>''I'm ready for anything.'' (alternatively also ''I'm ready for whatever [may happen].'')<br />
<br />
=== Indefinite pronouns ===<br />
The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to unknown people, animals, objects, etc. They are equivalent to English ''someone'' or ''somebody'', and ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tel || tei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| tai || tak<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tan || tas <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| teu || tes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ten || tem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tin || tim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tel se naittais.'''<br>''Someone called you.''<br />
*'''Tes ennas øxlu.'''<br>''She has something in his pocket.''<br />
*'''Eillais ve timot.'''<br>''He hit me with something.''<br />
*'''Tan gyttai nareu, či ʒaillai, sân.'''<br>''I lent the book to someone, but I've forgotten who.''<br />
<br />
=== Negative pronouns ===<br />
The negative pronouns indicate the non-existence of persons, animals, objects, etc. Their English equivalents are ''nobody'', ''no-one'', and ''nothing''. They also require the predicate to be negated (double negation). <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tol || toh<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| toi || tok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tor || tos<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| tou || tus<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ton || tom <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tun || tum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tol hjannaiksi.'''<br>''Nobody came.''<br />
*'''Toi lallaike.'''<br>''I saw no-one.''<br />
*'''Tok tinnaike.'''<br>''I found nothing.''<br />
*'''Mønnølu møttaiksi tok.'''<br>''He bought nothing in the shop.''<br />
<br />
=== Total pronouns ===<br />
The total pronouns (sometimes also known as the universal pronouns) are used to indicate the total number of persons, animals, objects, etc. involved. The animate pronoun is often referred to as the distributive pronoun because it refers to each individual, and the inanimate pronoun as the summative pronoun because it refers to the class collectively. Their English equivalents are ''everyone'', ''everybody'', and ''everything'', ''all''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Total''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| fel || fei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| fai || făk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| fân || fâs <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| feu || fet<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| fen || fem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| fin || fim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Feu donnanas.'''<br>''He greets everyone.'' (in the sense of greeting each person separately)<br />
*'''Yvynekja tajatakses fînot.'''<br>''The professor doesn't agree with everyone.''<br />
*'''Pol fei lás, sut sella.'''<br>''This is everything that I know.''<br />
*'''Fâk i ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know how to do everything.''<br />
<br />
=== Manifold pronouns ===<br />
The manifold pronouns are a set of unspecified pronouns with prefixes (and as such, they are declined identically to the unspecified pronouns).<br />
<br />
There are four prefixes:<br />
*'''lae-''' "many"<br />
*'''xae-''' "many" (rarely used)<br />
*'''tue-''' "hardly"<br />
*'''jae-''' "rarely"<br />
<br />
The first two types, ''lae-'' and ''xae-'', are identical in meaning but the ''lae-'' forms are prevalent and the ''xae-'' forms have largely fallen out of use. They refer to multiple people or things and can be translated similarly to English "many a person" and "many a thing". <br />
<br />
The other two types, ''tue-'' and ''jae-'', are also similar in meaning, both referring to the scarcity or low number of people or things. Of these two, ''tue-'' is somewhat more common, but both prefixes are used. They can be translated as "hardly anyone" and "hardly anything".<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | ''lae''-series || colspan="2" | ''xae''-series || colspan="2" | ''tue''-series || colspan="2" | ''jae''-series<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nomiantive<br />
| laessēl || laessiu || xaessēl || xaessiu || tuessēl || tuessiu || jaessēl || jaessiu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| laessau || laessâk || xaessau || xaessâk || tuessau || tuessâk || jaessau || jaessâk<br />
|-<br />
! Datitve<br />
| laessân || laessât || xaessân || xaessât || tuessân || tuessât || jaessân || jaessât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| laessøn || laessøt || xaessøn || xaessøt || tuessøn || tuessøt || jaessøn || jaessøt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| laessēn || laessēm || xaessēn || xaessēm || tuessēn || tuessēm || jaessēn || jaessēm<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| laessyn || laessym || xaessyn || xaessym || tuessyn || tuessym || jaessyn || jaessym<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Laessēl stoido tajatakses.'''<br>''Many a person will not agree with you.''<br />
*'''Vēalu laessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Many a thing has changed in the city.''<br />
*'''Laessâk ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know many a thing.'' (or ''There are many things I don't know.'')<br />
*'''Tuessēl ksynnas aisóleu.'''<br>''Hardly anyone knows this song.'' (or ''Very few people know this song.'')<br />
*'''Vēalu tuessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Hardly anything has changed in the city.''<br />
<br />
=== Combinations [OBSOLETE?]===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
Adjectival pronouns are pronouns that replace adjectives and follow the adjectival inflexion pattern. As with substantival pronouns, there two main groups: personal pronouns and non-personal pronouns.<br />
<br />
There are two types of personal pronouns: the possessive personal pronouns and the reflexive personal pronoun. All the other types of non-personal substantival pronouns have their corresponding adjectival pronouns, with a few additional pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Possessive personal pronouns ====<br />
The personal possessive pronouns inflect like adjectives. There are separate forms for each number, person, and clusivity, but they don't distinguish between animacy, or alienable and inalienable possession. The pronouns do inflect, however, for case and class.<br />
<br />
Each possessive pronoun also has several variants: the full form, the oblique form, and two prefixed forms. The full form is typically used with the basic cases, and the oblique form is used with subcases and additional cases. These two forms are generally used predicatively.<br />
<br />
The prefixed forms attach to the noun they modify. There are two variants: one is added to nouns that begin in a vowel, and the other is added to nouns beginning in a consonant. If the noun begins in a single consonant, it is usually geminated. The prefixed form is otherwise invariable. The full forms can be used instead of the prefixed form, and often are in more formal texts, but the prefixed forms are preferred. When contrast is emphasised, then the full forms can be used.<br />
<br />
The obviative possessive pronoun is somewhat defective as it has only one prefixed form, and the oblique stems are slightly irregular. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Lallai njammiveu.'''<br>''I saw his cat.''<br />
*'''Pol njørrik ás.'''<br>''That's their house.''<br />
*'''Tjannarau tinnoiksi.'''<br>''They didn't find your books.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse sjohlelostost.'''<br>''She agrees with my suggestions.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse njahlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.'''<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse jaurost hlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.''' (the possessive pronoun is further emphasised)<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Luiri naról ás? - Soiri.'''<br>''Whose books is this? - Mine.''<br />
*'''Luiri nareu ksinnain? - Kourve.'''<br>''Whose book did you steal? - Theirs.''<br />
<br />
==== Reflexive possessive pronoun ====<br />
The reflexive possessive pronoun is used in much the same fashion as its substantival counterpart.<br />
<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Mollai njînnifeu.'''<br>''I stroked my dog.''<br />
*'''Nîjesiewallu pai gaittaksi.'''<br>''You don't claim this in your articles.''<br />
*'''Luurte nareu šillain? - Nîjurte.'''<br>''Whose book did you take? - Mine.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronouns becomes very useful with third person subjects. Compare the following two examples:<br />
*'''Teil trâttais najîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (=someone else's) bag and ran away.''<br />
*'''Teil trâttais nîjîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (own) bag and ran away.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, even more distinctions can be made. Compare the following three examples:<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nîjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (own) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis pajestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=two other people's) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nøjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=other people's) travels.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In singular, a similar distinction can be made with the obviative pronoun as well:<br />
*'''Aeklavi lallais nîjurte li jaurte miveu, ēkki lîsurta.'''<br>''Aeklavi saw his (own) and his (=someone else's) cat, but not his (=a non-present person's) cat.''<br />
<br />
<br />
When it comes to body parts or other cases of obvious ownership, or if the context provides enough information to unambiguously determine the ownership, the pronoun can be omitted:<br />
*'''Nif iipleonnais viēnot.'''<br>''The dog wagged its tail.''<br />
*'''Jarralais vates.'''<br>''She opened her eyes.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronoun can also be used to denote approximation:<br />
*'''Haǯi nîjurva liala urava ašissás.'''<br>''The cave is about thirty metres deep.''<br />
*'''Enna nîjurva luela (erova).'''<br>''He's about fifty (years old).''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Other adjectival pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120348
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T10:54:24Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Reflexive possessive pronoun */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronouns ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
<br />
There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
<br />
The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
<br />
<br />
The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
=== Relative pronouns ===<br />
The relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which then gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. These are substantival relative pronouns, however, which means they stand in for nouns or refer to whole clauses. The best English equivalents are ''(the person) who'', ''(he) who'', or ''(someone) who'', and ''(the thing) which'', ''(that) which'', or ''(something) which''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sol || sos<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soi || sok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| son || sot <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sou || sut <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| son || som <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sun || sum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sol nevvanas, nevant ás.'''<br>''A person who teaches is a teacher.''<br />
*'''Tannar, sut ullan.'''<br>''Do what you want.''<br />
*'''Pol sanlás, sumot tajataker.''' <br>''This is the only thing which I disagree with.''<br />
*'''Pol, sut lonnais, nalj áksi.'''<br>''What he said isn't true.'' (or more literally, ''That which he said isn't true.'')<br />
<br />
=== Unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The unspecified pronouns are similar to interrogative pronouns but refer to an unspecified person, animal, object, etc. They are never used to introduce a question. There are no direct English counterparts, the closest are ''who'', ''anyone'', ''someone'', and ''what'', ''anything'', ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sēl || siu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sau || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| søn || søt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sēn || sēm <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| syn || sym<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sannar vi, søt lallavan.'''<br>''Tell me if you see anything.''<br />
*'''Sannar vi, siu ehtiavausse.''' <br>''Tell me if anything changes.''<br />
*'''Ynnake, sân vettaha pei.'''<br>''I don't know who I should give this to.''<br />
*'''Njainnahas sēl fjøljade.'''<br>''Someone should call the doctor.'' (or ''May someone call the doctor.'')<br />
*'''Yssynnanasse, suj ti sēl søt vettas.'''<br>''It always makes him happy when someone gives him something.''<br />
*'''Ynnaike, synot lottai.'''<br>''I didn't know who I was talking to.''<br />
<br />
=== Relative unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The relative unspecified pronouns are similar to the relative pronouns but with a suffix added to indicate an optional or arbitrary, random choice. They are similar to English ''whoever'' or ''anyone'', and ''whatever'' or ''anything''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| soles || soxes<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soies || soges <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sones || soðes<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| soues || suðes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| soŋes || sōŋes<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| suŋes || sûŋes<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Sientóleu niounnallés soles.'''<br>''Anyone can read this letter.''<br />
*'''Soŋesot annan, ljecyissár.'''<br>''Whoever you go with, be careful.''<br />
*'''Suðeseru ǯiuissás.'''<br>''I'm ready for anything.'' (alternatively also ''I'm ready for whatever [may happen].'')<br />
<br />
=== Indefinite pronouns ===<br />
The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to unknown people, animals, objects, etc. They are equivalent to English ''someone'' or ''somebody'', and ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tel || tei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| tai || tak<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tan || tas <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| teu || tes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ten || tem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tin || tim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tel se naittais.'''<br>''Someone called you.''<br />
*'''Tes ennas øxlu.'''<br>''She has something in his pocket.''<br />
*'''Eillais ve timot.'''<br>''He hit me with something.''<br />
*'''Tan gyttai nareu, či ʒaillai, sân.'''<br>''I lent the book to someone, but I've forgotten who.''<br />
<br />
=== Negative pronouns ===<br />
The negative pronouns indicate the non-existence of persons, animals, objects, etc. Their English equivalents are ''nobody'', ''no-one'', and ''nothing''. They also require the predicate to be negated (double negation). <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tol || toh<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| toi || tok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tor || tos<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| tou || tus<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ton || tom <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tun || tum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tol hjannaiksi.'''<br>''Nobody came.''<br />
*'''Toi lallaike.'''<br>''I saw no-one.''<br />
*'''Tok tinnaike.'''<br>''I found nothing.''<br />
*'''Mønnølu møttaiksi tok.'''<br>''He bought nothing in the shop.''<br />
<br />
=== Total pronouns ===<br />
The total pronouns (sometimes also known as the universal pronouns) are used to indicate the total number of persons, animals, objects, etc. involved. The animate pronoun is often referred to as the distributive pronoun because it refers to each individual, and the inanimate pronoun as the summative pronoun because it refers to the class collectively. Their English equivalents are ''everyone'', ''everybody'', and ''everything'', ''all''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Total''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| fel || fei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| fai || făk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| fân || fâs <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| feu || fet<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| fen || fem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| fin || fim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Feu donnanas.'''<br>''He greets everyone.'' (in the sense of greeting each person separately)<br />
*'''Yvynekja tajatakses fînot.'''<br>''The professor doesn't agree with everyone.''<br />
*'''Pol fei lás, sut sella.'''<br>''This is everything that I know.''<br />
*'''Fâk i ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know how to do everything.''<br />
<br />
=== Manifold pronouns ===<br />
The manifold pronouns are a set of unspecified pronouns with prefixes (and as such, they are declined identically to the unspecified pronouns).<br />
<br />
There are four prefixes:<br />
*'''lae-''' "many"<br />
*'''xae-''' "many" (rarely used)<br />
*'''tue-''' "hardly"<br />
*'''jae-''' "rarely"<br />
<br />
The first two types, ''lae-'' and ''xae-'', are identical in meaning but the ''lae-'' forms are prevalent and the ''xae-'' forms have largely fallen out of use. They refer to multiple people or things and can be translated similarly to English "many a person" and "many a thing". <br />
<br />
The other two types, ''tue-'' and ''jae-'', are also similar in meaning, both referring to the scarcity or low number of people or things. Of these two, ''tue-'' is somewhat more common, but both prefixes are used. They can be translated as "hardly anyone" and "hardly anything".<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | ''lae''-series || colspan="2" | ''xae''-series || colspan="2" | ''tue''-series || colspan="2" | ''jae''-series<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nomiantive<br />
| laessēl || laessiu || xaessēl || xaessiu || tuessēl || tuessiu || jaessēl || jaessiu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| laessau || laessâk || xaessau || xaessâk || tuessau || tuessâk || jaessau || jaessâk<br />
|-<br />
! Datitve<br />
| laessân || laessât || xaessân || xaessât || tuessân || tuessât || jaessân || jaessât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| laessøn || laessøt || xaessøn || xaessøt || tuessøn || tuessøt || jaessøn || jaessøt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| laessēn || laessēm || xaessēn || xaessēm || tuessēn || tuessēm || jaessēn || jaessēm<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| laessyn || laessym || xaessyn || xaessym || tuessyn || tuessym || jaessyn || jaessym<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Laessēl stoido tajatakses.'''<br>''Many a person will not agree with you.''<br />
*'''Vēalu laessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Many a thing has changed in the city.''<br />
*'''Laessâk ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know many a thing.'' (or ''There are many things I don't know.'')<br />
*'''Tuessēl ksynnas aisóleu.'''<br>''Hardly anyone knows this song.'' (or ''Very few people know this song.'')<br />
*'''Vēalu tuessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Hardly anything has changed in the city.''<br />
<br />
=== Combinations [OBSOLETE?]===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
Adjectival pronouns are pronouns that replace adjectives and follow the adjectival inflexion pattern. As with substantival pronouns, there two main groups: personal pronouns and non-personal pronouns.<br />
<br />
There are two types of personal pronouns: the possessive personal pronouns and the reflexive personal pronoun. All the other types of non-personal substantival pronouns have their corresponding adjectival pronouns, with a few additional pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Possessive personal pronouns ====<br />
The personal possessive pronouns inflect like adjectives. There are separate forms for each number, person, and clusivity, but they don't distinguish between animacy, or alienable and inalienable possession. The pronouns do inflect, however, for case and class.<br />
<br />
Each possessive pronoun also has several variants: the full form, the oblique form, and two prefixed forms. The full form is typically used with the basic cases, and the oblique form is used with subcases and additional cases. These two forms are generally used predicatively.<br />
<br />
The prefixed forms attach to the noun they modify. There are two variants: one is added to nouns that begin in a vowel, and the other is added to nouns beginning in a consonant. If the noun begins in a single consonant, it is usually geminated. The prefixed form is otherwise invariable. The full forms can be used instead of the prefixed form, and often are in more formal texts, but the prefixed forms are preferred. When contrast is emphasised, then the full forms can be used.<br />
<br />
The obviative possessive pronoun is somewhat defective as it has only one prefixed form, and the oblique stems are slightly irregular. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Lallai njammiveu.'''<br>''I saw his cat.''<br />
*'''Pol njørrik ás.'''<br>''That's their house.''<br />
*'''Tjannarau tinnoiksi.'''<br>''They didn't find your books.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse sjohlelostost.'''<br>''She agrees with my suggestions.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse njahlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.'''<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse jaurost hlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.''' (the possessive pronoun is further emphasised)<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Luiri naról ás? - Soiri.'''<br>''Whose books is this? - Mine.''<br />
*'''Luiri nareu ksinnain? - Kourve.'''<br>''Whose book did you steal? - Theirs.''<br />
<br />
==== Reflexive possessive pronoun ====<br />
The reflexive possessive pronoun is used in much the same fashion as its substantival counterpart.<br />
<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Mollai njînnifeu.'''<br>''I stroked my dog.''<br />
*'''Nîjesiewallu pai gaittaksi.'''<br>''You don't claim this in your articles.''<br />
*'''Luurte nareu šillain? - Nîjurte.'''<br>''Whose book did you take? - Mine.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronouns becomes very useful with third person subjects. Compare the following two examples:<br />
*'''Teil trâttais najîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (=someone else's) bag and ran away.''<br />
*'''Teil trâttais nîjîxde li lwōttais.'''<br>''The boy grabbed his (own) bag and ran away.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, even more distinctions can be made. Compare the following three examples:<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nîjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (own) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis pajestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=two other people's) travels.''<br />
*'''Aisont u Ʒerend vi sanneis nøjestvozurs.'''<br>''Aisont and Ʒerend were telling me about their (=other people's) travels.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In singular, a similar distinction can be made with the obviative pronoun as well:<br />
*'''Aeklavi lallais nîjurte li jaurte miveu, ēkki lîsurta.'''<br>''Aeklavi saw his (own) and his (=someone else's) cat, but not his (=a non-present person's) cat.''<br />
<br />
<br />
When it comes to body parts or other cases of obvious ownership, or if the context provides enough information to unambiguously determine the ownership, the pronoun can be omitted:<br />
*'''Nif iipleonnais viēnot.'''<br>''The dog wagged its tail.''<br />
*'''Jarralais vates.'''<br>''She opened her eyes.''<br />
<br />
<br />
The possessive reflexive pronoun can also be used to denote approximation:<br />
*'''Haǯi nîjurva liala urava ašissás.'''<br>''The cave is about thirty metres deep.''<br />
*'''Enna nîjurva luela (erova).'''<br>''He's about fifty (years old).''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Other adjectival pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120347
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T10:49:35Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Adjectival pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronouns ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
<br />
There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
<br />
The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
<br />
<br />
The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
=== Relative pronouns ===<br />
The relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which then gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. These are substantival relative pronouns, however, which means they stand in for nouns or refer to whole clauses. The best English equivalents are ''(the person) who'', ''(he) who'', or ''(someone) who'', and ''(the thing) which'', ''(that) which'', or ''(something) which''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sol || sos<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soi || sok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| son || sot <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sou || sut <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| son || som <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sun || sum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sol nevvanas, nevant ás.'''<br>''A person who teaches is a teacher.''<br />
*'''Tannar, sut ullan.'''<br>''Do what you want.''<br />
*'''Pol sanlás, sumot tajataker.''' <br>''This is the only thing which I disagree with.''<br />
*'''Pol, sut lonnais, nalj áksi.'''<br>''What he said isn't true.'' (or more literally, ''That which he said isn't true.'')<br />
<br />
=== Unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The unspecified pronouns are similar to interrogative pronouns but refer to an unspecified person, animal, object, etc. They are never used to introduce a question. There are no direct English counterparts, the closest are ''who'', ''anyone'', ''someone'', and ''what'', ''anything'', ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sēl || siu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sau || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| søn || søt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sēn || sēm <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| syn || sym<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sannar vi, søt lallavan.'''<br>''Tell me if you see anything.''<br />
*'''Sannar vi, siu ehtiavausse.''' <br>''Tell me if anything changes.''<br />
*'''Ynnake, sân vettaha pei.'''<br>''I don't know who I should give this to.''<br />
*'''Njainnahas sēl fjøljade.'''<br>''Someone should call the doctor.'' (or ''May someone call the doctor.'')<br />
*'''Yssynnanasse, suj ti sēl søt vettas.'''<br>''It always makes him happy when someone gives him something.''<br />
*'''Ynnaike, synot lottai.'''<br>''I didn't know who I was talking to.''<br />
<br />
=== Relative unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The relative unspecified pronouns are similar to the relative pronouns but with a suffix added to indicate an optional or arbitrary, random choice. They are similar to English ''whoever'' or ''anyone'', and ''whatever'' or ''anything''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| soles || soxes<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soies || soges <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sones || soðes<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| soues || suðes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| soŋes || sōŋes<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| suŋes || sûŋes<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Sientóleu niounnallés soles.'''<br>''Anyone can read this letter.''<br />
*'''Soŋesot annan, ljecyissár.'''<br>''Whoever you go with, be careful.''<br />
*'''Suðeseru ǯiuissás.'''<br>''I'm ready for anything.'' (alternatively also ''I'm ready for whatever [may happen].'')<br />
<br />
=== Indefinite pronouns ===<br />
The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to unknown people, animals, objects, etc. They are equivalent to English ''someone'' or ''somebody'', and ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tel || tei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| tai || tak<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tan || tas <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| teu || tes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ten || tem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tin || tim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tel se naittais.'''<br>''Someone called you.''<br />
*'''Tes ennas øxlu.'''<br>''She has something in his pocket.''<br />
*'''Eillais ve timot.'''<br>''He hit me with something.''<br />
*'''Tan gyttai nareu, či ʒaillai, sân.'''<br>''I lent the book to someone, but I've forgotten who.''<br />
<br />
=== Negative pronouns ===<br />
The negative pronouns indicate the non-existence of persons, animals, objects, etc. Their English equivalents are ''nobody'', ''no-one'', and ''nothing''. They also require the predicate to be negated (double negation). <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tol || toh<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| toi || tok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tor || tos<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| tou || tus<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ton || tom <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tun || tum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tol hjannaiksi.'''<br>''Nobody came.''<br />
*'''Toi lallaike.'''<br>''I saw no-one.''<br />
*'''Tok tinnaike.'''<br>''I found nothing.''<br />
*'''Mønnølu møttaiksi tok.'''<br>''He bought nothing in the shop.''<br />
<br />
=== Total pronouns ===<br />
The total pronouns (sometimes also known as the universal pronouns) are used to indicate the total number of persons, animals, objects, etc. involved. The animate pronoun is often referred to as the distributive pronoun because it refers to each individual, and the inanimate pronoun as the summative pronoun because it refers to the class collectively. Their English equivalents are ''everyone'', ''everybody'', and ''everything'', ''all''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Total''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| fel || fei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| fai || făk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| fân || fâs <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| feu || fet<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| fen || fem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| fin || fim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Feu donnanas.'''<br>''He greets everyone.'' (in the sense of greeting each person separately)<br />
*'''Yvynekja tajatakses fînot.'''<br>''The professor doesn't agree with everyone.''<br />
*'''Pol fei lás, sut sella.'''<br>''This is everything that I know.''<br />
*'''Fâk i ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know how to do everything.''<br />
<br />
=== Manifold pronouns ===<br />
The manifold pronouns are a set of unspecified pronouns with prefixes (and as such, they are declined identically to the unspecified pronouns).<br />
<br />
There are four prefixes:<br />
*'''lae-''' "many"<br />
*'''xae-''' "many" (rarely used)<br />
*'''tue-''' "hardly"<br />
*'''jae-''' "rarely"<br />
<br />
The first two types, ''lae-'' and ''xae-'', are identical in meaning but the ''lae-'' forms are prevalent and the ''xae-'' forms have largely fallen out of use. They refer to multiple people or things and can be translated similarly to English "many a person" and "many a thing". <br />
<br />
The other two types, ''tue-'' and ''jae-'', are also similar in meaning, both referring to the scarcity or low number of people or things. Of these two, ''tue-'' is somewhat more common, but both prefixes are used. They can be translated as "hardly anyone" and "hardly anything".<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | ''lae''-series || colspan="2" | ''xae''-series || colspan="2" | ''tue''-series || colspan="2" | ''jae''-series<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nomiantive<br />
| laessēl || laessiu || xaessēl || xaessiu || tuessēl || tuessiu || jaessēl || jaessiu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| laessau || laessâk || xaessau || xaessâk || tuessau || tuessâk || jaessau || jaessâk<br />
|-<br />
! Datitve<br />
| laessân || laessât || xaessân || xaessât || tuessân || tuessât || jaessân || jaessât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| laessøn || laessøt || xaessøn || xaessøt || tuessøn || tuessøt || jaessøn || jaessøt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| laessēn || laessēm || xaessēn || xaessēm || tuessēn || tuessēm || jaessēn || jaessēm<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| laessyn || laessym || xaessyn || xaessym || tuessyn || tuessym || jaessyn || jaessym<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Laessēl stoido tajatakses.'''<br>''Many a person will not agree with you.''<br />
*'''Vēalu laessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Many a thing has changed in the city.''<br />
*'''Laessâk ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know many a thing.'' (or ''There are many things I don't know.'')<br />
*'''Tuessēl ksynnas aisóleu.'''<br>''Hardly anyone knows this song.'' (or ''Very few people know this song.'')<br />
*'''Vēalu tuessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Hardly anything has changed in the city.''<br />
<br />
=== Combinations [OBSOLETE?]===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
Adjectival pronouns are pronouns that replace adjectives and follow the adjectival inflexion pattern. As with substantival pronouns, there two main groups: personal pronouns and non-personal pronouns.<br />
<br />
There are two types of personal pronouns: the possessive personal pronouns and the reflexive personal pronoun. All the other types of non-personal substantival pronouns have their corresponding adjectival pronouns, with a few additional pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Possessive personal pronouns ====<br />
The personal possessive pronouns inflect like adjectives. There are separate forms for each number, person, and clusivity, but they don't distinguish between animacy, or alienable and inalienable possession. The pronouns do inflect, however, for case and class.<br />
<br />
Each possessive pronoun also has several variants: the full form, the oblique form, and two prefixed forms. The full form is typically used with the basic cases, and the oblique form is used with subcases and additional cases. These two forms are generally used predicatively.<br />
<br />
The prefixed forms attach to the noun they modify. There are two variants: one is added to nouns that begin in a vowel, and the other is added to nouns beginning in a consonant. If the noun begins in a single consonant, it is usually geminated. The prefixed form is otherwise invariable. The full forms can be used instead of the prefixed form, and often are in more formal texts, but the prefixed forms are preferred. When contrast is emphasised, then the full forms can be used.<br />
<br />
The obviative possessive pronoun is somewhat defective as it has only one prefixed form, and the oblique stems are slightly irregular. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of usage:<br />
*'''Lallai njammiveu.'''<br>''I saw his cat.''<br />
*'''Pol njørrik ás.'''<br>''That's their house.''<br />
*'''Tjannarau tinnoiksi.'''<br>''They didn't find your books.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse sjohlelostost.'''<br>''She agrees with my suggestions.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse njahlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.'''<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Tajatasse jaurost hlelostost, ēkki lîsrost.''' (the possessive pronoun is further emphasised)<br>''She agrees with her suggestions but not with his.''<br />
*'''Luiri naról ás? - Soiri.'''<br>''Whose books is this? - Mine.''<br />
*'''Luiri nareu ksinnain? - Kourve.'''<br>''Whose book did you steal? - Theirs.''<br />
<br />
==== Reflexive possessive pronoun ====<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Other adjectival pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120341
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T00:57:26Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Substantival pronoun */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronouns ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
<br />
There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
<br />
The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
<br />
<br />
The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
=== Relative pronouns ===<br />
The relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which then gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. These are substantival relative pronouns, however, which means they stand in for nouns or refer to whole clauses. The best English equivalents are ''(the person) who'', ''(he) who'', or ''(someone) who'', and ''(the thing) which'', ''(that) which'', or ''(something) which''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sol || sos<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soi || sok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| son || sot <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sou || sut <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| son || som <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sun || sum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sol nevvanas, nevant ás.'''<br>''A person who teaches is a teacher.''<br />
*'''Tannar, sut ullan.'''<br>''Do what you want.''<br />
*'''Pol sanlás, sumot tajataker.''' <br>''This is the only thing which I disagree with.''<br />
*'''Pol, sut lonnais, nalj áksi.'''<br>''What he said isn't true.'' (or more literally, ''That which he said isn't true.'')<br />
<br />
=== Unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The unspecified pronouns are similar to interrogative pronouns but refer to an unspecified person, animal, object, etc. They are never used to introduce a question. There are no direct English counterparts, the closest are ''who'', ''anyone'', ''someone'', and ''what'', ''anything'', ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sēl || siu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sau || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| søn || søt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sēn || sēm <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| syn || sym<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sannar vi, søt lallavan.'''<br>''Tell me if you see anything.''<br />
*'''Sannar vi, siu ehtiavausse.''' <br>''Tell me if anything changes.''<br />
*'''Ynnake, sân vettaha pei.'''<br>''I don't know who I should give this to.''<br />
*'''Njainnahas sēl fjøljade.'''<br>''Someone should call the doctor.'' (or ''May someone call the doctor.'')<br />
*'''Yssynnanasse, suj ti sēl søt vettas.'''<br>''It always makes him happy when someone gives him something.''<br />
*'''Ynnaike, synot lottai.'''<br>''I didn't know who I was talking to.''<br />
<br />
=== Relative unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The relative unspecified pronouns are similar to the relative pronouns but with a suffix added to indicate an optional or arbitrary, random choice. They are similar to English ''whoever'' or ''anyone'', and ''whatever'' or ''anything''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| soles || soxes<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soies || soges <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sones || soðes<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| soues || suðes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| soŋes || sōŋes<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| suŋes || sûŋes<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Sientóleu niounnallés soles.'''<br>''Anyone can read this letter.''<br />
*'''Soŋesot annan, ljecyissár.'''<br>''Whoever you go with, be careful.''<br />
*'''Suðeseru ǯiuissás.'''<br>''I'm ready for anything.'' (alternatively also ''I'm ready for whatever [may happen].'')<br />
<br />
=== Indefinite pronouns ===<br />
The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to unknown people, animals, objects, etc. They are equivalent to English ''someone'' or ''somebody'', and ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tel || tei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| tai || tak<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tan || tas <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| teu || tes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ten || tem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tin || tim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tel se naittais.'''<br>''Someone called you.''<br />
*'''Tes ennas øxlu.'''<br>''She has something in his pocket.''<br />
*'''Eillais ve timot.'''<br>''He hit me with something.''<br />
*'''Tan gyttai nareu, či ʒaillai, sân.'''<br>''I lent the book to someone, but I've forgotten who.''<br />
<br />
=== Negative pronouns ===<br />
The negative pronouns indicate the non-existence of persons, animals, objects, etc. Their English equivalents are ''nobody'', ''no-one'', and ''nothing''. They also require the predicate to be negated (double negation). <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tol || toh<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| toi || tok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tor || tos<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| tou || tus<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ton || tom <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tun || tum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tol hjannaiksi.'''<br>''Nobody came.''<br />
*'''Toi lallaike.'''<br>''I saw no-one.''<br />
*'''Tok tinnaike.'''<br>''I found nothing.''<br />
*'''Mønnølu møttaiksi tok.'''<br>''He bought nothing in the shop.''<br />
<br />
=== Total pronouns ===<br />
The total pronouns (sometimes also known as the universal pronouns) are used to indicate the total number of persons, animals, objects, etc. involved. The animate pronoun is often referred to as the distributive pronoun because it refers to each individual, and the inanimate pronoun as the summative pronoun because it refers to the class collectively. Their English equivalents are ''everyone'', ''everybody'', and ''everything'', ''all''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Total''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| fel || fei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| fai || făk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| fân || fâs <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| feu || fet<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| fen || fem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| fin || fim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Feu donnanas.'''<br>''He greets everyone.'' (in the sense of greeting each person separately)<br />
*'''Yvynekja tajatakses fînot.'''<br>''The professor doesn't agree with everyone.''<br />
*'''Pol fei lás, sut sella.'''<br>''This is everything that I know.''<br />
*'''Fâk i ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know how to do everything.''<br />
<br />
=== Manifold pronouns ===<br />
The manifold pronouns are a set of unspecified pronouns with prefixes (and as such, they are declined identically to the unspecified pronouns).<br />
<br />
There are four prefixes:<br />
*'''lae-''' "many"<br />
*'''xae-''' "many" (rarely used)<br />
*'''tue-''' "hardly"<br />
*'''jae-''' "rarely"<br />
<br />
The first two types, ''lae-'' and ''xae-'', are identical in meaning but the ''lae-'' forms are prevalent and the ''xae-'' forms have largely fallen out of use. They refer to multiple people or things and can be translated similarly to English "many a person" and "many a thing". <br />
<br />
The other two types, ''tue-'' and ''jae-'', are also similar in meaning, both referring to the scarcity or low number of people or things. Of these two, ''tue-'' is somewhat more common, but both prefixes are used. They can be translated as "hardly anyone" and "hardly anything".<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | ''lae''-series || colspan="2" | ''xae''-series || colspan="2" | ''tue''-series || colspan="2" | ''jae''-series<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nomiantive<br />
| laessēl || laessiu || xaessēl || xaessiu || tuessēl || tuessiu || jaessēl || jaessiu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| laessau || laessâk || xaessau || xaessâk || tuessau || tuessâk || jaessau || jaessâk<br />
|-<br />
! Datitve<br />
| laessân || laessât || xaessân || xaessât || tuessân || tuessât || jaessân || jaessât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| laessøn || laessøt || xaessøn || xaessøt || tuessøn || tuessøt || jaessøn || jaessøt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| laessēn || laessēm || xaessēn || xaessēm || tuessēn || tuessēm || jaessēn || jaessēm<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| laessyn || laessym || xaessyn || xaessym || tuessyn || tuessym || jaessyn || jaessym<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Laessēl stoido tajatakses.'''<br>''Many a person will not agree with you.''<br />
*'''Vēalu laessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Many a thing has changed in the city.''<br />
*'''Laessâk ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know many a thing.'' (or ''There are many things I don't know.'')<br />
*'''Tuessēl ksynnas aisóleu.'''<br>''Hardly anyone knows this song.'' (or ''Very few people know this song.'')<br />
*'''Vēalu tuessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Hardly anything has changed in the city.''<br />
<br />
=== Combinations [OBSOLETE?]===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal possessive pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive possessive pronoun ===<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Other adjectival pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120340
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T00:54:02Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Combinations */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronoun ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
<br />
There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
<br />
The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
<br />
<br />
The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
=== Relative pronouns ===<br />
The relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which then gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. These are substantival relative pronouns, however, which means they stand in for nouns or refer to whole clauses. The best English equivalents are ''(the person) who'', ''(he) who'', or ''(someone) who'', and ''(the thing) which'', ''(that) which'', or ''(something) which''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sol || sos<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soi || sok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| son || sot <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sou || sut <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| son || som <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sun || sum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sol nevvanas, nevant ás.'''<br>''A person who teaches is a teacher.''<br />
*'''Tannar, sut ullan.'''<br>''Do what you want.''<br />
*'''Pol sanlás, sumot tajataker.''' <br>''This is the only thing which I disagree with.''<br />
*'''Pol, sut lonnais, nalj áksi.'''<br>''What he said isn't true.'' (or more literally, ''That which he said isn't true.'')<br />
<br />
=== Unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The unspecified pronouns are similar to interrogative pronouns but refer to an unspecified person, animal, object, etc. They are never used to introduce a question. There are no direct English counterparts, the closest are ''who'', ''anyone'', ''someone'', and ''what'', ''anything'', ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sēl || siu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sau || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| søn || søt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sēn || sēm <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| syn || sym<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sannar vi, søt lallavan.'''<br>''Tell me if you see anything.''<br />
*'''Sannar vi, siu ehtiavausse.''' <br>''Tell me if anything changes.''<br />
*'''Ynnake, sân vettaha pei.'''<br>''I don't know who I should give this to.''<br />
*'''Njainnahas sēl fjøljade.'''<br>''Someone should call the doctor.'' (or ''May someone call the doctor.'')<br />
*'''Yssynnanasse, suj ti sēl søt vettas.'''<br>''It always makes him happy when someone gives him something.''<br />
*'''Ynnaike, synot lottai.'''<br>''I didn't know who I was talking to.''<br />
<br />
=== Relative unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The relative unspecified pronouns are similar to the relative pronouns but with a suffix added to indicate an optional or arbitrary, random choice. They are similar to English ''whoever'' or ''anyone'', and ''whatever'' or ''anything''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| soles || soxes<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soies || soges <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sones || soðes<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| soues || suðes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| soŋes || sōŋes<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| suŋes || sûŋes<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Sientóleu niounnallés soles.'''<br>''Anyone can read this letter.''<br />
*'''Soŋesot annan, ljecyissár.'''<br>''Whoever you go with, be careful.''<br />
*'''Suðeseru ǯiuissás.'''<br>''I'm ready for anything.'' (alternatively also ''I'm ready for whatever [may happen].'')<br />
<br />
=== Indefinite pronouns ===<br />
The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to unknown people, animals, objects, etc. They are equivalent to English ''someone'' or ''somebody'', and ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tel || tei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| tai || tak<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tan || tas <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| teu || tes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ten || tem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tin || tim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tel se naittais.'''<br>''Someone called you.''<br />
*'''Tes ennas øxlu.'''<br>''She has something in his pocket.''<br />
*'''Eillais ve timot.'''<br>''He hit me with something.''<br />
*'''Tan gyttai nareu, či ʒaillai, sân.'''<br>''I lent the book to someone, but I've forgotten who.''<br />
<br />
=== Negative pronouns ===<br />
The negative pronouns indicate the non-existence of persons, animals, objects, etc. Their English equivalents are ''nobody'', ''no-one'', and ''nothing''. They also require the predicate to be negated (double negation). <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tol || toh<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| toi || tok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tor || tos<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| tou || tus<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ton || tom <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tun || tum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tol hjannaiksi.'''<br>''Nobody came.''<br />
*'''Toi lallaike.'''<br>''I saw no-one.''<br />
*'''Tok tinnaike.'''<br>''I found nothing.''<br />
*'''Mønnølu møttaiksi tok.'''<br>''He bought nothing in the shop.''<br />
<br />
=== Total pronouns ===<br />
The total pronouns (sometimes also known as the universal pronouns) are used to indicate the total number of persons, animals, objects, etc. involved. The animate pronoun is often referred to as the distributive pronoun because it refers to each individual, and the inanimate pronoun as the summative pronoun because it refers to the class collectively. Their English equivalents are ''everyone'', ''everybody'', and ''everything'', ''all''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Total''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| fel || fei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| fai || făk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| fân || fâs <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| feu || fet<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| fen || fem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| fin || fim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Feu donnanas.'''<br>''He greets everyone.'' (in the sense of greeting each person separately)<br />
*'''Yvynekja tajatakses fînot.'''<br>''The professor doesn't agree with everyone.''<br />
*'''Pol fei lás, sut sella.'''<br>''This is everything that I know.''<br />
*'''Fâk i ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know how to do everything.''<br />
<br />
=== Manifold pronouns ===<br />
The manifold pronouns are a set of unspecified pronouns with prefixes (and as such, they are declined identically to the unspecified pronouns).<br />
<br />
There are four prefixes:<br />
*'''lae-''' "many"<br />
*'''xae-''' "many" (rarely used)<br />
*'''tue-''' "hardly"<br />
*'''jae-''' "rarely"<br />
<br />
The first two types, ''lae-'' and ''xae-'', are identical in meaning but the ''lae-'' forms are prevalent and the ''xae-'' forms have largely fallen out of use. They refer to multiple people or things and can be translated similarly to English "many a person" and "many a thing". <br />
<br />
The other two types, ''tue-'' and ''jae-'', are also similar in meaning, both referring to the scarcity or low number of people or things. Of these two, ''tue-'' is somewhat more common, but both prefixes are used. They can be translated as "hardly anyone" and "hardly anything".<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | ''lae''-series || colspan="2" | ''xae''-series || colspan="2" | ''tue''-series || colspan="2" | ''jae''-series<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nomiantive<br />
| laessēl || laessiu || xaessēl || xaessiu || tuessēl || tuessiu || jaessēl || jaessiu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| laessau || laessâk || xaessau || xaessâk || tuessau || tuessâk || jaessau || jaessâk<br />
|-<br />
! Datitve<br />
| laessân || laessât || xaessân || xaessât || tuessân || tuessât || jaessân || jaessât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| laessøn || laessøt || xaessøn || xaessøt || tuessøn || tuessøt || jaessøn || jaessøt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| laessēn || laessēm || xaessēn || xaessēm || tuessēn || tuessēm || jaessēn || jaessēm<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| laessyn || laessym || xaessyn || xaessym || tuessyn || tuessym || jaessyn || jaessym<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Laessēl stoido tajatakses.'''<br>''Many a person will not agree with you.''<br />
*'''Vēalu laessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Many a thing has changed in the city.''<br />
*'''Laessâk ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know many a thing.'' (or ''There are many things I don't know.'')<br />
*'''Tuessēl ksynnas aisóleu.'''<br>''Hardly anyone knows this song.'' (or ''Very few people know this song.'')<br />
*'''Vēalu tuessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Hardly anything has changed in the city.''<br />
<br />
=== Combinations [OBSOLETE?]===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal possessive pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive possessive pronoun ===<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Other adjectival pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120339
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T00:53:41Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Other pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronoun ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
<br />
There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
<br />
The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
<br />
<br />
The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
=== Relative pronouns ===<br />
The relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which then gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. These are substantival relative pronouns, however, which means they stand in for nouns or refer to whole clauses. The best English equivalents are ''(the person) who'', ''(he) who'', or ''(someone) who'', and ''(the thing) which'', ''(that) which'', or ''(something) which''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sol || sos<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soi || sok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| son || sot <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sou || sut <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| son || som <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sun || sum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sol nevvanas, nevant ás.'''<br>''A person who teaches is a teacher.''<br />
*'''Tannar, sut ullan.'''<br>''Do what you want.''<br />
*'''Pol sanlás, sumot tajataker.''' <br>''This is the only thing which I disagree with.''<br />
*'''Pol, sut lonnais, nalj áksi.'''<br>''What he said isn't true.'' (or more literally, ''That which he said isn't true.'')<br />
<br />
=== Unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The unspecified pronouns are similar to interrogative pronouns but refer to an unspecified person, animal, object, etc. They are never used to introduce a question. There are no direct English counterparts, the closest are ''who'', ''anyone'', ''someone'', and ''what'', ''anything'', ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sēl || siu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sau || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| søn || søt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sēn || sēm <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| syn || sym<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sannar vi, søt lallavan.'''<br>''Tell me if you see anything.''<br />
*'''Sannar vi, siu ehtiavausse.''' <br>''Tell me if anything changes.''<br />
*'''Ynnake, sân vettaha pei.'''<br>''I don't know who I should give this to.''<br />
*'''Njainnahas sēl fjøljade.'''<br>''Someone should call the doctor.'' (or ''May someone call the doctor.'')<br />
*'''Yssynnanasse, suj ti sēl søt vettas.'''<br>''It always makes him happy when someone gives him something.''<br />
*'''Ynnaike, synot lottai.'''<br>''I didn't know who I was talking to.''<br />
<br />
=== Relative unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The relative unspecified pronouns are similar to the relative pronouns but with a suffix added to indicate an optional or arbitrary, random choice. They are similar to English ''whoever'' or ''anyone'', and ''whatever'' or ''anything''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| soles || soxes<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soies || soges <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sones || soðes<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| soues || suðes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| soŋes || sōŋes<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| suŋes || sûŋes<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Sientóleu niounnallés soles.'''<br>''Anyone can read this letter.''<br />
*'''Soŋesot annan, ljecyissár.'''<br>''Whoever you go with, be careful.''<br />
*'''Suðeseru ǯiuissás.'''<br>''I'm ready for anything.'' (alternatively also ''I'm ready for whatever [may happen].'')<br />
<br />
=== Indefinite pronouns ===<br />
The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to unknown people, animals, objects, etc. They are equivalent to English ''someone'' or ''somebody'', and ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tel || tei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| tai || tak<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tan || tas <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| teu || tes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ten || tem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tin || tim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tel se naittais.'''<br>''Someone called you.''<br />
*'''Tes ennas øxlu.'''<br>''She has something in his pocket.''<br />
*'''Eillais ve timot.'''<br>''He hit me with something.''<br />
*'''Tan gyttai nareu, či ʒaillai, sân.'''<br>''I lent the book to someone, but I've forgotten who.''<br />
<br />
=== Negative pronouns ===<br />
The negative pronouns indicate the non-existence of persons, animals, objects, etc. Their English equivalents are ''nobody'', ''no-one'', and ''nothing''. They also require the predicate to be negated (double negation). <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tol || toh<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| toi || tok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tor || tos<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| tou || tus<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ton || tom <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tun || tum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tol hjannaiksi.'''<br>''Nobody came.''<br />
*'''Toi lallaike.'''<br>''I saw no-one.''<br />
*'''Tok tinnaike.'''<br>''I found nothing.''<br />
*'''Mønnølu møttaiksi tok.'''<br>''He bought nothing in the shop.''<br />
<br />
=== Total pronouns ===<br />
The total pronouns (sometimes also known as the universal pronouns) are used to indicate the total number of persons, animals, objects, etc. involved. The animate pronoun is often referred to as the distributive pronoun because it refers to each individual, and the inanimate pronoun as the summative pronoun because it refers to the class collectively. Their English equivalents are ''everyone'', ''everybody'', and ''everything'', ''all''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Total''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| fel || fei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| fai || făk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| fân || fâs <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| feu || fet<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| fen || fem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| fin || fim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Feu donnanas.'''<br>''He greets everyone.'' (in the sense of greeting each person separately)<br />
*'''Yvynekja tajatakses fînot.'''<br>''The professor doesn't agree with everyone.''<br />
*'''Pol fei lás, sut sella.'''<br>''This is everything that I know.''<br />
*'''Fâk i ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know how to do everything.''<br />
<br />
=== Manifold pronouns ===<br />
The manifold pronouns are a set of unspecified pronouns with prefixes (and as such, they are declined identically to the unspecified pronouns).<br />
<br />
There are four prefixes:<br />
*'''lae-''' "many"<br />
*'''xae-''' "many" (rarely used)<br />
*'''tue-''' "hardly"<br />
*'''jae-''' "rarely"<br />
<br />
The first two types, ''lae-'' and ''xae-'', are identical in meaning but the ''lae-'' forms are prevalent and the ''xae-'' forms have largely fallen out of use. They refer to multiple people or things and can be translated similarly to English "many a person" and "many a thing". <br />
<br />
The other two types, ''tue-'' and ''jae-'', are also similar in meaning, both referring to the scarcity or low number of people or things. Of these two, ''tue-'' is somewhat more common, but both prefixes are used. They can be translated as "hardly anyone" and "hardly anything".<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | ''lae''-series || colspan="2" | ''xae''-series || colspan="2" | ''tue''-series || colspan="2" | ''jae''-series<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nomiantive<br />
| laessēl || laessiu || xaessēl || xaessiu || tuessēl || tuessiu || jaessēl || jaessiu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| laessau || laessâk || xaessau || xaessâk || tuessau || tuessâk || jaessau || jaessâk<br />
|-<br />
! Datitve<br />
| laessân || laessât || xaessân || xaessât || tuessân || tuessât || jaessân || jaessât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| laessøn || laessøt || xaessøn || xaessøt || tuessøn || tuessøt || jaessøn || jaessøt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| laessēn || laessēm || xaessēn || xaessēm || tuessēn || tuessēm || jaessēn || jaessēm<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| laessyn || laessym || xaessyn || xaessym || tuessyn || tuessym || jaessyn || jaessym<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Laessēl stoido tajatakses.'''<br>''Many a person will not agree with you.''<br />
*'''Vēalu laessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Many a thing has changed in the city.''<br />
*'''Laessâk ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know many a thing.'' (or ''There are many things I don't know.'')<br />
*'''Tuessēl ksynnas aisóleu.'''<br>''Hardly anyone knows this song.'' (or ''Very few people know this song.'')<br />
*'''Vēalu tuessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Hardly anything has changed in the city.''<br />
<br />
=== Combinations ===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal possessive pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive possessive pronoun ===<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Other adjectival pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120338
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T00:53:06Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Manifold pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronoun ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
<br />
There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
<br />
The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
<br />
<br />
The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
=== Relative pronouns ===<br />
The relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which then gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. These are substantival relative pronouns, however, which means they stand in for nouns or refer to whole clauses. The best English equivalents are ''(the person) who'', ''(he) who'', or ''(someone) who'', and ''(the thing) which'', ''(that) which'', or ''(something) which''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sol || sos<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soi || sok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| son || sot <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sou || sut <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| son || som <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sun || sum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sol nevvanas, nevant ás.'''<br>''A person who teaches is a teacher.''<br />
*'''Tannar, sut ullan.'''<br>''Do what you want.''<br />
*'''Pol sanlás, sumot tajataker.''' <br>''This is the only thing which I disagree with.''<br />
*'''Pol, sut lonnais, nalj áksi.'''<br>''What he said isn't true.'' (or more literally, ''That which he said isn't true.'')<br />
<br />
=== Unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The unspecified pronouns are similar to interrogative pronouns but refer to an unspecified person, animal, object, etc. They are never used to introduce a question. There are no direct English counterparts, the closest are ''who'', ''anyone'', ''someone'', and ''what'', ''anything'', ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sēl || siu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sau || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| søn || søt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sēn || sēm <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| syn || sym<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sannar vi, søt lallavan.'''<br>''Tell me if you see anything.''<br />
*'''Sannar vi, siu ehtiavausse.''' <br>''Tell me if anything changes.''<br />
*'''Ynnake, sân vettaha pei.'''<br>''I don't know who I should give this to.''<br />
*'''Njainnahas sēl fjøljade.'''<br>''Someone should call the doctor.'' (or ''May someone call the doctor.'')<br />
*'''Yssynnanasse, suj ti sēl søt vettas.'''<br>''It always makes him happy when someone gives him something.''<br />
*'''Ynnaike, synot lottai.'''<br>''I didn't know who I was talking to.''<br />
<br />
=== Relative unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The relative unspecified pronouns are similar to the relative pronouns but with a suffix added to indicate an optional or arbitrary, random choice. They are similar to English ''whoever'' or ''anyone'', and ''whatever'' or ''anything''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| soles || soxes<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soies || soges <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sones || soðes<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| soues || suðes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| soŋes || sōŋes<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| suŋes || sûŋes<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Sientóleu niounnallés soles.'''<br>''Anyone can read this letter.''<br />
*'''Soŋesot annan, ljecyissár.'''<br>''Whoever you go with, be careful.''<br />
*'''Suðeseru ǯiuissás.'''<br>''I'm ready for anything.'' (alternatively also ''I'm ready for whatever [may happen].'')<br />
<br />
=== Indefinite pronouns ===<br />
The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to unknown people, animals, objects, etc. They are equivalent to English ''someone'' or ''somebody'', and ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tel || tei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| tai || tak<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tan || tas <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| teu || tes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ten || tem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tin || tim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tel se naittais.'''<br>''Someone called you.''<br />
*'''Tes ennas øxlu.'''<br>''She has something in his pocket.''<br />
*'''Eillais ve timot.'''<br>''He hit me with something.''<br />
*'''Tan gyttai nareu, či ʒaillai, sân.'''<br>''I lent the book to someone, but I've forgotten who.''<br />
<br />
=== Negative pronouns ===<br />
The negative pronouns indicate the non-existence of persons, animals, objects, etc. Their English equivalents are ''nobody'', ''no-one'', and ''nothing''. They also require the predicate to be negated (double negation). <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tol || toh<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| toi || tok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tor || tos<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| tou || tus<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ton || tom <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tun || tum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tol hjannaiksi.'''<br>''Nobody came.''<br />
*'''Toi lallaike.'''<br>''I saw no-one.''<br />
*'''Tok tinnaike.'''<br>''I found nothing.''<br />
*'''Mønnølu møttaiksi tok.'''<br>''He bought nothing in the shop.''<br />
<br />
=== Total pronouns ===<br />
The total pronouns (sometimes also known as the universal pronouns) are used to indicate the total number of persons, animals, objects, etc. involved. The animate pronoun is often referred to as the distributive pronoun because it refers to each individual, and the inanimate pronoun as the summative pronoun because it refers to the class collectively. Their English equivalents are ''everyone'', ''everybody'', and ''everything'', ''all''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Total''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| fel || fei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| fai || făk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| fân || fâs <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| feu || fet<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| fen || fem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| fin || fim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Feu donnanas.'''<br>''He greets everyone.'' (in the sense of greeting each person separately)<br />
*'''Yvynekja tajatakses fînot.'''<br>''The professor doesn't agree with everyone.''<br />
*'''Pol fei lás, sut sella.'''<br>''This is everything that I know.''<br />
*'''Fâk i ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know how to do everything.''<br />
<br />
=== Manifold pronouns ===<br />
The manifold pronouns are a set of unspecified pronouns with prefixes (and as such, they are declined identically to the unspecified pronouns).<br />
<br />
There are four prefixes:<br />
*'''lae-''' "many"<br />
*'''xae-''' "many" (rarely used)<br />
*'''tue-''' "hardly"<br />
*'''jae-''' "rarely"<br />
<br />
The first two types, ''lae-'' and ''xae-'', are identical in meaning but the ''lae-'' forms are prevalent and the ''xae-'' forms have largely fallen out of use. They refer to multiple people or things and can be translated similarly to English "many a person" and "many a thing". <br />
<br />
The other two types, ''tue-'' and ''jae-'', are also similar in meaning, both referring to the scarcity or low number of people or things. Of these two, ''tue-'' is somewhat more common, but both prefixes are used. They can be translated as "hardly anyone" and "hardly anything".<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | ''lae''-series || colspan="2" | ''xae''-series || colspan="2" | ''tue''-series || colspan="2" | ''jae''-series<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nomiantive<br />
| laessēl || laessiu || xaessēl || xaessiu || tuessēl || tuessiu || jaessēl || jaessiu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| laessau || laessâk || xaessau || xaessâk || tuessau || tuessâk || jaessau || jaessâk<br />
|-<br />
! Datitve<br />
| laessân || laessât || xaessân || xaessât || tuessân || tuessât || jaessân || jaessât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| laessøn || laessøt || xaessøn || xaessøt || tuessøn || tuessøt || jaessøn || jaessøt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| laessēn || laessēm || xaessēn || xaessēm || tuessēn || tuessēm || jaessēn || jaessēm<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| laessyn || laessym || xaessyn || xaessym || tuessyn || tuessym || jaessyn || jaessym<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Laessēl stoido tajatakses.'''<br>''Many a person will not agree with you.''<br />
*'''Vēalu laessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Many a thing has changed in the city.''<br />
*'''Laessâk ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know many a thing.'' (or ''There are many things I don't know.'')<br />
*'''Tuessēl ksynnas aisóleu.'''<br>''Hardly anyone knows this song.'' (or ''Very few people know this song.'')<br />
*'''Vēalu tuessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Hardly anything has changed in the city.''<br />
<br />
=== Other pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified'''<br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| sél || séi || sól || sós || sóles || sóxes || tél || téi || tól || tóh || sêl || síu<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| sái || sák || sói || sók || sóies || sóges || tái || ták || tói || tók || sáu || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| sán || sát || sór || sót || sóres || soðes || tán || tás || tór || tós || sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| séu || sét || sóu ||sút || sóues || súðes || téu || tés || tóu || tús || sǿn || sǿt<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| sén || sém || són || sóm || sóŋes || sôŋes || tén || tém || tón || tóm || sên || sêm<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| sín || sím || sún || súm || súŋes || sûŋes || tín || tím || tún || túm || sýn || sým<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | '''Total''' !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | '''la-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''xa-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''ta-''' (few) || colspan="2" | '''ja-''' (rarely)<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| fél || féi || lás || lîn || xás || xîn || tás || tîn || jás || jîn <br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| fái || fâk || lái || lák || xái || xák || tái || ták || jái || ják <br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| fân || fât || lán || lár || xán || xár || tán || tár || ján || jár <br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| féu || fét || lýn || lýs || xýn || xýs || týn || týs || jýn || jýs <br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| fén || fém || lén || lém || xén || xém || tén || tém || jén || jém <br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| fîn || fím || lûn || lûm || xûn || xûm || tûn || tûm || jûn || jûm <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Combinations ===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal possessive pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive possessive pronoun ===<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Other adjectival pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120337
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T00:49:15Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Manifold pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronoun ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
<br />
There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
<br />
The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
<br />
<br />
The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
=== Relative pronouns ===<br />
The relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which then gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. These are substantival relative pronouns, however, which means they stand in for nouns or refer to whole clauses. The best English equivalents are ''(the person) who'', ''(he) who'', or ''(someone) who'', and ''(the thing) which'', ''(that) which'', or ''(something) which''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sol || sos<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soi || sok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| son || sot <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sou || sut <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| son || som <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sun || sum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sol nevvanas, nevant ás.'''<br>''A person who teaches is a teacher.''<br />
*'''Tannar, sut ullan.'''<br>''Do what you want.''<br />
*'''Pol sanlás, sumot tajataker.''' <br>''This is the only thing which I disagree with.''<br />
*'''Pol, sut lonnais, nalj áksi.'''<br>''What he said isn't true.'' (or more literally, ''That which he said isn't true.'')<br />
<br />
=== Unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The unspecified pronouns are similar to interrogative pronouns but refer to an unspecified person, animal, object, etc. They are never used to introduce a question. There are no direct English counterparts, the closest are ''who'', ''anyone'', ''someone'', and ''what'', ''anything'', ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sēl || siu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sau || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| søn || søt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sēn || sēm <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| syn || sym<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sannar vi, søt lallavan.'''<br>''Tell me if you see anything.''<br />
*'''Sannar vi, siu ehtiavausse.''' <br>''Tell me if anything changes.''<br />
*'''Ynnake, sân vettaha pei.'''<br>''I don't know who I should give this to.''<br />
*'''Njainnahas sēl fjøljade.'''<br>''Someone should call the doctor.'' (or ''May someone call the doctor.'')<br />
*'''Yssynnanasse, suj ti sēl søt vettas.'''<br>''It always makes him happy when someone gives him something.''<br />
*'''Ynnaike, synot lottai.'''<br>''I didn't know who I was talking to.''<br />
<br />
=== Relative unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The relative unspecified pronouns are similar to the relative pronouns but with a suffix added to indicate an optional or arbitrary, random choice. They are similar to English ''whoever'' or ''anyone'', and ''whatever'' or ''anything''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| soles || soxes<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soies || soges <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sones || soðes<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| soues || suðes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| soŋes || sōŋes<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| suŋes || sûŋes<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Sientóleu niounnallés soles.'''<br>''Anyone can read this letter.''<br />
*'''Soŋesot annan, ljecyissár.'''<br>''Whoever you go with, be careful.''<br />
*'''Suðeseru ǯiuissás.'''<br>''I'm ready for anything.'' (alternatively also ''I'm ready for whatever [may happen].'')<br />
<br />
=== Indefinite pronouns ===<br />
The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to unknown people, animals, objects, etc. They are equivalent to English ''someone'' or ''somebody'', and ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tel || tei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| tai || tak<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tan || tas <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| teu || tes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ten || tem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tin || tim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tel se naittais.'''<br>''Someone called you.''<br />
*'''Tes ennas øxlu.'''<br>''She has something in his pocket.''<br />
*'''Eillais ve timot.'''<br>''He hit me with something.''<br />
*'''Tan gyttai nareu, či ʒaillai, sân.'''<br>''I lent the book to someone, but I've forgotten who.''<br />
<br />
=== Negative pronouns ===<br />
The negative pronouns indicate the non-existence of persons, animals, objects, etc. Their English equivalents are ''nobody'', ''no-one'', and ''nothing''. They also require the predicate to be negated (double negation). <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tol || toh<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| toi || tok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tor || tos<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| tou || tus<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ton || tom <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tun || tum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tol hjannaiksi.'''<br>''Nobody came.''<br />
*'''Toi lallaike.'''<br>''I saw no-one.''<br />
*'''Tok tinnaike.'''<br>''I found nothing.''<br />
*'''Mønnølu møttaiksi tok.'''<br>''He bought nothing in the shop.''<br />
<br />
=== Total pronouns ===<br />
The total pronouns (sometimes also known as the universal pronouns) are used to indicate the total number of persons, animals, objects, etc. involved. The animate pronoun is often referred to as the distributive pronoun because it refers to each individual, and the inanimate pronoun as the summative pronoun because it refers to the class collectively. Their English equivalents are ''everyone'', ''everybody'', and ''everything'', ''all''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Total''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| fel || fei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| fai || făk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| fân || fâs <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| feu || fet<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| fen || fem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| fin || fim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Feu donnanas.'''<br>''He greets everyone.'' (in the sense of greeting each person separately)<br />
*'''Yvynekja tajatakses fînot.'''<br>''The professor doesn't agree with everyone.''<br />
*'''Pol fei lás, sut sella.'''<br>''This is everything that I know.''<br />
*'''Fâk i ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know how to do everything.''<br />
<br />
=== Manifold pronouns ===<br />
The manifold pronouns are a set of unspecified pronouns with prefixes (and as such, they are declined identically to the unspecified pronouns).<br />
<br />
There are four prefixes:<br />
*'''lae-''' "many"<br />
*'''xae-''' "many" (rarely used)<br />
*'''tue-''' "hardly"<br />
*'''jae-''' "rarely"<br />
<br />
The first two types, ''lae-'' and ''xae-'', are identical in meaning but the ''lae-'' forms are prevalent and the ''xae-'' forms have largely fallen out of use. They refer to multiple people or things and can be translated similarly to English "many a person" and "many a thing". <br />
<br />
The other two types, ''tue-'' and ''jae-'', are also similar in meaning, both referring to the scarcity or low number of people or things. Of these two, ''tue-'' is somewhat more common, but both prefixes are used. They can be translated as "hardly anyone" and "hardly anything".<br />
<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Laessēl stoido tajatakses.'''<br>''Many a person will not agree with you.''<br />
*'''Vēalu laessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Many a thing has changed in the city.''<br />
*'''Laessâk ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know many a thing.'' (or ''There are many things I don't know.'')<br />
*'''Tuessēl ksynnas aisóleu.'''<br>''Hardly anyone knows this song.'' (or ''Very few people know this song.'')<br />
*'''Vēalu tuessiu ehtiaisse.'''<br>''Hardly anything has changed in the city.''<br />
<br />
=== Other pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified'''<br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| sél || séi || sól || sós || sóles || sóxes || tél || téi || tól || tóh || sêl || síu<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| sái || sák || sói || sók || sóies || sóges || tái || ták || tói || tók || sáu || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| sán || sát || sór || sót || sóres || soðes || tán || tás || tór || tós || sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| séu || sét || sóu ||sút || sóues || súðes || téu || tés || tóu || tús || sǿn || sǿt<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| sén || sém || són || sóm || sóŋes || sôŋes || tén || tém || tón || tóm || sên || sêm<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| sín || sím || sún || súm || súŋes || sûŋes || tín || tím || tún || túm || sýn || sým<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | '''Total''' !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | '''la-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''xa-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''ta-''' (few) || colspan="2" | '''ja-''' (rarely)<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| fél || féi || lás || lîn || xás || xîn || tás || tîn || jás || jîn <br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| fái || fâk || lái || lák || xái || xák || tái || ták || jái || ják <br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| fân || fât || lán || lár || xán || xár || tán || tár || ján || jár <br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| féu || fét || lýn || lýs || xýn || xýs || týn || týs || jýn || jýs <br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| fén || fém || lén || lém || xén || xém || tén || tém || jén || jém <br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| fîn || fím || lûn || lûm || xûn || xûm || tûn || tûm || jûn || jûm <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Combinations ===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal possessive pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive possessive pronoun ===<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Other adjectival pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120336
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T00:44:42Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Total pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronoun ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
<br />
There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
<br />
The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
<br />
<br />
The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
=== Relative pronouns ===<br />
The relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which then gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. These are substantival relative pronouns, however, which means they stand in for nouns or refer to whole clauses. The best English equivalents are ''(the person) who'', ''(he) who'', or ''(someone) who'', and ''(the thing) which'', ''(that) which'', or ''(something) which''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sol || sos<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soi || sok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| son || sot <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sou || sut <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| son || som <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sun || sum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sol nevvanas, nevant ás.'''<br>''A person who teaches is a teacher.''<br />
*'''Tannar, sut ullan.'''<br>''Do what you want.''<br />
*'''Pol sanlás, sumot tajataker.''' <br>''This is the only thing which I disagree with.''<br />
*'''Pol, sut lonnais, nalj áksi.'''<br>''What he said isn't true.'' (or more literally, ''That which he said isn't true.'')<br />
<br />
=== Unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The unspecified pronouns are similar to interrogative pronouns but refer to an unspecified person, animal, object, etc. They are never used to introduce a question. There are no direct English counterparts, the closest are ''who'', ''anyone'', ''someone'', and ''what'', ''anything'', ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sēl || siu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sau || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| søn || søt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sēn || sēm <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| syn || sym<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sannar vi, søt lallavan.'''<br>''Tell me if you see anything.''<br />
*'''Sannar vi, siu ehtiavausse.''' <br>''Tell me if anything changes.''<br />
*'''Ynnake, sân vettaha pei.'''<br>''I don't know who I should give this to.''<br />
*'''Njainnahas sēl fjøljade.'''<br>''Someone should call the doctor.'' (or ''May someone call the doctor.'')<br />
*'''Yssynnanasse, suj ti sēl søt vettas.'''<br>''It always makes him happy when someone gives him something.''<br />
*'''Ynnaike, synot lottai.'''<br>''I didn't know who I was talking to.''<br />
<br />
=== Relative unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The relative unspecified pronouns are similar to the relative pronouns but with a suffix added to indicate an optional or arbitrary, random choice. They are similar to English ''whoever'' or ''anyone'', and ''whatever'' or ''anything''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| soles || soxes<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soies || soges <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sones || soðes<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| soues || suðes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| soŋes || sōŋes<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| suŋes || sûŋes<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Sientóleu niounnallés soles.'''<br>''Anyone can read this letter.''<br />
*'''Soŋesot annan, ljecyissár.'''<br>''Whoever you go with, be careful.''<br />
*'''Suðeseru ǯiuissás.'''<br>''I'm ready for anything.'' (alternatively also ''I'm ready for whatever [may happen].'')<br />
<br />
=== Indefinite pronouns ===<br />
The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to unknown people, animals, objects, etc. They are equivalent to English ''someone'' or ''somebody'', and ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tel || tei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| tai || tak<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tan || tas <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| teu || tes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ten || tem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tin || tim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tel se naittais.'''<br>''Someone called you.''<br />
*'''Tes ennas øxlu.'''<br>''She has something in his pocket.''<br />
*'''Eillais ve timot.'''<br>''He hit me with something.''<br />
*'''Tan gyttai nareu, či ʒaillai, sân.'''<br>''I lent the book to someone, but I've forgotten who.''<br />
<br />
=== Negative pronouns ===<br />
The negative pronouns indicate the non-existence of persons, animals, objects, etc. Their English equivalents are ''nobody'', ''no-one'', and ''nothing''. They also require the predicate to be negated (double negation). <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tol || toh<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| toi || tok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tor || tos<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| tou || tus<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ton || tom <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tun || tum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tol hjannaiksi.'''<br>''Nobody came.''<br />
*'''Toi lallaike.'''<br>''I saw no-one.''<br />
*'''Tok tinnaike.'''<br>''I found nothing.''<br />
*'''Mønnølu møttaiksi tok.'''<br>''He bought nothing in the shop.''<br />
<br />
=== Total pronouns ===<br />
The total pronouns (sometimes also known as the universal pronouns) are used to indicate the total number of persons, animals, objects, etc. involved. The animate pronoun is often referred to as the distributive pronoun because it refers to each individual, and the inanimate pronoun as the summative pronoun because it refers to the class collectively. Their English equivalents are ''everyone'', ''everybody'', and ''everything'', ''all''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Total''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| fel || fei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| fai || făk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| fân || fâs <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| feu || fet<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| fen || fem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| fin || fim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Feu donnanas.'''<br>''He greets everyone.'' (in the sense of greeting each person separately)<br />
*'''Yvynekja tajatakses fînot.'''<br>''The professor doesn't agree with everyone.''<br />
*'''Pol fei lás, sut sella.'''<br>''This is everything that I know.''<br />
*'''Fâk i ynnake.'''<br>''I don't know how to do everything.''<br />
<br />
=== Manifold pronouns ===<br />
<br />
=== Other pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified'''<br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| sél || séi || sól || sós || sóles || sóxes || tél || téi || tól || tóh || sêl || síu<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| sái || sák || sói || sók || sóies || sóges || tái || ták || tói || tók || sáu || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| sán || sát || sór || sót || sóres || soðes || tán || tás || tór || tós || sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| séu || sét || sóu ||sút || sóues || súðes || téu || tés || tóu || tús || sǿn || sǿt<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| sén || sém || són || sóm || sóŋes || sôŋes || tén || tém || tón || tóm || sên || sêm<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| sín || sím || sún || súm || súŋes || sûŋes || tín || tím || tún || túm || sýn || sým<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | '''Total''' !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | '''la-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''xa-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''ta-''' (few) || colspan="2" | '''ja-''' (rarely)<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| fél || féi || lás || lîn || xás || xîn || tás || tîn || jás || jîn <br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| fái || fâk || lái || lák || xái || xák || tái || ták || jái || ják <br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| fân || fât || lán || lár || xán || xár || tán || tár || ján || jár <br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| féu || fét || lýn || lýs || xýn || xýs || týn || týs || jýn || jýs <br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| fén || fém || lén || lém || xén || xém || tén || tém || jén || jém <br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| fîn || fím || lûn || lûm || xûn || xûm || tûn || tûm || jûn || jûm <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Combinations ===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal possessive pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive possessive pronoun ===<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Other adjectival pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120335
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T00:35:40Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Negative pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronoun ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
<br />
There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
<br />
The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
<br />
<br />
The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
=== Relative pronouns ===<br />
The relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which then gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. These are substantival relative pronouns, however, which means they stand in for nouns or refer to whole clauses. The best English equivalents are ''(the person) who'', ''(he) who'', or ''(someone) who'', and ''(the thing) which'', ''(that) which'', or ''(something) which''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sol || sos<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soi || sok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| son || sot <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sou || sut <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| son || som <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sun || sum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sol nevvanas, nevant ás.'''<br>''A person who teaches is a teacher.''<br />
*'''Tannar, sut ullan.'''<br>''Do what you want.''<br />
*'''Pol sanlás, sumot tajataker.''' <br>''This is the only thing which I disagree with.''<br />
*'''Pol, sut lonnais, nalj áksi.'''<br>''What he said isn't true.'' (or more literally, ''That which he said isn't true.'')<br />
<br />
=== Unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The unspecified pronouns are similar to interrogative pronouns but refer to an unspecified person, animal, object, etc. They are never used to introduce a question. There are no direct English counterparts, the closest are ''who'', ''anyone'', ''someone'', and ''what'', ''anything'', ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sēl || siu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sau || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| søn || søt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sēn || sēm <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| syn || sym<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sannar vi, søt lallavan.'''<br>''Tell me if you see anything.''<br />
*'''Sannar vi, siu ehtiavausse.''' <br>''Tell me if anything changes.''<br />
*'''Ynnake, sân vettaha pei.'''<br>''I don't know who I should give this to.''<br />
*'''Njainnahas sēl fjøljade.'''<br>''Someone should call the doctor.'' (or ''May someone call the doctor.'')<br />
*'''Yssynnanasse, suj ti sēl søt vettas.'''<br>''It always makes him happy when someone gives him something.''<br />
*'''Ynnaike, synot lottai.'''<br>''I didn't know who I was talking to.''<br />
<br />
=== Relative unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The relative unspecified pronouns are similar to the relative pronouns but with a suffix added to indicate an optional or arbitrary, random choice. They are similar to English ''whoever'' or ''anyone'', and ''whatever'' or ''anything''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| soles || soxes<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soies || soges <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sones || soðes<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| soues || suðes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| soŋes || sōŋes<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| suŋes || sûŋes<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Sientóleu niounnallés soles.'''<br>''Anyone can read this letter.''<br />
*'''Soŋesot annan, ljecyissár.'''<br>''Whoever you go with, be careful.''<br />
*'''Suðeseru ǯiuissás.'''<br>''I'm ready for anything.'' (alternatively also ''I'm ready for whatever [may happen].'')<br />
<br />
=== Indefinite pronouns ===<br />
The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to unknown people, animals, objects, etc. They are equivalent to English ''someone'' or ''somebody'', and ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tel || tei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| tai || tak<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tan || tas <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| teu || tes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ten || tem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tin || tim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tel se naittais.'''<br>''Someone called you.''<br />
*'''Tes ennas øxlu.'''<br>''She has something in his pocket.''<br />
*'''Eillais ve timot.'''<br>''He hit me with something.''<br />
*'''Tan gyttai nareu, či ʒaillai, sân.'''<br>''I lent the book to someone, but I've forgotten who.''<br />
<br />
=== Negative pronouns ===<br />
The negative pronouns indicate the non-existence of persons, animals, objects, etc. Their English equivalents are ''nobody'', ''no-one'', and ''nothing''. They also require the predicate to be negated (double negation). <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tol || toh<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| toi || tok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tor || tos<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| tou || tus<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ton || tom <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tun || tum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tol hjannaiksi.'''<br>''Nobody came.''<br />
*'''Toi lallaike.'''<br>''I saw no-one.''<br />
*'''Tok tinnaike.'''<br>''I found nothing.''<br />
*'''Mønnølu møttaiksi tok.'''<br>''He bought nothing in the shop.''<br />
<br />
=== Total pronouns ===<br />
<br />
=== Manifold pronouns ===<br />
<br />
=== Other pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified'''<br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| sél || séi || sól || sós || sóles || sóxes || tél || téi || tól || tóh || sêl || síu<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| sái || sák || sói || sók || sóies || sóges || tái || ták || tói || tók || sáu || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| sán || sát || sór || sót || sóres || soðes || tán || tás || tór || tós || sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| séu || sét || sóu ||sút || sóues || súðes || téu || tés || tóu || tús || sǿn || sǿt<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| sén || sém || són || sóm || sóŋes || sôŋes || tén || tém || tón || tóm || sên || sêm<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| sín || sím || sún || súm || súŋes || sûŋes || tín || tím || tún || túm || sýn || sým<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | '''Total''' !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | '''la-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''xa-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''ta-''' (few) || colspan="2" | '''ja-''' (rarely)<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| fél || féi || lás || lîn || xás || xîn || tás || tîn || jás || jîn <br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| fái || fâk || lái || lák || xái || xák || tái || ták || jái || ják <br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| fân || fât || lán || lár || xán || xár || tán || tár || ján || jár <br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| féu || fét || lýn || lýs || xýn || xýs || týn || týs || jýn || jýs <br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| fén || fém || lén || lém || xén || xém || tén || tém || jén || jém <br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| fîn || fím || lûn || lûm || xûn || xûm || tûn || tûm || jûn || jûm <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Combinations ===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal possessive pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive possessive pronoun ===<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Other adjectival pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120334
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T00:28:08Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Indefinite pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronoun ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
<br />
There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
<br />
The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
<br />
<br />
The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
=== Relative pronouns ===<br />
The relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which then gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. These are substantival relative pronouns, however, which means they stand in for nouns or refer to whole clauses. The best English equivalents are ''(the person) who'', ''(he) who'', or ''(someone) who'', and ''(the thing) which'', ''(that) which'', or ''(something) which''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sol || sos<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soi || sok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| son || sot <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sou || sut <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| son || som <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sun || sum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sol nevvanas, nevant ás.'''<br>''A person who teaches is a teacher.''<br />
*'''Tannar, sut ullan.'''<br>''Do what you want.''<br />
*'''Pol sanlás, sumot tajataker.''' <br>''This is the only thing which I disagree with.''<br />
*'''Pol, sut lonnais, nalj áksi.'''<br>''What he said isn't true.'' (or more literally, ''That which he said isn't true.'')<br />
<br />
=== Unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The unspecified pronouns are similar to interrogative pronouns but refer to an unspecified person, animal, object, etc. They are never used to introduce a question. There are no direct English counterparts, the closest are ''who'', ''anyone'', ''someone'', and ''what'', ''anything'', ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sēl || siu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sau || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| søn || søt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sēn || sēm <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| syn || sym<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sannar vi, søt lallavan.'''<br>''Tell me if you see anything.''<br />
*'''Sannar vi, siu ehtiavausse.''' <br>''Tell me if anything changes.''<br />
*'''Ynnake, sân vettaha pei.'''<br>''I don't know who I should give this to.''<br />
*'''Njainnahas sēl fjøljade.'''<br>''Someone should call the doctor.'' (or ''May someone call the doctor.'')<br />
*'''Yssynnanasse, suj ti sēl søt vettas.'''<br>''It always makes him happy when someone gives him something.''<br />
*'''Ynnaike, synot lottai.'''<br>''I didn't know who I was talking to.''<br />
<br />
=== Relative unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The relative unspecified pronouns are similar to the relative pronouns but with a suffix added to indicate an optional or arbitrary, random choice. They are similar to English ''whoever'' or ''anyone'', and ''whatever'' or ''anything''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| soles || soxes<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soies || soges <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sones || soðes<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| soues || suðes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| soŋes || sōŋes<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| suŋes || sûŋes<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Sientóleu niounnallés soles.'''<br>''Anyone can read this letter.''<br />
*'''Soŋesot annan, ljecyissár.'''<br>''Whoever you go with, be careful.''<br />
*'''Suðeseru ǯiuissás.'''<br>''I'm ready for anything.'' (alternatively also ''I'm ready for whatever [may happen].'')<br />
<br />
=== Indefinite pronouns ===<br />
The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to unknown people, animals, objects, etc. They are equivalent to English ''someone'' or ''somebody'', and ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| tel || tei<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| tai || tak<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| tan || tas <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| teu || tes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| ten || tem<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| tin || tim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Tel se naittais.'''<br>''Someone called you.''<br />
*'''Tes ennas øxlu.'''<br>''She has something in his pocket.''<br />
*'''Eillais ve timot.'''<br>''He hit me with something.''<br />
*'''Tan gyttai nareu, či ʒaillai, sân.'''<br>''I lent the book to someone, but I've forgotten who.''<br />
<br />
=== Negative pronouns ===<br />
<br />
=== Total pronouns ===<br />
<br />
=== Manifold pronouns ===<br />
<br />
=== Other pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified'''<br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| sél || séi || sól || sós || sóles || sóxes || tél || téi || tól || tóh || sêl || síu<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| sái || sák || sói || sók || sóies || sóges || tái || ták || tói || tók || sáu || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| sán || sát || sór || sót || sóres || soðes || tán || tás || tór || tós || sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| séu || sét || sóu ||sút || sóues || súðes || téu || tés || tóu || tús || sǿn || sǿt<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| sén || sém || són || sóm || sóŋes || sôŋes || tén || tém || tón || tóm || sên || sêm<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| sín || sím || sún || súm || súŋes || sûŋes || tín || tím || tún || túm || sýn || sým<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | '''Total''' !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | '''la-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''xa-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''ta-''' (few) || colspan="2" | '''ja-''' (rarely)<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| fél || féi || lás || lîn || xás || xîn || tás || tîn || jás || jîn <br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| fái || fâk || lái || lák || xái || xák || tái || ták || jái || ják <br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| fân || fât || lán || lár || xán || xár || tán || tár || ján || jár <br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| féu || fét || lýn || lýs || xýn || xýs || týn || týs || jýn || jýs <br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| fén || fém || lén || lém || xén || xém || tén || tém || jén || jém <br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| fîn || fím || lûn || lûm || xûn || xûm || tûn || tûm || jûn || jûm <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Combinations ===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal possessive pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive possessive pronoun ===<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Other adjectival pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120333
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T00:24:58Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Relative unspecified pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronoun ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
<br />
There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
<br />
The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
<br />
<br />
The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
=== Relative pronouns ===<br />
The relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which then gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. These are substantival relative pronouns, however, which means they stand in for nouns or refer to whole clauses. The best English equivalents are ''(the person) who'', ''(he) who'', or ''(someone) who'', and ''(the thing) which'', ''(that) which'', or ''(something) which''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sol || sos<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soi || sok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| son || sot <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sou || sut <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| son || som <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sun || sum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sol nevvanas, nevant ás.'''<br>''A person who teaches is a teacher.''<br />
*'''Tannar, sut ullan.'''<br>''Do what you want.''<br />
*'''Pol sanlás, sumot tajataker.''' <br>''This is the only thing which I disagree with.''<br />
*'''Pol, sut lonnais, nalj áksi.'''<br>''What he said isn't true.'' (or more literally, ''That which he said isn't true.'')<br />
<br />
=== Unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The unspecified pronouns are similar to interrogative pronouns but refer to an unspecified person, animal, object, etc. They are never used to introduce a question. There are no direct English counterparts, the closest are ''who'', ''anyone'', ''someone'', and ''what'', ''anything'', ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sēl || siu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sau || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| søn || søt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sēn || sēm <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| syn || sym<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sannar vi, søt lallavan.'''<br>''Tell me if you see anything.''<br />
*'''Sannar vi, siu ehtiavausse.''' <br>''Tell me if anything changes.''<br />
*'''Ynnake, sân vettaha pei.'''<br>''I don't know who I should give this to.''<br />
*'''Njainnahas sēl fjøljade.'''<br>''Someone should call the doctor.'' (or ''May someone call the doctor.'')<br />
*'''Yssynnanasse, suj ti sēl søt vettas.'''<br>''It always makes him happy when someone gives him something.''<br />
*'''Ynnaike, synot lottai.'''<br>''I didn't know who I was talking to.''<br />
<br />
=== Relative unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The relative unspecified pronouns are similar to the relative pronouns but with a suffix added to indicate an optional or arbitrary, random choice. They are similar to English ''whoever'' or ''anyone'', and ''whatever'' or ''anything''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| soles || soxes<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soies || soges <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sones || soðes<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| soues || suðes<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| soŋes || sōŋes<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| suŋes || sûŋes<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples: <br />
*'''Sientóleu niounnallés soles.'''<br>''Anyone can read this letter.''<br />
*'''Soŋesot annan, ljecyissár.'''<br>''Whoever you go with, be careful.''<br />
*'''Suðeseru ǯiuissás.'''<br>''I'm ready for anything.'' (alternatively also ''I'm ready for whatever [may happen].'')<br />
<br />
=== Indefinite pronouns ===<br />
<br />
=== Negative pronouns ===<br />
<br />
=== Total pronouns ===<br />
<br />
=== Manifold pronouns ===<br />
<br />
=== Other pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified'''<br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| sél || séi || sól || sós || sóles || sóxes || tél || téi || tól || tóh || sêl || síu<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| sái || sák || sói || sók || sóies || sóges || tái || ták || tói || tók || sáu || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| sán || sát || sór || sót || sóres || soðes || tán || tás || tór || tós || sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| séu || sét || sóu ||sút || sóues || súðes || téu || tés || tóu || tús || sǿn || sǿt<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| sén || sém || són || sóm || sóŋes || sôŋes || tén || tém || tón || tóm || sên || sêm<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| sín || sím || sún || súm || súŋes || sûŋes || tín || tím || tún || túm || sýn || sým<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | '''Total''' !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | '''la-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''xa-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''ta-''' (few) || colspan="2" | '''ja-''' (rarely)<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| fél || féi || lás || lîn || xás || xîn || tás || tîn || jás || jîn <br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| fái || fâk || lái || lák || xái || xák || tái || ták || jái || ják <br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| fân || fât || lán || lár || xán || xár || tán || tár || ján || jár <br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| féu || fét || lýn || lýs || xýn || xýs || týn || týs || jýn || jýs <br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| fén || fém || lén || lém || xén || xém || tén || tém || jén || jém <br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| fîn || fím || lûn || lûm || xûn || xûm || tûn || tûm || jûn || jûm <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Combinations ===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal possessive pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive possessive pronoun ===<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Other adjectival pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120332
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T00:20:56Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Relative pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronoun ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
<br />
There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
<br />
The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
<br />
<br />
The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
=== Relative pronouns ===<br />
The relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which then gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. These are substantival relative pronouns, however, which means they stand in for nouns or refer to whole clauses. The best English equivalents are ''(the person) who'', ''(he) who'', or ''(someone) who'', and ''(the thing) which'', ''(that) which'', or ''(something) which''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sol || sos<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soi || sok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| son || sot <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sou || sut <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| son || som <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sun || sum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sol nevvanas, nevant ás.'''<br>''A person who teaches is a teacher.''<br />
*'''Tannar, sut ullan.'''<br>''Do what you want.''<br />
*'''Pol sanlás, sumot tajataker.''' <br>''This is the only thing which I disagree with.''<br />
*'''Pol, sut lonnais, nalj áksi.'''<br>''What he said isn't true.'' (or more literally, ''That which he said isn't true.'')<br />
<br />
=== Unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The unspecified pronouns are similar to interrogative pronouns but refer to an unspecified person, animal, object, etc. They are never used to introduce a question. There are no direct English counterparts, the closest are ''who'', ''anyone'', ''someone'', and ''what'', ''anything'', ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sēl || siu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sau || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| søn || søt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sēn || sēm <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| syn || sym<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sannar vi, søt lallavan.'''<br>''Tell me if you see anything.''<br />
*'''Sannar vi, siu ehtiavausse.''' <br>''Tell me if anything changes.''<br />
*'''Ynnake, sân vettaha pei.'''<br>''I don't know who I should give this to.''<br />
*'''Njainnahas sēl fjøljade.'''<br>''Someone should call the doctor.'' (or ''May someone call the doctor.'')<br />
*'''Yssynnanasse, suj ti sēl søt vettas.'''<br>''It always makes him happy when someone gives him something.''<br />
*'''Ynnaike, synot lottai.'''<br>''I didn't know who I was talking to.''<br />
<br />
=== Relative unspecified pronouns ===<br />
<br />
=== Indefinite pronouns ===<br />
<br />
=== Negative pronouns ===<br />
<br />
=== Total pronouns ===<br />
<br />
=== Manifold pronouns ===<br />
<br />
=== Other pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified'''<br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| sél || séi || sól || sós || sóles || sóxes || tél || téi || tól || tóh || sêl || síu<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| sái || sák || sói || sók || sóies || sóges || tái || ták || tói || tók || sáu || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| sán || sát || sór || sót || sóres || soðes || tán || tás || tór || tós || sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| séu || sét || sóu ||sút || sóues || súðes || téu || tés || tóu || tús || sǿn || sǿt<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| sén || sém || són || sóm || sóŋes || sôŋes || tén || tém || tón || tóm || sên || sêm<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| sín || sím || sún || súm || súŋes || sûŋes || tín || tím || tún || túm || sýn || sým<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | '''Total''' !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | '''la-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''xa-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''ta-''' (few) || colspan="2" | '''ja-''' (rarely)<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| fél || féi || lás || lîn || xás || xîn || tás || tîn || jás || jîn <br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| fái || fâk || lái || lák || xái || xák || tái || ták || jái || ják <br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| fân || fât || lán || lár || xán || xár || tán || tár || ján || jár <br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| féu || fét || lýn || lýs || xýn || xýs || týn || týs || jýn || jýs <br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| fén || fém || lén || lém || xén || xém || tén || tém || jén || jém <br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| fîn || fím || lûn || lûm || xûn || xûm || tûn || tûm || jûn || jûm <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Combinations ===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal possessive pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive possessive pronoun ===<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Other adjectival pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120331
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T00:16:32Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Unspecified pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronoun ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
<br />
There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
<br />
The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
<br />
<br />
The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
=== Relative pronouns ===<br />
The relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which then gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. These are substantival relative pronouns, however, which means they stand in for nouns or refer to whole clauses. The best English equivalents are ''(the person) who'', ''(he) who'', or ''(someone) who'', and ''(the thing) which'', ''(that) which'', or ''(something) which''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sol || sos<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soi || sok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| son || sot <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sou || sut <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| son || som <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sun || sum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sol nevvanas, nevant ás.'''<br>''A person who teaches is a teacher.''<br />
*'''Tannar, sut ullan.'''<br>''Do what you want.''<br />
*'''Pol sanlás, sumot tajataker.''' <br>''This is the only thing which I disagree with.''<br />
*'''Pol, sut lonnais, nalj áksi.'''<br>''What he said isn't true.'' (or more literally, ''That which he said isn't true.'')<br />
<br />
=== Unspecified pronouns ===<br />
The unspecified pronouns are similar to interrogative pronouns but refer to an unspecified person, animal, object, etc. They are never used to introduce a question. There are no direct English counterparts, the closest are ''who'', ''anyone'', ''someone'', and ''what'', ''anything'', ''something''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sēl || siu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sau || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| søn || søt<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sēn || sēm <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| syn || sym<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sannar vi, søt lallavan.'''<br>''Tell me if you see anything.''<br />
*'''Sannar vi, siu ehtiavausse.''' <br>''Tell me if anything changes.''<br />
*'''Ynnake, sân vettaha pei.'''<br>''I don't know who I should give this to.''<br />
*'''Njainnahas sēl fjøljade.'''<br>''Someone should call the doctor.'' (or ''May someone call the doctor.'')<br />
*'''Yssynnanasse, suj ti sēl søt vettas.'''<br>''It always makes him happy when someone gives him something.''<br />
*'''Ynnaike, synot lottai.'''<br>''I didn't know who I was talking to.''<br />
<br />
=== Relative unspecified pronouns ===<br />
<br />
=== Indefinite pronouns ===<br />
<br />
=== Negative pronouns ===<br />
<br />
=== Total pronouns ===<br />
<br />
=== Manifold pronouns ===<br />
<br />
=== Other pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified'''<br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| sél || séi || sól || sós || sóles || sóxes || tél || téi || tól || tóh || sêl || síu<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| sái || sák || sói || sók || sóies || sóges || tái || ták || tói || tók || sáu || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| sán || sát || sór || sót || sóres || soðes || tán || tás || tór || tós || sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| séu || sét || sóu ||sút || sóues || súðes || téu || tés || tóu || tús || sǿn || sǿt<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| sén || sém || són || sóm || sóŋes || sôŋes || tén || tém || tón || tóm || sên || sêm<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| sín || sím || sún || súm || súŋes || sûŋes || tín || tím || tún || túm || sýn || sým<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | '''Total''' !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | '''la-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''xa-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''ta-''' (few) || colspan="2" | '''ja-''' (rarely)<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| fél || féi || lás || lîn || xás || xîn || tás || tîn || jás || jîn <br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| fái || fâk || lái || lák || xái || xák || tái || ták || jái || ják <br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| fân || fât || lán || lár || xán || xár || tán || tár || ján || jár <br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| féu || fét || lýn || lýs || xýn || xýs || týn || týs || jýn || jýs <br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| fén || fém || lén || lém || xén || xém || tén || tém || jén || jém <br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| fîn || fím || lûn || lûm || xûn || xûm || tûn || tûm || jûn || jûm <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Combinations ===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal possessive pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive possessive pronoun ===<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Other adjectival pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120330
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T00:12:02Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Other pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronoun ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
<br />
There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
<br />
The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
<br />
<br />
The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
=== Relative pronouns ===<br />
The relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which then gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. These are substantival relative pronouns, however, which means they stand in for nouns or refer to whole clauses. The best English equivalents are ''(the person) who'', ''(he) who'', or ''(someone) who'', and ''(the thing) which'', ''(that) which'', or ''(something) which''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sol || sos<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soi || sok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| son || sot <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sou || sut <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| son || som <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sun || sum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sol nevvanas, nevant ás.'''<br>''A person who teaches is a teacher.''<br />
*'''Tannar, sut ullan.'''<br>''Do what you want.''<br />
*'''Pol sanlás, sumot tajataker.''' <br>''This is the only thing which I disagree with.''<br />
*'''Pol, sut lonnais, nalj áksi.'''<br>''What he said isn't true.'' (or more literally, ''That which he said isn't true.'')<br />
<br />
=== Unspecified pronouns ===<br />
<br />
=== Relative unspecified pronouns ===<br />
<br />
=== Indefinite pronouns ===<br />
<br />
=== Negative pronouns ===<br />
<br />
=== Total pronouns ===<br />
<br />
=== Manifold pronouns ===<br />
<br />
=== Other pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified'''<br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| sél || séi || sól || sós || sóles || sóxes || tél || téi || tól || tóh || sêl || síu<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| sái || sák || sói || sók || sóies || sóges || tái || ták || tói || tók || sáu || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| sán || sát || sór || sót || sóres || soðes || tán || tás || tór || tós || sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| séu || sét || sóu ||sút || sóues || súðes || téu || tés || tóu || tús || sǿn || sǿt<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| sén || sém || són || sóm || sóŋes || sôŋes || tén || tém || tón || tóm || sên || sêm<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| sín || sím || sún || súm || súŋes || sûŋes || tín || tím || tún || túm || sýn || sým<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | '''Total''' !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | '''la-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''xa-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''ta-''' (few) || colspan="2" | '''ja-''' (rarely)<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| fél || féi || lás || lîn || xás || xîn || tás || tîn || jás || jîn <br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| fái || fâk || lái || lák || xái || xák || tái || ták || jái || ják <br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| fân || fât || lán || lár || xán || xár || tán || tár || ján || jár <br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| féu || fét || lýn || lýs || xýn || xýs || týn || týs || jýn || jýs <br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| fén || fém || lén || lém || xén || xém || tén || tém || jén || jém <br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| fîn || fím || lûn || lûm || xûn || xûm || tûn || tûm || jûn || jûm <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Combinations ===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal possessive pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive possessive pronoun ===<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Other adjectival pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120329
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T00:05:17Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Interrogative pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronoun ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
<br />
There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
<br />
The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
<br />
<br />
The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
=== Relative pronouns ===<br />
The relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which then gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. These are substantival relative pronouns, however, which means they stand in for nouns or refer to whole clauses. The best English equivalents are ''(the person) who'', ''(he) who'', or ''(someone) who'', and ''(the thing) which'', ''(that) which'', or ''(something) which''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sol || sos<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soi || sok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| son || sot <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sou || sut <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| son || som <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sun || sum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sol nevvanas, nevant ás.'''<br>''A person who teaches is a teacher.''<br />
*'''Tannar, sut ullan.'''<br>''Do what you want.''<br />
*'''Pol sanlás, sumot tajataker.''' <br>''This is the only thing which I disagree with.''<br />
*'''Pol, sut lonnais, nalj áksi.'''<br>''What he said isn't true.'' (or more literally, ''That which he said isn't true.'')<br />
<br />
=== Other pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified'''<br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| sél || séi || sól || sós || sóles || sóxes || tél || téi || tól || tóh || sêl || síu<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| sái || sák || sói || sók || sóies || sóges || tái || ták || tói || tók || sáu || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| sán || sát || sór || sót || sóres || soðes || tán || tás || tór || tós || sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| séu || sét || sóu ||sút || sóues || súðes || téu || tés || tóu || tús || sǿn || sǿt<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| sén || sém || són || sóm || sóŋes || sôŋes || tén || tém || tón || tóm || sên || sêm<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| sín || sím || sún || súm || súŋes || sûŋes || tín || tím || tún || túm || sýn || sým<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | '''Total''' !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | '''la-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''xa-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''ta-''' (few) || colspan="2" | '''ja-''' (rarely)<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| fél || féi || lás || lîn || xás || xîn || tás || tîn || jás || jîn <br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| fái || fâk || lái || lák || xái || xák || tái || ták || jái || ják <br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| fân || fât || lán || lár || xán || xár || tán || tár || ján || jár <br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| féu || fét || lýn || lýs || xýn || xýs || týn || týs || jýn || jýs <br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| fén || fém || lén || lém || xén || xém || tén || tém || jén || jém <br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| fîn || fím || lûn || lûm || xûn || xûm || tûn || tûm || jûn || jûm <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Combinations ===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal possessive pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive possessive pronoun ===<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Other adjectival pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120328
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T00:05:06Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Other pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronoun ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
<br />
There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
<br />
The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
<br />
<br />
The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Relative pronouns ===<br />
The relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which then gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. These are substantival relative pronouns, however, which means they stand in for nouns or refer to whole clauses. The best English equivalents are ''(the person) who'', ''(he) who'', or ''(someone) who'', and ''(the thing) which'', ''(that) which'', or ''(something) which''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sol || sos<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| soi || sok <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| son || sot <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sou || sut <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| son || som <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sun || sum <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sol nevvanas, nevant ás.'''<br>''A person who teaches is a teacher.''<br />
*'''Tannar, sut ullan.'''<br>''Do what you want.''<br />
*'''Pol sanlás, sumot tajataker.''' <br>''This is the only thing which I disagree with.''<br />
*'''Pol, sut lonnais, nalj áksi.'''<br>''What he said isn't true.'' (or more literally, ''That which he said isn't true.'')<br />
<br />
=== Other pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified'''<br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| sél || séi || sól || sós || sóles || sóxes || tél || téi || tól || tóh || sêl || síu<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| sái || sák || sói || sók || sóies || sóges || tái || ták || tói || tók || sáu || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| sán || sát || sór || sót || sóres || soðes || tán || tás || tór || tós || sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| séu || sét || sóu ||sút || sóues || súðes || téu || tés || tóu || tús || sǿn || sǿt<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| sén || sém || són || sóm || sóŋes || sôŋes || tén || tém || tón || tóm || sên || sêm<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| sín || sím || sún || súm || súŋes || sûŋes || tín || tím || tún || túm || sýn || sým<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | '''Total''' !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | '''la-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''xa-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''ta-''' (few) || colspan="2" | '''ja-''' (rarely)<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| fél || féi || lás || lîn || xás || xîn || tás || tîn || jás || jîn <br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| fái || fâk || lái || lák || xái || xák || tái || ták || jái || ják <br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| fân || fât || lán || lár || xán || xár || tán || tár || ján || jár <br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| féu || fét || lýn || lýs || xýn || xýs || týn || týs || jýn || jýs <br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| fén || fém || lén || lém || xén || xém || tén || tém || jén || jém <br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| fîn || fím || lûn || lûm || xûn || xûm || tûn || tûm || jûn || jûm <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Combinations ===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal possessive pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive possessive pronoun ===<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Other adjectival pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120327
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-27T00:01:50Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Other pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronoun ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
<br />
There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
<br />
The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
<br />
<br />
Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
<br />
<br />
The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Interrogative pronouns ===<br />
The interrogative pronouns (''tentandila ljaklansa'') are used to introduce a question and enquire about persons, animals, objects, etc. The corresponding English pronouns are ''who'' and ''what''. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' <br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sel || sei <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sai || sak <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| san || sat <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| seu || set <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| sen || sem <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| sin || sim <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
*'''Sel hjonnas?'''<br>''Who is coming?''<br />
*'''San vettain nareu?'''<br>''Who did you give the book to?''<br />
*'''Sak hkillanne?''' <br>''What are you afraid of?'' (or ''What do you fear?'')<br />
*'''Set marranos?'''<br>''What are they looking for?''<br />
*'''Simot geittaun?'''<br>''What will you pay with?''<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Other pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified'''<br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| sél || séi || sól || sós || sóles || sóxes || tél || téi || tól || tóh || sêl || síu<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| sái || sák || sói || sók || sóies || sóges || tái || ták || tói || tók || sáu || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| sán || sát || sór || sót || sóres || soðes || tán || tás || tór || tós || sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| séu || sét || sóu ||sút || sóues || súðes || téu || tés || tóu || tús || sǿn || sǿt<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| sén || sém || són || sóm || sóŋes || sôŋes || tén || tém || tón || tóm || sên || sêm<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| sín || sím || sún || súm || súŋes || sûŋes || tín || tím || tún || túm || sýn || sým<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | '''Total''' !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | '''la-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''xa-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''ta-''' (few) || colspan="2" | '''ja-''' (rarely)<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| fél || féi || lás || lîn || xás || xîn || tás || tîn || jás || jîn <br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| fái || fâk || lái || lák || xái || xák || tái || ták || jái || ják <br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| fân || fât || lán || lár || xán || xár || tán || tár || ján || jár <br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| féu || fét || lýn || lýs || xýn || xýs || týn || týs || jýn || jýs <br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| fén || fém || lén || lém || xén || xém || tén || tém || jén || jém <br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| fîn || fím || lûn || lûm || xûn || xûm || tûn || tûm || jûn || jûm <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Combinations ===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal possessive pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive possessive pronoun ===<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Other adjectival pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120326
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-26T23:52:17Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronoun ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
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=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
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The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
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Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
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Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
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There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
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Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
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Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
The reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. It inflects only for case, but not for number. It takes singular Class II case endings. There is also no stand-alone nominative form, but a nominative form exists when additional cases require it. <br />
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The reciprocal pronoun indicates that the persons or things do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship. It also inflects only for case, takes singular Class II case endings, and has no stand-alone nominative form, except for additional cases.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples of the reflexive pronoun:<br />
*'''Nareu šillar noido.'''<br>''Take the book with you.''<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
*'''Lottallúksi nuiru.'''<br>''She doesn't want to speak about herself.''<br />
<br />
Examples of the reciprocal pronoun:<br />
*'''Nûdi grîttes neires.'''<br>''The two of them are washing each other's hands.''<br />
*'''Tajatoksi nûdo.'''<br>''They don't agree with each other.''<br />
<br />
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====Reflexive verbs and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns====<br />
Laefêvëši also has reciprocal verbs, which also indicate that the action refers back to the subject. Because of that, there is some overlap with the reflexive and reciprocal verbs. In many cases, one can be used instead of the other, sometimes there are slight nuances in the meaning, and sometimes they convey very different information.<br />
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Some verbs are inherently reflexive. The reflexive pronoun can be added to indicate the direction of the action. Compare the three examples below:<br />
*'''Neinnasse.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at himself.''<br />
*'''Neinnasse vi.''' (reflexive with a non-reflexive pronoun)<br>''He's laughing at me.''<br />
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In other cases, the reflexive pronoun can be replaced by turning a regular verb into a reflexive verb when the reflexive pronoun isn't important.<br />
*'''Nei lallais tvēalu. → Laillaisse tvēalu.'''<br>''He saw himself in the mirror. → He saw himself in the mirror.''<br />
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Some verbs can be used either reflexively or with a reflexive pronouns without any change in meaning, apart from emphasising the reflexivity of the action. Compare the following examples:<br />
*'''Grîtta nioreu.''' (non-reflexive)<br>''I'm washing the child.''<br />
*'''Grîttare.''' (reflexive)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
*'''Grîtta nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''I'm washing myself.''<br />
<br />
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In dual and plural, further distinctions can be made by using the reciprocal pronoun. Continuing from the previous examples:<br />
*'''Grîtteri.''' (reflexive) - '''Grîtte nei.''' (non-reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing ourselves.'' (each person is washing themselves)<br />
*'''Grîtte nûde.''' (non-reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are washing each other.'' (person A is washing person B, and person B is washing person A)<br />
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The same applies to inherently reflexive pronouns:<br />
*'''Neinneri.''' (reflexive without the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing.''<br />
*'''Neinneri niu.''' (reflexive with the reflexive pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at ourselves.''<br />
*'''Neinneri nûdi.''' (reflexive with the reciprocal pronoun)<br>''The two of us are laughing at each other.''<br />
<br />
=== Other pronouns ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified'''<br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| sél || séi || sól || sós || sóles || sóxes || tél || téi || tól || tóh || sêl || síu<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| sái || sák || sói || sók || sóies || sóges || tái || ták || tói || tók || sáu || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| sán || sát || sór || sót || sóres || soðes || tán || tás || tór || tós || sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| séu || sét || sóu ||sút || sóues || súðes || téu || tés || tóu || tús || sǿn || sǿt<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| sén || sém || són || sóm || sóŋes || sôŋes || tén || tém || tón || tóm || sên || sêm<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| sín || sím || sún || súm || súŋes || sûŋes || tín || tím || tún || túm || sýn || sým<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | '''Total''' !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | '''la-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''xa-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''ta-''' (few) || colspan="2" | '''ja-''' (rarely)<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| fél || féi || lás || lîn || xás || xîn || tás || tîn || jás || jîn <br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| fái || fâk || lái || lák || xái || xák || tái || ták || jái || ják <br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| fân || fât || lán || lár || xán || xár || tán || tár || ján || jár <br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| féu || fét || lýn || lýs || xýn || xýs || týn || týs || jýn || jýs <br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| fén || fém || lén || lém || xén || xém || tén || tém || jén || jém <br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| fîn || fím || lûn || lûm || xûn || xûm || tûn || tûm || jûn || jûm <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Combinations ===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
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Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
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==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
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{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
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== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal possessive pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive possessive pronoun ===<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Other adjectival pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120325
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-26T23:41:22Z
<p>Ashucky: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
There are two large classes of pronouns in Laefêvëši: substantival (or nominal) pronouns, and adjectival pronouns. As their name suggests, substantival pronouns replace nouns while adjectival pronouns replace adjectives. Each of these classes has further subdivisions.<br />
<br />
== Substantival pronoun ==<br />
Substantival pronouns are divided into two main groups: personal and non-personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are pronouns like ''ós'' "I", ''sé'' "you", ''njûn'' "we", etc., as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. <br />
<br />
The group of non-personal pronouns includes interrogative pronouns (''sel'' "who" and ''sei'' "what"), relative pronouns, unspecified pronouns, relative unspecified pronouns, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, total pronouns, and manifold pronouns.<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
Personal pronouns (''jubila ljaklansa'') are used to denote the speaker, the addressee, or a third person - they are inflected for three persons. There is also a fourth person form of the pronouns, the obviative pronoun. Personal pronouns further inflect for number (singular, dual, plural), case, and clusivity. <br />
<br />
The personal pronouns have unique forms for the six basic cases. Other case endings are added to these basic six forms, according to the case hierarchy. <br />
<br />
Many pronouns also have two possible forms for each case: the long or emphatic form, and the short or unstressed form. Some pronouns have a third form in some of the cases: the preclitic form, which is a clitic form attached to the verb. The unstressed forms are used when the pronoun is not important. However, then inflecting for the subcases or additional cases, then the emphatic forms are used (along with Class II nominal suffixes, corresponding to the number, ie. singular pronouns take singular endings, and so on). Lastly, the clitic forms are often used when the verb begins in a vowel and the pronoun contracts. This is especially common in set phrases or idiomatic expressions. <br />
<br />
Laefêvëši personal pronouns differentiate clusivity too - between inclusive (me and you) and exclusive (me and someone else) forms. Inclusive and exclusive pronouns exist in first person dual and plural, as well for second person dual and plural. However, the second person inclusive and exclusive pronouns are rarely used - the shorter inclusive forms are typically used.<br />
<br />
There is also a fourth person pronoun, which exists only in singular. It is somewhat defective compared to other pronouns because it lacks certain forms. It is used when it's necessary to indicate that there are two separate people or things. <br />
<br />
Third person pronouns in singular also differentiate between animate (ie. ''he/she'') and inanimate (ie. ''it'') forms, but only in nominative. The difference is non-existed in all other forms. There is also no gender difference or any other class difference. <br />
<br />
Since Laefêvëši is a pro-drop language, nominative forms are rarely used explicitly. An exception to this might be the exclusive pronouns and the obviative pronoun, which tend to be used more often to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Non-nominative forms of any pronoun are frequently used.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Other pronouns ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified'''<br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| sél || séi || sól || sós || sóles || sóxes || tél || téi || tól || tóh || sêl || síu<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| sái || sák || sói || sók || sóies || sóges || tái || ták || tói || tók || sáu || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| sán || sát || sór || sót || sóres || soðes || tán || tás || tór || tós || sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| séu || sét || sóu ||sút || sóues || súðes || téu || tés || tóu || tús || sǿn || sǿt<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| sén || sém || són || sóm || sóŋes || sôŋes || tén || tém || tón || tóm || sên || sêm<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| sín || sím || sún || súm || súŋes || sûŋes || tín || tím || tún || túm || sýn || sým<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | '''Total''' !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | '''la-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''xa-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''ta-''' (few) || colspan="2" | '''ja-''' (rarely)<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| fél || féi || lás || lîn || xás || xîn || tás || tîn || jás || jîn <br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| fái || fâk || lái || lák || xái || xák || tái || ták || jái || ják <br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| fân || fât || lán || lár || xán || xár || tán || tár || ján || jár <br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| féu || fét || lýn || lýs || xýn || xýs || týn || týs || jýn || jýs <br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| fén || fém || lén || lém || xén || xém || tén || tém || jén || jém <br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| fîn || fím || lûn || lûm || xûn || xûm || tûn || tûm || jûn || jûm <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Combinations ===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal possessive pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive possessive pronoun ===<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Other adjectival pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120324
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-26T23:37:31Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Others */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
== Substantival pronoun ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Other pronouns ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified'''<br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| sél || séi || sól || sós || sóles || sóxes || tél || téi || tól || tóh || sêl || síu<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| sái || sák || sói || sók || sóies || sóges || tái || ták || tói || tók || sáu || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| sán || sát || sór || sót || sóres || soðes || tán || tás || tór || tós || sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| séu || sét || sóu ||sút || sóues || súðes || téu || tés || tóu || tús || sǿn || sǿt<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| sén || sém || són || sóm || sóŋes || sôŋes || tén || tém || tón || tóm || sên || sêm<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| sín || sím || sún || súm || súŋes || sûŋes || tín || tím || tún || túm || sýn || sým<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | '''Total''' !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | '''la-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''xa-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''ta-''' (few) || colspan="2" | '''ja-''' (rarely)<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| fél || féi || lás || lîn || xás || xîn || tás || tîn || jás || jîn <br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| fái || fâk || lái || lák || xái || xák || tái || ták || jái || ják <br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| fân || fât || lán || lár || xán || xár || tán || tár || ján || jár <br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| féu || fét || lýn || lýs || xýn || xýs || týn || týs || jýn || jýs <br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| fén || fém || lén || lém || xén || xém || tén || tém || jén || jém <br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| fîn || fím || lûn || lûm || xûn || xûm || tûn || tûm || jûn || jûm <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Combinations ===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal possessive pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive possessive pronoun ===<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Other adjectival pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Unspecified<br />
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified<br />
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite <br />
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)<br />
|-<br />
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-<br />
|-<br />
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Manifold<br />
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Differential <br />
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Equal<br />
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal<br />
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Medial<br />
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-<br />
|-<br />
! Distal<br />
| kjaisi || kjai(s)- || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120323
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-26T23:06:41Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Personal possessive pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
== Substantival pronoun ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Other pronouns ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified'''<br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| sél || séi || sól || sós || sóles || sóxes || tél || téi || tól || tóh || sêl || síu<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| sái || sák || sói || sók || sóies || sóges || tái || ták || tói || tók || sáu || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| sán || sát || sór || sót || sóres || soðes || tán || tás || tór || tós || sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| séu || sét || sóu ||sút || sóues || súðes || téu || tés || tóu || tús || sǿn || sǿt<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| sén || sém || són || sóm || sóŋes || sôŋes || tén || tém || tón || tóm || sên || sêm<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| sín || sím || sún || súm || súŋes || sûŋes || tín || tím || tún || túm || sýn || sým<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | '''Total''' !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | '''la-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''xa-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''ta-''' (few) || colspan="2" | '''ja-''' (rarely)<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| fél || féi || lás || lîn || xás || xîn || tás || tîn || jás || jîn <br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| fái || fâk || lái || lák || xái || xák || tái || ták || jái || ják <br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| fân || fât || lán || lár || xán || xár || tán || tár || ján || jár <br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| féu || fét || lýn || lýs || xýn || xýs || týn || týs || jýn || jýs <br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| fén || fém || lén || lém || xén || xém || tén || tém || jén || jém <br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| fîn || fím || lûn || lûm || xûn || xûm || tûn || tûm || jûn || jûm <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Combinations ===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal possessive pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Full !! rowspan="2" | Oblique !! colspan="2" | Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | suiri || rowspan="2" | sou(r)- || rowspan="2" | soj- || rowspan="2" | sjo- || hairi || hau(r)- || haj- || hja- || njuiri || njuu(r)- || njyj- || njy-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xairi || xau(r)- || xaj- || xja- || njoiri || njou(r)- || njoj- || njo-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | seiri || rowspan="2" | seu(e)- || rowspan="2" | sej- || rowspan="2" | sje- || tairi || tau(r)- || taj- || tja- || pairi || pau(r)- || paj- || pja-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dairi || dau(r)- || daj- || dja- || bairi || bau(r)- || baj- || bja-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jairi || jau(r)- || naj- || nja- || koiri || kou(r)- || koj- || kjo- || jøiri || jøy(r)- || njøj- || njø-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lîsiri || lîsu-/lîsr- || colspan="2" | lis- || colspan="4" | – || colspan="4" | –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive possessive pronoun ===<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Others ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="4" | Qualitative !! colspan="4" | Relational !! colspan="4" | Possessive !! colspan="4" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' !! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' !! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' !! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| vréisi || vréi- || - || ''what kind (of)'' || rowspan="2" | vráili || rowspan="2" | vráe- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''what, which'' || rowspan="2" | lúiri || rowspan="2" | lúu- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''whose'' || rowspan="2" colspan="2"| þámjē || rowspan="2" | -(n)aþ+GEN || rowspan="2" | ''how much, how many''<br />
|-<br />
| kréisi || kréi- || - || ''to what extent''<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | réisi || rowspan="2" | réi- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''the kind that'' || ráili || ráe- || - || rowspan="2" | ''which, that, who'' || rowspan="2" | lǿiri || rowspan="2" | lǿu- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''whose'' || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | þĕtjē || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''as much''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! Unspecified<br />
| vréisi || vréi- || - || ''what kind (of)'' || vráili || vráe- || - || ''what, which'' || lúiri || lúu- || - || ''whose'' || colspan="2" | þámjē || - || ''how much, how many''<br />
|-<br />
! Relative unspecified<br />
| préisi || préi- || - || ''whatever kind'' || práili || práe- || - || ''whichever'' || plúiri || plúu- || - || ''whosever'' || colspan="2" | ƕĕtjē || - || ''however much''<br />
|-<br />
! Indefinite <br />
| tréisi || tréi- || - || ''some kind of'' || nóili || nóe- || - || ''some(one)'' || tréiri || tréu- || - || ''someone's'' || colspan="2" | tǿmjē || - || ''somewhat''<br />
|-<br />
! Negative<br />
| skéisi || skéi- || - || ''of no kind'' || sáili || sáe- || - || ''noöne'' || skéiri || skéu- || - || ''noöne's'' || colspan="4" | <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Total<br />
| fréisi || fréi- || -(n)øør<br>''-(n)ǿr'' || ''of every kind'' || rowspan="2" | fáili || rowspan="2" | fáe- || rowspan="2" | -(n)øøf<br>''-(n)ǿf'' || rowspan="2" | ''every(one)'' || fréiri || fréu- || - || ''everyone's'' || colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|xôl]] || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh'' || ''all''<br />
|-<br />
| méisi || méi- || - || ''of both kinds'' || míiri || míu- || - || ''of both'' || colspan="2" | mí || - || ''both''<br />
|-<br />
! Manifold<br />
| lavréisi || lavréi- || - || ''of many kinds'' || lavráili || lavráe- || - || ''many a'' || lalúiri || lalúu- || - || - || colspan="4" |<br />
|-<br />
! Differential <br />
| ljáisi || ljái- || - || ''different'' || láili || láe- || - || ''sbd/sth else, another'' || colspan="4" | || colspan="4" |<br />
|-<br />
! Equal<br />
| fáisi || fái- || -(n)aaf<br>''-(n)áf'' || ''of the same kind'' || táili || táe- || - || ''the same'' || colspan="4" | || colspan="4" | <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demonstrative<br />
| šáisi || šái- || - || ''of this kind'' || colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|pól]] || -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || ''this'' || póiri || póu- || - || ''of this'' || rowspan="3" colspan="2" | týmjē || rowspan="3" | - || rowspan="3" | ''this much, this many''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | čéisi || rowspan="2" | čéi- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''of that kind'' || colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|sól]] || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || ''that'' || rowspan="2" | síiri || rowspan="2" | síu- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''of that''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|kjál]] || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || ''yonder'' <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The clitic forms are normally pronounced simply as long vowels, even though they are written as two. However, they can also be written as a single vowel with an accute above it - they are pronounced long but unstressed (secondary stress may still apply).<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120322
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-26T22:53:40Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
== Substantival pronoun ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Case !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| (nî-) || (nû-)<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| nai || nûda<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| niu || nûdi<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| nei || nûde<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| nui || nûdu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| noi || nûd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Other pronouns ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified'''<br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| sél || séi || sól || sós || sóles || sóxes || tél || téi || tól || tóh || sêl || síu<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| sái || sák || sói || sók || sóies || sóges || tái || ták || tói || tók || sáu || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| sán || sát || sór || sót || sóres || soðes || tán || tás || tór || tós || sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| séu || sét || sóu ||sút || sóues || súðes || téu || tés || tóu || tús || sǿn || sǿt<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| sén || sém || són || sóm || sóŋes || sôŋes || tén || tém || tón || tóm || sên || sêm<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| sín || sím || sún || súm || súŋes || sûŋes || tín || tím || tún || túm || sýn || sým<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | '''Total''' !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | '''la-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''xa-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''ta-''' (few) || colspan="2" | '''ja-''' (rarely)<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| fél || féi || lás || lîn || xás || xîn || tás || tîn || jás || jîn <br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| fái || fâk || lái || lák || xái || xák || tái || ták || jái || ják <br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| fân || fât || lán || lár || xán || xár || tán || tár || ján || jár <br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| féu || fét || lýn || lýs || xýn || xýs || týn || týs || jýn || jýs <br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| fén || fém || lén || lém || xén || xém || tén || tém || jén || jém <br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| fîn || fím || lûn || lûm || xûn || xûm || tûn || tûm || jûn || jûm <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Combinations ===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal possessive pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|+ Alienable possession <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic <br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | sóiri || rowspan="2" | sóu- || rowspan="2" | sój- || rowspan="2" | sjó- || háiri || háu- || háj- || hjá- || júiri || jóu- || nój- || njó-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xáiri || xáu- || xáj- || xjá- || jôiri || jôu- || nôj- || njô-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | séiri || rowspan="2" | séu- || rowspan="2" | séj- || rowspan="2" | sjé- || táiri || táu- || táj- || tjá- || páiri || páu- || páj- || pjá-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dáiri || dáu- || dáj- || djá- || báiri || báu- || báj- || bjá-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jáiri || jáu- || náj- || njá- || kóiri || kóu- || kój- || kjó- || rjóiri || rjóu- || rjój- || rjó-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| léiri || léu- || léj- || ljé- || féiri || féu- || féj- || fjé- || géiri || géu- || géj- || gjé-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|+ Inalienable possession <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic <br />
|-<br />
! Voc. || Non-v. || Voc. || Non-v. || Voc. || Non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | sǿiri || rowspan="2" | sǿu- || rowspan="2" | sǿj- || rowspan="2" | sjǿ- || šáiri || šáu- || šáj- || šjá- || núiri || nóu- || nýj- || njý-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| žáiri || žáu- || žáj- || žjá- || nǿiri || nǿu- || nǿj- || njǿ-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | sĕiri || rowspan="2" | sĕu- || rowspan="2" | sĕj- || rowspan="2" | sjĕ- || cáiri || cáu- || cáj- || cjá- || fáiri || fáu- || fáj- || fjá-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| ʒáiri || ʒáu- || ʒáj- || ʒjá- || váiri || váu- || váj- || vjá-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| máiri || máu- || máj- || mjá- || kǿiri || kǿu- || kǿj- || kjǿ- || rjǿiri || rjǿu- || rjǿj- || rjǿ-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lĕiri || lĕu- || lĕj- || ljĕ- || fĕiri || fĕu- || fĕj- || fjĕ- || gĕiri || gĕu- || gĕj- || gjĕ-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive possessive pronoun ===<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Others ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="4" | Qualitative !! colspan="4" | Relational !! colspan="4" | Possessive !! colspan="4" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' !! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' !! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' !! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| vréisi || vréi- || - || ''what kind (of)'' || rowspan="2" | vráili || rowspan="2" | vráe- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''what, which'' || rowspan="2" | lúiri || rowspan="2" | lúu- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''whose'' || rowspan="2" colspan="2"| þámjē || rowspan="2" | -(n)aþ+GEN || rowspan="2" | ''how much, how many''<br />
|-<br />
| kréisi || kréi- || - || ''to what extent''<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | réisi || rowspan="2" | réi- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''the kind that'' || ráili || ráe- || - || rowspan="2" | ''which, that, who'' || rowspan="2" | lǿiri || rowspan="2" | lǿu- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''whose'' || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | þĕtjē || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''as much''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! Unspecified<br />
| vréisi || vréi- || - || ''what kind (of)'' || vráili || vráe- || - || ''what, which'' || lúiri || lúu- || - || ''whose'' || colspan="2" | þámjē || - || ''how much, how many''<br />
|-<br />
! Relative unspecified<br />
| préisi || préi- || - || ''whatever kind'' || práili || práe- || - || ''whichever'' || plúiri || plúu- || - || ''whosever'' || colspan="2" | ƕĕtjē || - || ''however much''<br />
|-<br />
! Indefinite <br />
| tréisi || tréi- || - || ''some kind of'' || nóili || nóe- || - || ''some(one)'' || tréiri || tréu- || - || ''someone's'' || colspan="2" | tǿmjē || - || ''somewhat''<br />
|-<br />
! Negative<br />
| skéisi || skéi- || - || ''of no kind'' || sáili || sáe- || - || ''noöne'' || skéiri || skéu- || - || ''noöne's'' || colspan="4" | <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Total<br />
| fréisi || fréi- || -(n)øør<br>''-(n)ǿr'' || ''of every kind'' || rowspan="2" | fáili || rowspan="2" | fáe- || rowspan="2" | -(n)øøf<br>''-(n)ǿf'' || rowspan="2" | ''every(one)'' || fréiri || fréu- || - || ''everyone's'' || colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|xôl]] || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh'' || ''all''<br />
|-<br />
| méisi || méi- || - || ''of both kinds'' || míiri || míu- || - || ''of both'' || colspan="2" | mí || - || ''both''<br />
|-<br />
! Manifold<br />
| lavréisi || lavréi- || - || ''of many kinds'' || lavráili || lavráe- || - || ''many a'' || lalúiri || lalúu- || - || - || colspan="4" |<br />
|-<br />
! Differential <br />
| ljáisi || ljái- || - || ''different'' || láili || láe- || - || ''sbd/sth else, another'' || colspan="4" | || colspan="4" |<br />
|-<br />
! Equal<br />
| fáisi || fái- || -(n)aaf<br>''-(n)áf'' || ''of the same kind'' || táili || táe- || - || ''the same'' || colspan="4" | || colspan="4" | <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demonstrative<br />
| šáisi || šái- || - || ''of this kind'' || colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|pól]] || -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || ''this'' || póiri || póu- || - || ''of this'' || rowspan="3" colspan="2" | týmjē || rowspan="3" | - || rowspan="3" | ''this much, this many''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | čéisi || rowspan="2" | čéi- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''of that kind'' || colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|sól]] || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || ''that'' || rowspan="2" | síiri || rowspan="2" | síu- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''of that''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|kjál]] || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || ''yonder'' <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The clitic forms are normally pronounced simply as long vowels, even though they are written as two. However, they can also be written as a single vowel with an accute above it - they are pronounced long but unstressed (secondary stress may still apply).<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=120321
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2019-01-26T22:50:58Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Personal pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
== Substantival pronoun ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="10" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | 1st person !! colspan="3" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 4th person<br>(obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic !! Long || Short || Clitic<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="2" | ó || sé || colspan="2" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="2" | â; ô || léis<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrai || colspan="2"| va || stai || colspan="2"| sa || trai || colspan="2"| ta || lau <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vriu || vi || vl- || stiu || si || st- || triu || ti || tr- || leu <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vrei || ve || vj- || stei || se || sj- || trei || te || tj- || lei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrui || colspan="2" | vu || stui || colspan="2" | su || trui || colspan="2" | tu || lui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vroi || colspan="2" | vo || stoi || colspan="2" | so || trói || colspan="2" | to || lou<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Inclusive !! colspan="2" | Exclusive !! rowspan="2" | Inclusive !! rowspan="2" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short !! Long || Short <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hat || hâ || xat || xâ || tal || dal || kû <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | hrai || colspan="2" | xirrai || čai || dilai || kjai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| colspan="2" | hriu || colspan="2" | xirriu || čiu || diliu || kjiu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrei || colspan="2" | xirrei || čei || dilei || kjei<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | hrui || colspan="2" | xirrui || čui || dilui || kjui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| colspan="2" | hroi || colspan="2" | xirroi || čoi || diloi || kjoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="6" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person !! colspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Inclusive !! Exclusive !! Long !! Short<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| njûn || njôr || pal || bal || colspan="2" | jî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njai || rjai || prai || birrai || colspan="2" | jai<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njiu || rjiu || priu || birriu || jiu || ji<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njei || rjei || prei || birrei || jei || je<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njui || rjui || prui || birrui || colspan="2" | jui<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njoi || rjoi || proi || birroi || colspan="2" | joi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" | Case || colspan="4" | '''Reflexive''' || colspan="4" | '''Reciprocal'''<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb.<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| colspan="2" | - || nî- || - || colspan="2" | - || nû- || -<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| náu || ma || má- || mn- || nûde || dja || djá- || zn-<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| néu || mø || mǿ- || ml- || nûdo || djø || djǿ- || zl-<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| néi || me || mé- || mj- || nûda || dje || djé- || zj-<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| núi || mu || colspan="2" | mú || nûdi || dju || colspan="2" | djú-<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| nóu || mo || colspan="2" | mó-|| nûdu || djo || colspan="2" | djó-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Other pronouns ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified'''<br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| sél || séi || sól || sós || sóles || sóxes || tél || téi || tól || tóh || sêl || síu<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| sái || sák || sói || sók || sóies || sóges || tái || ták || tói || tók || sáu || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| sán || sát || sór || sót || sóres || soðes || tán || tás || tór || tós || sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| séu || sét || sóu ||sút || sóues || súðes || téu || tés || tóu || tús || sǿn || sǿt<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| sén || sém || són || sóm || sóŋes || sôŋes || tén || tém || tón || tóm || sên || sêm<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| sín || sím || sún || súm || súŋes || sûŋes || tín || tím || tún || túm || sýn || sým<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | '''Total''' !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | '''la-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''xa-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''ta-''' (few) || colspan="2" | '''ja-''' (rarely)<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| fél || féi || lás || lîn || xás || xîn || tás || tîn || jás || jîn <br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| fái || fâk || lái || lák || xái || xák || tái || ták || jái || ják <br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| fân || fât || lán || lár || xán || xár || tán || tár || ján || jár <br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| féu || fét || lýn || lýs || xýn || xýs || týn || týs || jýn || jýs <br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| fén || fém || lén || lém || xén || xém || tén || tém || jén || jém <br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| fîn || fím || lûn || lûm || xûn || xûm || tûn || tûm || jûn || jûm <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Combinations ===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal possessive pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|+ Alienable possession <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic <br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | sóiri || rowspan="2" | sóu- || rowspan="2" | sój- || rowspan="2" | sjó- || háiri || háu- || háj- || hjá- || júiri || jóu- || nój- || njó-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xáiri || xáu- || xáj- || xjá- || jôiri || jôu- || nôj- || njô-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | séiri || rowspan="2" | séu- || rowspan="2" | séj- || rowspan="2" | sjé- || táiri || táu- || táj- || tjá- || páiri || páu- || páj- || pjá-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dáiri || dáu- || dáj- || djá- || báiri || báu- || báj- || bjá-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jáiri || jáu- || náj- || njá- || kóiri || kóu- || kój- || kjó- || rjóiri || rjóu- || rjój- || rjó-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| léiri || léu- || léj- || ljé- || féiri || féu- || féj- || fjé- || géiri || géu- || géj- || gjé-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|+ Inalienable possession <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic <br />
|-<br />
! Voc. || Non-v. || Voc. || Non-v. || Voc. || Non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | sǿiri || rowspan="2" | sǿu- || rowspan="2" | sǿj- || rowspan="2" | sjǿ- || šáiri || šáu- || šáj- || šjá- || núiri || nóu- || nýj- || njý-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| žáiri || žáu- || žáj- || žjá- || nǿiri || nǿu- || nǿj- || njǿ-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | sĕiri || rowspan="2" | sĕu- || rowspan="2" | sĕj- || rowspan="2" | sjĕ- || cáiri || cáu- || cáj- || cjá- || fáiri || fáu- || fáj- || fjá-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| ʒáiri || ʒáu- || ʒáj- || ʒjá- || váiri || váu- || váj- || vjá-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| máiri || máu- || máj- || mjá- || kǿiri || kǿu- || kǿj- || kjǿ- || rjǿiri || rjǿu- || rjǿj- || rjǿ-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lĕiri || lĕu- || lĕj- || ljĕ- || fĕiri || fĕu- || fĕj- || fjĕ- || gĕiri || gĕu- || gĕj- || gjĕ-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive possessive pronoun ===<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Others ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="4" | Qualitative !! colspan="4" | Relational !! colspan="4" | Possessive !! colspan="4" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' !! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' !! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' !! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| vréisi || vréi- || - || ''what kind (of)'' || rowspan="2" | vráili || rowspan="2" | vráe- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''what, which'' || rowspan="2" | lúiri || rowspan="2" | lúu- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''whose'' || rowspan="2" colspan="2"| þámjē || rowspan="2" | -(n)aþ+GEN || rowspan="2" | ''how much, how many''<br />
|-<br />
| kréisi || kréi- || - || ''to what extent''<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | réisi || rowspan="2" | réi- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''the kind that'' || ráili || ráe- || - || rowspan="2" | ''which, that, who'' || rowspan="2" | lǿiri || rowspan="2" | lǿu- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''whose'' || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | þĕtjē || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''as much''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! Unspecified<br />
| vréisi || vréi- || - || ''what kind (of)'' || vráili || vráe- || - || ''what, which'' || lúiri || lúu- || - || ''whose'' || colspan="2" | þámjē || - || ''how much, how many''<br />
|-<br />
! Relative unspecified<br />
| préisi || préi- || - || ''whatever kind'' || práili || práe- || - || ''whichever'' || plúiri || plúu- || - || ''whosever'' || colspan="2" | ƕĕtjē || - || ''however much''<br />
|-<br />
! Indefinite <br />
| tréisi || tréi- || - || ''some kind of'' || nóili || nóe- || - || ''some(one)'' || tréiri || tréu- || - || ''someone's'' || colspan="2" | tǿmjē || - || ''somewhat''<br />
|-<br />
! Negative<br />
| skéisi || skéi- || - || ''of no kind'' || sáili || sáe- || - || ''noöne'' || skéiri || skéu- || - || ''noöne's'' || colspan="4" | <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Total<br />
| fréisi || fréi- || -(n)øør<br>''-(n)ǿr'' || ''of every kind'' || rowspan="2" | fáili || rowspan="2" | fáe- || rowspan="2" | -(n)øøf<br>''-(n)ǿf'' || rowspan="2" | ''every(one)'' || fréiri || fréu- || - || ''everyone's'' || colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|xôl]] || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh'' || ''all''<br />
|-<br />
| méisi || méi- || - || ''of both kinds'' || míiri || míu- || - || ''of both'' || colspan="2" | mí || - || ''both''<br />
|-<br />
! Manifold<br />
| lavréisi || lavréi- || - || ''of many kinds'' || lavráili || lavráe- || - || ''many a'' || lalúiri || lalúu- || - || - || colspan="4" |<br />
|-<br />
! Differential <br />
| ljáisi || ljái- || - || ''different'' || láili || láe- || - || ''sbd/sth else, another'' || colspan="4" | || colspan="4" |<br />
|-<br />
! Equal<br />
| fáisi || fái- || -(n)aaf<br>''-(n)áf'' || ''of the same kind'' || táili || táe- || - || ''the same'' || colspan="4" | || colspan="4" | <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demonstrative<br />
| šáisi || šái- || - || ''of this kind'' || colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|pól]] || -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || ''this'' || póiri || póu- || - || ''of this'' || rowspan="3" colspan="2" | týmjē || rowspan="3" | - || rowspan="3" | ''this much, this many''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | čéisi || rowspan="2" | čéi- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''of that kind'' || colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|sól]] || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || ''that'' || rowspan="2" | síiri || rowspan="2" | síu- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''of that''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|kjál]] || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || ''yonder'' <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The clitic forms are normally pronounced simply as long vowels, even though they are written as two. However, they can also be written as a single vowel with an accute above it - they are pronounced long but unstressed (secondary stress may still apply).<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_adverbs&diff=83561
Celestial Laefêvëši adverbs
2015-02-21T23:06:07Z
<p>Ashucky: Created page with "{{CeLaefPages}}Celestial Laefêvëši has several types of adverbs. == Adverbial pronouns == {| class="wikitable" ! !! colspan="2" | Stationary !! colspan="2" | Direct..."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has several types of adverbs.<br />
<br />
== Adverbial pronouns ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! !! colspan="2" | Stationary !! colspan="2" | Directional !! colspan="2" | Motional !! colspan="2" | Temporal !! colspan="2" | Manuary<br />
|-<br />
! Interrogative<br />
| sê || ''where'' || nóh || ''where'' || hán || ''where'' || vré || ''when'' || váj || ''how''<br />
|-<br />
! Relative<br />
| colspan="2" | sêin || colspan="2" | nóin || colspan="2" | háin || colspan="2" | vréin || colspan="2" | váin<br />
|-<br />
! Unspecified<br />
| colspan="2" | sê || colspan="2" | nóh || colspan="2" | hán || colspan="2" | vré || colspan="2" | váj<br />
|-<br />
! Relative unspecified<br />
| sêines || ''wherever'' || nóines || ''wherever'' || háines || ''wherever'' || vréines || ''whenever'' || váines || ''however''<br />
|-<br />
! Indefinite<br />
| sêt || ''somewhere'' || nóht || ''somewhere'' || háht || ''somewhere'' || vrét || ''once''|| váit || ''somehow''<br />
|-<br />
! Negative<br />
| ksên || ''nowhere'' || kvón || ''nowhere'' || hkán || ''nowhere'' || kvéin || ''never'' || kváir || ''nohow''<br />
|-<br />
! Manifold<br />
| lasê || ''in many a place'' || lanóh || ''in many a place'' || lahán || ''in many a place'' || lavré || ''many a time'' || laváj || ''in many a way/manner''<br />
|-<br />
! Differential<br />
| ljéj || ''elsewhere'' || ljój || ''elsewhere'' || ljáj || ''elsewhere'' || ljún || ''another time'' || ljáj || ''otherwise''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demonstrative<br />
| ján, ás || ''here'' || kés, és || ''here'' || hîs || ''here'' || léj || ''now'' || šán || ''like this''<br />
|-<br />
| kô, sĕn || ''there'' || klón, ál || ''there'' || kêl || ''there'' || klén, kéŋ || ''then'' || sôhtin || ''like that''<br />
|-<br />
| sôŋkō, sônkō || ''yonder'' || šíntō || ''yonder'' || tîe || ''yonder'' || ksôŋ, kôŋ || ''back then'' || skýn || ''like yonder''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_verbs&diff=82145
Celestial Laefêvëši verbs
2014-11-27T18:52:01Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Mood */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] verbs are highly inflected. <br />
<br />
== Characteristics ==<br />
=== Types ===<br />
Lexical verbs (full meaning)<br />
* verbs of movement<br />
Auxiliary verbs:<br />
* phaseal verbs<br />
* modal verbs<br />
* the verb ''álaj'' (to be)<br />
<br />
=== Classes ===<br />
Three classes:<br />
# verbs on '''-vij'''<br />
# verbs on '''-laj'''<br />
# verbs on '''-vaj'''<br />
<br />
=== Number ===<br />
Numbers:<br />
* singular<br />
* dual<br />
* plural<br />
<br />
=== Aspect ===<br />
# Perfective aspect<br />
# Imperfective aspect <br />
<br />
=== Mood ===<br />
Realis moods:<br />
* Indicative<br />
* Generic<br />
Irrealis moods:<br />
* Conditional<br />
* Subjunctive <br />
* Optative<br />
* Jussive<br />
* Reputative<br />
* Presumptive<br />
* Potential<br />
* Hypotheical<br />
* Admirative<br />
* Imperative<br />
* (Inferencial/renarrative)<br />
<br />
=== Tenses ===<br />
Simple tenses:<br />
* simple present<br />
* simple past<br />
* remote past<br />
* nonpast<br />
* pluperfect <br />
* simple future<br />
* future anterior <br />
* nonfuture<br />
* future-in-the-past<br />
<br />
== Conjugation ==<br />
<br />
=== Stem lengthening ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Class !! Type I !! Type II !! Type III !! Type IV !! Type V<br />
|-<br />
! -VIJ<br />
| -Vvij → -Vtt- || -[V]Jvij → -[V]Jat- || -[V]Kvij → -[V]KKat- || -CCvij → -CCi- || -[V]GGëvij → -[V]GGi-<br />
|-<br />
! -LAJ<br />
| -Vlaj → -Vll- || -[V]Jlaj → -[V]Jal- || -[V]Klaj → -[V]KKal- || -CClaj → -CCu- || -[V]GGëlaj → -[V]GGu-<br />
|-<br />
! -VAJ<br />
| -Vvaj → -Vnn- || -[V]Jvaj → -[V]Jan- || -[V]Kvaj → -[V]KKan- || -CCvaj → -CCi- || -[V]GGëvaj → -[V]GGi-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | Example<br />
|-<br />
! -VIJ<br />
| návij → ná'''tt'''- || ná'''š'''vij → ná'''šat'''- || ná'''n'''vij → ná'''nnat'''- || ná'''nd'''vij → ná'''ndi'''- || ná'''nnë'''vij → ná'''nni'''-<br />
|-<br />
! -LAJ<br />
| nálaj → ná'''ll'''- || ná'''š'''laj → ná'''šal'''- || ná'''n'''laj → ná'''nnal'''- || ná'''nd'''laj → ná'''ndu'''- || ná'''nnë'''laj → nná'''nnu'''-<br />
|-<br />
! -VAJ<br />
| návaj → ná'''nn'''- || ná'''š'''vaj → ná'''šan'''- || ná'''n'''vaj → ná'''nnan'''- || ná'''nd'''vaj → ná'''ndi'''- || ná'''nnë'''vaj → ná'''nni'''-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Tenses ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" | Person !! colspan="6" | Simple present<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural<br />
|- <br />
! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat.<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -a || -ake || -e || -eke || -o || -oke <br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -an || -aŋe || -en || -eŋe || -on || -oŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -as || -aksi || -es || -eksi || -os || -oksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Simple past<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -ai || -aike || -ei || -eike || -oi || -oike<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -ain || -aiŋe || -ein || -eiŋe || -oin || -oiŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -ais || -aiksi || -eis || -eiksi || -ois || -oiksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Nonpast<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -ao || -aoke || -eo || -eoke || -oo || -ooke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -aon || -aoŋe || -eon || -eoŋe || -oon || -ooŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -aos || -aoksi || -eos || -eoksi || -oos || -ooksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Pluperfect<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -ø || -øke || -øi || -øike || -iø || -iøke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -øn || -øŋe || -øin || -øiŋe || -iøn || -iøŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -øs || -øksi || -øis || -øiksi || -iøs || -iøksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Remote past<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -ae || -aeke || -ee || -eeke || -oe || -oeke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -aen || -aeŋe || -een || -eeŋe || -oen || -oeŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -aes || -aeksi || -ees || -eeksi || -oes || -oeksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Simple future<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -au || -auke || -eu || -euke || -ou || -ouke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -aun || -auŋe || -eun || -euŋe || -oun || -ouŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -aus || -auksi || -eus || -euksi || -ous || -ouksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Nonfuture<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -ë || -ëke || -ëi || -ëike || -ië || -iëke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -ën || -ëŋe || -ëin || -ëiŋe || -iën || -iëŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -ës || -ëksi || -ëis || -ëiksi || -iës || -iëksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Future anterior<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -y || -yke || -yi || -yike || -iy || -iyke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -yn || -yŋe || -yin || -yiŋe || -iyn || -iyŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -ys || -yksi || -yis || -yiksi || -iys || -iyksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Future-in-the-past<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -aa || -aake || -ea || -eake || -oa || -oake<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -aan || -aaŋe || -ean || -eaŋe || -oan || -oaŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -aas || -aaksi || -eas || -eaksi || -oas || -oaksi<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Compound tenses ====<br />
Compound tenses are formed with the auxilliary verb ''álaj'' (to be) and past active participle. <br />
<br />
Compound tenses are rarely used, and when they are, usually there's a clause inserted between the auxilliary and the past active participle.<br />
<br />
=== Moods ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+ Mood suffixes<br />
! Mood !! Long form !! Short form<br />
|- <br />
! Indicative<br />
| -/ || -/<br />
|-<br />
! Generic<br />
| -an || -n<br />
|-<br />
! Conditional<br />
| -am || -m<br />
|-<br />
! Subjunctive<br />
| -al || -l<br />
|-<br />
! Optative<br />
| -ak || -k<br />
|-<br />
! Jussive<br />
| -ah || -h<br />
|-<br />
! Reputative<br />
| -ar || -r<br />
|-<br />
! Presumptive<br />
| -ag || -g<br />
|-<br />
! Potential<br />
| -as || -s<br />
|-<br />
! Hypothetical<br />
| -av || -v<br />
|-<br />
! Admirative<br />
| -at || -t<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Imperative ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Person !! colspan="6" | Imperative<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural<br />
|- <br />
! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat.<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -/ || -/ || -et(e) || -ekt(e) || -ot(o) || -okt(e)<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -ar(a) || -ark(e) || -er(e) || -erk(e) || -or(o) || -ork(e)<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -/ || -/ || -/ || -/ || -/ || -/<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Causative ===<br />
The causative is a verbal form with the meaning of "to make/cause someone/something do something". It is formed with an infixiated verb between the stem of the lexical verb and the inflection of the lexical verb, much like modal and phaseal verbs. Both the lexical verb and the causative infix can be inflected. <br />
<br />
The bare causative infix is: '''-ajsk-'''<br />
<br />
There are three types of causative derived from the original causative above:<br />
* '''-ajsk-''' is the default or neuter causative that means both "make" and "cause"<br />
* '''-ejst-''' is the volitional causative: to make on purpose, to force<br />
* '''-ojst-''' is the non-volitional causatve: to cause by accident<br />
<br><br />
Inflextion of the causative (the agent of the verb) immediately follows the causative infix, and the inflection of the lexical verb is then added to the inflected causative. When negating, the position of the negation depends on what is negated, the lexical verb or the causative infix.<br />
<br />
The formation paradigm is as follows: (<span style="color:green">agent</span>) + (<span style="color:purple">object 1</span>) + [<span style="color:red">lexical verb</span>]-<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>-[<span style="color:green">agent inflection</span>]-[<span style="color:purple">object 1 inflection</span>] + (<span style="color:purple">object 1</span>) + (<span style="color:brown">object 2</span>) <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" <br />
|+ Examples without expressed agents and objects 1<br />
! colspan="4" | Example 1 !! rowspan="6" | !! colspan="5" | Example 2 !! rowspan="6" | !! colspan="6" | Example 3 <br />
|-<br />
| <span style="color:red">ávaj</span> || <span style="color:red">ánn</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ah</span>-<br />
| <span style="color:red">šânvaj</span> || <span style="color:red">šânnan</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">aih</span>- || <span style="color:brown">winádo</span><br />
| <span style="color:red">káulaj</span> || <span style="color:red">káull</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ais</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ai</span><span style="color:orange">ksi</span>- || <span style="color:brown">ýttafa</span><br />
|-<br />
| ''to go'' || ''you go'' || ''make'' || ''I make''<br />
| ''to rule'' || ''you rule'' || ''make'' || ''I made'' || ''country''<br />
| ''draw'' || ''you draw'' || ''make'' || ''he made'' || ''he made not'' || ''lines''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" | <span style="color:red">Ánn</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ah</span><span style="color:purple">an</span>.<br />
| colspan="5" | <span style="color:red">Šânnan</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">aih</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:brown">winádo</span>.<br />
| colspan="6" | <span style="color:red">Káull</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ai</span><span style="color:orange">ksi</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:brown">ýttafa</span><br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" | go-make-I-you<br />
| colspan="5" | rule-make-I-ed-you country<br />
| colspan="6" | draw-make-he-ed-not-you lines<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" | ''I make you go.''<br />
| colspan="5" | ''I made you rule the country.''<br />
| colspan="6" | ''He didn't make you draw the lines.''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+ Examples with agents and objects 1 expressed<br />
! colspan="6" | Example 4 !! rowspan="6" | !! colspan="7" | Example 5 !! rowspan="6" | !! colspan="8" | Example 6 <br />
|-<br />
| <span style="color:green">ó</span> || <span style="color:purple">se</span> || <span style="color:red">ávaj</span> || <span style="color:red">ánn</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ah</span>-<br />
| <span style="color:green">ó</span> || <span style="color:purple">se</span> || <span style="color:red">šânvaj</span> || <span style="color:red">šânnan</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">aih</span>- || <span style="color:brown">winádo</span><br />
| <span style="color:green">â</span> || <span style="color:purple">sa</span> || <span style="color:red">káulaj</span> || <span style="color:red">káull</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ais</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ai</span><span style="color:orange">ksi</span>- || <span style="color:brown">ýttafa</span>.<br />
|-<br />
| ''I'' || ''you'' || ''to go'' || ''you go'' || ''make'' || ''I make''<br />
| ''I'' || ''you'' || ''to rule'' || ''you rule'' || ''make'' || ''I made'' || ''country''<br />
| ''he'' || ''you'' || ''draw'' || ''you draw'' || ''make'' || ''he made'' || ''he made not'' || ''lines''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" | <span style="color:green">Ó</span> <span style="color:purple">se</span> <span style="color:red">ánn</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ah</span><span style="color:purple">an</span>. /<br> <span style="color:green">Ó</span> <span style="color:red">ánn</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ah</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:purple">se</span>.<br />
| colspan="7" | <span style="color:green">Ó</span> <span style="color:purple">se</span> <span style="color:red">šânnan</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">aih</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:brown">winádo</span>. /<br> <span style="color:green">Ó</span> <span style="color:red">šânnan</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">aih</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:purple">se</span> <span style="color:brown">winádo</span>.<br />
| colspan="8" | <span style="color:green">Â</span> <span style="color:purple">sa</span> <span style="color:red">káull</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ai</span><span style="color:orange">ksi</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:brown">ýttafa</span>. /<br> <span style="color:green">Â</span> <span style="color:red">káull</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ai</span><span style="color:orange">ksi</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:purple">sa</span> <span style="color:brown">ýttafa</span>.<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" | I you go-make-I-you /<br> I go-make-I-you you<br />
| colspan="7" | I you rule-make-I-ed-you country /<br> I rule-make-I-ed-you you country<br />
| colspan="8" | he you draw-make-he-ed-not-you lines /<br> he draw-make-he-ed-not-you you lines<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" | ''I make you go.''<br />
| colspan="7" | ''I made you rule the country.''<br />
| colspan="8" | ''He didn't make you draw the lines.''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Other examples:<br />
* Ánnajskaiha'''ŋe'''.<br />
** ''I made you '''not''' go.''<br />
* Ánnajskaikeaŋe. / Ánnajskaikehaŋe.<br />
** ''I didn't make you not go.''<br />
* Ánnajskalléhan. / Ánnajskalléhahan.<br />
** ''I can make you go.''<br />
* Ánnajskallékehan.<br />
** ''I can't make you go.''<br />
* Ánnajskallékehaŋe.<br />
** ''I can't make you not go.''<br />
* Ánnajskalléketeŋe.<br />
** ''I can't not make you not go.''<br />
<br />
== ''Álaj'' (to be) ==<br />
{{Main|Álaj (verb)}}<br />
<br />
== Auxiliary verbs ==<br />
Several verbs have clitic forms, sometimes they act as infixes, too. In first person, they're simply added to the conjugational suffix; in second and third person, they're inserted between the vowel(s) and the final consonant of the conjugational suffix.<br />
<br />
Three main types of auxiliary verbs are:<br />
# modal verbs<br />
# phaseal verbs<br />
# verbs of movement<br />
<br><br />
Examples: <br />
* ''Vétta.'' → ''Vétta'''nné'''.''<br />
** I give. → I have to give.<br />
* ''Véttos.'' → ''Vétto'''nné'''s.''<br />
** They give. → They have to give.<br />
* ''Nótta.''→ ''Nótta'''nój'''.''<br />
** I work. → I start to work.<br />
* ''Nóttos.''→ ''Nótto'''nój'''s.''<br />
** They work. → They start to work.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ Auxiliary verbs<br />
! Full form !! Clitic !! English<br />
|-<br />
| álvaj || -nnó || ''to wish''<br />
|-<br />
| élvaj || -nní || ''to wish''<br />
|-<br />
| évivaj || -nné || ''have to'', ''must''<br />
|-<br />
| vírvij || -ttí || ''can'', ''to be allowed to''<br />
|-<br />
| óvlaj || -lló || ''can be done'', ''to be possible''<br />
|-<br />
| vélaj || -llé || ''can''<br />
|-<br />
| újelaj || -llú || ''to want''<br />
|-<br />
| - || -ttý || ''to like''<br />
|-<br />
| - || -ttǿ || ''would like'' <br />
|-<br />
| ávivaj || -nná || ''should''<br />
|-<br />
| ǿlvaj || -nnǿ || ''to wish (to oneself)''<br />
|-<br />
| ýlvaj || -nný || ''to wish (to oneself)''<br />
|-<br />
| nášlaj || -llá || ''to manage'', ''to be able to''<br />
|-<br />
| || -ttá || ''to go''<br />
|- <br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ Phaseal verbs<br />
|-<br />
! Full form !! Clitic !! English<br />
|-<br />
| onóvaj || -nój || ''to begin''<br />
|-<br />
| mâivij || -máj || ''to finish''<br />
|-<br />
| nâivij || -náj || ''to finish/complete''<br />
|-<br />
| hélaj || -héj || ''to stop''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Auxilliary verb ''álaj'' (to be) ===<br />
The verb ''to be'' is used as an ausxilliary verb in compound tenses. The auxilliary is fully inflected and the past active participle is inflected only by number. The auxilliary is somewhat special as it has stress on the actual inflection, which is marked. For moods other than the indicative, the indicative '''m-''' is replaced with the appropriate stem. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|+ Auxilliary ''álaj'' in the indicative<br />
! rowspan="3" | Person !! colspan="6" | Simple present<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural<br />
|- <br />
! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat.<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| má || máke || mé || méke || mó || móke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| mán || máŋe || mén || méŋe || món || móŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| más || máksi || més || méksi || mós || móksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Simple past<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| mái || máike || méi || méike || mói || móike<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| máin || máiŋe || méin || méiŋe || móin || móiŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| máis || máiksi || méis || méiksi || móis || móiksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Nonpast<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| máo || máoke || méo || méoke || móo || móoke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| máon || máoŋe || méon || méoŋe || móon || móoŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| máos || máoksi || méos || méoksi || móos || móoksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Pluperfect<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| mǿ || mǿke || mǿi || mǿike || míø || míøke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| mǿn || mǿŋe || mǿin || mǿiŋe || míøn || míøŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| mǿs || mǿksi || mǿis || mǿiksi || míøs || míøksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Remote past<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| máe || máeke || mée || méeke || móe || móeke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| máen || máeŋe || méen || méeŋe || -oen || -oeŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| máes || máeksi || mées || méeksi || -oes || -oeksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Simple future<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| máu || máuke || méu || méuke || móu || móuke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| máun || máuŋe || méun || méuŋe || móun || móouŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| máus || máuksi || méus || méuksi || móus || móuksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Nonfuture<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| mĕ || mĕke || mĕi || mĕike || míë || míëke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| mĕn || mĕŋe || mĕin || mĕiŋe || míën || míëŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| mĕs || mĕksi || mĕis || mĕiksi || míës || míëksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Future anterior<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| mý || mýke || mýi || mýike || míy || míyke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| mýn || mýŋe || mýin || mýiŋe || míyn || míyŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| mýs || mýksi || mýis || mýiksi || míys || míyksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Future-in-the-past<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| máa || máake || méa || méake || móa || móake<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| máan || máaŋe || méan || méaŋe || móan || móaŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| máas || máaksi || méas || méaksi || móas || móaksi<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+ Mood stems<br />
! Mood !! Formation !! ''Example''<br />
|-<br />
! Generic<br />
| enn- || ''enná''<br />
|-<br />
! Conditional<br />
| enm- || ''enmá''<br />
|-<br />
! Subjunctive<br />
| enl- || ''enlá''<br />
|-<br />
! Optative<br />
| enk- || ''enká''<br />
|-<br />
! Jussive<br />
| enh- || ''enhá''<br />
|-<br />
! Reputative<br />
| enr- || ''enrá''<br />
|-<br />
! Presumptive<br />
| eng- || ''engá''<br />
|-<br />
! Potential<br />
| ens- || ''ensá''<br />
|-<br />
! Hypothetical<br />
| env- || ''envá''<br />
|-<br />
! Admirative<br />
| ent- || ''entá''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Non-finite forms ==<br />
<br />
=== Infinitives ===<br />
==== First infinitive ====<br />
The first infinitive is the basic form of verbs. It is a marked form, the suffixes are ''-vaj'', ''-laj'' and ''-vij''. Each suffix corresponds to one verbal class and each class undergoes a different change when conjugating. <br />
<br />
==== Purposive ====<br />
The purposive or the second infinitive is a form derived from the first infititive. It can be used with one case, the benefactive, although it is mainly omitted; it usually indicates intention. Stem lenghtening does not apply. When combined with reflexive verbs, the forms are slightly changed (shown in brackets).<br />
<br />
The forms are: <br />
* -vij → '''-vyyn''' ('''-vyen''')<br />
* -laj → '''-laan''' ('''-laen''')<br />
* -vaj → '''-vøøn''' ('''-vøen''')<br />
<br />
==== Immediative ====<br />
The immediative or the third infititive is a form of the verb meaning "to be just about to ..." . It is different from other infinitives because it is formed from two parts. One part is always attached to the verb while the other is the actual infinitival suffix which is removed when conjugated. Stem lenghtening applies. <br />
<br />
The forms are: <br />
* -vij → '''-(t)einviaj'''<br />
* -laj → '''-(l)ainlaaj'''<br />
* -vaj → '''-(n)oinvaaj'''<br />
<br><br />
Example:<br />
Example:<br />
* vévij → vétteinviaj → vétteina<br />
** ''to give → to be about to give → I'm about to give <br />
*névvaj → névvannoinvaaj → névvannoina <br />
** ''to teach → to be about to teach → I'm about to teach''<br />
<br />
==== Progressive infinitive ====<br />
The progressive infinitive (or the fourth infinitive) is the basic form of verb indicating progressiveness. Both imperfective and perfective verbs can become progressive. The progressive form expresses an action taking place at the moment of speaking. The progressive infinitive is similar to the third infinitive because it's formed from two parts. One part is always attached to the verb while the other is the actual infinitival suffix which is removed when conjugated. Stem lenghtening applies. <br />
<br />
The forms are: <br />
* -vij → '''-(t)eusvinj'''<br />
* -laj → '''-(l)auslanj'''<br />
* -vaj → '''-(n)ousvanj'''<br />
<br><br />
Example:<br />
* vévij → vétteusvinj → vétteusa<br />
** ''to give → to be giving → I'm giving [at this moment]''<br />
*névvaj → névvannousvanj → névvannousa <br />
** ''to teach → to be teaching → I'm teaching [at this moment]''<br />
<br />
==== Reflexive infinitive ====<br />
The reflexive infinitive (or the fifth infinitive) is the basic form of reflexive verbs. There are two types, one ending in ''-ej'' and one ending in ''-ij''. Stem lenghtening does not apply. <br />
<br />
The forms are: <br />
* -vij → '''-viej''', '''-viij'''<br />
* -laj → '''-laej''', '''-laij'''<br />
* -vaj → '''-vaej''', '''-vaij'''<br />
<br />
=== Supines ===<br />
==== First supine ====<br />
The first supine is a form of verbs used after modal verbs (when they are used in their full form instead of the clitic form). Stem lenghtening applies.<br />
<br />
The forms are:<br />
* -vij → '''-tia''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-ia''' (type IV and V verbs)<br />
* -laj → '''-tie''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-ie''' (type IV and V verbs)<br />
* -vaj → '''-tio''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-io''' (type IV and V verbs)<br />
<br><br />
''NOTE:'' Verbs of the type I shorten the geminate consonant of the lenghtened stem: <br />
* -tt- → -t-<br />
* -ll- → -l-<br />
* -nn- → -n-<br />
<br />
==== Second supine ====<br />
The second supine is a form of verbs used after phaseal verbs and verbs of movement. Stem lenghtening applies.<br />
<br />
The forms are: <br />
* -vij → '''-tiau''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-iau''' (type IV and V verbs)<br />
* -laj → '''-tieu''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-ieu''' (type IV and V verbs)<br />
* -vaj → '''-tiou''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-iou''' (type IV and V verbs)<br />
<br><br />
''NOTE:'' Verbs of the type I shorten the geminate consonant of the lenghtened stem: <br />
* -tt- → -t-<br />
* -ll- → -l-<br />
* -nn- → -n-<br />
<br />
=== Gerunds and participles ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! !! -VIJ forms!! -LAJ forms !! -VAJ forms !! Stem !! ''Meaning'' <br />
|-<br />
! Gerund (verbal noun)<br />
| -voi || -loi || -noi || no, C1 || ''Nominalised verb.''<br />
|-<br />
! Present Gerundive<br><small>Present Active Gerund I </small><br />
| -(i)tat || -(i)lat || -(i)nat || yes || ''Simultaneous events.''<br />
|-<br />
! Adverbial Gerundive<br><small>Present Active Gerund II </small><br />
| -(i)taot || -(i)laot || -(i)naot || yes || ''An adverb of manner.''<br />
|-<br />
! Past Gerundive<br><small>Past Active Gerund </small><br />
| | -(i)tait || -(i)lait || -(i)nait || yes || ''An action completed prior to the action of the main verb.''<br />
|-<br />
! Relative Participle<br><small>Present Active Participle</small><br />
| -(i)ti / -iei- || -(i)di / -iei- || -(i)ni / -iei- || yes || ''Adjectvies, replace certain relative clauses.''<br />
|-<br />
! Qualitative Participle<br><small>Past Active Participle II</small><br />
| -(i)tui / -iyi- || -(i)dui / -iyi- || -(i)nui / -iyi- || yes || ''Adjectvies, a quality acquired through action in the past.''<br />
|-<br />
! Temporal Participle<br />
| -(i)tuei|| -(i)duei || -(i)nuei || yes || ''Adjectvies, replace temporal relative clauses.''<br />
|-<br />
! Locational Participle<br />
| -(i)tuai || -(i)duai || -(i)nuai || yes || ''Adjectvies, replace locational relative clauses.''<br />
|-<br />
! Adjectival Participle<br><small>Past Passive Participle</small><br />
| -isi || -isi || -isi || no || ''Adjectives.''<br />
|-<br />
! Descriptive Participle<br><small>Past Active Participle I</small><br />
| -rii ''(sg)''<br>-rie ''(du)''<br>-ria ''(pl)''|| | -nii ''(sg)''<br>-nie ''(du)''<br>-nia ''(pl)''|| | -gii ''(sg)''<br>-gie ''(du)''<br>-gia ''(pl)'' || yes* || ''Participles used to form compound tenses.''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''NOTE:''' Verbs of the type I shorten the geminate consonant of the lenghtened stem: <br />
* -tt- → -t-<br />
* -ll- → -l-<br />
* -nn- → -n-<br />
<br />
== Reflexive verbs ==<br />
There are two types of reflexive verbs, the '''-ej''' verbs and the '''-ij''' verbs (indicated as ''-viej, -viij, -laej, -laij, -vaej, -vaij''). Their forms change depending on the person and number; and are attached to the verb. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Person !! -EJ !! -IJ<br />
|-<br />
! clitic !! clitic<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="3" | Singular !! 1st<br />
| -re || -ro<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -ne || -no<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -se || -so<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Dual !! 1st<br />
| -ri || -ru<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -ni || -nu<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -si || -su<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Plural !! 1st<br />
| -ra || -rë<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd <br />
| -na || -në<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -sa || -së<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Gradation of verbs ==<br />
<br />
== Verbal emphasis ==<br />
<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_verbs&diff=82144
Celestial Laefêvëši verbs
2014-11-27T18:51:10Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Moods */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] verbs are highly inflected. <br />
<br />
== Characteristics ==<br />
=== Types ===<br />
Lexical verbs (full meaning)<br />
* verbs of movement<br />
Auxiliary verbs:<br />
* phaseal verbs<br />
* modal verbs<br />
* the verb ''álaj'' (to be)<br />
<br />
=== Classes ===<br />
Three classes:<br />
# verbs on '''-vij'''<br />
# verbs on '''-laj'''<br />
# verbs on '''-vaj'''<br />
<br />
=== Number ===<br />
Numbers:<br />
* singular<br />
* dual<br />
* plural<br />
<br />
=== Aspect ===<br />
# Perfective aspect<br />
# Imperfective aspect <br />
<br />
=== Mood ===<br />
Realis moods:<br />
* Indicative<br />
* Generic<br />
Irrealis moods:<br />
* Conditional<br />
* Subjunctive <br />
* Optative I<br />
* Optative II<br />
* Optative III<br />
* Presumptive<br />
* Potential<br />
* If-potential<br />
* Admirative<br />
* Imperative<br />
* Inferencial/renarrative<br />
<br />
=== Tenses ===<br />
Simple tenses:<br />
* simple present<br />
* simple past<br />
* remote past<br />
* nonpast<br />
* pluperfect <br />
* simple future<br />
* future anterior <br />
* nonfuture<br />
* future-in-the-past<br />
<br />
== Conjugation ==<br />
<br />
=== Stem lengthening ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Class !! Type I !! Type II !! Type III !! Type IV !! Type V<br />
|-<br />
! -VIJ<br />
| -Vvij → -Vtt- || -[V]Jvij → -[V]Jat- || -[V]Kvij → -[V]KKat- || -CCvij → -CCi- || -[V]GGëvij → -[V]GGi-<br />
|-<br />
! -LAJ<br />
| -Vlaj → -Vll- || -[V]Jlaj → -[V]Jal- || -[V]Klaj → -[V]KKal- || -CClaj → -CCu- || -[V]GGëlaj → -[V]GGu-<br />
|-<br />
! -VAJ<br />
| -Vvaj → -Vnn- || -[V]Jvaj → -[V]Jan- || -[V]Kvaj → -[V]KKan- || -CCvaj → -CCi- || -[V]GGëvaj → -[V]GGi-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | Example<br />
|-<br />
! -VIJ<br />
| návij → ná'''tt'''- || ná'''š'''vij → ná'''šat'''- || ná'''n'''vij → ná'''nnat'''- || ná'''nd'''vij → ná'''ndi'''- || ná'''nnë'''vij → ná'''nni'''-<br />
|-<br />
! -LAJ<br />
| nálaj → ná'''ll'''- || ná'''š'''laj → ná'''šal'''- || ná'''n'''laj → ná'''nnal'''- || ná'''nd'''laj → ná'''ndu'''- || ná'''nnë'''laj → nná'''nnu'''-<br />
|-<br />
! -VAJ<br />
| návaj → ná'''nn'''- || ná'''š'''vaj → ná'''šan'''- || ná'''n'''vaj → ná'''nnan'''- || ná'''nd'''vaj → ná'''ndi'''- || ná'''nnë'''vaj → ná'''nni'''-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Tenses ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" | Person !! colspan="6" | Simple present<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural<br />
|- <br />
! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat.<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -a || -ake || -e || -eke || -o || -oke <br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -an || -aŋe || -en || -eŋe || -on || -oŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -as || -aksi || -es || -eksi || -os || -oksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Simple past<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -ai || -aike || -ei || -eike || -oi || -oike<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -ain || -aiŋe || -ein || -eiŋe || -oin || -oiŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -ais || -aiksi || -eis || -eiksi || -ois || -oiksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Nonpast<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -ao || -aoke || -eo || -eoke || -oo || -ooke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -aon || -aoŋe || -eon || -eoŋe || -oon || -ooŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -aos || -aoksi || -eos || -eoksi || -oos || -ooksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Pluperfect<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -ø || -øke || -øi || -øike || -iø || -iøke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -øn || -øŋe || -øin || -øiŋe || -iøn || -iøŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -øs || -øksi || -øis || -øiksi || -iøs || -iøksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Remote past<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -ae || -aeke || -ee || -eeke || -oe || -oeke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -aen || -aeŋe || -een || -eeŋe || -oen || -oeŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -aes || -aeksi || -ees || -eeksi || -oes || -oeksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Simple future<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -au || -auke || -eu || -euke || -ou || -ouke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -aun || -auŋe || -eun || -euŋe || -oun || -ouŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -aus || -auksi || -eus || -euksi || -ous || -ouksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Nonfuture<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -ë || -ëke || -ëi || -ëike || -ië || -iëke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -ën || -ëŋe || -ëin || -ëiŋe || -iën || -iëŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -ës || -ëksi || -ëis || -ëiksi || -iës || -iëksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Future anterior<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -y || -yke || -yi || -yike || -iy || -iyke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -yn || -yŋe || -yin || -yiŋe || -iyn || -iyŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -ys || -yksi || -yis || -yiksi || -iys || -iyksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Future-in-the-past<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -aa || -aake || -ea || -eake || -oa || -oake<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -aan || -aaŋe || -ean || -eaŋe || -oan || -oaŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -aas || -aaksi || -eas || -eaksi || -oas || -oaksi<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Compound tenses ====<br />
Compound tenses are formed with the auxilliary verb ''álaj'' (to be) and past active participle. <br />
<br />
Compound tenses are rarely used, and when they are, usually there's a clause inserted between the auxilliary and the past active participle.<br />
<br />
=== Moods ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+ Mood suffixes<br />
! Mood !! Long form !! Short form<br />
|- <br />
! Indicative<br />
| -/ || -/<br />
|-<br />
! Generic<br />
| -an || -n<br />
|-<br />
! Conditional<br />
| -am || -m<br />
|-<br />
! Subjunctive<br />
| -al || -l<br />
|-<br />
! Optative<br />
| -ak || -k<br />
|-<br />
! Jussive<br />
| -ah || -h<br />
|-<br />
! Reputative<br />
| -ar || -r<br />
|-<br />
! Presumptive<br />
| -ag || -g<br />
|-<br />
! Potential<br />
| -as || -s<br />
|-<br />
! Hypothetical<br />
| -av || -v<br />
|-<br />
! Admirative<br />
| -at || -t<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Imperative ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Person !! colspan="6" | Imperative<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural<br />
|- <br />
! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat.<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -/ || -/ || -et(e) || -ekt(e) || -ot(o) || -okt(e)<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -ar(a) || -ark(e) || -er(e) || -erk(e) || -or(o) || -ork(e)<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -/ || -/ || -/ || -/ || -/ || -/<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Causative ===<br />
The causative is a verbal form with the meaning of "to make/cause someone/something do something". It is formed with an infixiated verb between the stem of the lexical verb and the inflection of the lexical verb, much like modal and phaseal verbs. Both the lexical verb and the causative infix can be inflected. <br />
<br />
The bare causative infix is: '''-ajsk-'''<br />
<br />
There are three types of causative derived from the original causative above:<br />
* '''-ajsk-''' is the default or neuter causative that means both "make" and "cause"<br />
* '''-ejst-''' is the volitional causative: to make on purpose, to force<br />
* '''-ojst-''' is the non-volitional causatve: to cause by accident<br />
<br><br />
Inflextion of the causative (the agent of the verb) immediately follows the causative infix, and the inflection of the lexical verb is then added to the inflected causative. When negating, the position of the negation depends on what is negated, the lexical verb or the causative infix.<br />
<br />
The formation paradigm is as follows: (<span style="color:green">agent</span>) + (<span style="color:purple">object 1</span>) + [<span style="color:red">lexical verb</span>]-<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>-[<span style="color:green">agent inflection</span>]-[<span style="color:purple">object 1 inflection</span>] + (<span style="color:purple">object 1</span>) + (<span style="color:brown">object 2</span>) <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" <br />
|+ Examples without expressed agents and objects 1<br />
! colspan="4" | Example 1 !! rowspan="6" | !! colspan="5" | Example 2 !! rowspan="6" | !! colspan="6" | Example 3 <br />
|-<br />
| <span style="color:red">ávaj</span> || <span style="color:red">ánn</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ah</span>-<br />
| <span style="color:red">šânvaj</span> || <span style="color:red">šânnan</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">aih</span>- || <span style="color:brown">winádo</span><br />
| <span style="color:red">káulaj</span> || <span style="color:red">káull</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ais</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ai</span><span style="color:orange">ksi</span>- || <span style="color:brown">ýttafa</span><br />
|-<br />
| ''to go'' || ''you go'' || ''make'' || ''I make''<br />
| ''to rule'' || ''you rule'' || ''make'' || ''I made'' || ''country''<br />
| ''draw'' || ''you draw'' || ''make'' || ''he made'' || ''he made not'' || ''lines''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" | <span style="color:red">Ánn</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ah</span><span style="color:purple">an</span>.<br />
| colspan="5" | <span style="color:red">Šânnan</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">aih</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:brown">winádo</span>.<br />
| colspan="6" | <span style="color:red">Káull</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ai</span><span style="color:orange">ksi</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:brown">ýttafa</span><br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" | go-make-I-you<br />
| colspan="5" | rule-make-I-ed-you country<br />
| colspan="6" | draw-make-he-ed-not-you lines<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" | ''I make you go.''<br />
| colspan="5" | ''I made you rule the country.''<br />
| colspan="6" | ''He didn't make you draw the lines.''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+ Examples with agents and objects 1 expressed<br />
! colspan="6" | Example 4 !! rowspan="6" | !! colspan="7" | Example 5 !! rowspan="6" | !! colspan="8" | Example 6 <br />
|-<br />
| <span style="color:green">ó</span> || <span style="color:purple">se</span> || <span style="color:red">ávaj</span> || <span style="color:red">ánn</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ah</span>-<br />
| <span style="color:green">ó</span> || <span style="color:purple">se</span> || <span style="color:red">šânvaj</span> || <span style="color:red">šânnan</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">aih</span>- || <span style="color:brown">winádo</span><br />
| <span style="color:green">â</span> || <span style="color:purple">sa</span> || <span style="color:red">káulaj</span> || <span style="color:red">káull</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ais</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ai</span><span style="color:orange">ksi</span>- || <span style="color:brown">ýttafa</span>.<br />
|-<br />
| ''I'' || ''you'' || ''to go'' || ''you go'' || ''make'' || ''I make''<br />
| ''I'' || ''you'' || ''to rule'' || ''you rule'' || ''make'' || ''I made'' || ''country''<br />
| ''he'' || ''you'' || ''draw'' || ''you draw'' || ''make'' || ''he made'' || ''he made not'' || ''lines''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" | <span style="color:green">Ó</span> <span style="color:purple">se</span> <span style="color:red">ánn</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ah</span><span style="color:purple">an</span>. /<br> <span style="color:green">Ó</span> <span style="color:red">ánn</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ah</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:purple">se</span>.<br />
| colspan="7" | <span style="color:green">Ó</span> <span style="color:purple">se</span> <span style="color:red">šânnan</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">aih</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:brown">winádo</span>. /<br> <span style="color:green">Ó</span> <span style="color:red">šânnan</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">aih</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:purple">se</span> <span style="color:brown">winádo</span>.<br />
| colspan="8" | <span style="color:green">Â</span> <span style="color:purple">sa</span> <span style="color:red">káull</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ai</span><span style="color:orange">ksi</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:brown">ýttafa</span>. /<br> <span style="color:green">Â</span> <span style="color:red">káull</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ai</span><span style="color:orange">ksi</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:purple">sa</span> <span style="color:brown">ýttafa</span>.<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" | I you go-make-I-you /<br> I go-make-I-you you<br />
| colspan="7" | I you rule-make-I-ed-you country /<br> I rule-make-I-ed-you you country<br />
| colspan="8" | he you draw-make-he-ed-not-you lines /<br> he draw-make-he-ed-not-you you lines<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" | ''I make you go.''<br />
| colspan="7" | ''I made you rule the country.''<br />
| colspan="8" | ''He didn't make you draw the lines.''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Other examples:<br />
* Ánnajskaiha'''ŋe'''.<br />
** ''I made you '''not''' go.''<br />
* Ánnajskaikeaŋe. / Ánnajskaikehaŋe.<br />
** ''I didn't make you not go.''<br />
* Ánnajskalléhan. / Ánnajskalléhahan.<br />
** ''I can make you go.''<br />
* Ánnajskallékehan.<br />
** ''I can't make you go.''<br />
* Ánnajskallékehaŋe.<br />
** ''I can't make you not go.''<br />
* Ánnajskalléketeŋe.<br />
** ''I can't not make you not go.''<br />
<br />
== ''Álaj'' (to be) ==<br />
{{Main|Álaj (verb)}}<br />
<br />
== Auxiliary verbs ==<br />
Several verbs have clitic forms, sometimes they act as infixes, too. In first person, they're simply added to the conjugational suffix; in second and third person, they're inserted between the vowel(s) and the final consonant of the conjugational suffix.<br />
<br />
Three main types of auxiliary verbs are:<br />
# modal verbs<br />
# phaseal verbs<br />
# verbs of movement<br />
<br><br />
Examples: <br />
* ''Vétta.'' → ''Vétta'''nné'''.''<br />
** I give. → I have to give.<br />
* ''Véttos.'' → ''Vétto'''nné'''s.''<br />
** They give. → They have to give.<br />
* ''Nótta.''→ ''Nótta'''nój'''.''<br />
** I work. → I start to work.<br />
* ''Nóttos.''→ ''Nótto'''nój'''s.''<br />
** They work. → They start to work.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ Auxiliary verbs<br />
! Full form !! Clitic !! English<br />
|-<br />
| álvaj || -nnó || ''to wish''<br />
|-<br />
| élvaj || -nní || ''to wish''<br />
|-<br />
| évivaj || -nné || ''have to'', ''must''<br />
|-<br />
| vírvij || -ttí || ''can'', ''to be allowed to''<br />
|-<br />
| óvlaj || -lló || ''can be done'', ''to be possible''<br />
|-<br />
| vélaj || -llé || ''can''<br />
|-<br />
| újelaj || -llú || ''to want''<br />
|-<br />
| - || -ttý || ''to like''<br />
|-<br />
| - || -ttǿ || ''would like'' <br />
|-<br />
| ávivaj || -nná || ''should''<br />
|-<br />
| ǿlvaj || -nnǿ || ''to wish (to oneself)''<br />
|-<br />
| ýlvaj || -nný || ''to wish (to oneself)''<br />
|-<br />
| nášlaj || -llá || ''to manage'', ''to be able to''<br />
|-<br />
| || -ttá || ''to go''<br />
|- <br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ Phaseal verbs<br />
|-<br />
! Full form !! Clitic !! English<br />
|-<br />
| onóvaj || -nój || ''to begin''<br />
|-<br />
| mâivij || -máj || ''to finish''<br />
|-<br />
| nâivij || -náj || ''to finish/complete''<br />
|-<br />
| hélaj || -héj || ''to stop''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Auxilliary verb ''álaj'' (to be) ===<br />
The verb ''to be'' is used as an ausxilliary verb in compound tenses. The auxilliary is fully inflected and the past active participle is inflected only by number. The auxilliary is somewhat special as it has stress on the actual inflection, which is marked. For moods other than the indicative, the indicative '''m-''' is replaced with the appropriate stem. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|+ Auxilliary ''álaj'' in the indicative<br />
! rowspan="3" | Person !! colspan="6" | Simple present<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural<br />
|- <br />
! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat.<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| má || máke || mé || méke || mó || móke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| mán || máŋe || mén || méŋe || món || móŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| más || máksi || més || méksi || mós || móksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Simple past<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| mái || máike || méi || méike || mói || móike<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| máin || máiŋe || méin || méiŋe || móin || móiŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| máis || máiksi || méis || méiksi || móis || móiksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Nonpast<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| máo || máoke || méo || méoke || móo || móoke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| máon || máoŋe || méon || méoŋe || móon || móoŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| máos || máoksi || méos || méoksi || móos || móoksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Pluperfect<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| mǿ || mǿke || mǿi || mǿike || míø || míøke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| mǿn || mǿŋe || mǿin || mǿiŋe || míøn || míøŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| mǿs || mǿksi || mǿis || mǿiksi || míøs || míøksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Remote past<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| máe || máeke || mée || méeke || móe || móeke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| máen || máeŋe || méen || méeŋe || -oen || -oeŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| máes || máeksi || mées || méeksi || -oes || -oeksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Simple future<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| máu || máuke || méu || méuke || móu || móuke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| máun || máuŋe || méun || méuŋe || móun || móouŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| máus || máuksi || méus || méuksi || móus || móuksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Nonfuture<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| mĕ || mĕke || mĕi || mĕike || míë || míëke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| mĕn || mĕŋe || mĕin || mĕiŋe || míën || míëŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| mĕs || mĕksi || mĕis || mĕiksi || míës || míëksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Future anterior<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| mý || mýke || mýi || mýike || míy || míyke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| mýn || mýŋe || mýin || mýiŋe || míyn || míyŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| mýs || mýksi || mýis || mýiksi || míys || míyksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Future-in-the-past<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| máa || máake || méa || méake || móa || móake<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| máan || máaŋe || méan || méaŋe || móan || móaŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| máas || máaksi || méas || méaksi || móas || móaksi<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+ Mood stems<br />
! Mood !! Formation !! ''Example''<br />
|-<br />
! Generic<br />
| enn- || ''enná''<br />
|-<br />
! Conditional<br />
| enm- || ''enmá''<br />
|-<br />
! Subjunctive<br />
| enl- || ''enlá''<br />
|-<br />
! Optative<br />
| enk- || ''enká''<br />
|-<br />
! Jussive<br />
| enh- || ''enhá''<br />
|-<br />
! Reputative<br />
| enr- || ''enrá''<br />
|-<br />
! Presumptive<br />
| eng- || ''engá''<br />
|-<br />
! Potential<br />
| ens- || ''ensá''<br />
|-<br />
! Hypothetical<br />
| env- || ''envá''<br />
|-<br />
! Admirative<br />
| ent- || ''entá''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Non-finite forms ==<br />
<br />
=== Infinitives ===<br />
==== First infinitive ====<br />
The first infinitive is the basic form of verbs. It is a marked form, the suffixes are ''-vaj'', ''-laj'' and ''-vij''. Each suffix corresponds to one verbal class and each class undergoes a different change when conjugating. <br />
<br />
==== Purposive ====<br />
The purposive or the second infinitive is a form derived from the first infititive. It can be used with one case, the benefactive, although it is mainly omitted; it usually indicates intention. Stem lenghtening does not apply. When combined with reflexive verbs, the forms are slightly changed (shown in brackets).<br />
<br />
The forms are: <br />
* -vij → '''-vyyn''' ('''-vyen''')<br />
* -laj → '''-laan''' ('''-laen''')<br />
* -vaj → '''-vøøn''' ('''-vøen''')<br />
<br />
==== Immediative ====<br />
The immediative or the third infititive is a form of the verb meaning "to be just about to ..." . It is different from other infinitives because it is formed from two parts. One part is always attached to the verb while the other is the actual infinitival suffix which is removed when conjugated. Stem lenghtening applies. <br />
<br />
The forms are: <br />
* -vij → '''-(t)einviaj'''<br />
* -laj → '''-(l)ainlaaj'''<br />
* -vaj → '''-(n)oinvaaj'''<br />
<br><br />
Example:<br />
Example:<br />
* vévij → vétteinviaj → vétteina<br />
** ''to give → to be about to give → I'm about to give <br />
*névvaj → névvannoinvaaj → névvannoina <br />
** ''to teach → to be about to teach → I'm about to teach''<br />
<br />
==== Progressive infinitive ====<br />
The progressive infinitive (or the fourth infinitive) is the basic form of verb indicating progressiveness. Both imperfective and perfective verbs can become progressive. The progressive form expresses an action taking place at the moment of speaking. The progressive infinitive is similar to the third infinitive because it's formed from two parts. One part is always attached to the verb while the other is the actual infinitival suffix which is removed when conjugated. Stem lenghtening applies. <br />
<br />
The forms are: <br />
* -vij → '''-(t)eusvinj'''<br />
* -laj → '''-(l)auslanj'''<br />
* -vaj → '''-(n)ousvanj'''<br />
<br><br />
Example:<br />
* vévij → vétteusvinj → vétteusa<br />
** ''to give → to be giving → I'm giving [at this moment]''<br />
*névvaj → névvannousvanj → névvannousa <br />
** ''to teach → to be teaching → I'm teaching [at this moment]''<br />
<br />
==== Reflexive infinitive ====<br />
The reflexive infinitive (or the fifth infinitive) is the basic form of reflexive verbs. There are two types, one ending in ''-ej'' and one ending in ''-ij''. Stem lenghtening does not apply. <br />
<br />
The forms are: <br />
* -vij → '''-viej''', '''-viij'''<br />
* -laj → '''-laej''', '''-laij'''<br />
* -vaj → '''-vaej''', '''-vaij'''<br />
<br />
=== Supines ===<br />
==== First supine ====<br />
The first supine is a form of verbs used after modal verbs (when they are used in their full form instead of the clitic form). Stem lenghtening applies.<br />
<br />
The forms are:<br />
* -vij → '''-tia''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-ia''' (type IV and V verbs)<br />
* -laj → '''-tie''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-ie''' (type IV and V verbs)<br />
* -vaj → '''-tio''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-io''' (type IV and V verbs)<br />
<br><br />
''NOTE:'' Verbs of the type I shorten the geminate consonant of the lenghtened stem: <br />
* -tt- → -t-<br />
* -ll- → -l-<br />
* -nn- → -n-<br />
<br />
==== Second supine ====<br />
The second supine is a form of verbs used after phaseal verbs and verbs of movement. Stem lenghtening applies.<br />
<br />
The forms are: <br />
* -vij → '''-tiau''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-iau''' (type IV and V verbs)<br />
* -laj → '''-tieu''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-ieu''' (type IV and V verbs)<br />
* -vaj → '''-tiou''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-iou''' (type IV and V verbs)<br />
<br><br />
''NOTE:'' Verbs of the type I shorten the geminate consonant of the lenghtened stem: <br />
* -tt- → -t-<br />
* -ll- → -l-<br />
* -nn- → -n-<br />
<br />
=== Gerunds and participles ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! !! -VIJ forms!! -LAJ forms !! -VAJ forms !! Stem !! ''Meaning'' <br />
|-<br />
! Gerund (verbal noun)<br />
| -voi || -loi || -noi || no, C1 || ''Nominalised verb.''<br />
|-<br />
! Present Gerundive<br><small>Present Active Gerund I </small><br />
| -(i)tat || -(i)lat || -(i)nat || yes || ''Simultaneous events.''<br />
|-<br />
! Adverbial Gerundive<br><small>Present Active Gerund II </small><br />
| -(i)taot || -(i)laot || -(i)naot || yes || ''An adverb of manner.''<br />
|-<br />
! Past Gerundive<br><small>Past Active Gerund </small><br />
| | -(i)tait || -(i)lait || -(i)nait || yes || ''An action completed prior to the action of the main verb.''<br />
|-<br />
! Relative Participle<br><small>Present Active Participle</small><br />
| -(i)ti / -iei- || -(i)di / -iei- || -(i)ni / -iei- || yes || ''Adjectvies, replace certain relative clauses.''<br />
|-<br />
! Qualitative Participle<br><small>Past Active Participle II</small><br />
| -(i)tui / -iyi- || -(i)dui / -iyi- || -(i)nui / -iyi- || yes || ''Adjectvies, a quality acquired through action in the past.''<br />
|-<br />
! Temporal Participle<br />
| -(i)tuei|| -(i)duei || -(i)nuei || yes || ''Adjectvies, replace temporal relative clauses.''<br />
|-<br />
! Locational Participle<br />
| -(i)tuai || -(i)duai || -(i)nuai || yes || ''Adjectvies, replace locational relative clauses.''<br />
|-<br />
! Adjectival Participle<br><small>Past Passive Participle</small><br />
| -isi || -isi || -isi || no || ''Adjectives.''<br />
|-<br />
! Descriptive Participle<br><small>Past Active Participle I</small><br />
| -rii ''(sg)''<br>-rie ''(du)''<br>-ria ''(pl)''|| | -nii ''(sg)''<br>-nie ''(du)''<br>-nia ''(pl)''|| | -gii ''(sg)''<br>-gie ''(du)''<br>-gia ''(pl)'' || yes* || ''Participles used to form compound tenses.''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''NOTE:''' Verbs of the type I shorten the geminate consonant of the lenghtened stem: <br />
* -tt- → -t-<br />
* -ll- → -l-<br />
* -nn- → -n-<br />
<br />
== Reflexive verbs ==<br />
There are two types of reflexive verbs, the '''-ej''' verbs and the '''-ij''' verbs (indicated as ''-viej, -viij, -laej, -laij, -vaej, -vaij''). Their forms change depending on the person and number; and are attached to the verb. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Person !! -EJ !! -IJ<br />
|-<br />
! clitic !! clitic<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="3" | Singular !! 1st<br />
| -re || -ro<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -ne || -no<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -se || -so<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Dual !! 1st<br />
| -ri || -ru<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -ni || -nu<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -si || -su<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Plural !! 1st<br />
| -ra || -rë<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd <br />
| -na || -në<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -sa || -së<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Gradation of verbs ==<br />
<br />
== Verbal emphasis ==<br />
<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_verbs&diff=82143
Celestial Laefêvëši verbs
2014-11-27T18:50:39Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Auxilliary verb álaj (to be) */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] verbs are highly inflected. <br />
<br />
== Characteristics ==<br />
=== Types ===<br />
Lexical verbs (full meaning)<br />
* verbs of movement<br />
Auxiliary verbs:<br />
* phaseal verbs<br />
* modal verbs<br />
* the verb ''álaj'' (to be)<br />
<br />
=== Classes ===<br />
Three classes:<br />
# verbs on '''-vij'''<br />
# verbs on '''-laj'''<br />
# verbs on '''-vaj'''<br />
<br />
=== Number ===<br />
Numbers:<br />
* singular<br />
* dual<br />
* plural<br />
<br />
=== Aspect ===<br />
# Perfective aspect<br />
# Imperfective aspect <br />
<br />
=== Mood ===<br />
Realis moods:<br />
* Indicative<br />
* Generic<br />
Irrealis moods:<br />
* Conditional<br />
* Subjunctive <br />
* Optative I<br />
* Optative II<br />
* Optative III<br />
* Presumptive<br />
* Potential<br />
* If-potential<br />
* Admirative<br />
* Imperative<br />
* Inferencial/renarrative<br />
<br />
=== Tenses ===<br />
Simple tenses:<br />
* simple present<br />
* simple past<br />
* remote past<br />
* nonpast<br />
* pluperfect <br />
* simple future<br />
* future anterior <br />
* nonfuture<br />
* future-in-the-past<br />
<br />
== Conjugation ==<br />
<br />
=== Stem lengthening ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Class !! Type I !! Type II !! Type III !! Type IV !! Type V<br />
|-<br />
! -VIJ<br />
| -Vvij → -Vtt- || -[V]Jvij → -[V]Jat- || -[V]Kvij → -[V]KKat- || -CCvij → -CCi- || -[V]GGëvij → -[V]GGi-<br />
|-<br />
! -LAJ<br />
| -Vlaj → -Vll- || -[V]Jlaj → -[V]Jal- || -[V]Klaj → -[V]KKal- || -CClaj → -CCu- || -[V]GGëlaj → -[V]GGu-<br />
|-<br />
! -VAJ<br />
| -Vvaj → -Vnn- || -[V]Jvaj → -[V]Jan- || -[V]Kvaj → -[V]KKan- || -CCvaj → -CCi- || -[V]GGëvaj → -[V]GGi-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | Example<br />
|-<br />
! -VIJ<br />
| návij → ná'''tt'''- || ná'''š'''vij → ná'''šat'''- || ná'''n'''vij → ná'''nnat'''- || ná'''nd'''vij → ná'''ndi'''- || ná'''nnë'''vij → ná'''nni'''-<br />
|-<br />
! -LAJ<br />
| nálaj → ná'''ll'''- || ná'''š'''laj → ná'''šal'''- || ná'''n'''laj → ná'''nnal'''- || ná'''nd'''laj → ná'''ndu'''- || ná'''nnë'''laj → nná'''nnu'''-<br />
|-<br />
! -VAJ<br />
| návaj → ná'''nn'''- || ná'''š'''vaj → ná'''šan'''- || ná'''n'''vaj → ná'''nnan'''- || ná'''nd'''vaj → ná'''ndi'''- || ná'''nnë'''vaj → ná'''nni'''-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Tenses ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" | Person !! colspan="6" | Simple present<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural<br />
|- <br />
! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat.<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -a || -ake || -e || -eke || -o || -oke <br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -an || -aŋe || -en || -eŋe || -on || -oŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -as || -aksi || -es || -eksi || -os || -oksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Simple past<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -ai || -aike || -ei || -eike || -oi || -oike<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -ain || -aiŋe || -ein || -eiŋe || -oin || -oiŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -ais || -aiksi || -eis || -eiksi || -ois || -oiksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Nonpast<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -ao || -aoke || -eo || -eoke || -oo || -ooke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -aon || -aoŋe || -eon || -eoŋe || -oon || -ooŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -aos || -aoksi || -eos || -eoksi || -oos || -ooksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Pluperfect<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -ø || -øke || -øi || -øike || -iø || -iøke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -øn || -øŋe || -øin || -øiŋe || -iøn || -iøŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -øs || -øksi || -øis || -øiksi || -iøs || -iøksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Remote past<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -ae || -aeke || -ee || -eeke || -oe || -oeke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -aen || -aeŋe || -een || -eeŋe || -oen || -oeŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -aes || -aeksi || -ees || -eeksi || -oes || -oeksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Simple future<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -au || -auke || -eu || -euke || -ou || -ouke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -aun || -auŋe || -eun || -euŋe || -oun || -ouŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -aus || -auksi || -eus || -euksi || -ous || -ouksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Nonfuture<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -ë || -ëke || -ëi || -ëike || -ië || -iëke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -ën || -ëŋe || -ëin || -ëiŋe || -iën || -iëŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -ës || -ëksi || -ëis || -ëiksi || -iës || -iëksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Future anterior<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -y || -yke || -yi || -yike || -iy || -iyke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -yn || -yŋe || -yin || -yiŋe || -iyn || -iyŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -ys || -yksi || -yis || -yiksi || -iys || -iyksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Future-in-the-past<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -aa || -aake || -ea || -eake || -oa || -oake<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -aan || -aaŋe || -ean || -eaŋe || -oan || -oaŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -aas || -aaksi || -eas || -eaksi || -oas || -oaksi<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Compound tenses ====<br />
Compound tenses are formed with the auxilliary verb ''álaj'' (to be) and past active participle. <br />
<br />
Compound tenses are rarely used, and when they are, usually there's a clause inserted between the auxilliary and the past active participle.<br />
<br />
=== Moods ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+ Mood suffixes<br />
! Mood !! Long form !! Short form<br />
|- <br />
! Indicative<br />
| -/ || -/<br />
|-<br />
! Generic<br />
| -an || -n<br />
|-<br />
! Conditional<br />
| -am || -m<br />
|-<br />
! Subjunctive<br />
| -al || -l<br />
|-<br />
! Optative<br />
| -ak || -k<br />
|-<br />
! Jussive<br />
| -ah || -h<br />
|-<br />
! Reputative<br />
| -ar || -r<br />
|-<br />
! Presumptive<br />
| -ag || -g<br />
|-<br />
! Potential<br />
| -as || -s<br />
|-<br />
! If-potential<br />
| -av || -v<br />
|-<br />
! Admirative<br />
| -at || -t<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Imperative ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Person !! colspan="6" | Imperative<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural<br />
|- <br />
! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat.<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -/ || -/ || -et(e) || -ekt(e) || -ot(o) || -okt(e)<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -ar(a) || -ark(e) || -er(e) || -erk(e) || -or(o) || -ork(e)<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -/ || -/ || -/ || -/ || -/ || -/<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Causative ===<br />
The causative is a verbal form with the meaning of "to make/cause someone/something do something". It is formed with an infixiated verb between the stem of the lexical verb and the inflection of the lexical verb, much like modal and phaseal verbs. Both the lexical verb and the causative infix can be inflected. <br />
<br />
The bare causative infix is: '''-ajsk-'''<br />
<br />
There are three types of causative derived from the original causative above:<br />
* '''-ajsk-''' is the default or neuter causative that means both "make" and "cause"<br />
* '''-ejst-''' is the volitional causative: to make on purpose, to force<br />
* '''-ojst-''' is the non-volitional causatve: to cause by accident<br />
<br><br />
Inflextion of the causative (the agent of the verb) immediately follows the causative infix, and the inflection of the lexical verb is then added to the inflected causative. When negating, the position of the negation depends on what is negated, the lexical verb or the causative infix.<br />
<br />
The formation paradigm is as follows: (<span style="color:green">agent</span>) + (<span style="color:purple">object 1</span>) + [<span style="color:red">lexical verb</span>]-<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>-[<span style="color:green">agent inflection</span>]-[<span style="color:purple">object 1 inflection</span>] + (<span style="color:purple">object 1</span>) + (<span style="color:brown">object 2</span>) <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" <br />
|+ Examples without expressed agents and objects 1<br />
! colspan="4" | Example 1 !! rowspan="6" | !! colspan="5" | Example 2 !! rowspan="6" | !! colspan="6" | Example 3 <br />
|-<br />
| <span style="color:red">ávaj</span> || <span style="color:red">ánn</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ah</span>-<br />
| <span style="color:red">šânvaj</span> || <span style="color:red">šânnan</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">aih</span>- || <span style="color:brown">winádo</span><br />
| <span style="color:red">káulaj</span> || <span style="color:red">káull</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ais</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ai</span><span style="color:orange">ksi</span>- || <span style="color:brown">ýttafa</span><br />
|-<br />
| ''to go'' || ''you go'' || ''make'' || ''I make''<br />
| ''to rule'' || ''you rule'' || ''make'' || ''I made'' || ''country''<br />
| ''draw'' || ''you draw'' || ''make'' || ''he made'' || ''he made not'' || ''lines''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" | <span style="color:red">Ánn</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ah</span><span style="color:purple">an</span>.<br />
| colspan="5" | <span style="color:red">Šânnan</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">aih</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:brown">winádo</span>.<br />
| colspan="6" | <span style="color:red">Káull</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ai</span><span style="color:orange">ksi</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:brown">ýttafa</span><br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" | go-make-I-you<br />
| colspan="5" | rule-make-I-ed-you country<br />
| colspan="6" | draw-make-he-ed-not-you lines<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" | ''I make you go.''<br />
| colspan="5" | ''I made you rule the country.''<br />
| colspan="6" | ''He didn't make you draw the lines.''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+ Examples with agents and objects 1 expressed<br />
! colspan="6" | Example 4 !! rowspan="6" | !! colspan="7" | Example 5 !! rowspan="6" | !! colspan="8" | Example 6 <br />
|-<br />
| <span style="color:green">ó</span> || <span style="color:purple">se</span> || <span style="color:red">ávaj</span> || <span style="color:red">ánn</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ah</span>-<br />
| <span style="color:green">ó</span> || <span style="color:purple">se</span> || <span style="color:red">šânvaj</span> || <span style="color:red">šânnan</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">aih</span>- || <span style="color:brown">winádo</span><br />
| <span style="color:green">â</span> || <span style="color:purple">sa</span> || <span style="color:red">káulaj</span> || <span style="color:red">káull</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ais</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ai</span><span style="color:orange">ksi</span>- || <span style="color:brown">ýttafa</span>.<br />
|-<br />
| ''I'' || ''you'' || ''to go'' || ''you go'' || ''make'' || ''I make''<br />
| ''I'' || ''you'' || ''to rule'' || ''you rule'' || ''make'' || ''I made'' || ''country''<br />
| ''he'' || ''you'' || ''draw'' || ''you draw'' || ''make'' || ''he made'' || ''he made not'' || ''lines''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" | <span style="color:green">Ó</span> <span style="color:purple">se</span> <span style="color:red">ánn</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ah</span><span style="color:purple">an</span>. /<br> <span style="color:green">Ó</span> <span style="color:red">ánn</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ah</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:purple">se</span>.<br />
| colspan="7" | <span style="color:green">Ó</span> <span style="color:purple">se</span> <span style="color:red">šânnan</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">aih</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:brown">winádo</span>. /<br> <span style="color:green">Ó</span> <span style="color:red">šânnan</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">aih</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:purple">se</span> <span style="color:brown">winádo</span>.<br />
| colspan="8" | <span style="color:green">Â</span> <span style="color:purple">sa</span> <span style="color:red">káull</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ai</span><span style="color:orange">ksi</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:brown">ýttafa</span>. /<br> <span style="color:green">Â</span> <span style="color:red">káull</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ai</span><span style="color:orange">ksi</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:purple">sa</span> <span style="color:brown">ýttafa</span>.<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" | I you go-make-I-you /<br> I go-make-I-you you<br />
| colspan="7" | I you rule-make-I-ed-you country /<br> I rule-make-I-ed-you you country<br />
| colspan="8" | he you draw-make-he-ed-not-you lines /<br> he draw-make-he-ed-not-you you lines<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" | ''I make you go.''<br />
| colspan="7" | ''I made you rule the country.''<br />
| colspan="8" | ''He didn't make you draw the lines.''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Other examples:<br />
* Ánnajskaiha'''ŋe'''.<br />
** ''I made you '''not''' go.''<br />
* Ánnajskaikeaŋe. / Ánnajskaikehaŋe.<br />
** ''I didn't make you not go.''<br />
* Ánnajskalléhan. / Ánnajskalléhahan.<br />
** ''I can make you go.''<br />
* Ánnajskallékehan.<br />
** ''I can't make you go.''<br />
* Ánnajskallékehaŋe.<br />
** ''I can't make you not go.''<br />
* Ánnajskalléketeŋe.<br />
** ''I can't not make you not go.''<br />
<br />
== ''Álaj'' (to be) ==<br />
{{Main|Álaj (verb)}}<br />
<br />
== Auxiliary verbs ==<br />
Several verbs have clitic forms, sometimes they act as infixes, too. In first person, they're simply added to the conjugational suffix; in second and third person, they're inserted between the vowel(s) and the final consonant of the conjugational suffix.<br />
<br />
Three main types of auxiliary verbs are:<br />
# modal verbs<br />
# phaseal verbs<br />
# verbs of movement<br />
<br><br />
Examples: <br />
* ''Vétta.'' → ''Vétta'''nné'''.''<br />
** I give. → I have to give.<br />
* ''Véttos.'' → ''Vétto'''nné'''s.''<br />
** They give. → They have to give.<br />
* ''Nótta.''→ ''Nótta'''nój'''.''<br />
** I work. → I start to work.<br />
* ''Nóttos.''→ ''Nótto'''nój'''s.''<br />
** They work. → They start to work.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ Auxiliary verbs<br />
! Full form !! Clitic !! English<br />
|-<br />
| álvaj || -nnó || ''to wish''<br />
|-<br />
| élvaj || -nní || ''to wish''<br />
|-<br />
| évivaj || -nné || ''have to'', ''must''<br />
|-<br />
| vírvij || -ttí || ''can'', ''to be allowed to''<br />
|-<br />
| óvlaj || -lló || ''can be done'', ''to be possible''<br />
|-<br />
| vélaj || -llé || ''can''<br />
|-<br />
| újelaj || -llú || ''to want''<br />
|-<br />
| - || -ttý || ''to like''<br />
|-<br />
| - || -ttǿ || ''would like'' <br />
|-<br />
| ávivaj || -nná || ''should''<br />
|-<br />
| ǿlvaj || -nnǿ || ''to wish (to oneself)''<br />
|-<br />
| ýlvaj || -nný || ''to wish (to oneself)''<br />
|-<br />
| nášlaj || -llá || ''to manage'', ''to be able to''<br />
|-<br />
| || -ttá || ''to go''<br />
|- <br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ Phaseal verbs<br />
|-<br />
! Full form !! Clitic !! English<br />
|-<br />
| onóvaj || -nój || ''to begin''<br />
|-<br />
| mâivij || -máj || ''to finish''<br />
|-<br />
| nâivij || -náj || ''to finish/complete''<br />
|-<br />
| hélaj || -héj || ''to stop''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Auxilliary verb ''álaj'' (to be) ===<br />
The verb ''to be'' is used as an ausxilliary verb in compound tenses. The auxilliary is fully inflected and the past active participle is inflected only by number. The auxilliary is somewhat special as it has stress on the actual inflection, which is marked. For moods other than the indicative, the indicative '''m-''' is replaced with the appropriate stem. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|+ Auxilliary ''álaj'' in the indicative<br />
! rowspan="3" | Person !! colspan="6" | Simple present<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural<br />
|- <br />
! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat.<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| má || máke || mé || méke || mó || móke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| mán || máŋe || mén || méŋe || món || móŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| más || máksi || més || méksi || mós || móksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Simple past<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| mái || máike || méi || méike || mói || móike<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| máin || máiŋe || méin || méiŋe || móin || móiŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| máis || máiksi || méis || méiksi || móis || móiksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Nonpast<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| máo || máoke || méo || méoke || móo || móoke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| máon || máoŋe || méon || méoŋe || móon || móoŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| máos || máoksi || méos || méoksi || móos || móoksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Pluperfect<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| mǿ || mǿke || mǿi || mǿike || míø || míøke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| mǿn || mǿŋe || mǿin || mǿiŋe || míøn || míøŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| mǿs || mǿksi || mǿis || mǿiksi || míøs || míøksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Remote past<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| máe || máeke || mée || méeke || móe || móeke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| máen || máeŋe || méen || méeŋe || -oen || -oeŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| máes || máeksi || mées || méeksi || -oes || -oeksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Simple future<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| máu || máuke || méu || méuke || móu || móuke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| máun || máuŋe || méun || méuŋe || móun || móouŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| máus || máuksi || méus || méuksi || móus || móuksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Nonfuture<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| mĕ || mĕke || mĕi || mĕike || míë || míëke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| mĕn || mĕŋe || mĕin || mĕiŋe || míën || míëŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| mĕs || mĕksi || mĕis || mĕiksi || míës || míëksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Future anterior<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| mý || mýke || mýi || mýike || míy || míyke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| mýn || mýŋe || mýin || mýiŋe || míyn || míyŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| mýs || mýksi || mýis || mýiksi || míys || míyksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Future-in-the-past<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| máa || máake || méa || méake || móa || móake<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| máan || máaŋe || méan || méaŋe || móan || móaŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| máas || máaksi || méas || méaksi || móas || móaksi<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+ Mood stems<br />
! Mood !! Formation !! ''Example''<br />
|-<br />
! Generic<br />
| enn- || ''enná''<br />
|-<br />
! Conditional<br />
| enm- || ''enmá''<br />
|-<br />
! Subjunctive<br />
| enl- || ''enlá''<br />
|-<br />
! Optative<br />
| enk- || ''enká''<br />
|-<br />
! Jussive<br />
| enh- || ''enhá''<br />
|-<br />
! Reputative<br />
| enr- || ''enrá''<br />
|-<br />
! Presumptive<br />
| eng- || ''engá''<br />
|-<br />
! Potential<br />
| ens- || ''ensá''<br />
|-<br />
! Hypothetical<br />
| env- || ''envá''<br />
|-<br />
! Admirative<br />
| ent- || ''entá''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Non-finite forms ==<br />
<br />
=== Infinitives ===<br />
==== First infinitive ====<br />
The first infinitive is the basic form of verbs. It is a marked form, the suffixes are ''-vaj'', ''-laj'' and ''-vij''. Each suffix corresponds to one verbal class and each class undergoes a different change when conjugating. <br />
<br />
==== Purposive ====<br />
The purposive or the second infinitive is a form derived from the first infititive. It can be used with one case, the benefactive, although it is mainly omitted; it usually indicates intention. Stem lenghtening does not apply. When combined with reflexive verbs, the forms are slightly changed (shown in brackets).<br />
<br />
The forms are: <br />
* -vij → '''-vyyn''' ('''-vyen''')<br />
* -laj → '''-laan''' ('''-laen''')<br />
* -vaj → '''-vøøn''' ('''-vøen''')<br />
<br />
==== Immediative ====<br />
The immediative or the third infititive is a form of the verb meaning "to be just about to ..." . It is different from other infinitives because it is formed from two parts. One part is always attached to the verb while the other is the actual infinitival suffix which is removed when conjugated. Stem lenghtening applies. <br />
<br />
The forms are: <br />
* -vij → '''-(t)einviaj'''<br />
* -laj → '''-(l)ainlaaj'''<br />
* -vaj → '''-(n)oinvaaj'''<br />
<br><br />
Example:<br />
Example:<br />
* vévij → vétteinviaj → vétteina<br />
** ''to give → to be about to give → I'm about to give <br />
*névvaj → névvannoinvaaj → névvannoina <br />
** ''to teach → to be about to teach → I'm about to teach''<br />
<br />
==== Progressive infinitive ====<br />
The progressive infinitive (or the fourth infinitive) is the basic form of verb indicating progressiveness. Both imperfective and perfective verbs can become progressive. The progressive form expresses an action taking place at the moment of speaking. The progressive infinitive is similar to the third infinitive because it's formed from two parts. One part is always attached to the verb while the other is the actual infinitival suffix which is removed when conjugated. Stem lenghtening applies. <br />
<br />
The forms are: <br />
* -vij → '''-(t)eusvinj'''<br />
* -laj → '''-(l)auslanj'''<br />
* -vaj → '''-(n)ousvanj'''<br />
<br><br />
Example:<br />
* vévij → vétteusvinj → vétteusa<br />
** ''to give → to be giving → I'm giving [at this moment]''<br />
*névvaj → névvannousvanj → névvannousa <br />
** ''to teach → to be teaching → I'm teaching [at this moment]''<br />
<br />
==== Reflexive infinitive ====<br />
The reflexive infinitive (or the fifth infinitive) is the basic form of reflexive verbs. There are two types, one ending in ''-ej'' and one ending in ''-ij''. Stem lenghtening does not apply. <br />
<br />
The forms are: <br />
* -vij → '''-viej''', '''-viij'''<br />
* -laj → '''-laej''', '''-laij'''<br />
* -vaj → '''-vaej''', '''-vaij'''<br />
<br />
=== Supines ===<br />
==== First supine ====<br />
The first supine is a form of verbs used after modal verbs (when they are used in their full form instead of the clitic form). Stem lenghtening applies.<br />
<br />
The forms are:<br />
* -vij → '''-tia''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-ia''' (type IV and V verbs)<br />
* -laj → '''-tie''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-ie''' (type IV and V verbs)<br />
* -vaj → '''-tio''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-io''' (type IV and V verbs)<br />
<br><br />
''NOTE:'' Verbs of the type I shorten the geminate consonant of the lenghtened stem: <br />
* -tt- → -t-<br />
* -ll- → -l-<br />
* -nn- → -n-<br />
<br />
==== Second supine ====<br />
The second supine is a form of verbs used after phaseal verbs and verbs of movement. Stem lenghtening applies.<br />
<br />
The forms are: <br />
* -vij → '''-tiau''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-iau''' (type IV and V verbs)<br />
* -laj → '''-tieu''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-ieu''' (type IV and V verbs)<br />
* -vaj → '''-tiou''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-iou''' (type IV and V verbs)<br />
<br><br />
''NOTE:'' Verbs of the type I shorten the geminate consonant of the lenghtened stem: <br />
* -tt- → -t-<br />
* -ll- → -l-<br />
* -nn- → -n-<br />
<br />
=== Gerunds and participles ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! !! -VIJ forms!! -LAJ forms !! -VAJ forms !! Stem !! ''Meaning'' <br />
|-<br />
! Gerund (verbal noun)<br />
| -voi || -loi || -noi || no, C1 || ''Nominalised verb.''<br />
|-<br />
! Present Gerundive<br><small>Present Active Gerund I </small><br />
| -(i)tat || -(i)lat || -(i)nat || yes || ''Simultaneous events.''<br />
|-<br />
! Adverbial Gerundive<br><small>Present Active Gerund II </small><br />
| -(i)taot || -(i)laot || -(i)naot || yes || ''An adverb of manner.''<br />
|-<br />
! Past Gerundive<br><small>Past Active Gerund </small><br />
| | -(i)tait || -(i)lait || -(i)nait || yes || ''An action completed prior to the action of the main verb.''<br />
|-<br />
! Relative Participle<br><small>Present Active Participle</small><br />
| -(i)ti / -iei- || -(i)di / -iei- || -(i)ni / -iei- || yes || ''Adjectvies, replace certain relative clauses.''<br />
|-<br />
! Qualitative Participle<br><small>Past Active Participle II</small><br />
| -(i)tui / -iyi- || -(i)dui / -iyi- || -(i)nui / -iyi- || yes || ''Adjectvies, a quality acquired through action in the past.''<br />
|-<br />
! Temporal Participle<br />
| -(i)tuei|| -(i)duei || -(i)nuei || yes || ''Adjectvies, replace temporal relative clauses.''<br />
|-<br />
! Locational Participle<br />
| -(i)tuai || -(i)duai || -(i)nuai || yes || ''Adjectvies, replace locational relative clauses.''<br />
|-<br />
! Adjectival Participle<br><small>Past Passive Participle</small><br />
| -isi || -isi || -isi || no || ''Adjectives.''<br />
|-<br />
! Descriptive Participle<br><small>Past Active Participle I</small><br />
| -rii ''(sg)''<br>-rie ''(du)''<br>-ria ''(pl)''|| | -nii ''(sg)''<br>-nie ''(du)''<br>-nia ''(pl)''|| | -gii ''(sg)''<br>-gie ''(du)''<br>-gia ''(pl)'' || yes* || ''Participles used to form compound tenses.''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''NOTE:''' Verbs of the type I shorten the geminate consonant of the lenghtened stem: <br />
* -tt- → -t-<br />
* -ll- → -l-<br />
* -nn- → -n-<br />
<br />
== Reflexive verbs ==<br />
There are two types of reflexive verbs, the '''-ej''' verbs and the '''-ij''' verbs (indicated as ''-viej, -viij, -laej, -laij, -vaej, -vaij''). Their forms change depending on the person and number; and are attached to the verb. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Person !! -EJ !! -IJ<br />
|-<br />
! clitic !! clitic<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="3" | Singular !! 1st<br />
| -re || -ro<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -ne || -no<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -se || -so<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Dual !! 1st<br />
| -ri || -ru<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -ni || -nu<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -si || -su<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Plural !! 1st<br />
| -ra || -rë<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd <br />
| -na || -në<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -sa || -së<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Gradation of verbs ==<br />
<br />
== Verbal emphasis ==<br />
<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_verbs&diff=82142
Celestial Laefêvëši verbs
2014-11-27T18:46:21Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Non-finite forms */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] verbs are highly inflected. <br />
<br />
== Characteristics ==<br />
=== Types ===<br />
Lexical verbs (full meaning)<br />
* verbs of movement<br />
Auxiliary verbs:<br />
* phaseal verbs<br />
* modal verbs<br />
* the verb ''álaj'' (to be)<br />
<br />
=== Classes ===<br />
Three classes:<br />
# verbs on '''-vij'''<br />
# verbs on '''-laj'''<br />
# verbs on '''-vaj'''<br />
<br />
=== Number ===<br />
Numbers:<br />
* singular<br />
* dual<br />
* plural<br />
<br />
=== Aspect ===<br />
# Perfective aspect<br />
# Imperfective aspect <br />
<br />
=== Mood ===<br />
Realis moods:<br />
* Indicative<br />
* Generic<br />
Irrealis moods:<br />
* Conditional<br />
* Subjunctive <br />
* Optative I<br />
* Optative II<br />
* Optative III<br />
* Presumptive<br />
* Potential<br />
* If-potential<br />
* Admirative<br />
* Imperative<br />
* Inferencial/renarrative<br />
<br />
=== Tenses ===<br />
Simple tenses:<br />
* simple present<br />
* simple past<br />
* remote past<br />
* nonpast<br />
* pluperfect <br />
* simple future<br />
* future anterior <br />
* nonfuture<br />
* future-in-the-past<br />
<br />
== Conjugation ==<br />
<br />
=== Stem lengthening ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Class !! Type I !! Type II !! Type III !! Type IV !! Type V<br />
|-<br />
! -VIJ<br />
| -Vvij → -Vtt- || -[V]Jvij → -[V]Jat- || -[V]Kvij → -[V]KKat- || -CCvij → -CCi- || -[V]GGëvij → -[V]GGi-<br />
|-<br />
! -LAJ<br />
| -Vlaj → -Vll- || -[V]Jlaj → -[V]Jal- || -[V]Klaj → -[V]KKal- || -CClaj → -CCu- || -[V]GGëlaj → -[V]GGu-<br />
|-<br />
! -VAJ<br />
| -Vvaj → -Vnn- || -[V]Jvaj → -[V]Jan- || -[V]Kvaj → -[V]KKan- || -CCvaj → -CCi- || -[V]GGëvaj → -[V]GGi-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | Example<br />
|-<br />
! -VIJ<br />
| návij → ná'''tt'''- || ná'''š'''vij → ná'''šat'''- || ná'''n'''vij → ná'''nnat'''- || ná'''nd'''vij → ná'''ndi'''- || ná'''nnë'''vij → ná'''nni'''-<br />
|-<br />
! -LAJ<br />
| nálaj → ná'''ll'''- || ná'''š'''laj → ná'''šal'''- || ná'''n'''laj → ná'''nnal'''- || ná'''nd'''laj → ná'''ndu'''- || ná'''nnë'''laj → nná'''nnu'''-<br />
|-<br />
! -VAJ<br />
| návaj → ná'''nn'''- || ná'''š'''vaj → ná'''šan'''- || ná'''n'''vaj → ná'''nnan'''- || ná'''nd'''vaj → ná'''ndi'''- || ná'''nnë'''vaj → ná'''nni'''-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Tenses ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" | Person !! colspan="6" | Simple present<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural<br />
|- <br />
! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat.<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -a || -ake || -e || -eke || -o || -oke <br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -an || -aŋe || -en || -eŋe || -on || -oŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -as || -aksi || -es || -eksi || -os || -oksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Simple past<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -ai || -aike || -ei || -eike || -oi || -oike<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -ain || -aiŋe || -ein || -eiŋe || -oin || -oiŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -ais || -aiksi || -eis || -eiksi || -ois || -oiksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Nonpast<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -ao || -aoke || -eo || -eoke || -oo || -ooke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -aon || -aoŋe || -eon || -eoŋe || -oon || -ooŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -aos || -aoksi || -eos || -eoksi || -oos || -ooksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Pluperfect<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -ø || -øke || -øi || -øike || -iø || -iøke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -øn || -øŋe || -øin || -øiŋe || -iøn || -iøŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -øs || -øksi || -øis || -øiksi || -iøs || -iøksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Remote past<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -ae || -aeke || -ee || -eeke || -oe || -oeke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -aen || -aeŋe || -een || -eeŋe || -oen || -oeŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -aes || -aeksi || -ees || -eeksi || -oes || -oeksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Simple future<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -au || -auke || -eu || -euke || -ou || -ouke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -aun || -auŋe || -eun || -euŋe || -oun || -ouŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -aus || -auksi || -eus || -euksi || -ous || -ouksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Nonfuture<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -ë || -ëke || -ëi || -ëike || -ië || -iëke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -ën || -ëŋe || -ëin || -ëiŋe || -iën || -iëŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -ës || -ëksi || -ëis || -ëiksi || -iës || -iëksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Future anterior<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -y || -yke || -yi || -yike || -iy || -iyke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -yn || -yŋe || -yin || -yiŋe || -iyn || -iyŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -ys || -yksi || -yis || -yiksi || -iys || -iyksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Future-in-the-past<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -aa || -aake || -ea || -eake || -oa || -oake<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -aan || -aaŋe || -ean || -eaŋe || -oan || -oaŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -aas || -aaksi || -eas || -eaksi || -oas || -oaksi<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Compound tenses ====<br />
Compound tenses are formed with the auxilliary verb ''álaj'' (to be) and past active participle. <br />
<br />
Compound tenses are rarely used, and when they are, usually there's a clause inserted between the auxilliary and the past active participle.<br />
<br />
=== Moods ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+ Mood suffixes<br />
! Mood !! Long form !! Short form<br />
|- <br />
! Indicative<br />
| -/ || -/<br />
|-<br />
! Generic<br />
| -an || -n<br />
|-<br />
! Conditional<br />
| -am || -m<br />
|-<br />
! Subjunctive<br />
| -al || -l<br />
|-<br />
! Optative<br />
| -ak || -k<br />
|-<br />
! Jussive<br />
| -ah || -h<br />
|-<br />
! Reputative<br />
| -ar || -r<br />
|-<br />
! Presumptive<br />
| -ag || -g<br />
|-<br />
! Potential<br />
| -as || -s<br />
|-<br />
! If-potential<br />
| -av || -v<br />
|-<br />
! Admirative<br />
| -at || -t<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Imperative ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Person !! colspan="6" | Imperative<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural<br />
|- <br />
! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat.<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -/ || -/ || -et(e) || -ekt(e) || -ot(o) || -okt(e)<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -ar(a) || -ark(e) || -er(e) || -erk(e) || -or(o) || -ork(e)<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -/ || -/ || -/ || -/ || -/ || -/<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Causative ===<br />
The causative is a verbal form with the meaning of "to make/cause someone/something do something". It is formed with an infixiated verb between the stem of the lexical verb and the inflection of the lexical verb, much like modal and phaseal verbs. Both the lexical verb and the causative infix can be inflected. <br />
<br />
The bare causative infix is: '''-ajsk-'''<br />
<br />
There are three types of causative derived from the original causative above:<br />
* '''-ajsk-''' is the default or neuter causative that means both "make" and "cause"<br />
* '''-ejst-''' is the volitional causative: to make on purpose, to force<br />
* '''-ojst-''' is the non-volitional causatve: to cause by accident<br />
<br><br />
Inflextion of the causative (the agent of the verb) immediately follows the causative infix, and the inflection of the lexical verb is then added to the inflected causative. When negating, the position of the negation depends on what is negated, the lexical verb or the causative infix.<br />
<br />
The formation paradigm is as follows: (<span style="color:green">agent</span>) + (<span style="color:purple">object 1</span>) + [<span style="color:red">lexical verb</span>]-<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>-[<span style="color:green">agent inflection</span>]-[<span style="color:purple">object 1 inflection</span>] + (<span style="color:purple">object 1</span>) + (<span style="color:brown">object 2</span>) <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" <br />
|+ Examples without expressed agents and objects 1<br />
! colspan="4" | Example 1 !! rowspan="6" | !! colspan="5" | Example 2 !! rowspan="6" | !! colspan="6" | Example 3 <br />
|-<br />
| <span style="color:red">ávaj</span> || <span style="color:red">ánn</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ah</span>-<br />
| <span style="color:red">šânvaj</span> || <span style="color:red">šânnan</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">aih</span>- || <span style="color:brown">winádo</span><br />
| <span style="color:red">káulaj</span> || <span style="color:red">káull</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ais</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ai</span><span style="color:orange">ksi</span>- || <span style="color:brown">ýttafa</span><br />
|-<br />
| ''to go'' || ''you go'' || ''make'' || ''I make''<br />
| ''to rule'' || ''you rule'' || ''make'' || ''I made'' || ''country''<br />
| ''draw'' || ''you draw'' || ''make'' || ''he made'' || ''he made not'' || ''lines''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" | <span style="color:red">Ánn</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ah</span><span style="color:purple">an</span>.<br />
| colspan="5" | <span style="color:red">Šânnan</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">aih</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:brown">winádo</span>.<br />
| colspan="6" | <span style="color:red">Káull</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ai</span><span style="color:orange">ksi</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:brown">ýttafa</span><br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" | go-make-I-you<br />
| colspan="5" | rule-make-I-ed-you country<br />
| colspan="6" | draw-make-he-ed-not-you lines<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" | ''I make you go.''<br />
| colspan="5" | ''I made you rule the country.''<br />
| colspan="6" | ''He didn't make you draw the lines.''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+ Examples with agents and objects 1 expressed<br />
! colspan="6" | Example 4 !! rowspan="6" | !! colspan="7" | Example 5 !! rowspan="6" | !! colspan="8" | Example 6 <br />
|-<br />
| <span style="color:green">ó</span> || <span style="color:purple">se</span> || <span style="color:red">ávaj</span> || <span style="color:red">ánn</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ah</span>-<br />
| <span style="color:green">ó</span> || <span style="color:purple">se</span> || <span style="color:red">šânvaj</span> || <span style="color:red">šânnan</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">aih</span>- || <span style="color:brown">winádo</span><br />
| <span style="color:green">â</span> || <span style="color:purple">sa</span> || <span style="color:red">káulaj</span> || <span style="color:red">káull</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ais</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ai</span><span style="color:orange">ksi</span>- || <span style="color:brown">ýttafa</span>.<br />
|-<br />
| ''I'' || ''you'' || ''to go'' || ''you go'' || ''make'' || ''I make''<br />
| ''I'' || ''you'' || ''to rule'' || ''you rule'' || ''make'' || ''I made'' || ''country''<br />
| ''he'' || ''you'' || ''draw'' || ''you draw'' || ''make'' || ''he made'' || ''he made not'' || ''lines''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" | <span style="color:green">Ó</span> <span style="color:purple">se</span> <span style="color:red">ánn</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ah</span><span style="color:purple">an</span>. /<br> <span style="color:green">Ó</span> <span style="color:red">ánn</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ah</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:purple">se</span>.<br />
| colspan="7" | <span style="color:green">Ó</span> <span style="color:purple">se</span> <span style="color:red">šânnan</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">aih</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:brown">winádo</span>. /<br> <span style="color:green">Ó</span> <span style="color:red">šânnan</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">aih</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:purple">se</span> <span style="color:brown">winádo</span>.<br />
| colspan="8" | <span style="color:green">Â</span> <span style="color:purple">sa</span> <span style="color:red">káull</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ai</span><span style="color:orange">ksi</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:brown">ýttafa</span>. /<br> <span style="color:green">Â</span> <span style="color:red">káull</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ai</span><span style="color:orange">ksi</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:purple">sa</span> <span style="color:brown">ýttafa</span>.<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" | I you go-make-I-you /<br> I go-make-I-you you<br />
| colspan="7" | I you rule-make-I-ed-you country /<br> I rule-make-I-ed-you you country<br />
| colspan="8" | he you draw-make-he-ed-not-you lines /<br> he draw-make-he-ed-not-you you lines<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" | ''I make you go.''<br />
| colspan="7" | ''I made you rule the country.''<br />
| colspan="8" | ''He didn't make you draw the lines.''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Other examples:<br />
* Ánnajskaiha'''ŋe'''.<br />
** ''I made you '''not''' go.''<br />
* Ánnajskaikeaŋe. / Ánnajskaikehaŋe.<br />
** ''I didn't make you not go.''<br />
* Ánnajskalléhan. / Ánnajskalléhahan.<br />
** ''I can make you go.''<br />
* Ánnajskallékehan.<br />
** ''I can't make you go.''<br />
* Ánnajskallékehaŋe.<br />
** ''I can't make you not go.''<br />
* Ánnajskalléketeŋe.<br />
** ''I can't not make you not go.''<br />
<br />
== ''Álaj'' (to be) ==<br />
{{Main|Álaj (verb)}}<br />
<br />
== Auxiliary verbs ==<br />
Several verbs have clitic forms, sometimes they act as infixes, too. In first person, they're simply added to the conjugational suffix; in second and third person, they're inserted between the vowel(s) and the final consonant of the conjugational suffix.<br />
<br />
Three main types of auxiliary verbs are:<br />
# modal verbs<br />
# phaseal verbs<br />
# verbs of movement<br />
<br><br />
Examples: <br />
* ''Vétta.'' → ''Vétta'''nné'''.''<br />
** I give. → I have to give.<br />
* ''Véttos.'' → ''Vétto'''nné'''s.''<br />
** They give. → They have to give.<br />
* ''Nótta.''→ ''Nótta'''nój'''.''<br />
** I work. → I start to work.<br />
* ''Nóttos.''→ ''Nótto'''nój'''s.''<br />
** They work. → They start to work.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ Auxiliary verbs<br />
! Full form !! Clitic !! English<br />
|-<br />
| álvaj || -nnó || ''to wish''<br />
|-<br />
| élvaj || -nní || ''to wish''<br />
|-<br />
| évivaj || -nné || ''have to'', ''must''<br />
|-<br />
| vírvij || -ttí || ''can'', ''to be allowed to''<br />
|-<br />
| óvlaj || -lló || ''can be done'', ''to be possible''<br />
|-<br />
| vélaj || -llé || ''can''<br />
|-<br />
| újelaj || -llú || ''to want''<br />
|-<br />
| - || -ttý || ''to like''<br />
|-<br />
| - || -ttǿ || ''would like'' <br />
|-<br />
| ávivaj || -nná || ''should''<br />
|-<br />
| ǿlvaj || -nnǿ || ''to wish (to oneself)''<br />
|-<br />
| ýlvaj || -nný || ''to wish (to oneself)''<br />
|-<br />
| nášlaj || -llá || ''to manage'', ''to be able to''<br />
|-<br />
| || -ttá || ''to go''<br />
|- <br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ Phaseal verbs<br />
|-<br />
! Full form !! Clitic !! English<br />
|-<br />
| onóvaj || -nój || ''to begin''<br />
|-<br />
| mâivij || -máj || ''to finish''<br />
|-<br />
| nâivij || -náj || ''to finish/complete''<br />
|-<br />
| hélaj || -héj || ''to stop''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Auxilliary verb ''álaj'' (to be) ===<br />
The verb ''to be'' is used as an ausxilliary verb in compound tenses. The auxilliary is fully inflected and the past active participle is inflected only by number. The auxilliary is somewhat special as it has stress on the actual inflection, which is marked. For moods other than the indicative, the indicative '''m-''' is replaced with the appropriate stem. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|+ Auxilliary ''álaj'' in the indicative<br />
! rowspan="3" | Person !! colspan="6" | Simple present<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural<br />
|- <br />
! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat.<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| má || máke || mé || méke || mó || móke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| mán || máŋe || mén || méŋe || món || móŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| más || máksi || més || méksi || mós || móksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Simple past<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| mái || máike || méi || méike || mói || móike<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| máin || máiŋe || méin || méiŋe || móin || móiŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| máis || máiksi || méis || méiksi || móis || móiksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Nonpast<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| máo || máoke || méo || méoke || móo || móoke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| máon || máoŋe || méon || méoŋe || móon || móoŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| máos || máoksi || méos || méoksi || móos || móoksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Pluperfect<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| mǿ || mǿke || mǿi || mǿike || míø || míøke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| mǿn || mǿŋe || mǿin || mǿiŋe || míøn || míøŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| mǿs || mǿksi || mǿis || mǿiksi || míøs || míøksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Remote past<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| máe || máeke || mée || méeke || móe || móeke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| máen || máeŋe || méen || méeŋe || -oen || -oeŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| máes || máeksi || mées || méeksi || -oes || -oeksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Simple future<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| máu || máuke || méu || méuke || móu || móuke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| máun || máuŋe || méun || méuŋe || móun || móouŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| máus || máuksi || méus || méuksi || móus || móuksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Nonfuture<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| mĕ || mĕke || mĕi || mĕike || míë || míëke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| mĕn || mĕŋe || mĕin || mĕiŋe || míën || míëŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| mĕs || mĕksi || mĕis || mĕiksi || míës || míëksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Future anterior<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| mý || mýke || mýi || mýike || míy || míyke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| mýn || mýŋe || mýin || mýiŋe || míyn || míyŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| mýs || mýksi || mýis || mýiksi || míys || míyksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Future-in-the-past<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| máa || máake || méa || méake || móa || móake<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| máan || máaŋe || méan || méaŋe || móan || móaŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| máas || máaksi || méas || méaksi || móas || móaksi<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+ Mood stems<br />
! Mood !! Formation !! ''Example''<br />
|-<br />
! Generic<br />
| enn- || ''enná''<br />
|-<br />
! Conditional<br />
| enm- || ''enmá''<br />
|-<br />
! Subjunctive<br />
| enl- || ''enlá''<br />
|-<br />
! Optative<br />
| enk- || ''enká''<br />
|-<br />
! Jussive<br />
| enh- || ''enhá''<br />
|-<br />
! Reputative<br />
| enr- || ''enrá''<br />
|-<br />
! Presumptive<br />
| eng- || ''engá''<br />
|-<br />
! Potential<br />
| ens- || ''ensá''<br />
|-<br />
! If-potential<br />
| env- || ''envá''<br />
|-<br />
! Admirative<br />
| ent- || ''entá''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Non-finite forms ==<br />
<br />
=== Infinitives ===<br />
==== First infinitive ====<br />
The first infinitive is the basic form of verbs. It is a marked form, the suffixes are ''-vaj'', ''-laj'' and ''-vij''. Each suffix corresponds to one verbal class and each class undergoes a different change when conjugating. <br />
<br />
==== Purposive ====<br />
The purposive or the second infinitive is a form derived from the first infititive. It can be used with one case, the benefactive, although it is mainly omitted; it usually indicates intention. Stem lenghtening does not apply. When combined with reflexive verbs, the forms are slightly changed (shown in brackets).<br />
<br />
The forms are: <br />
* -vij → '''-vyyn''' ('''-vyen''')<br />
* -laj → '''-laan''' ('''-laen''')<br />
* -vaj → '''-vøøn''' ('''-vøen''')<br />
<br />
==== Immediative ====<br />
The immediative or the third infititive is a form of the verb meaning "to be just about to ..." . It is different from other infinitives because it is formed from two parts. One part is always attached to the verb while the other is the actual infinitival suffix which is removed when conjugated. Stem lenghtening applies. <br />
<br />
The forms are: <br />
* -vij → '''-(t)einviaj'''<br />
* -laj → '''-(l)ainlaaj'''<br />
* -vaj → '''-(n)oinvaaj'''<br />
<br><br />
Example:<br />
Example:<br />
* vévij → vétteinviaj → vétteina<br />
** ''to give → to be about to give → I'm about to give <br />
*névvaj → névvannoinvaaj → névvannoina <br />
** ''to teach → to be about to teach → I'm about to teach''<br />
<br />
==== Progressive infinitive ====<br />
The progressive infinitive (or the fourth infinitive) is the basic form of verb indicating progressiveness. Both imperfective and perfective verbs can become progressive. The progressive form expresses an action taking place at the moment of speaking. The progressive infinitive is similar to the third infinitive because it's formed from two parts. One part is always attached to the verb while the other is the actual infinitival suffix which is removed when conjugated. Stem lenghtening applies. <br />
<br />
The forms are: <br />
* -vij → '''-(t)eusvinj'''<br />
* -laj → '''-(l)auslanj'''<br />
* -vaj → '''-(n)ousvanj'''<br />
<br><br />
Example:<br />
* vévij → vétteusvinj → vétteusa<br />
** ''to give → to be giving → I'm giving [at this moment]''<br />
*névvaj → névvannousvanj → névvannousa <br />
** ''to teach → to be teaching → I'm teaching [at this moment]''<br />
<br />
==== Reflexive infinitive ====<br />
The reflexive infinitive (or the fifth infinitive) is the basic form of reflexive verbs. There are two types, one ending in ''-ej'' and one ending in ''-ij''. Stem lenghtening does not apply. <br />
<br />
The forms are: <br />
* -vij → '''-viej''', '''-viij'''<br />
* -laj → '''-laej''', '''-laij'''<br />
* -vaj → '''-vaej''', '''-vaij'''<br />
<br />
=== Supines ===<br />
==== First supine ====<br />
The first supine is a form of verbs used after modal verbs (when they are used in their full form instead of the clitic form). Stem lenghtening applies.<br />
<br />
The forms are:<br />
* -vij → '''-tia''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-ia''' (type IV and V verbs)<br />
* -laj → '''-tie''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-ie''' (type IV and V verbs)<br />
* -vaj → '''-tio''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-io''' (type IV and V verbs)<br />
<br><br />
''NOTE:'' Verbs of the type I shorten the geminate consonant of the lenghtened stem: <br />
* -tt- → -t-<br />
* -ll- → -l-<br />
* -nn- → -n-<br />
<br />
==== Second supine ====<br />
The second supine is a form of verbs used after phaseal verbs and verbs of movement. Stem lenghtening applies.<br />
<br />
The forms are: <br />
* -vij → '''-tiau''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-iau''' (type IV and V verbs)<br />
* -laj → '''-tieu''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-ieu''' (type IV and V verbs)<br />
* -vaj → '''-tiou''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-iou''' (type IV and V verbs)<br />
<br><br />
''NOTE:'' Verbs of the type I shorten the geminate consonant of the lenghtened stem: <br />
* -tt- → -t-<br />
* -ll- → -l-<br />
* -nn- → -n-<br />
<br />
=== Gerunds and participles ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! !! -VIJ forms!! -LAJ forms !! -VAJ forms !! Stem !! ''Meaning'' <br />
|-<br />
! Gerund (verbal noun)<br />
| -voi || -loi || -noi || no, C1 || ''Nominalised verb.''<br />
|-<br />
! Present Gerundive<br><small>Present Active Gerund I </small><br />
| -(i)tat || -(i)lat || -(i)nat || yes || ''Simultaneous events.''<br />
|-<br />
! Adverbial Gerundive<br><small>Present Active Gerund II </small><br />
| -(i)taot || -(i)laot || -(i)naot || yes || ''An adverb of manner.''<br />
|-<br />
! Past Gerundive<br><small>Past Active Gerund </small><br />
| | -(i)tait || -(i)lait || -(i)nait || yes || ''An action completed prior to the action of the main verb.''<br />
|-<br />
! Relative Participle<br><small>Present Active Participle</small><br />
| -(i)ti / -iei- || -(i)di / -iei- || -(i)ni / -iei- || yes || ''Adjectvies, replace certain relative clauses.''<br />
|-<br />
! Qualitative Participle<br><small>Past Active Participle II</small><br />
| -(i)tui / -iyi- || -(i)dui / -iyi- || -(i)nui / -iyi- || yes || ''Adjectvies, a quality acquired through action in the past.''<br />
|-<br />
! Temporal Participle<br />
| -(i)tuei|| -(i)duei || -(i)nuei || yes || ''Adjectvies, replace temporal relative clauses.''<br />
|-<br />
! Locational Participle<br />
| -(i)tuai || -(i)duai || -(i)nuai || yes || ''Adjectvies, replace locational relative clauses.''<br />
|-<br />
! Adjectival Participle<br><small>Past Passive Participle</small><br />
| -isi || -isi || -isi || no || ''Adjectives.''<br />
|-<br />
! Descriptive Participle<br><small>Past Active Participle I</small><br />
| -rii ''(sg)''<br>-rie ''(du)''<br>-ria ''(pl)''|| | -nii ''(sg)''<br>-nie ''(du)''<br>-nia ''(pl)''|| | -gii ''(sg)''<br>-gie ''(du)''<br>-gia ''(pl)'' || yes* || ''Participles used to form compound tenses.''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''NOTE:''' Verbs of the type I shorten the geminate consonant of the lenghtened stem: <br />
* -tt- → -t-<br />
* -ll- → -l-<br />
* -nn- → -n-<br />
<br />
== Reflexive verbs ==<br />
There are two types of reflexive verbs, the '''-ej''' verbs and the '''-ij''' verbs (indicated as ''-viej, -viij, -laej, -laij, -vaej, -vaij''). Their forms change depending on the person and number; and are attached to the verb. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Person !! -EJ !! -IJ<br />
|-<br />
! clitic !! clitic<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="3" | Singular !! 1st<br />
| -re || -ro<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -ne || -no<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -se || -so<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Dual !! 1st<br />
| -ri || -ru<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -ni || -nu<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -si || -su<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Plural !! 1st<br />
| -ra || -rë<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd <br />
| -na || -në<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -sa || -së<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Gradation of verbs ==<br />
<br />
== Verbal emphasis ==<br />
<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=81855
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2014-10-16T23:40:32Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Others */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
== Substantival pronoun ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="25" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="4" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb.<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="3" | ó || sé || colspan="3" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="3" | â; ô || léis || colspan="3" | lî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrái || va || vá- || vn- || stái || sa || sá- || sn- || trái || ta || tá- || tr- || láu || la || lá- || sk-<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vríu || vi || ví- || vl- || stíu || si || sí- || sl- || tríu || ti || tí- || tl- || léu || lø || lǿ- || st-<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vréi || ve || vé- || vj- || stéi || se || sé- || sj- || tréi || te || té- || tj- || léi || le || lé- || sh-<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrúi || vu || colspan="2" | vú- || stúi || su || colspan="2" | sú- || trúi || tu || colspan="2" | tú- || lúi || lu || colspan="2" | lú-<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vrói || vo || colspan="2" | vó- || stói || so || colspan="2" | só- || trói || to || colspan="2" | tó- || lóu || lo || colspan="2" | ló-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hát || colspan="3" | hâ || xás || colspan="3" | xâ || tál || colspan="3" | tâ || dál || colspan="3" | dâ || kóe || colspan="3" | kû || féis || colspan="3" | fî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| hrái || ha || há- || hr- || hrái || xa || xá- || šn- || tjái || tja || tjá- || hk- || drái || da || dá- || dr- || krái || ka || ká- || kr- || fáu || fa || fá- || fr-<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| hríu || hi || hí- || hl- || hríu || xi || xí- || šl- || tjéu || tjø || tjǿ- || ht- || dríu || di || dí- || dv- || kríu || ki || kí- || kl- || féu || fø || fǿ- || fl-<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| hréi || he || hé- || hj- || hréi || xe || xé- || šj- || tjéi || tje || tjé- || hv- || dréi || de || dé- || dj- || kréi || ke || ké- || kj- || féi || fe || fé- || fj-<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| hrúi || hu || colspan="2" | hú- || hrúi || xu || colspan="2" | xú- || tjúi || tju || colspan="2" | tjú- || drúi || du || colspan="2" | dú- || krúi || ku || colspan="2" | kú- || fúi || fu || colspan="2" | fú-<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| hrói || ho || colspan="2" | hó- || hrói || xo || colspan="2" | xó- || tjói || tjo || colspan="2" | tjó- || drói || do || colspan="2" | dó- || krói || ko || colspan="2" | kó- || fóu || fo || colspan="2" | fó-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb.<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| jûn || colspan="3" | û || jôr || colspan="3" | jô || pál || colspan="3" | pâ || bál || colspan="3" | bâ || rjôn || colspan="3" | rî || géis || colspan="3" | gî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njái || na || ná- || vr- || rái || ra || rá- || rv- || prái || pa || pá- || pr- || brái || ba || bá- || br- || rjái || ja || já- || gr- || gáu || ga || gá- || šk-<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njéu || nø || nǿ- || lj- || réu || rø || rǿ- || rl- || príu || pi || pí- || pl- || bríu || bi || bí- || bv- || rjéu || jø || jǿ- || gl- || géu || gø || gǿ- || št-<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njéi || ne || né- || nj- || réi || re || ré- || rj- || préi || pe || pé- || pj- || bréi || be || bé- || bj- || rjéi || je || jé- || gj- || géi || ge || gé- || šj-<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njúi || nu || colspan="2" | nú- || rúi || ru || colspan="2" | rú- || prúi || pu || colspan="2" | pú- || brúi || bu || colspan="2" | bú- || rjúi || ju || colspan="2" | jú- || gúi || gu || colspan="2" | gú-<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njói || no || colspan="2" | nó- || rói || ro || colspan="2" | ró- || prói || po || colspan="2" | pó- || brói || bo || colspan="2" | bó- || rjói || jo || colspan="2" | jó- || góu || go || colspan="2" | gó-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" | Case || colspan="4" | '''Reflexive''' || colspan="4" | '''Reciprocal'''<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb.<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| colspan="2" | - || nî- || - || colspan="2" | - || nû- || -<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| náu || ma || má- || mn- || nûde || dja || djá- || zn-<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| néu || mø || mǿ- || ml- || nûdo || djø || djǿ- || zl-<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| néi || me || mé- || mj- || nûda || dje || djé- || zj-<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| núi || mu || colspan="2" | mú || nûdi || dju || colspan="2" | djú-<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| nóu || mo || colspan="2" | mó-|| nûdu || djo || colspan="2" | djó-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Other pronouns ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified'''<br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| sél || séi || sól || sós || sóles || sóxes || tél || téi || tól || tóh || sêl || síu<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| sái || sák || sói || sók || sóies || sóges || tái || ták || tói || tók || sáu || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| sán || sát || sór || sót || sóres || soðes || tán || tás || tór || tós || sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| séu || sét || sóu ||sút || sóues || súðes || téu || tés || tóu || tús || sǿn || sǿt<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| sén || sém || són || sóm || sóŋes || sôŋes || tén || tém || tón || tóm || sên || sêm<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| sín || sím || sún || súm || súŋes || sûŋes || tín || tím || tún || túm || sýn || sým<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | '''Total''' !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | '''la-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''xa-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''ta-''' (few) || colspan="2" | '''ja-''' (rarely)<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| fél || féi || lás || lîn || xás || xîn || tás || tîn || jás || jîn <br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| fái || fâk || lái || lák || xái || xák || tái || ták || jái || ják <br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| fân || fât || lán || lár || xán || xár || tán || tár || ján || jár <br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| féu || fét || lýn || lýs || xýn || xýs || týn || týs || jýn || jýs <br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| fén || fém || lén || lém || xén || xém || tén || tém || jén || jém <br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| fîn || fím || lûn || lûm || xûn || xûm || tûn || tûm || jûn || jûm <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Combinations ===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal possessive pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|+ Alienable possession <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic <br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | sóiri || rowspan="2" | sóu- || rowspan="2" | sój- || rowspan="2" | sjó- || háiri || háu- || háj- || hjá- || júiri || jóu- || nój- || njó-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xáiri || xáu- || xáj- || xjá- || jôiri || jôu- || nôj- || njô-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | séiri || rowspan="2" | séu- || rowspan="2" | séj- || rowspan="2" | sjé- || táiri || táu- || táj- || tjá- || páiri || páu- || páj- || pjá-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dáiri || dáu- || dáj- || djá- || báiri || báu- || báj- || bjá-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jáiri || jáu- || náj- || njá- || kóiri || kóu- || kój- || kjó- || rjóiri || rjóu- || rjój- || rjó-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| léiri || léu- || léj- || ljé- || féiri || féu- || féj- || fjé- || géiri || géu- || géj- || gjé-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|+ Inalienable possession <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic <br />
|-<br />
! Voc. || Non-v. || Voc. || Non-v. || Voc. || Non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | sǿiri || rowspan="2" | sǿu- || rowspan="2" | sǿj- || rowspan="2" | sjǿ- || šáiri || šáu- || šáj- || šjá- || núiri || nóu- || nýj- || njý-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| žáiri || žáu- || žáj- || žjá- || nǿiri || nǿu- || nǿj- || njǿ-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | sĕiri || rowspan="2" | sĕu- || rowspan="2" | sĕj- || rowspan="2" | sjĕ- || cáiri || cáu- || cáj- || cjá- || fáiri || fáu- || fáj- || fjá-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| ʒáiri || ʒáu- || ʒáj- || ʒjá- || váiri || váu- || váj- || vjá-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| máiri || máu- || máj- || mjá- || kǿiri || kǿu- || kǿj- || kjǿ- || rjǿiri || rjǿu- || rjǿj- || rjǿ-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lĕiri || lĕu- || lĕj- || ljĕ- || fĕiri || fĕu- || fĕj- || fjĕ- || gĕiri || gĕu- || gĕj- || gjĕ-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive possessive pronoun ===<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Others ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="4" | Qualitative !! colspan="4" | Relational !! colspan="4" | Possessive !! colspan="4" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' !! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' !! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' !! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| vréisi || vréi- || - || ''what kind (of)'' || rowspan="2" | vráili || rowspan="2" | vráe- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''what, which'' || rowspan="2" | lúiri || rowspan="2" | lúu- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''whose'' || rowspan="2" colspan="2"| þámjē || rowspan="2" | -(n)aþ+GEN || rowspan="2" | ''how much, how many''<br />
|-<br />
| kréisi || kréi- || - || ''to what extent''<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | réisi || rowspan="2" | réi- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''the kind that'' || ráili || ráe- || - || rowspan="2" | ''which, that, who'' || rowspan="2" | lǿiri || rowspan="2" | lǿu- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''whose'' || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | þĕtjē || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''as much''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! Unspecified<br />
| vréisi || vréi- || - || ''what kind (of)'' || vráili || vráe- || - || ''what, which'' || lúiri || lúu- || - || ''whose'' || colspan="2" | þámjē || - || ''how much, how many''<br />
|-<br />
! Relative unspecified<br />
| préisi || préi- || - || ''whatever kind'' || práili || práe- || - || ''whichever'' || plúiri || plúu- || - || ''whosever'' || colspan="2" | ƕĕtjē || - || ''however much''<br />
|-<br />
! Indefinite <br />
| tréisi || tréi- || - || ''some kind of'' || nóili || nóe- || - || ''some(one)'' || tréiri || tréu- || - || ''someone's'' || colspan="2" | tǿmjē || - || ''somewhat''<br />
|-<br />
! Negative<br />
| skéisi || skéi- || - || ''of no kind'' || sáili || sáe- || - || ''noöne'' || skéiri || skéu- || - || ''noöne's'' || colspan="4" | <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Total<br />
| fréisi || fréi- || -(n)øør<br>''-(n)ǿr'' || ''of every kind'' || rowspan="2" | fáili || rowspan="2" | fáe- || rowspan="2" | -(n)øøf<br>''-(n)ǿf'' || rowspan="2" | ''every(one)'' || fréiri || fréu- || - || ''everyone's'' || colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|xôl]] || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh'' || ''all''<br />
|-<br />
| méisi || méi- || - || ''of both kinds'' || míiri || míu- || - || ''of both'' || colspan="2" | mí || - || ''both''<br />
|-<br />
! Manifold<br />
| lavréisi || lavréi- || - || ''of many kinds'' || lavráili || lavráe- || - || ''many a'' || lalúiri || lalúu- || - || - || colspan="4" |<br />
|-<br />
! Differential <br />
| ljáisi || ljái- || - || ''different'' || láili || láe- || - || ''sbd/sth else, another'' || colspan="4" | || colspan="4" |<br />
|-<br />
! Equal<br />
| fáisi || fái- || -(n)aaf<br>''-(n)áf'' || ''of the same kind'' || táili || táe- || - || ''the same'' || colspan="4" | || colspan="4" | <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demonstrative<br />
| šáisi || šái- || - || ''of this kind'' || colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|pól]] || -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || ''this'' || póiri || póu- || - || ''of this'' || rowspan="3" colspan="2" | týmjē || rowspan="3" | - || rowspan="3" | ''this much, this many''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | čéisi || rowspan="2" | čéi- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''of that kind'' || colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|sól]] || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || ''that'' || rowspan="2" | síiri || rowspan="2" | síu- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''of that''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|kjál]] || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || ''yonder'' <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The clitic forms are normally pronounced simply as long vowels, even though they are written as two. However, they can also be written as a single vowel with an accute above it - they are pronounced long but unstressed (secondary stress may still apply).<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=81851
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2014-10-16T22:43:29Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Others */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
== Substantival pronoun ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="25" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="4" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb.<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="3" | ó || sé || colspan="3" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="3" | â; ô || léis || colspan="3" | lî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrái || va || vá- || vn- || stái || sa || sá- || sn- || trái || ta || tá- || tr- || láu || la || lá- || sk-<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vríu || vi || ví- || vl- || stíu || si || sí- || sl- || tríu || ti || tí- || tl- || léu || lø || lǿ- || st-<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vréi || ve || vé- || vj- || stéi || se || sé- || sj- || tréi || te || té- || tj- || léi || le || lé- || sh-<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrúi || vu || colspan="2" | vú- || stúi || su || colspan="2" | sú- || trúi || tu || colspan="2" | tú- || lúi || lu || colspan="2" | lú-<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vrói || vo || colspan="2" | vó- || stói || so || colspan="2" | só- || trói || to || colspan="2" | tó- || lóu || lo || colspan="2" | ló-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hát || colspan="3" | hâ || xás || colspan="3" | xâ || tál || colspan="3" | tâ || dál || colspan="3" | dâ || kóe || colspan="3" | kû || féis || colspan="3" | fî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| hrái || ha || há- || hr- || hrái || xa || xá- || šn- || tjái || tja || tjá- || hk- || drái || da || dá- || dr- || krái || ka || ká- || kr- || fáu || fa || fá- || fr-<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| hríu || hi || hí- || hl- || hríu || xi || xí- || šl- || tjéu || tjø || tjǿ- || ht- || dríu || di || dí- || dv- || kríu || ki || kí- || kl- || féu || fø || fǿ- || fl-<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| hréi || he || hé- || hj- || hréi || xe || xé- || šj- || tjéi || tje || tjé- || hv- || dréi || de || dé- || dj- || kréi || ke || ké- || kj- || féi || fe || fé- || fj-<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| hrúi || hu || colspan="2" | hú- || hrúi || xu || colspan="2" | xú- || tjúi || tju || colspan="2" | tjú- || drúi || du || colspan="2" | dú- || krúi || ku || colspan="2" | kú- || fúi || fu || colspan="2" | fú-<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| hrói || ho || colspan="2" | hó- || hrói || xo || colspan="2" | xó- || tjói || tjo || colspan="2" | tjó- || drói || do || colspan="2" | dó- || krói || ko || colspan="2" | kó- || fóu || fo || colspan="2" | fó-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb.<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| jûn || colspan="3" | û || jôr || colspan="3" | jô || pál || colspan="3" | pâ || bál || colspan="3" | bâ || rjôn || colspan="3" | rî || géis || colspan="3" | gî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njái || na || ná- || vr- || rái || ra || rá- || rv- || prái || pa || pá- || pr- || brái || ba || bá- || br- || rjái || ja || já- || gr- || gáu || ga || gá- || šk-<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njéu || nø || nǿ- || lj- || réu || rø || rǿ- || rl- || príu || pi || pí- || pl- || bríu || bi || bí- || bv- || rjéu || jø || jǿ- || gl- || géu || gø || gǿ- || št-<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njéi || ne || né- || nj- || réi || re || ré- || rj- || préi || pe || pé- || pj- || bréi || be || bé- || bj- || rjéi || je || jé- || gj- || géi || ge || gé- || šj-<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njúi || nu || colspan="2" | nú- || rúi || ru || colspan="2" | rú- || prúi || pu || colspan="2" | pú- || brúi || bu || colspan="2" | bú- || rjúi || ju || colspan="2" | jú- || gúi || gu || colspan="2" | gú-<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njói || no || colspan="2" | nó- || rói || ro || colspan="2" | ró- || prói || po || colspan="2" | pó- || brói || bo || colspan="2" | bó- || rjói || jo || colspan="2" | jó- || góu || go || colspan="2" | gó-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" | Case || colspan="4" | '''Reflexive''' || colspan="4" | '''Reciprocal'''<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb.<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| colspan="2" | - || nî- || - || colspan="2" | - || nû- || -<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| náu || ma || má- || mn- || nûde || dja || djá- || zn-<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| néu || mø || mǿ- || ml- || nûdo || djø || djǿ- || zl-<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| néi || me || mé- || mj- || nûda || dje || djé- || zj-<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| núi || mu || colspan="2" | mú || nûdi || dju || colspan="2" | djú-<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| nóu || mo || colspan="2" | mó-|| nûdu || djo || colspan="2" | djó-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Other pronouns ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified'''<br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| sél || séi || sól || sós || sóles || sóxes || tél || téi || tól || tóh || sêl || síu<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| sái || sák || sói || sók || sóies || sóges || tái || ták || tói || tók || sáu || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| sán || sát || sór || sót || sóres || soðes || tán || tás || tór || tós || sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| séu || sét || sóu ||sút || sóues || súðes || téu || tés || tóu || tús || sǿn || sǿt<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| sén || sém || són || sóm || sóŋes || sôŋes || tén || tém || tón || tóm || sên || sêm<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| sín || sím || sún || súm || súŋes || sûŋes || tín || tím || tún || túm || sýn || sým<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | '''Total''' !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | '''la-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''xa-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''ta-''' (few) || colspan="2" | '''ja-''' (rarely)<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| fél || féi || lás || lîn || xás || xîn || tás || tîn || jás || jîn <br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| fái || fâk || lái || lák || xái || xák || tái || ták || jái || ják <br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| fân || fât || lán || lár || xán || xár || tán || tár || ján || jár <br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| féu || fét || lýn || lýs || xýn || xýs || týn || týs || jýn || jýs <br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| fén || fém || lén || lém || xén || xém || tén || tém || jén || jém <br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| fîn || fím || lûn || lûm || xûn || xûm || tûn || tûm || jûn || jûm <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Combinations ===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal possessive pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|+ Alienable possession <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic <br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | sóiri || rowspan="2" | sóu- || rowspan="2" | sój- || rowspan="2" | sjó- || háiri || háu- || háj- || hjá- || júiri || jóu- || nój- || njó-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xáiri || xáu- || xáj- || xjá- || jôiri || jôu- || nôj- || njô-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | séiri || rowspan="2" | séu- || rowspan="2" | séj- || rowspan="2" | sjé- || táiri || táu- || táj- || tjá- || páiri || páu- || páj- || pjá-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dáiri || dáu- || dáj- || djá- || báiri || báu- || báj- || bjá-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jáiri || jáu- || náj- || njá- || kóiri || kóu- || kój- || kjó- || rjóiri || rjóu- || rjój- || rjó-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| léiri || léu- || léj- || ljé- || féiri || féu- || féj- || fjé- || géiri || géu- || géj- || gjé-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|+ Inalienable possession <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic <br />
|-<br />
! Voc. || Non-v. || Voc. || Non-v. || Voc. || Non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | sǿiri || rowspan="2" | sǿu- || rowspan="2" | sǿj- || rowspan="2" | sjǿ- || šáiri || šáu- || šáj- || šjá- || núiri || nóu- || nýj- || njý-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| žáiri || žáu- || žáj- || žjá- || nǿiri || nǿu- || nǿj- || njǿ-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | sĕiri || rowspan="2" | sĕu- || rowspan="2" | sĕj- || rowspan="2" | sjĕ- || cáiri || cáu- || cáj- || cjá- || fáiri || fáu- || fáj- || fjá-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| ʒáiri || ʒáu- || ʒáj- || ʒjá- || váiri || váu- || váj- || vjá-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| máiri || máu- || máj- || mjá- || kǿiri || kǿu- || kǿj- || kjǿ- || rjǿiri || rjǿu- || rjǿj- || rjǿ-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lĕiri || lĕu- || lĕj- || ljĕ- || fĕiri || fĕu- || fĕj- || fjĕ- || gĕiri || gĕu- || gĕj- || gjĕ-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive possessive pronoun ===<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Others ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="4" | Qualitative !! colspan="4" | Relational !! colspan="4" | Possessive !! colspan="4" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' !! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' !! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' !! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| vréisi || vréi- || - || ''what kind (of)'' || rowspan="2" | vráili || rowspan="2" | vráe- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''what, which'' || rowspan="2" | lúiri || rowspan="2" | lúu- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''whose'' || rowspan="2" colspan="2"| þámjē || rowspan="2" | -(n)aþ+GEN || rowspan="2" | ''how much, how many''<br />
|-<br />
| kréisi || kréi- || - || ''to what extent''<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | réisi || rowspan="2" | réi- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''the kind that'' || ráili || ráe- || - || rowspan="2" | ''which, that, who'' || rowspan="2" | lǿiri || rowspan="2" | lǿu- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''whose'' || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | þĕtjē || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''as much''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! Unspecified<br />
| vréisi || vréi- || - || ''what kind (of)'' || vráili || vráe- || - || ''what, which'' || lúiri || lúu- || - || ''whose'' || colspan="2" | þámjē || - || ''how much, how many''<br />
|-<br />
! Relative unspecified<br />
| préisi || préi- || - || ''whatever kind'' || práili || práe- || - || ''whichever'' || plúiri || plúu- || - || ''whosever'' || colspan="2" | ƕĕtjē || - || ''however much''<br />
|-<br />
! Indefinite <br />
| tréisi || tréi- || - || ''some kind of'' || nóili || nóe- || - || ''some(one)'' || tréiri || tréu- || - || ''someone's'' || colspan="2" | tǿmjē || - || ''somewhat''<br />
|-<br />
! Negative<br />
| skéisi || skéi- || - || ''of no kind'' || sáili || sáe- || - || ''noöne'' || skéiri || skéu- || - || ''noöne's'' || colspan="4" | <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="2" | fréisi || rowspan="2" | fréi- || rowspan="2" | -(n)øør<br>''-(n)ǿr'' || rowspan="2" | ''of every kind'' || rowspan="2" | fáili || rowspan="2" | fáe- || rowspan="2" | -(n)øøf<br>''-(n)ǿf'' || rowspan="2" | ''every(one)'' || rowspan="2" | fréiri || rowspan="2" | fréu- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''everyone's'' || colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|xôl]] || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh'' || ''all''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" | mí || - || ''both''<br />
|-<br />
! Manifold<br />
| lavréisi || lavréi- || - || ''of many kinds'' || lavráili || lavráe- || - || ''many a'' || lalúiri || lalúu- || - || - || colspan="4" |<br />
|-<br />
! Differential <br />
| ljáisi || ljái- || - || ''different'' || láili || láe- || - || ''sbd/sth else, another'' || colspan="4" | || colspan="4" |<br />
|-<br />
! Equal<br />
| fáisi || fái- || -(n)aaf<br>''-(n)áf'' || ''of the same kind'' || táili || táe- || - || ''the same'' || colspan="4" | || colspan="4" | <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demonstrative<br />
| šáisi || šái- || - || ''of this kind'' || colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|pól]] || -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || ''this'' || póiri || póu- || - || ''of this'' || rowspan="3" colspan="2" | týmjē || rowspan="3" | - || rowspan="3" | ''this much, this many''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | čéisi || rowspan="2" | čéi- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''of that kind'' || colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|sól]] || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || ''that'' || rowspan="2" | síiri || rowspan="2" | síu- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''of that''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|kjál]] || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || ''yonder'' <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The clitic forms are normally pronounced simply as long vowels, even though they are written as two. However, they can also be written as a single vowel with an accute above it - they are pronounced long but unstressed (secondary stress may still apply).<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=81848
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2014-10-16T22:00:34Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Others */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
== Substantival pronoun ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="25" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="4" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb.<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="3" | ó || sé || colspan="3" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="3" | â; ô || léis || colspan="3" | lî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrái || va || vá- || vn- || stái || sa || sá- || sn- || trái || ta || tá- || tr- || láu || la || lá- || sk-<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vríu || vi || ví- || vl- || stíu || si || sí- || sl- || tríu || ti || tí- || tl- || léu || lø || lǿ- || st-<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vréi || ve || vé- || vj- || stéi || se || sé- || sj- || tréi || te || té- || tj- || léi || le || lé- || sh-<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrúi || vu || colspan="2" | vú- || stúi || su || colspan="2" | sú- || trúi || tu || colspan="2" | tú- || lúi || lu || colspan="2" | lú-<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vrói || vo || colspan="2" | vó- || stói || so || colspan="2" | só- || trói || to || colspan="2" | tó- || lóu || lo || colspan="2" | ló-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hát || colspan="3" | hâ || xás || colspan="3" | xâ || tál || colspan="3" | tâ || dál || colspan="3" | dâ || kóe || colspan="3" | kû || féis || colspan="3" | fî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| hrái || ha || há- || hr- || hrái || xa || xá- || šn- || tjái || tja || tjá- || hk- || drái || da || dá- || dr- || krái || ka || ká- || kr- || fáu || fa || fá- || fr-<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| hríu || hi || hí- || hl- || hríu || xi || xí- || šl- || tjéu || tjø || tjǿ- || ht- || dríu || di || dí- || dv- || kríu || ki || kí- || kl- || féu || fø || fǿ- || fl-<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| hréi || he || hé- || hj- || hréi || xe || xé- || šj- || tjéi || tje || tjé- || hv- || dréi || de || dé- || dj- || kréi || ke || ké- || kj- || féi || fe || fé- || fj-<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| hrúi || hu || colspan="2" | hú- || hrúi || xu || colspan="2" | xú- || tjúi || tju || colspan="2" | tjú- || drúi || du || colspan="2" | dú- || krúi || ku || colspan="2" | kú- || fúi || fu || colspan="2" | fú-<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| hrói || ho || colspan="2" | hó- || hrói || xo || colspan="2" | xó- || tjói || tjo || colspan="2" | tjó- || drói || do || colspan="2" | dó- || krói || ko || colspan="2" | kó- || fóu || fo || colspan="2" | fó-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb.<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| jûn || colspan="3" | û || jôr || colspan="3" | jô || pál || colspan="3" | pâ || bál || colspan="3" | bâ || rjôn || colspan="3" | rî || géis || colspan="3" | gî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njái || na || ná- || vr- || rái || ra || rá- || rv- || prái || pa || pá- || pr- || brái || ba || bá- || br- || rjái || ja || já- || gr- || gáu || ga || gá- || šk-<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njéu || nø || nǿ- || lj- || réu || rø || rǿ- || rl- || príu || pi || pí- || pl- || bríu || bi || bí- || bv- || rjéu || jø || jǿ- || gl- || géu || gø || gǿ- || št-<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njéi || ne || né- || nj- || réi || re || ré- || rj- || préi || pe || pé- || pj- || bréi || be || bé- || bj- || rjéi || je || jé- || gj- || géi || ge || gé- || šj-<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njúi || nu || colspan="2" | nú- || rúi || ru || colspan="2" | rú- || prúi || pu || colspan="2" | pú- || brúi || bu || colspan="2" | bú- || rjúi || ju || colspan="2" | jú- || gúi || gu || colspan="2" | gú-<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njói || no || colspan="2" | nó- || rói || ro || colspan="2" | ró- || prói || po || colspan="2" | pó- || brói || bo || colspan="2" | bó- || rjói || jo || colspan="2" | jó- || góu || go || colspan="2" | gó-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" | Case || colspan="4" | '''Reflexive''' || colspan="4" | '''Reciprocal'''<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb.<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| colspan="2" | - || nî- || - || colspan="2" | - || nû- || -<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| náu || ma || má- || mn- || nûde || dja || djá- || zn-<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| néu || mø || mǿ- || ml- || nûdo || djø || djǿ- || zl-<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| néi || me || mé- || mj- || nûda || dje || djé- || zj-<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| núi || mu || colspan="2" | mú || nûdi || dju || colspan="2" | djú-<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| nóu || mo || colspan="2" | mó-|| nûdu || djo || colspan="2" | djó-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Other pronouns ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified'''<br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| sél || séi || sól || sós || sóles || sóxes || tél || téi || tól || tóh || sêl || síu<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| sái || sák || sói || sók || sóies || sóges || tái || ták || tói || tók || sáu || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| sán || sát || sór || sót || sóres || soðes || tán || tás || tór || tós || sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| séu || sét || sóu ||sút || sóues || súðes || téu || tés || tóu || tús || sǿn || sǿt<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| sén || sém || són || sóm || sóŋes || sôŋes || tén || tém || tón || tóm || sên || sêm<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| sín || sím || sún || súm || súŋes || sûŋes || tín || tím || tún || túm || sýn || sým<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | '''Total''' !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | '''la-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''xa-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''ta-''' (few) || colspan="2" | '''ja-''' (rarely)<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| fél || féi || lás || lîn || xás || xîn || tás || tîn || jás || jîn <br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| fái || fâk || lái || lák || xái || xák || tái || ták || jái || ják <br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| fân || fât || lán || lár || xán || xár || tán || tár || ján || jár <br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| féu || fét || lýn || lýs || xýn || xýs || týn || týs || jýn || jýs <br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| fén || fém || lén || lém || xén || xém || tén || tém || jén || jém <br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| fîn || fím || lûn || lûm || xûn || xûm || tûn || tûm || jûn || jûm <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Combinations ===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal possessive pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|+ Alienable possession <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic <br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | sóiri || rowspan="2" | sóu- || rowspan="2" | sój- || rowspan="2" | sjó- || háiri || háu- || háj- || hjá- || júiri || jóu- || nój- || njó-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xáiri || xáu- || xáj- || xjá- || jôiri || jôu- || nôj- || njô-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | séiri || rowspan="2" | séu- || rowspan="2" | séj- || rowspan="2" | sjé- || táiri || táu- || táj- || tjá- || páiri || páu- || páj- || pjá-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dáiri || dáu- || dáj- || djá- || báiri || báu- || báj- || bjá-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jáiri || jáu- || náj- || njá- || kóiri || kóu- || kój- || kjó- || rjóiri || rjóu- || rjój- || rjó-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| léiri || léu- || léj- || ljé- || féiri || féu- || féj- || fjé- || géiri || géu- || géj- || gjé-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|+ Inalienable possession <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic <br />
|-<br />
! Voc. || Non-v. || Voc. || Non-v. || Voc. || Non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | sǿiri || rowspan="2" | sǿu- || rowspan="2" | sǿj- || rowspan="2" | sjǿ- || šáiri || šáu- || šáj- || šjá- || núiri || nóu- || nýj- || njý-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| žáiri || žáu- || žáj- || žjá- || nǿiri || nǿu- || nǿj- || njǿ-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | sĕiri || rowspan="2" | sĕu- || rowspan="2" | sĕj- || rowspan="2" | sjĕ- || cáiri || cáu- || cáj- || cjá- || fáiri || fáu- || fáj- || fjá-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| ʒáiri || ʒáu- || ʒáj- || ʒjá- || váiri || váu- || váj- || vjá-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| máiri || máu- || máj- || mjá- || kǿiri || kǿu- || kǿj- || kjǿ- || rjǿiri || rjǿu- || rjǿj- || rjǿ-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lĕiri || lĕu- || lĕj- || ljĕ- || fĕiri || fĕu- || fĕj- || fjĕ- || gĕiri || gĕu- || gĕj- || gjĕ-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive possessive pronoun ===<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Others ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="4" | Qualitative !! colspan="4" | Relational !! colspan="4" | Possessive !! colspan="4" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' !! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' !! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' !! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| vréisi || vréi- || - || ''what kind (of)'' || rowspan="2" | vráili || rowspan="2" | vráe- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''what, which'' || rowspan="2" | lúiri || rowspan="2" | lúu- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''whose'' || rowspan="2" colspan="2"| þámjē || rowspan="2" | -(n)aþ+GEN || rowspan="2" | ''how much, how many''<br />
|-<br />
| kréisi || kréi- || - || ''to what extent''<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | réisi || rowspan="2" | réi- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''the kind that'' || ráili || ráe- || - || rowspan="2" | ''which, that, who'' || rowspan="2" | lǿiri || rowspan="2" | lǿu- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''whose'' || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | þĕtjē || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''as much''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! Unspecified<br />
| vréisi || vréi- || - || ''what kind (of)'' || vráili || vráe- || - || ''what, which'' || lúiri || lúu- || - || ''whose'' || colspan="2" | þámjē || - || ''how much, how many''<br />
|-<br />
! Relative unspecified<br />
| préisi || préi- || - || ''whatever kind'' || práili || práe- || - || ''whichever'' || plúiri || plúu- || - || ''whosever'' || colspan="2" | ƕĕtjē || - || ''however much''<br />
|-<br />
! Indefinite <br />
| tréisi || tréi- || - || ''some kind of'' || nóili || nóe- || - || ''some(one)'' || tréiri || tréu- || - || ''someone's'' || colspan="2" | tǿmjē || - || ''somewhat''<br />
|-<br />
! Negative<br />
| skéisi || skéi- || - || ''of no kind'' || sáili || sáe- || - || ''noöne'' || skéiri || skéu- || - || ''noöne's'' || colspan="4" | <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="2" | fréisi || rowspan="2" | fréi- || rowspan="2" | -(n)øør<br>''-(n)ǿr'' || rowspan="2" | ''of every kind'' || rowspan="2" | fáili || rowspan="2" | fáe- || rowspan="2" | -(n)øøf<br>''-(n)ǿf'' || rowspan="2" | ''every(one)'' || rowspan="2" | fréiri || rowspan="2" | fréu- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''everyone's'' || colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|xôl]] || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh'' || ''all''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" | mí || - || ''both''<br />
|-<br />
! Manifold<br />
| lavréisi || lavréi- || - || ''of many kinds'' || lavráili || lavráe- || - || ''many a'' || lalúiri || lalúu- || - || - || colspan="4" |<br />
|-<br />
! Differential <br />
| ljáisi || ljái- || - || ''different'' || láili || láe- || - || ''sbd/sth else, another'' || colspan="4" | || colspan="4" |<br />
|-<br />
! Equal<br />
| fáisi || fái- || -(n)aaf<br>''-(n)áf'' || ''of the same kind'' || táili || táe- || - || ''the same'' || colspan="4" | || colspan="4" | <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demonstrative<br />
| šáisi || šái- || - || ''of this kind'' || colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|pól]] || -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || ''this'' || colspan="4" rowspan="3" | || rowspan="3" | || rowspan="3" | || rowspan="3" | - || rowspan="3" | ''this much''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | čéisi || rowspan="2" | čéi- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''of that kind'' || colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|sól]] || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || ''that'' <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|kjál]] || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || ''yonder'' <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The clitic forms are normally pronounced simply as long vowels, even though they are written as two. However, they can also be written as a single vowel with an accute above it - they are pronounced long but unstressed (secondary stress may still apply).<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=81846
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2014-10-16T21:20:07Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Others */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
== Substantival pronoun ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="25" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="4" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb.<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="3" | ó || sé || colspan="3" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="3" | â; ô || léis || colspan="3" | lî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrái || va || vá- || vn- || stái || sa || sá- || sn- || trái || ta || tá- || tr- || láu || la || lá- || sk-<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vríu || vi || ví- || vl- || stíu || si || sí- || sl- || tríu || ti || tí- || tl- || léu || lø || lǿ- || st-<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vréi || ve || vé- || vj- || stéi || se || sé- || sj- || tréi || te || té- || tj- || léi || le || lé- || sh-<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrúi || vu || colspan="2" | vú- || stúi || su || colspan="2" | sú- || trúi || tu || colspan="2" | tú- || lúi || lu || colspan="2" | lú-<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vrói || vo || colspan="2" | vó- || stói || so || colspan="2" | só- || trói || to || colspan="2" | tó- || lóu || lo || colspan="2" | ló-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hát || colspan="3" | hâ || xás || colspan="3" | xâ || tál || colspan="3" | tâ || dál || colspan="3" | dâ || kóe || colspan="3" | kû || féis || colspan="3" | fî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| hrái || ha || há- || hr- || hrái || xa || xá- || šn- || tjái || tja || tjá- || hk- || drái || da || dá- || dr- || krái || ka || ká- || kr- || fáu || fa || fá- || fr-<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| hríu || hi || hí- || hl- || hríu || xi || xí- || šl- || tjéu || tjø || tjǿ- || ht- || dríu || di || dí- || dv- || kríu || ki || kí- || kl- || féu || fø || fǿ- || fl-<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| hréi || he || hé- || hj- || hréi || xe || xé- || šj- || tjéi || tje || tjé- || hv- || dréi || de || dé- || dj- || kréi || ke || ké- || kj- || féi || fe || fé- || fj-<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| hrúi || hu || colspan="2" | hú- || hrúi || xu || colspan="2" | xú- || tjúi || tju || colspan="2" | tjú- || drúi || du || colspan="2" | dú- || krúi || ku || colspan="2" | kú- || fúi || fu || colspan="2" | fú-<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| hrói || ho || colspan="2" | hó- || hrói || xo || colspan="2" | xó- || tjói || tjo || colspan="2" | tjó- || drói || do || colspan="2" | dó- || krói || ko || colspan="2" | kó- || fóu || fo || colspan="2" | fó-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb.<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| jûn || colspan="3" | û || jôr || colspan="3" | jô || pál || colspan="3" | pâ || bál || colspan="3" | bâ || rjôn || colspan="3" | rî || géis || colspan="3" | gî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njái || na || ná- || vr- || rái || ra || rá- || rv- || prái || pa || pá- || pr- || brái || ba || bá- || br- || rjái || ja || já- || gr- || gáu || ga || gá- || šk-<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njéu || nø || nǿ- || lj- || réu || rø || rǿ- || rl- || príu || pi || pí- || pl- || bríu || bi || bí- || bv- || rjéu || jø || jǿ- || gl- || géu || gø || gǿ- || št-<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njéi || ne || né- || nj- || réi || re || ré- || rj- || préi || pe || pé- || pj- || bréi || be || bé- || bj- || rjéi || je || jé- || gj- || géi || ge || gé- || šj-<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njúi || nu || colspan="2" | nú- || rúi || ru || colspan="2" | rú- || prúi || pu || colspan="2" | pú- || brúi || bu || colspan="2" | bú- || rjúi || ju || colspan="2" | jú- || gúi || gu || colspan="2" | gú-<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njói || no || colspan="2" | nó- || rói || ro || colspan="2" | ró- || prói || po || colspan="2" | pó- || brói || bo || colspan="2" | bó- || rjói || jo || colspan="2" | jó- || góu || go || colspan="2" | gó-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" | Case || colspan="4" | '''Reflexive''' || colspan="4" | '''Reciprocal'''<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb.<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| colspan="2" | - || nî- || - || colspan="2" | - || nû- || -<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| náu || ma || má- || mn- || nûde || dja || djá- || zn-<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| néu || mø || mǿ- || ml- || nûdo || djø || djǿ- || zl-<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| néi || me || mé- || mj- || nûda || dje || djé- || zj-<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| núi || mu || colspan="2" | mú || nûdi || dju || colspan="2" | djú-<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| nóu || mo || colspan="2" | mó-|| nûdu || djo || colspan="2" | djó-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Other pronouns ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified'''<br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| sél || séi || sól || sós || sóles || sóxes || tél || téi || tól || tóh || sêl || síu<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| sái || sák || sói || sók || sóies || sóges || tái || ták || tói || tók || sáu || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| sán || sát || sór || sót || sóres || soðes || tán || tás || tór || tós || sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| séu || sét || sóu ||sút || sóues || súðes || téu || tés || tóu || tús || sǿn || sǿt<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| sén || sém || són || sóm || sóŋes || sôŋes || tén || tém || tón || tóm || sên || sêm<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| sín || sím || sún || súm || súŋes || sûŋes || tín || tím || tún || túm || sýn || sým<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | '''Total''' !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | '''la-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''xa-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''ta-''' (few) || colspan="2" | '''ja-''' (rarely)<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| fél || féi || lás || lîn || xás || xîn || tás || tîn || jás || jîn <br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| fái || fâk || lái || lák || xái || xák || tái || ták || jái || ják <br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| fân || fât || lán || lár || xán || xár || tán || tár || ján || jár <br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| féu || fét || lýn || lýs || xýn || xýs || týn || týs || jýn || jýs <br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| fén || fém || lén || lém || xén || xém || tén || tém || jén || jém <br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| fîn || fím || lûn || lûm || xûn || xûm || tûn || tûm || jûn || jûm <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Combinations ===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal possessive pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|+ Alienable possession <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic <br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | sóiri || rowspan="2" | sóu- || rowspan="2" | sój- || rowspan="2" | sjó- || háiri || háu- || háj- || hjá- || júiri || jóu- || nój- || njó-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xáiri || xáu- || xáj- || xjá- || jôiri || jôu- || nôj- || njô-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | séiri || rowspan="2" | séu- || rowspan="2" | séj- || rowspan="2" | sjé- || táiri || táu- || táj- || tjá- || páiri || páu- || páj- || pjá-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dáiri || dáu- || dáj- || djá- || báiri || báu- || báj- || bjá-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jáiri || jáu- || náj- || njá- || kóiri || kóu- || kój- || kjó- || rjóiri || rjóu- || rjój- || rjó-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| léiri || léu- || léj- || ljé- || féiri || féu- || féj- || fjé- || géiri || géu- || géj- || gjé-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|+ Inalienable possession <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic <br />
|-<br />
! Voc. || Non-v. || Voc. || Non-v. || Voc. || Non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | sǿiri || rowspan="2" | sǿu- || rowspan="2" | sǿj- || rowspan="2" | sjǿ- || šáiri || šáu- || šáj- || šjá- || núiri || nóu- || nýj- || njý-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| žáiri || žáu- || žáj- || žjá- || nǿiri || nǿu- || nǿj- || njǿ-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | sĕiri || rowspan="2" | sĕu- || rowspan="2" | sĕj- || rowspan="2" | sjĕ- || cáiri || cáu- || cáj- || cjá- || fáiri || fáu- || fáj- || fjá-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| ʒáiri || ʒáu- || ʒáj- || ʒjá- || váiri || váu- || váj- || vjá-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| máiri || máu- || máj- || mjá- || kǿiri || kǿu- || kǿj- || kjǿ- || rjǿiri || rjǿu- || rjǿj- || rjǿ-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lĕiri || lĕu- || lĕj- || ljĕ- || fĕiri || fĕu- || fĕj- || fjĕ- || gĕiri || gĕu- || gĕj- || gjĕ-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive possessive pronoun ===<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Others ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="4" | Qualitative !! colspan="4" | Relational !! colspan="4" | Possessive !! colspan="4" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' !! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' !! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' !! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| vréisi || vréi- || - || ''what kind (of)'' || rowspan="2" | vráili || rowspan="2" | vráe- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''what, which'' || rowspan="2" | lúiri || rowspan="2" | lúu- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''whose'' || rowspan="2" colspan="2"| þámjē || rowspan="2" | -(n)aþ+GEN || rowspan="2" | ''how much, how many''<br />
|-<br />
| kréisi || kréi- || - || ''to what extent''<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | réisi || rowspan="2" | réi- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''the kind that'' || ráili || ráe- || - || rowspan="2" | ''which, that, who'' || rowspan="2" | lǿiri || rowspan="2" | lǿu- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''whose'' || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | þĕtjē || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''as much''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! Unspecified<br />
| vréisi || vréi- || - || ''what kind (of)'' || vráili || vráe- || - || ''what, which'' || lúiri || lúu- || - || ''whose'' || colspan="2" | þámjē || - || ''how much, how many''<br />
|-<br />
! Relative unspecified<br />
| préisi || préi- || - || ''whatever kind'' || práili || práe- || - || ''whichever'' || plúiri || plúu- || - || ''whosever'' || colspan="2" | ƕĕtjē || - || ''however much''<br />
|-<br />
! Indefinite <br />
| tréisi || tréi- || - || ''some kind of'' || nóili || nóe- || - || ''some(one)'' || colspan="4" | || colspan="2" | tǿmjē || - || ''somewhat''<br />
|-<br />
! Negative<br />
| skéisi || skéi- || - || ''of no kind'' || sáili || sáe- || - || ''noöne'' || colspan="4" | || colspan="4" | <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="2" | fréisi || rowspan="2" | fréi- || rowspan="2" | -(n)øør<br>''-(n)ǿr'' || rowspan="2" | ''of every kind'' || rowspan="2" | fáili || rowspan="2" | fáe- || rowspan="2" | -(n)øøf<br>''-(n)ǿf'' || rowspan="2" | ''every(one)'' || rowspan="2" colspan="4" | || colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|xôl]] || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh'' || ''all''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" | mí || - || ''both''<br />
|-<br />
! Manifold<br />
| lavréisi || lavréi- || - || ''of many kinds'' || lavráili || lavráe- || - || ''many a'' || lalúiri || lalúu- || - || - || colspan="4" |<br />
|-<br />
! Differential <br />
| ljáisi || ljái- || - || ''different'' || láili || láe- || - || ''sbd/sth else, another'' || colspan="4" | || colspan="4" |<br />
|-<br />
! Equal<br />
| fáisi || fái- || -(n)aaf<br>''-(n)áf'' || ''of the same kind'' || táili || táe- || - || ''the same'' || colspan="4" | || colspan="4" | <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demonstrative<br />
| šáisi || šái- || - || ''of this kind'' || colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|pól]] || -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || ''this'' || colspan="4" rowspan="3" | || rowspan="3" | || rowspan="3" | || rowspan="3" | - || rowspan="3" | ''this much''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | čéisi || rowspan="2" | čéi- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''of that kind'' || colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|sól]] || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || ''that'' <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|kjál]] || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || ''yonder'' <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The clitic forms are normally pronounced simply as long vowels, even though they are written as two. However, they can also be written as a single vowel with an accute above it - they are pronounced long but unstressed (secondary stress may still apply).<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_pronouns&diff=81834
Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns
2014-10-16T17:08:36Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Personal pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] has many types of pronouns. <br />
<br />
== Substantival pronoun ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal pronouns ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="25" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | 1st person !! colspan="4" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb.<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ós || colspan="3" | ó || sé || colspan="3" | é || jâ; dô || colspan="3" | â; ô || léis || colspan="3" | lî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| vrái || va || vá- || vn- || stái || sa || sá- || sn- || trái || ta || tá- || tr- || láu || la || lá- || sk-<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| vríu || vi || ví- || vl- || stíu || si || sí- || sl- || tríu || ti || tí- || tl- || léu || lø || lǿ- || st-<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| vréi || ve || vé- || vj- || stéi || se || sé- || sj- || tréi || te || té- || tj- || léi || le || lé- || sh-<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| vrúi || vu || colspan="2" | vú- || stúi || su || colspan="2" | sú- || trúi || tu || colspan="2" | tú- || lúi || lu || colspan="2" | lú-<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| vrói || vo || colspan="2" | vó- || stói || so || colspan="2" | só- || trói || to || colspan="2" | tó- || lóu || lo || colspan="2" | ló-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| hát || colspan="3" | hâ || xás || colspan="3" | xâ || tál || colspan="3" | tâ || dál || colspan="3" | dâ || kóe || colspan="3" | kû || féis || colspan="3" | fî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| hrái || ha || há- || hr- || hrái || xa || xá- || šn- || tjái || tja || tjá- || hk- || drái || da || dá- || dr- || krái || ka || ká- || kr- || fáu || fa || fá- || fr-<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| hríu || hi || hí- || hl- || hríu || xi || xí- || šl- || tjéu || tjø || tjǿ- || ht- || dríu || di || dí- || dv- || kríu || ki || kí- || kl- || féu || fø || fǿ- || fl-<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| hréi || he || hé- || hj- || hréi || xe || xé- || šj- || tjéi || tje || tjé- || hv- || dréi || de || dé- || dj- || kréi || ke || ké- || kj- || féi || fe || fé- || fj-<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| hrúi || hu || colspan="2" | hú- || hrúi || xu || colspan="2" | xú- || tjúi || tju || colspan="2" | tjú- || drúi || du || colspan="2" | dú- || krúi || ku || colspan="2" | kú- || fúi || fu || colspan="2" | fú-<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| hrói || ho || colspan="2" | hó- || hrói || xo || colspan="2" | xó- || tjói || tjo || colspan="2" | tjó- || drói || do || colspan="2" | dó- || krói || ko || colspan="2" | kó- || fóu || fo || colspan="2" | fó-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb.<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| jûn || colspan="3" | û || jôr || colspan="3" | jô || pál || colspan="3" | pâ || bál || colspan="3" | bâ || rjôn || colspan="3" | rî || géis || colspan="3" | gî<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| njái || na || ná- || vr- || rái || ra || rá- || rv- || prái || pa || pá- || pr- || brái || ba || bá- || br- || rjái || ja || já- || gr- || gáu || ga || gá- || šk-<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| njéu || nø || nǿ- || lj- || réu || rø || rǿ- || rl- || príu || pi || pí- || pl- || bríu || bi || bí- || bv- || rjéu || jø || jǿ- || gl- || géu || gø || gǿ- || št-<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| njéi || ne || né- || nj- || réi || re || ré- || rj- || préi || pe || pé- || pj- || bréi || be || bé- || bj- || rjéi || je || jé- || gj- || géi || ge || gé- || šj-<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| njúi || nu || colspan="2" | nú- || rúi || ru || colspan="2" | rú- || prúi || pu || colspan="2" | pú- || brúi || bu || colspan="2" | bú- || rjúi || ju || colspan="2" | jú- || gúi || gu || colspan="2" | gú-<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| njói || no || colspan="2" | nó- || rói || ro || colspan="2" | ró- || prói || po || colspan="2" | pó- || brói || bo || colspan="2" | bó- || rjói || jo || colspan="2" | jó- || góu || go || colspan="2" | gó-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" | Case || colspan="4" | '''Reflexive''' || colspan="4" | '''Reciprocal'''<br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb. !! Long || Short || Prep. || Verb.<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| colspan="2" | - || nî- || - || colspan="2" | - || nû- || -<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| náu || ma || má- || mn- || nûde || dja || djá- || zn-<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| néu || mø || mǿ- || ml- || nûdo || djø || djǿ- || zl-<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| néi || me || mé- || mj- || nûda || dje || djé- || zj-<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| núi || mu || colspan="2" | mú || nûdi || dju || colspan="2" | djú-<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| nóu || mo || colspan="2" | mó-|| nûdu || djo || colspan="2" | djó-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Other pronouns ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | '''Interrogative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Relative unspecified''' !! colspan="2" | '''Indefinite''' !! colspan="2" | '''Negative''' !! colspan="2" | '''Unspecified'''<br />
|- <br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| sél || séi || sól || sós || sóles || sóxes || tél || téi || tól || tóh || sêl || síu<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| sái || sák || sói || sók || sóies || sóges || tái || ták || tói || tók || sáu || sâk<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| sán || sát || sór || sót || sóres || soðes || tán || tás || tór || tós || sân || sât<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| séu || sét || sóu ||sút || sóues || súðes || téu || tés || tóu || tús || sǿn || sǿt<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| sén || sém || són || sóm || sóŋes || sôŋes || tén || tém || tón || tóm || sên || sêm<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| sín || sím || sún || súm || súŋes || sûŋes || tín || tím || tún || túm || sýn || sým<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Case !! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | '''Total''' !! colspan="8" | '''Manifold'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | '''la-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''xa-''' (many) || colspan="2" | '''ta-''' (few) || colspan="2" | '''ja-''' (rarely)<br />
|-<br />
! Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate || Animate || Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| fél || féi || lás || lîn || xás || xîn || tás || tîn || jás || jîn <br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| fái || fâk || lái || lák || xái || xák || tái || ták || jái || ják <br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| fân || fât || lán || lár || xán || xár || tán || tár || ján || jár <br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| féu || fét || lýn || lýs || xýn || xýs || týn || týs || jýn || jýs <br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| fén || fém || lén || lém || xén || xém || tén || tém || jén || jém <br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| fîn || fím || lûn || lûm || xûn || xûm || tûn || tûm || jûn || jûm <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Combinations ===<br />
==== Indefinite-relative ====<br />
The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. <br />
<br />
Example: <br />
* ''How can you miss '''something (that)''' you never had?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''tés, sók''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
* ''Váj fíllallén '''téssok''' énnanaiŋe?''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Cases !! Indefinite !! Relative !! Indefinite-relative<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Nom<br />
| téi || sós || '''teós'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Gen<br />
| téi || sók || '''teók'''<br />
|-<br />
! Nom + Acc <br />
| téi || sút || '''teút'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Nom<br />
| tés || sós || '''téssos'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Gen<br />
| tés || sók || '''téssok'''<br />
|-<br />
! Acc + Acc<br />
| tés || sút || '''téssut'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Personal-summative ====<br />
This kind of pronouns correspond to English ''we all, you all, they all'' pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="4" | Case !! colspan="25" | Personal-summative (plural)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | 1st person !! colspan="8" | 2nd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | 4th person (obviative)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive !! colspan="4" | Inclusive !! colspan="4" | Exclusive <br />
|-<br />
! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. !! Long || Short || colspan="2" | Prep. <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| skjûn || colspan="3" | skû || skjôr || colspan="3" | skjô || stjál || colspan="3" | stjâ || stál || colspan="3" | stâ || kvôn || colspan="3" | kvî || || colspan="3" | <br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| skjái || skja || colspan="2" | skjá- || skái || ska || colspan="2" | ská- || stjái || stja || colspan="2" | stjá- || stái || sta || colspan="2" | stá-|| kvái || kva || colspan="2" | kvá- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| skjéu || skjø || colspan="2" | skjǿ- || skéu || skø || colspan="2" | skǿ- || stjéu || stjø || colspan="2" | stjǿ- || stíu || sti || colspan="2" | stí- || kvéu || kvø || colspan="2" | kvǿ- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| skjéi || skje || colspan="2" | skjé- || skéi || ske || colspan="2" | ské- || stjéi || stje || colspan="2" | stjé- || stéi || ste || colspan="2" | sté- || kvéi || kve || colspan="2" | kvé- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| skjúi || skju || colspan="2" | skjú- || skúi || sku || colspan="2" | skú- || stjúi || stju || colspan="2" | stjú- || stúi || stu || colspan="2" | stú- || kvúi || kvu || colspan="2" | kvú- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental <br />
| skjói || skjo || colspan="2" | skjó- || skói || sko || colspan="2" | skó- || stjói || stjo || colspan="2" | stjó- || stói || sto || colspan="2" | stó- || kvói || kvo || colspan="2" | kvó- || || || colspan="2" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adjectival pronouns ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal possessive pronouns ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|+ Alienable possession <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic <br />
|-<br />
! voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v. || voc. || non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | sóiri || rowspan="2" | sóu- || rowspan="2" | sój- || rowspan="2" | sjó- || háiri || háu- || háj- || hjá- || júiri || jóu- || nój- || njó-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| xáiri || xáu- || xáj- || xjá- || jôiri || jôu- || nôj- || njô-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | séiri || rowspan="2" | séu- || rowspan="2" | séj- || rowspan="2" | sjé- || táiri || táu- || táj- || tjá- || páiri || páu- || páj- || pjá-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| dáiri || dáu- || dáj- || djá- || báiri || báu- || báj- || bjá-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| jáiri || jáu- || náj- || njá- || kóiri || kóu- || kój- || kjó- || rjóiri || rjóu- || rjój- || rjó-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| léiri || léu- || léj- || ljé- || féiri || féu- || féj- || fjé- || géiri || géu- || géj- || gjé-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|+ Inalienable possession <br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Person<br />
! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic !! rowspan="2" | Long !! rowspan="2" | Short !! colspan="2" | Clitic <br />
|-<br />
! Voc. || Non-v. || Voc. || Non-v. || Voc. || Non-v.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | sǿiri || rowspan="2" | sǿu- || rowspan="2" | sǿj- || rowspan="2" | sjǿ- || šáiri || šáu- || šáj- || šjá- || núiri || nóu- || nýj- || njý-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| žáiri || žáu- || žáj- || žjá- || nǿiri || nǿu- || nǿj- || njǿ-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! Inclusive<br />
| rowspan="2" | sĕiri || rowspan="2" | sĕu- || rowspan="2" | sĕj- || rowspan="2" | sjĕ- || cáiri || cáu- || cáj- || cjá- || fáiri || fáu- || fáj- || fjá-<br />
|-<br />
! Exclusive<br />
| ʒáiri || ʒáu- || ʒáj- || ʒjá- || váiri || váu- || váj- || vjá-<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| máiri || máu- || máj- || mjá- || kǿiri || kǿu- || kǿj- || kjǿ- || rjǿiri || rjǿu- || rjǿj- || rjǿ-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 4th person<br />
| lĕiri || lĕu- || lĕj- || ljĕ- || fĕiri || fĕu- || fĕj- || fjĕ- || gĕiri || gĕu- || gĕj- || gjĕ-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reflexive possessive pronoun ===<br />
The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are: <br />
* long: '''nîjiri '''<br />
* short: '''nîu-'''<br />
* vocalic: '''nîj-'''<br />
* non-vocalic: '''njî-'''<br />
<br />
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Others ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="4" | Qualitative !! colspan="4" | Relational !! colspan="4" | Possessive !! colspan="4" | Quantitative <br />
|-<br />
! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' !! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' !! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' !! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Interrogative<br />
| vréisi || vréi- || - || ''what kind (of)'' || rowspan="2" | vráili || rowspan="2" | vráe- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''what, which'' || rowspan="2" | lúiri || rowspan="2" | lúu- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''whose'' || rowspan="2" colspan="2"| þámjē || rowspan="2" | -(n)aþ+GEN || rowspan="2" | ''how much, how many''<br />
|-<br />
| kréisi || kréi- || - || ''to what extent''<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" | Relative <br />
| rowspan="2" | réisi || rowspan="2" | réi- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''the kind that'' || ráili || ráe- || - || rowspan="2" | ''which, that, who'' || rowspan="2" | lǿiri || rowspan="2" | lǿu- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''whose'' || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | þĕtjē || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''as much''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | á<br />
|-<br />
! Unspecified<br />
| vréisi || vréi- || - || ''what kind (of)'' || vráili || vráe- || - || ''what, which'' || lúiri || lúu- || - || ''whose'' || colspan="2" | þámjē || - || ''how much, how many''<br />
|-<br />
! Relative unspecified<br />
| préisi || préi- || - || ''whatever kind'' || práili || práe- || - || ''whichever'' || plúiri || plúu- || - || ''whosever'' || colspan="2" | ƕĕtjē || - || ''however much''<br />
|-<br />
! Indefinite <br />
| tréisi || tréi- || - || ''some kind of'' || nóili || nóe- || - || ''some(one)'' || colspan="4" | || colspan="2" | tǿmjē || - || ''somewhat''<br />
|-<br />
! Negative<br />
| skéisi || skéi- || - || ''of no kind'' || sáili || sáe- || - || ''noöne'' || colspan="4" | || colspan="4" | <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Total<br />
| rowspan="2" | fréisi || rowspan="2" | fréi- || rowspan="2" | -(n)øør<br>''-(n)ǿr'' || rowspan="2" | ''of every kind'' || rowspan="2" | fáili || rowspan="2" | fáe- || rowspan="2" | -(n)øøf<br>''-(n)ǿf'' || rowspan="2" | ''every(one)'' || rowspan="2" colspan="4" | || colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|xôl]] || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh'' || ''all''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" | mí || - || ''both''<br />
|-<br />
! Manifold<br />
| lavréisi || lavréi- || - || ''of many kinds'' || lavráili || lavráe- || - || ''many a'' || lalúiri || lalúu- || - || - || colspan="4" |<br />
|-<br />
! Differential <br />
| ljáisi || ljái- || - || ''different'' || láili || láe- || - || ''sbd/sth else, another'' || colspan="4" | || colspan="4" |<br />
|-<br />
! Equal<br />
| fáisi || fái- || -(n)aaf<br>''-(n)áf'' || ''of the same kind'' || táili || táe- || - || ''the same'' || colspan="4" | || colspan="4" | <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Demonstrative<br />
| rowspan="3" | šáisi || rowspan="3" | šái- || rowspan="3" | - || rowspan="3" | ''of this kind'' || colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|pól]] || -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || ''this'' || colspan="4" rowspan="3" | || rowspan="3" | || rowspan="3" | || rowspan="3" | - || rowspan="3" | ''this much''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|sól]] || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || ''that'' <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|kjál]] || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || ''yonder'' <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The clitic forms are normally pronounced simply as long vowels, even though they are written as two. However, they can also be written as a single vowel with an accute above it - they are pronounced long but unstressed (secondary stress may still apply).<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Demonstratives !! rowspan="2" | Summative<br />
|-<br />
! THIS !! THAT !! YONDER<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="7" | Singular<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pól(i) || sól(i) || kjál(i) || xôl<br />
|-<br />
! Gen.<br />
| pái || sái || kjáde || xái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| píu || síu || kjádo || xíu<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| péi || séi || kjáda || xéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| púi || súi || kjádi || xúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pói || sói || kjádu || xói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Dual<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pél(i) || sél(i) || kján(i) || xêl(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| piái || siái || kjánde || xiái<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pýe || sýe || kjándo || xýe<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| piéi || siéi || kjánda || xiéi<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| piúi || siúi || kjándi || xiúi<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| piói || siói || kjándu || xiói<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nom.<br />
| pál(i) || sâl(i) || kjân(i) || xál(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Gen. <br />
| pâs(i) || sât(i) || kjâfe || xâs(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Dat. <br />
| pît(i) || sît(i) || kjâfo || xît(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Acc. <br />
| pés(i) || sét(i) || kjâfa || xét(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Loc. <br />
| pût(i) || sût(i) || kjâfi || xût(i)<br />
|-<br />
! Inst. <br />
| pós(i) || sót(i) || kjâfu || xós(i)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Clitic forms<br />
| -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i_verbs&diff=81820
Celestial Laefêvëši verbs
2014-10-15T15:27:51Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Stem lengthening */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{CeLaefPages}}[[Celestial Laefêvëši]] verbs are highly inflected. <br />
<br />
== Characteristics ==<br />
=== Types ===<br />
Lexical verbs (full meaning)<br />
* verbs of movement<br />
Auxiliary verbs:<br />
* phaseal verbs<br />
* modal verbs<br />
* the verb ''álaj'' (to be)<br />
<br />
=== Classes ===<br />
Three classes:<br />
# verbs on '''-vij'''<br />
# verbs on '''-laj'''<br />
# verbs on '''-vaj'''<br />
<br />
=== Number ===<br />
Numbers:<br />
* singular<br />
* dual<br />
* plural<br />
<br />
=== Aspect ===<br />
# Perfective aspect<br />
# Imperfective aspect <br />
<br />
=== Mood ===<br />
Realis moods:<br />
* Indicative<br />
* Generic<br />
Irrealis moods:<br />
* Conditional<br />
* Subjunctive <br />
* Optative I<br />
* Optative II<br />
* Optative III<br />
* Presumptive<br />
* Potential<br />
* If-potential<br />
* Admirative<br />
* Imperative<br />
* Inferencial/renarrative<br />
<br />
=== Tenses ===<br />
Simple tenses:<br />
* simple present<br />
* simple past<br />
* remote past<br />
* nonpast<br />
* pluperfect <br />
* simple future<br />
* future anterior <br />
* nonfuture<br />
* future-in-the-past<br />
<br />
== Conjugation ==<br />
<br />
=== Stem lengthening ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Class !! Type I !! Type II !! Type III !! Type IV !! Type V<br />
|-<br />
! -VIJ<br />
| -Vvij → -Vtt- || -[V]Jvij → -[V]Jat- || -[V]Kvij → -[V]KKat- || -CCvij → -CCi- || -[V]GGëvij → -[V]GGi-<br />
|-<br />
! -LAJ<br />
| -Vlaj → -Vll- || -[V]Jlaj → -[V]Jal- || -[V]Klaj → -[V]KKal- || -CClaj → -CCu- || -[V]GGëlaj → -[V]GGu-<br />
|-<br />
! -VAJ<br />
| -Vvaj → -Vnn- || -[V]Jvaj → -[V]Jan- || -[V]Kvaj → -[V]KKan- || -CCvaj → -CCi- || -[V]GGëvaj → -[V]GGi-<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | Example<br />
|-<br />
! -VIJ<br />
| návij → ná'''tt'''- || ná'''š'''vij → ná'''šat'''- || ná'''n'''vij → ná'''nnat'''- || ná'''nd'''vij → ná'''ndi'''- || ná'''nnë'''vij → ná'''nni'''-<br />
|-<br />
! -LAJ<br />
| nálaj → ná'''ll'''- || ná'''š'''laj → ná'''šal'''- || ná'''n'''laj → ná'''nnal'''- || ná'''nd'''laj → ná'''ndu'''- || ná'''nnë'''laj → nná'''nnu'''-<br />
|-<br />
! -VAJ<br />
| návaj → ná'''nn'''- || ná'''š'''vaj → ná'''šan'''- || ná'''n'''vaj → ná'''nnan'''- || ná'''nd'''vaj → ná'''ndi'''- || ná'''nnë'''vaj → ná'''nni'''-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Tenses ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="3" | Person !! colspan="6" | Simple present<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural<br />
|- <br />
! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat.<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -a || -ake || -e || -eke || -o || -oke <br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -an || -aŋe || -en || -eŋe || -on || -oŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -as || -aksi || -es || -eksi || -os || -oksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Simple past<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -ai || -aike || -ei || -eike || -oi || -oike<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -ain || -aiŋe || -ein || -eiŋe || -oin || -oiŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -ais || -aiksi || -eis || -eiksi || -ois || -oiksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Nonpast<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -ao || -aoke || -eo || -eoke || -oo || -ooke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -aon || -aoŋe || -eon || -eoŋe || -oon || -ooŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -aos || -aoksi || -eos || -eoksi || -oos || -ooksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Pluperfect<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -ø || -øke || -øi || -øike || -iø || -iøke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -øn || -øŋe || -øin || -øiŋe || -iøn || -iøŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -øs || -øksi || -øis || -øiksi || -iøs || -iøksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Remote past<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -ae || -aeke || -ee || -eeke || -oe || -oeke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -aen || -aeŋe || -een || -eeŋe || -oen || -oeŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -aes || -aeksi || -ees || -eeksi || -oes || -oeksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Simple future<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -au || -auke || -eu || -euke || -ou || -ouke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -aun || -auŋe || -eun || -euŋe || -oun || -ouŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -aus || -auksi || -eus || -euksi || -ous || -ouksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Nonfuture<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -ë || -ëke || -ëi || -ëike || -ië || -iëke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -ën || -ëŋe || -ëin || -ëiŋe || -iën || -iëŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -ës || -ëksi || -ëis || -ëiksi || -iës || -iëksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Future anterior<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -y || -yke || -yi || -yike || -iy || -iyke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -yn || -yŋe || -yin || -yiŋe || -iyn || -iyŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -ys || -yksi || -yis || -yiksi || -iys || -iyksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Future-in-the-past<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -aa || -aake || -ea || -eake || -oa || -oake<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -aan || -aaŋe || -ean || -eaŋe || -oan || -oaŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -aas || -aaksi || -eas || -eaksi || -oas || -oaksi<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Compound tenses ====<br />
Compound tenses are formed with the auxilliary verb ''álaj'' (to be) and past active participle. <br />
<br />
Compound tenses are rarely used, and when they are, usually there's a clause inserted between the auxilliary and the past active participle.<br />
<br />
=== Moods ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+ Mood suffixes<br />
! Mood !! Long form !! Short form<br />
|- <br />
! Indicative<br />
| -/ || -/<br />
|-<br />
! Generic<br />
| -an || -n<br />
|-<br />
! Conditional<br />
| -am || -m<br />
|-<br />
! Subjunctive<br />
| -al || -l<br />
|-<br />
! Optative<br />
| -ak || -k<br />
|-<br />
! Jussive<br />
| -ah || -h<br />
|-<br />
! Reputative<br />
| -ar || -r<br />
|-<br />
! Presumptive<br />
| -ag || -g<br />
|-<br />
! Potential<br />
| -as || -s<br />
|-<br />
! If-potential<br />
| -av || -v<br />
|-<br />
! Admirative<br />
| -at || -t<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Imperative ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" | Person !! colspan="6" | Imperative<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural<br />
|- <br />
! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat.<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| -/ || -/ || -et(e) || -ekt(e) || -ot(o) || -okt(e)<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -ar(a) || -ark(e) || -er(e) || -erk(e) || -or(o) || -ork(e)<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -/ || -/ || -/ || -/ || -/ || -/<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Causative ===<br />
The causative is a verbal form with the meaning of "to make/cause someone/something do something". It is formed with an infixiated verb between the stem of the lexical verb and the inflection of the lexical verb, much like modal and phaseal verbs. Both the lexical verb and the causative infix can be inflected. <br />
<br />
The bare causative infix is: '''-ajsk-'''<br />
<br />
There are three types of causative derived from the original causative above:<br />
* '''-ajsk-''' is the default or neuter causative that means both "make" and "cause"<br />
* '''-ejst-''' is the volitional causative: to make on purpose, to force<br />
* '''-ojst-''' is the non-volitional causatve: to cause by accident<br />
<br><br />
Inflextion of the causative (the agent of the verb) immediately follows the causative infix, and the inflection of the lexical verb is then added to the inflected causative. When negating, the position of the negation depends on what is negated, the lexical verb or the causative infix.<br />
<br />
The formation paradigm is as follows: (<span style="color:green">agent</span>) + (<span style="color:purple">object 1</span>) + [<span style="color:red">lexical verb</span>]-<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>-[<span style="color:green">agent inflection</span>]-[<span style="color:purple">object 1 inflection</span>] + (<span style="color:purple">object 1</span>) + (<span style="color:brown">object 2</span>) <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" <br />
|+ Examples without expressed agents and objects 1<br />
! colspan="4" | Example 1 !! rowspan="6" | !! colspan="5" | Example 2 !! rowspan="6" | !! colspan="6" | Example 3 <br />
|-<br />
| <span style="color:red">ávaj</span> || <span style="color:red">ánn</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ah</span>-<br />
| <span style="color:red">šânvaj</span> || <span style="color:red">šânnan</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">aih</span>- || <span style="color:brown">winádo</span><br />
| <span style="color:red">káulaj</span> || <span style="color:red">káull</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ais</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ai</span><span style="color:orange">ksi</span>- || <span style="color:brown">ýttafa</span><br />
|-<br />
| ''to go'' || ''you go'' || ''make'' || ''I make''<br />
| ''to rule'' || ''you rule'' || ''make'' || ''I made'' || ''country''<br />
| ''draw'' || ''you draw'' || ''make'' || ''he made'' || ''he made not'' || ''lines''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" | <span style="color:red">Ánn</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ah</span><span style="color:purple">an</span>.<br />
| colspan="5" | <span style="color:red">Šânnan</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">aih</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:brown">winádo</span>.<br />
| colspan="6" | <span style="color:red">Káull</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ai</span><span style="color:orange">ksi</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:brown">ýttafa</span><br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" | go-make-I-you<br />
| colspan="5" | rule-make-I-ed-you country<br />
| colspan="6" | draw-make-he-ed-not-you lines<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" | ''I make you go.''<br />
| colspan="5" | ''I made you rule the country.''<br />
| colspan="6" | ''He didn't make you draw the lines.''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+ Examples with agents and objects 1 expressed<br />
! colspan="6" | Example 4 !! rowspan="6" | !! colspan="7" | Example 5 !! rowspan="6" | !! colspan="8" | Example 6 <br />
|-<br />
| <span style="color:green">ó</span> || <span style="color:purple">se</span> || <span style="color:red">ávaj</span> || <span style="color:red">ánn</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ah</span>-<br />
| <span style="color:green">ó</span> || <span style="color:purple">se</span> || <span style="color:red">šânvaj</span> || <span style="color:red">šânnan</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">aih</span>- || <span style="color:brown">winádo</span><br />
| <span style="color:green">â</span> || <span style="color:purple">sa</span> || <span style="color:red">káulaj</span> || <span style="color:red">káull</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ais</span>- || -<span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ai</span><span style="color:orange">ksi</span>- || <span style="color:brown">ýttafa</span>.<br />
|-<br />
| ''I'' || ''you'' || ''to go'' || ''you go'' || ''make'' || ''I make''<br />
| ''I'' || ''you'' || ''to rule'' || ''you rule'' || ''make'' || ''I made'' || ''country''<br />
| ''he'' || ''you'' || ''draw'' || ''you draw'' || ''make'' || ''he made'' || ''he made not'' || ''lines''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" | <span style="color:green">Ó</span> <span style="color:purple">se</span> <span style="color:red">ánn</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ah</span><span style="color:purple">an</span>. /<br> <span style="color:green">Ó</span> <span style="color:red">ánn</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ah</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:purple">se</span>.<br />
| colspan="7" | <span style="color:green">Ó</span> <span style="color:purple">se</span> <span style="color:red">šânnan</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">aih</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:brown">winádo</span>. /<br> <span style="color:green">Ó</span> <span style="color:red">šânnan</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">aih</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:purple">se</span> <span style="color:brown">winádo</span>.<br />
| colspan="8" | <span style="color:green">Â</span> <span style="color:purple">sa</span> <span style="color:red">káull</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ai</span><span style="color:orange">ksi</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:brown">ýttafa</span>. /<br> <span style="color:green">Â</span> <span style="color:red">káull</span><span style="color:blue">ajsk</span><span style="color:green">ai</span><span style="color:orange">ksi</span><span style="color:purple">an</span> <span style="color:purple">sa</span> <span style="color:brown">ýttafa</span>.<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" | I you go-make-I-you /<br> I go-make-I-you you<br />
| colspan="7" | I you rule-make-I-ed-you country /<br> I rule-make-I-ed-you you country<br />
| colspan="8" | he you draw-make-he-ed-not-you lines /<br> he draw-make-he-ed-not-you you lines<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" | ''I make you go.''<br />
| colspan="7" | ''I made you rule the country.''<br />
| colspan="8" | ''He didn't make you draw the lines.''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Other examples:<br />
* Ánnajskaiha'''ŋe'''.<br />
** ''I made you '''not''' go.''<br />
* Ánnajskaikeaŋe. / Ánnajskaikehaŋe.<br />
** ''I didn't make you not go.''<br />
* Ánnajskalléhan. / Ánnajskalléhahan.<br />
** ''I can make you go.''<br />
* Ánnajskallékehan.<br />
** ''I can't make you go.''<br />
* Ánnajskallékehaŋe.<br />
** ''I can't make you not go.''<br />
* Ánnajskalléketeŋe.<br />
** ''I can't not make you not go.''<br />
<br />
== ''Álaj'' (to be) ==<br />
{{Main|Álaj (verb)}}<br />
<br />
== Auxiliary verbs ==<br />
Several verbs have clitic forms, sometimes they act as infixes, too. In first person, they're simply added to the conjugational suffix; in second and third person, they're inserted between the vowel(s) and the final consonant of the conjugational suffix.<br />
<br />
Three main types of auxiliary verbs are:<br />
# modal verbs<br />
# phaseal verbs<br />
# verbs of movement<br />
<br><br />
Examples: <br />
* ''Vétta.'' → ''Vétta'''nné'''.''<br />
** I give. → I have to give.<br />
* ''Véttos.'' → ''Vétto'''nné'''s.''<br />
** They give. → They have to give.<br />
* ''Nótta.''→ ''Nótta'''nój'''.''<br />
** I work. → I start to work.<br />
* ''Nóttos.''→ ''Nótto'''nój'''s.''<br />
** They work. → They start to work.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ Auxiliary verbs<br />
! Full form !! Clitic !! English<br />
|-<br />
| álvaj || -nnó || ''to wish''<br />
|-<br />
| élvaj || -nní || ''to wish''<br />
|-<br />
| évivaj || -nné || ''have to'', ''must''<br />
|-<br />
| vírvij || -ttí || ''can'', ''to be allowed to''<br />
|-<br />
| óvlaj || -lló || ''can be done'', ''to be possible''<br />
|-<br />
| vélaj || -llé || ''can''<br />
|-<br />
| újelaj || -llú || ''to want''<br />
|-<br />
| - || -ttý || ''to like''<br />
|-<br />
| - || -ttǿ || ''would like'' <br />
|-<br />
| ávivaj || -nná || ''should''<br />
|-<br />
| ǿlvaj || -nnǿ || ''to wish (to oneself)''<br />
|-<br />
| ýlvaj || -nný || ''to wish (to oneself)''<br />
|-<br />
| nášlaj || -llá || ''to manage'', ''to be able to''<br />
|-<br />
| || -ttá || ''to go''<br />
|- <br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ Phaseal verbs<br />
|-<br />
! Full form !! Clitic !! English<br />
|-<br />
| onóvaj || -nój || ''to begin''<br />
|-<br />
| mâivij || -máj || ''to finish''<br />
|-<br />
| nâivij || -náj || ''to finish/complete''<br />
|-<br />
| hélaj || -héj || ''to stop''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Auxilliary verb ''álaj'' (to be) ===<br />
The verb ''to be'' is used as an ausxilliary verb in compound tenses. The auxilliary is fully inflected and the past active participle is inflected only by number. The auxilliary is somewhat special as it has stress on the actual inflection, which is marked. For moods other than the indicative, the indicative '''m-''' is replaced with the appropriate stem. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|+ Auxilliary ''álaj'' in the indicative<br />
! rowspan="3" | Person !! colspan="6" | Simple present<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural<br />
|- <br />
! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat.<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| má || máke || mé || méke || mó || móke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| mán || máŋe || mén || méŋe || món || móŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| más || máksi || més || méksi || mós || móksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Simple past<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| mái || máike || méi || méike || mói || móike<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| máin || máiŋe || méin || méiŋe || móin || móiŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| máis || máiksi || méis || méiksi || móis || móiksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Nonpast<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| máo || máoke || méo || méoke || móo || móoke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| máon || máoŋe || méon || méoŋe || móon || móoŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| máos || máoksi || méos || méoksi || móos || móoksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Pluperfect<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| mǿ || mǿke || mǿi || mǿike || míø || míøke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| mǿn || mǿŋe || mǿin || mǿiŋe || míøn || míøŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| mǿs || mǿksi || mǿis || mǿiksi || míøs || míøksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Remote past<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| máe || máeke || mée || méeke || móe || móeke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| máen || máeŋe || méen || méeŋe || -oen || -oeŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| máes || máeksi || mées || méeksi || -oes || -oeksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Simple future<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| máu || máuke || méu || méuke || móu || móuke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| máun || máuŋe || méun || méuŋe || móun || móouŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| máus || máuksi || méus || méuksi || móus || móuksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Nonfuture<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| mĕ || mĕke || mĕi || mĕike || míë || míëke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| mĕn || mĕŋe || mĕin || mĕiŋe || míën || míëŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| mĕs || mĕksi || mĕis || mĕiksi || míës || míëksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Future anterior<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| mý || mýke || mýi || mýike || míy || míyke<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| mýn || mýŋe || mýin || mýiŋe || míyn || míyŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| mýs || mýksi || mýis || mýiksi || míys || míyksi<br />
|-<br />
! !! colspan="6" | Future-in-the-past<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| máa || máake || méa || méake || móa || móake<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| máan || máaŋe || méan || méaŋe || móan || móaŋe<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| máas || máaksi || méas || méaksi || móas || móaksi<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+ Mood stems<br />
! Mood !! Formation !! ''Example''<br />
|-<br />
! Generic<br />
| enn- || ''enná''<br />
|-<br />
! Conditional<br />
| enm- || ''enmá''<br />
|-<br />
! Subjunctive<br />
| enl- || ''enlá''<br />
|-<br />
! Optative<br />
| enk- || ''enká''<br />
|-<br />
! Jussive<br />
| enh- || ''enhá''<br />
|-<br />
! Reputative<br />
| enr- || ''enrá''<br />
|-<br />
! Presumptive<br />
| eng- || ''engá''<br />
|-<br />
! Potential<br />
| ens- || ''ensá''<br />
|-<br />
! If-potential<br />
| env- || ''envá''<br />
|-<br />
! Admirative<br />
| ent- || ''entá''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Non-finite forms ==<br />
<br />
=== Infinitives ===<br />
==== First infinitive ====<br />
The first infinitive is the basic form of verbs. It is a marked form, the suffixes are ''-vaj'', ''-laj'' and ''-vij''. Each suffix corresponds to one verbal class and each class undergoes a different change when conjugating. <br />
<br />
==== Second infinitive ====<br />
The second infinitive is a form derived from the first infititive. It can be used with one case, the benefactive, although it is mainly omitted; it usually indicates intention. Stem lenghtening does not apply. When combined with reflexive verbs, the forms are slightly changed (shown in brackets).<br />
<br />
The forms are: <br />
* -vij → '''-vyyn''' ('''-vyen''')<br />
* -laj → '''-laan''' ('''-laen''')<br />
* -vaj → '''-vøøn''' ('''-vøen''')<br />
<br />
==== Third infinitive ====<br />
The third infititive is a form of the verb meaning "to be just about to ..." . It is different from other infinitives because it is formed from two parts. One part is always attached to the verb while the other is the actual infinitival suffix which is removed when conjugated. Stem lenghtening applies. <br />
<br />
The forms are: <br />
* -vij → '''-(t)einviaj'''<br />
* -laj → '''-(l)ainlaaj'''<br />
* -vaj → '''-(n)oinvaaj'''<br />
<br><br />
Example:<br />
Example:<br />
* vévij → vétteinviaj → vétteina<br />
** ''to give → to be about to give → I'm about to give <br />
*névvaj → névvannoinvaaj → névvannoina <br />
** ''to teach → to be about to teach → I'm about to teach''<br />
<br />
==== Progressive infinitive ====<br />
The progressive infinitive (or the fourth infinitive) is the basic form of verb indicating progressiveness. Both imperfective and perfective verbs can become progressive. The progressive form expresses an action taking place at the moment of speaking. The progressive infinitive is similar to the third infinitive because it's formed from two parts. One part is always attached to the verb while the other is the actual infinitival suffix which is removed when conjugated. Stem lenghtening applies. <br />
<br />
The forms are: <br />
* -vij → '''-(t)eusvinj'''<br />
* -laj → '''-(l)auslanj'''<br />
* -vaj → '''-(n)ousvanj'''<br />
<br><br />
Example:<br />
* vévij → vétteusvinj → vétteusa<br />
** ''to give → to be giving → I'm giving [at this moment]''<br />
*névvaj → névvannousvanj → névvannousa <br />
** ''to teach → to be teaching → I'm teaching [at this moment]''<br />
<br />
==== Reflexive infinitive ====<br />
The reflexive infinitive (or the fifth infinitive) is the basic form of reflexive verbs. There are two types, one ending in ''-ej'' and one ending in ''-ij''. Stem lenghtening does not apply. <br />
<br />
The forms are: <br />
* -vij → '''-viej''', '''-viij'''<br />
* -laj → '''-laej''', '''-laij'''<br />
* -vaj → '''-vaej''', '''-vaij'''<br />
<br />
=== Supines ===<br />
==== First supine ====<br />
The first supine is a form of verbs used after modal verbs (when they are used in their full form instead of the clitic form). Stem lenghtening applies.<br />
<br />
The forms are:<br />
* -vij → '''-tia''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-ia''' (type IV and V verbs)<br />
* -laj → '''-tie''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-ie''' (type IV and V verbs)<br />
* -vaj → '''-tio''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-io''' (type IV and V verbs)<br />
<br><br />
''NOTE:'' Verbs of the type I shorten the geminate consonant of the lenghtened stem: <br />
* -tt- → -t-<br />
* -ll- → -l-<br />
* -nn- → -n-<br />
<br />
==== Second supine ====<br />
The second supine is a form of verbs used after phaseal verbs and verbs of movement. Stem lenghtening applies.<br />
<br />
The forms are: <br />
* -vij → '''-tiau''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-iau''' (type IV and V verbs)<br />
* -laj → '''-tieu''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-ieu''' (type IV and V verbs)<br />
* -vaj → '''-tiou''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-iou''' (type IV and V verbs)<br />
<br><br />
''NOTE:'' Verbs of the type I shorten the geminate consonant of the lenghtened stem: <br />
* -tt- → -t-<br />
* -ll- → -l-<br />
* -nn- → -n-<br />
<br />
=== Gerunds and participles ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! !! -VIJ forms!! -LAJ forms !! -VAJ forms !! Stem !! ''Meaning'' <br />
|-<br />
! Gerund I (verbal noun)<br />
| -voi || -loi || -noi || no, C1 || ''Nominalised verb.''<br />
|-<br />
! Present Active Gerund I <br />
| -(i)tat || -(i)lat || -(i)nat || yes || ''Simultaneous events.''<br />
|-<br />
! Present Active Gerund II <br />
| -(i)taot || -(i)laot || -(i)naot || yes || ''An adverb of manner.''<br />
|-<br />
! Past Active Gerund <br />
| | -(i)tait || -(i)lait || -(i)nait || yes || ''An action completed prior to the action of the main verb.''<br />
|-<br />
! Present Active Participle<br />
| -(i)ti / -iei- || -(i)di / -iei- || -(i)ni / -iei- || yes || ''Adjectvies, replace certain relative clauses.''<br />
|-<br />
! Past Active Participle II<br />
| -(i)tui / -iyi- || -(i)dui / -iyi- || -(i)nui / -iyi- || yes || ''Adjectvies, a quality acquired through action in the past.''<br />
|-<br />
! Past Passive Participle<br />
| -isi || -isi || -isi || no || ''Adjectives.''<br />
|-<br />
! Past Active Participle I<br />
| -rii ''(sg)''<br>-rie ''(du)''<br>-ria ''(pl)''|| | -nii ''(sg)''<br>-nie ''(du)''<br>-nia ''(pl)''|| | -gii ''(sg)''<br>-gie ''(du)''<br>-gia ''(pl)'' || yes* || ''Participles used to form compound tenses.''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''NOTE:''' Verbs of the type I shorten the geminate consonant of the lenghtened stem: <br />
* -tt- → -t-<br />
* -ll- → -l-<br />
* -nn- → -n-<br />
<br />
== Reflexive verbs ==<br />
There are two types of reflexive verbs, the '''-ej''' verbs and the '''-ij''' verbs (indicated as ''-viej, -viij, -laej, -laij, -vaej, -vaij''). Their forms change depending on the person and number; and are attached to the verb. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Person !! -EJ !! -IJ<br />
|-<br />
! clitic !! clitic<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="3" | Singular !! 1st<br />
| -re || -ro<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -ne || -no<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -se || -so<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Dual !! 1st<br />
| -ri || -ru<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| -ni || -nu<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -si || -su<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Plural !! 1st<br />
| -ra || -rë<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd <br />
| -na || -në<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| -sa || -së<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Gradation of verbs ==<br />
<br />
== Verbal emphasis ==<br />
<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]</div>
Ashucky
https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Celestial_Laef%C3%AAv%C3%AB%C5%A1i&diff=81345
Celestial Laefêvëši
2014-10-03T22:56:18Z
<p>Ashucky: /* Grammar */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Language|<br />
| English = Celestial Laefêvëši<br />
| native = Laefêvëši<br />
| country = Olilóinien (planet)<br />
| nativecountry = <br />
| universe = Olilónien<br />
| speakers = several million<br />
| family = Vlamarian (?)<br />
| branch = Old Laefêvëši (?)<br />
| subbranch = Middle Laefêvëši (?)<br />
| wordorder = SVO (neutral), free<br />
| type = agglutinating, inflecting, polysynthetic<br />
| alignment = nominative-accusative<br />
| author = Andrej Schütz<br />
| date = (2003-)2012-2013<br />
| background = white<br />
| headingbg = lightgreen<br />
| width = 40%<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Celestial Laefêvëši''' or '''Ascended Laefêvëši''', or simply '''Laefêvëši''' (pronounced {{IPA|[laeˈfɛːʋəʃi]}}), is an a priori conlang created by [[User:Ashucky|Andrej Schütz]]. The origins of the language date back to 2003, with major changes in grammar and vocabulary in 2012 - the version of the language used prior to the changes is now known as ''[[Classical Laefêvëši]]'' and it is an obsolete form. The version of the language that arose from the changes is now called ''Celestial Laefêvëši'' and it is the only version used. Initially intended to be a descendant language from the old version, it has since then taken an almost entirely new form. Most of the vocabulary was changed, there were several changes in phonology and orthography, the nominal and adverbial systems were altered, and the verbal system was nearly completely overhauled.<br />
<br />
In the conworld context, Laefêvëši is spoken by a highly evolved subspecies of the ''Homo sapiens'' species. The planet is called [[Olilónien]]; it is essentially an Earth-like planet in a separete (parallel) unvierse. The planet is also inhabited by ''Homo sapiens sapiens''.<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
{{main|Celestial Laefêvëši phonology}}<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+ Celestial Laefêvëši vowels<br />
! rowspan="3" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="4" | [[Wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | <small>[[Wikipedia:Unrounded vowel|Unrounded]]</small><br />
! colspan="2" | <small>[[Wikipedia:Rounded vowel|Rounded]]<br />
! colspan="2" | <small>Unrounded<br />
! colspan="2" | <small>Rounded<br />
|-<br />
! <small>[[Wikipedia:Short vowel|Short]]</small><br />
! <small>[[Wikipedia:Long vowel|Long]]</small><br />
! <small>Short</small><br />
! <small>Long</small><br />
! <small>Short</small><br />
! <small>Long</small><br />
! <small>Short</small><br />
! <small>Long</small><br />
|-<br />
! [[Wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]<br />
| i<br />
| i:<br />
| y<br />
| y:<br />
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;<br />
| u<br />
| u:<br />
|-<br />
! [[Wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]<br />
| e<br />
| e:<br />
| ø<br />
| ø:<br />
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;<br />
| o<br />
| o:<br />
|-<br />
! [[Wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]]<br />
| colspan="4" | &nbsp;<br />
| ə<br />
| ə:<br />
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! [[Wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ:<br />
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;<br />
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;<br />
| ɔ<br />
| ɔ:<br />
|-<br />
! [[Wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]<br />
| colspan="4" | &nbsp;<br />
| a<br />
| a:<br />
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+ Celestial Laefêvëši consonants<br />
! colspan="2" | !![[Wikipedia:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]<br />
![[Wikipedia:Labiodental consonant|Labio-<br/>dental]]<br />
![[Wikipedia:Dental consonant|Dental]]<br />
![[Wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br />
![[Wikipedia:Palato-alveolar consonant|Palato-<br/>alveolar]]<br />
![[Wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveo-<br/>palatal]]<br />
![[Wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]<br />
![[Wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]]<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] <br />
! <small>Plain</small><br />
| m<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| n<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| ɲ<br />
| ŋ<br />
|-<br />
! <small>[[Wikipedia:Gemination|Geminate]] </small><br />
| m:<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| n:<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Plosive consonant|Plosive]]<br />
! <small>Plain</small><br />
| p b<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| t d<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| k ɡ<br />
|-<br />
! <small>Geminate </small><br />
| p: b:<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| t: d:<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| k: ɡ:<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]<br />
! <small>Plain</small><br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| f v<br />
| θ ð<br />
| s z<br />
| ʃ ʒ<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| x ɣ<br />
|-<br />
! <small>Geminate</small><br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| f: v:<br />
| θ: ð:<br />
| s: z:<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| x: &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| ʦ ʣ<br />
| ʧ <br />
| &nbsp; ʥ<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Approximant|Approximant]]<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| j<br />
| w<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Trill consonant|Trill]]<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| r<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Flap consonant|Flap or tap]]<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| ɾ<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Lateral approximant|Lateral<br>approximant]] <br />
! <small>Plain</small><br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| l<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| ʎ<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! <small>Geminate</small><br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| l:<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
''See the sections below.'' <br />
<br />
==Dictionary==<br />
An online '''Laefêvëši dictionary''' can be found [http://conworkshop.info/dictionary.php?L=QLF here].<br />
<br />
{{CeLaefPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Celestial Laefêvëši]]<br />
[[Category:Laefêvëši]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]<br />
[[Category:Artlangs]]<br />
[[Category:A priori conlangs]]</div>
Ashucky