https://www.frathwiki.com/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=AlexFink 2026-04-19T09:54:41Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.39.8 https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Britainese_Lexicon&diff=159138 2023-12-09T08:16:41Z

<p>AlexFink: /* A */ lenition is regular after AU</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == A ==<br /> '''ab''' [ab] (n.f.) = bee&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''abril''' [ə'bril] (n.m.) = April&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''agl''' ['agl̩] (n.f.) = eagle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ángel''' ['an.d͡ʒl̩] (n.m.) = angel&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''angl''' ['aŋɡl̩] (n.m.) = angle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ant''' [ant] (n.f.) = aunt, auntie&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''archeologí''' [ər.kə.u.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = arch(a)eology&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''assadz''' [ə'sadz] (adv.) = much, a lot; '''assadz d'aug''' = a lot of water; '''assadz de cans''' = a lot of dogs, many dogs&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''aug''' [au̯g] (n.f.) = water&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''augel''' [əu̯ˈd͡ʒel] (n.m.) = bird&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''auncl''' ['au̯ŋ.kl̩] (n.m.) = uncle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''autr''' [au̯tr̩] (pro.) = other<br /> <br /> == B ==<br /> '''basiar''' [bə.ʒar] (verb) = to kiss&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''bier''' [bjer] (n.f.) = beer (made with hops; cf '''''cervaisie''''')&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''bilingual''' [bi.liŋ'ɡjal] (adj.) = bilingual<br /> <br /> == C ==<br /> '''caiac''' [kə'jak] (n.m.) = kayak&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cambr''' ['kam.br̩] (n.f.) = room, chamber&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cancel''' [kən't͡ʃel] (n.m.) = railing, balustrade, lattice, barrier, screen&lt;br /&gt;<br /> '''cari''' ['ka.ri] (n.m.) = curry&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''casie''' [kaʒ] (n.m.) = cheese&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''castel''' [kəs'tel] (n.m.) = castle, fortress&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''caud''' [kau̯d] (adj.) = hot&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''caus''' [kau̯z] (n.f.) = thing&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cent''' [t͡ʃent] (num.) = hundred&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cercl''' ['t͡ʃer.kl̩] (n.m.) = circle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cervaisie''' [t͡ʃər'vəi̯ʒ] (n.f.) = ale ( beer made during antiquity and the Middle Ages with barley or wheat, but without hops ) &lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cervel''' [t͡ʃər'vel] (n.m.) = brain&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''chthónic''' ['kθo.nik] (adj.) = chthonic&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cnidair''' [kni'dəi̯r] (n.m.) = cnidarian&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cöefficient''' [ku.ə.fi't͡ʃ(j)ent] (n.m.) = coefficient&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cöiot''' [ku'jot] (n.m.) = coyote&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''comb''' [komb] (n.f.) = deep hollow or valley&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''comenciar''' [ku.mən.'t͡ʃ(j)ar] (verb) = to begin, commence&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''coudh''' [kuð] (n.f.) = tail&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cub''' [kib] (n.m.) = cube&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cycl''' [t͡ʃikl̩] (n.m.) = cycle (a series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order, a complete set or series)<br /> <br /> == D ==<br /> '''dimensioun''' [di.mən'ʃun] (n.f.) = dimension&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''diwali''' [di'wa.li] (n.m.) = diwali [Autumn festival of light observed by Hindus, Jains and Sikhs]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''domenc''' [duˈmeŋk] (n.m.) = Sunday&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''domncel''' [dumn̩'t͡ʃel] (n.f.) = maid, maiden, young girl<br /> <br /> == E ==<br /> '''economí''' [ə.ku.nu'mi] (n.f.) = economy&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''est''' [est] (n.m.) = east&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''estral''' [əs'tral] (adj.) = (o)estrous<br /> <br /> == F ==<br /> '''fassad''' [fə'sad] (n.f.) = façade (of building)&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''fenestr''' [fə'nestr̩] (n.f.) = window&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''fevrair''' [fə'vrəi̯r] (n.m.) = February&lt;br/&gt;<br /> '''fil''' [fil] (n.m.) = thread, yarn, wire&lt;br/&gt;<br /> '''fil''' [fil] (n.f.) = daughter&lt;br/&gt;<br /> '''filol''' [fiˈlol] (n.m.) = son&lt;br/&gt;<br /> '''fradr''' [fradr̩] (n.m.) = brother<br /> <br /> == G ==<br /> '''garage''' [ɡa.ʁaʒ], [ɡə'rad͡ʒ] (n.m.) = garage&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''gendr''' [d͡ʒen.dr̩] (n.m.) = kind, sort, type<br /> <br /> == H ==<br /> '''ḥal''' [hal] (n.f.) = hall, covered market or similar large placed covered by a roof&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ḥarp''' [harp] (n.f.) = harp | ḥarpist [hər'pist] (n.c.) = harpist&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ḥelm''' [helm] (n.m.) = helm, helmet&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''hiat''' [jat] (n.m.) = hiatus&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''homn''' [omn̩] (n.m.) = man&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''hyen''' [jen] (n.f.) = hyaena<br /> <br /> == I ==<br /> '''iac''' [jak] (n.m.) = yak&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''imágen''' [i'ma.d͡ʒn̩] (n.f.) = image&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''iogourt''' [ju'gurt] (n.m.) = yog(h)urt<br /> <br /> == J ==<br /> '''janvair''' [d͡ʒən'vəi̯r] (n.m.) = January&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''jovdí''' [d͡ʒuvˈdi] (n.m.) = Thursday&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''juge''' [d͡ʒid͡ʒ] (n.c.) = judge<br /> <br /> == K ==<br /> '''kiwi''' ['kiwi] (n.m.) = kiwi [flightless bird endemic to New Zealand, in the genus Apteryx]<br /> <br /> == L ==<br /> '''leng''' [leŋɡ] (n.f.) = tongue&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lingerie''' [lɛ̃ʒ.ʁi] &lt;I&gt;or&lt;/i&gt; '''lingerí''' [lind͡ʒ(ə)'ri] (n.f.) = lingerie&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lun''' [lin] (n.f.) = moon&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lundí''' [linˈdi] (n.m.) = Monday&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lyr''' [lir] (n.f.) = lyre<br /> <br /> == M ==<br /> '''madr''' [ˈmadr̩] (n.f.) = mother&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mam''' [mam] (n.f.) = mama, mum(my), mom(my), mamie&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mangar''' [mən'gar] (verb) = to eat&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''manual''' [mə'njal] (adj.) = manual&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mardí''' [mərˈdi] (n.m.) = Tuesday&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mediar''' [mə'd͡ʒar] (verb) = to mediate; to average [mathematics]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''meditar''' [mədi'tar] (verb) = to meditate, ponder, reflect upon&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mercrdí''' [mərkr̩ˈdi] (n.m.) = Wednesday&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''missioun''' [mi'ʃun] (n.f.) = mission<br /> <br /> == N ==<br /> '''nadal''' [nə'dal] (n.m.) = Christmas&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''natioun''' [nə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = nation&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''neboud''' [nə'bud] (n.m.) = nephew&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''nece''' [net͡ʃ] (n.f.) = niece&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''nomn''' [nomn̩] (n.m.) = name&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''noit''' [nwit] (n.f.) = night&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''nordh''' [norð] (n.m.) = north<br /> <br /> == O ==<br /> '''oil''' [wil] (n.m.) = eye&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''oit''' [wit] (num.) = eight&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''oungl''' ['uŋ.ɡl̩] (n.m.) = (finger/toe) nail, talon<br /> <br /> == P ==<br /> '''padr''' [padr̩] (n.m.) = father&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''paissoun''' [pəi̯'sun] (n.m.) = fish&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''panda''' ['pan.də] (n.m.) = panda&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''patient''' [pə't͡ʃ(j)ent] (n.c.) = patient [person receiving or registered to receive medical treatment]; (n.m.) patient [semantic role of a noun phrase denoting something that is affected or acted upon by the action of a verb]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pian''' [pjan] (n.m.) = piano | '''pianist''' [pjə'nist] (n.c.) = pianist&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''place''' [plat͡ʃ] (n.f.) = [town] square&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''poi''' [pwi] (n.m.) = elevated place, balcony&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psalm''' [psalm] (n.m.) = psalm&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psychologí''' [psi.ku.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = psychology&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psychos''' [psi'koz] (n.f.) = psychosis&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pterodáctyl''' [ptə.ru'dak.til] (n.m.) = pterodactyl&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pur''' [pir] (adj.) = pure<br /> <br /> == Q ==<br /> '''quand''' [kwand] (adv.) = when&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''quatr''' [kwatr̩] (num.) = four&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''questioun''' [kwəs't͡ʃ(j)un] or [kwəʃ't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = question<br /> <br /> == R ==<br /> '''rai''' [rəi̯] (n.m.) = ray, beam (of light or radiation)&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''radi''' ['radi] (n.m.) = radius [mathematics, anatomy]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''radio''' ['rad͡ʒu] (n.m.) = radium&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''rasioun''' [rə'ʒun] (n.f.) = reason&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ratioun''' [rə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = ration&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ros''' [roz] (n.f.) = rose (plant, flower)<br /> <br /> == S ==<br /> '''sambdí''' [səmbˈdi] (n.m.) = Saturday&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''scindr''' [ʃindr̩] (verb) = to tear, split, divide. [semi-learned borrowing]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''segur''' [sə'ɡir] (adj.) = sure, safe, certain&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''serour''' [sə'rur] (n.f.) = sister&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''solitair''' [su.li'tai̯r] (adj.) = solitary&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''spaghets''' [spə'gets] (n.m.pl) = spaghetti&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''statin''' [stə'tin] (n.f.) = statin&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''statioun''' [stə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = station&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''sudh''' [sið] (n.m.) = south&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''suggestioun''' [sid͡ʒəs'tjun, sid͡ʒəs't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = suggestion<br /> <br /> == T ==<br /> '''tad''' [tad] (n.m.) = dad, daddy, pa, papa&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''tavan''' [tə'van] (n.m.) = gadfly, bot&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''té''' [te] (n.m.) = tea (drink)&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''thwail''' [θwəi̯l] (n.m.) = towel&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''tiar''' [t͡ʃ(j)ar] (n.f.) = tiara<br /> <br /> == U ==<br /> <br /> == V ==<br /> '''varanda''' [və'ran.də] (n.f.) = veranda&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''vendrdí''' [vəndr̩ˈdi] (n.m.) = Friday&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''vergoin''' [vər'gwin] (n.f.) = shame, shyness&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''verm''' [verm] (n.m.) = worm | verm solitair = tapeworm&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''veuv''' [veu̯v] (n.f.) = widow&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''visioun''' [vi'ʒun] (n.f.) = vision&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''visual''' [vi'ʒal] (adj.) = visual&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''vouge''' [vud͡ʒ] (n.f.) = voice<br /> <br /> == W ==<br /> '''wadi''' ['wadi] (n.m.) = a valley, ravine, or channel dry except in the rainy season, wadi&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wambad''' [wəm'bad] (n.m.) = wombat&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''west''' [west] (n.m.) = west&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wer''' [wer] (n.f.) = war&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wigwom''' [wig'wom] (n.m.) = wigwam<br /> <br /> == X==<br /> '''xylophon''' [gzi.lu'fon] (n.m.) = xylophone<br /> <br /> == Y ==<br /> <br /> == Z ==</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Britainese_Lexicon&diff=159004 2023-12-05T09:00:33Z

<p>AlexFink: /* T */ té</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == A ==<br /> '''ab''' [ab] (n.f.) = bee&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''abril''' [ə'bril] (n.m.) = April&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''agl''' ['agl̩] (n.f.) = eagle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ángel''' ['an.d͡ʒl̩] (n.m.) = angel&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''angl''' ['aŋɡl̩] (n.m.) = angle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ant''' [ant] (n.f.) = aunt, auntie&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''archeologí''' [ər.kə.u.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = arch(a)eology&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''assadz''' [ə'sadz] (adv.) = much, a lot; '''assadz d'aug''' = a lot of water; '''assadz de cans''' = a lot of dogs, many dogs&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''aug''' [au̯g] (n.f.) = water&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''auncl''' ['au̯ŋ.kl̩] (n.m.) = uncle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''autr''' [au̯tr̩] (pro.) = other<br /> <br /> == B ==<br /> '''basiar''' [bə.ʒar] (verb) = to kiss&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''bier''' [bjer] (n.f.) = beer (made with hops; cf '''''cervaisie''''')&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''bilingual''' [bi.liŋ'ɡjal] (adj.) = bilingual<br /> <br /> == C ==<br /> '''caiac''' [kə'jak] (n.m.) = kayak&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cambr''' ['kam.br̩] (n.f.) = room, chamber&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cancel''' [kən't͡ʃel] (n.m.) = railing, balustrade, lattice, barrier, screen&lt;br /&gt;<br /> '''cari''' ['ka.ri] (n.m.) = curry&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''casie''' [kaʒ] (n.m.) = cheese&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''castel''' [kəs'tel] (n.m.) = castle, fortress&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''caud''' [kau̯d] (adj.) = hot&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''caus''' [kau̯z] (n.f.) = thing&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cent''' [t͡ʃent] (num.) = hundred&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cercl''' ['t͡ʃer.kl̩] (n.m.) = circle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cervaisie''' [t͡ʃər'vəi̯ʒ] (n.f.) = ale ( beer made during antiquity and the Middle Ages with barley or wheat, but without hops ) &lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cervel''' [t͡ʃər'vel] (n.m.) = brain&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''chthónic''' ['kθo.nik] (adj.) = chthonic&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cnidair''' [kni'dəi̯r] (n.m.) = cnidarian&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cöefficient''' [ku.ə.fi't͡ʃ(j)ent] (n.m.) = coefficient&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cöiot''' [ku'jot] (n.m.) = coyote&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''comb''' [komb] (n.f.) = deep hollow or valley&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''comenciar''' [ku.mən.'t͡ʃ(j)ar] (verb) = to begin, commence&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''coudh''' [kuð] (n.f.) = tail&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cub''' [kib] (n.m.) = cube&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cycl''' [t͡ʃikl̩] (n.m.) = cycle (a series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order, a complete set or series)<br /> <br /> == D ==<br /> '''dimensioun''' [di.mən'ʃun] (n.f.) = dimension&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''diwali''' [di'wa.li] (n.m.) = diwali [Autumn festival of light observed by Hindus, Jains and Sikhs]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''domenc''' [duˈmeŋk] (n.m.) = Sunday&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''domncel''' [dumn̩'t͡ʃel] (n.f.) = maid, maiden, young girl<br /> <br /> == E ==<br /> '''economí''' [ə.ku.nu'mi] (n.f.) = economy&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''est''' [est] (n.m.) = east&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''estral''' [əs'tral] (adj.) = (o)estrous<br /> <br /> == F ==<br /> '''fassad''' [fə'sad] (n.f.) = façade (of building)&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''fenestr''' [fə'nestr̩] (n.f.) = window&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''fevrair''' [fə'vrəi̯r] (n.m.) = February&lt;br/&gt;<br /> '''fil''' [fil] (n.m.) = thread, yarn, wire&lt;br/&gt;<br /> '''fil''' [fil] (n.f.) = daughter&lt;br/&gt;<br /> '''filol''' [fiˈlol] (n.m.) = son&lt;br/&gt;<br /> '''fradr''' [fradr̩] (n.m.) = brother<br /> <br /> == G ==<br /> '''garage''' [ɡa.ʁaʒ], [ɡə'rad͡ʒ] (n.m.) = garage&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''gendr''' [d͡ʒen.dr̩] (n.m.) = kind, sort, type<br /> <br /> == H ==<br /> '''ḥal''' [hal] (n.f.) = hall, covered market or similar large placed covered by a roof&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ḥarp''' [harp] (n.f.) = harp | ḥarpist [hər'pist] (n.c.) = harpist&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ḥelm''' [helm] (n.m.) = helm, helmet&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''hiat''' [jat] (n.m.) = hiatus&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''homn''' [omn̩] (n.m.) = man&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''hyen''' [jen] (n.f.) = hyaena<br /> <br /> == I ==<br /> '''iac''' [jak] (n.m.) = yak&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''imágen''' [i'ma.d͡ʒn̩] (n.f.) = image&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''iogourt''' [ju'gurt] (n.m.) = yog(h)urt<br /> <br /> == J ==<br /> '''janvair''' [d͡ʒən'vəi̯r] (n.m.) = January&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''jovdí''' [d͡ʒuvˈdi] (n.m.) = Thursday&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''juge''' [d͡ʒid͡ʒ] (n.c.) = judge<br /> <br /> == K ==<br /> '''kiwi''' ['kiwi] (n.m.) = kiwi [flightless bird endemic to New Zealand, in the genus Apteryx]<br /> <br /> == L ==<br /> '''leng''' [leŋɡ] (n.f.) = tongue&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lingerie''' [lɛ̃ʒ.ʁi] &lt;I&gt;or&lt;/i&gt; '''lingerí''' [lind͡ʒ(ə)'ri] (n.f.) = lingerie&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lun''' [lin] (n.f.) = moon&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lundí''' [linˈdi] (n.m.) = Monday&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lyr''' [lir] (n.f.) = lyre<br /> <br /> == M ==<br /> '''madr''' [ˈmadr̩] (n.f.) = mother&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mam''' [mam] (n.f.) = mama, mum(my), mom(my), mamie&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mangar''' [mən'gar] (verb) = to eat&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''manual''' [mə'njal] (adj.) = manual&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mardí''' [mərˈdi] (n.m.) = Tuesday&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mediar''' [mə'd͡ʒar] (verb) = to mediate; to average [mathematics]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''meditar''' [mədi'tar] (verb) = to meditate, ponder, reflect upon&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mercrdí''' [mərkr̩ˈdi] (n.m.) = Wednesday&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''missioun''' [mi'ʃun] (n.f.) = mission<br /> <br /> == N ==<br /> '''nadal''' [nə'dal] (n.m.) = Christmas&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''natioun''' [nə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = nation&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''neboud''' [nə'bud] (n.m.) = nephew&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''nece''' [net͡ʃ] (n.f.) = niece&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''nomn''' [nomn̩] (n.m.) = name&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''noit''' [nwit] (n.f.) = night&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''nordh''' [norð] (n.m.) = north<br /> <br /> == O ==<br /> '''oil''' [wil] (n.m.) = eye&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''oit''' [wit] (num.) = eight&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''oungl''' ['uŋ.ɡl̩] (n.m.) = (finger/toe) nail, talon<br /> <br /> == P ==<br /> '''padr''' [padr̩] (n.m.) = father&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''paissoun''' [pəi̯'sun] (n.m.) = fish&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''panda''' ['pan.də] (n.m.) = panda&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''patient''' [pə't͡ʃ(j)ent] (n.c.) = patient [person receiving or registered to receive medical treatment]; (n.m.) patient [semantic role of a noun phrase denoting something that is affected or acted upon by the action of a verb]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pian''' [pjan] (n.m.) = piano | '''pianist''' [pjə'nist] (n.c.) = pianist&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''place''' [plat͡ʃ] (n.f.) = [town] square&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''poi''' [pwi] (n.m.) = elevated place, balcony&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psalm''' [psalm] (n.m.) = psalm&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psychologí''' [psi.ku.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = psychology&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psychos''' [psi'koz] (n.f.) = psychosis&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pterodáctyl''' [ptə.ru'dak.til] (n.m.) = pterodactyl&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pur''' [pir] (adj.) = pure<br /> <br /> == Q ==<br /> '''quand''' [kwand] (adv.) = when&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''quatr''' [kwatr̩] (num.) = four&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''questioun''' [kwəs't͡ʃ(j)un] or [kwəʃ't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = question<br /> <br /> == R ==<br /> '''rai''' [rəi̯] (n.m.) = ray, beam (of light or radiation)&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''radi''' ['radi] (n.m.) = radius [mathematics, anatomy]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''radio''' ['rad͡ʒu] (n.m.) = radium&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''rasioun''' [rə'ʒun] (n.f.) = reason&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ratioun''' [rə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = ration&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ros''' [roz] (n.f.) = rose (plant, flower)<br /> <br /> == S ==<br /> '''sambdí''' [səmbˈdi] (n.m.) = Saturday&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''scindr''' [ʃindr̩] (verb) = to tear, split, divide. [semi-learned borrowing]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''segur''' [sə'ɡir] (adj.) = sure, safe, certain&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''serour''' [sə'rur] (n.f.) = sister&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''solitair''' [su.li'tai̯r] (adj.) = solitary&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''spaghets''' [spə'gets] (n.m.pl) = spaghetti&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''statin''' [stə'tin] (n.f.) = statin&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''statioun''' [stə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = station&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''sudh''' [sið] (n.m.) = south&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''suggestioun''' [sid͡ʒəs'tjun, sid͡ʒəs't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = suggestion<br /> <br /> == T ==<br /> '''tad''' [tad] (n.m.) = dad, daddy, pa, papa&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''tavan''' [tə'van] (n.m.) = gadfly, bot&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''té''' [te] (n.m.) = tea (drink)&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''thwail''' [θwəi̯l] (n.m.) = towel&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''tiar''' [t͡ʃ(j)ar] (n.f.) = tiara<br /> <br /> == U ==<br /> <br /> == V ==<br /> '''varanda''' [və'ran.də] (n.f.) = veranda&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''vendrdí''' [vəndr̩ˈdi] (n.m.) = Friday&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''vergoin''' [vər'gwin] (n.f.) = shame, shyness&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''verm''' [verm] (n.m.) = worm | verm solitair = tapeworm&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''veuv''' [veu̯v] (n.f.) = widow&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''visioun''' [vi'ʒun] (n.f.) = vision&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''visual''' [vi'ʒal] (adj.) = visual&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''vouge''' [vud͡ʒ] (n.f.) = voice<br /> <br /> == W ==<br /> '''wadi''' ['wadi] (n.m.) = a valley, ravine, or channel dry except in the rainy season, wadi&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wambad''' [wəm'bad] (n.m.) = wombat&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''west''' [west] (n.m.) = west&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wer''' [wer] (n.f.) = war&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wigwom''' [wig'wom] (n.m.) = wigwam<br /> <br /> == X==<br /> '''xylophon''' [gzi.lu'fon] (n.m.) = xylophone<br /> <br /> == Y ==<br /> <br /> == Z ==</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Britainese_Lexicon&diff=158995 2023-12-04T17:12:42Z

<p>AlexFink: /* F */ sons and daughters</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == A ==<br /> '''ab''' [ab] (n.f.) = bee&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''abril''' [ə'bril] (n.m.) = April&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''agl''' ['agl̩] (n.f.) = eagle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ángel''' ['an.d͡ʒl̩] (n.m.) = angel&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''angl''' ['aŋɡl̩] (n.m.) = angle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ant''' [ant] (n.f.) = aunt, auntie&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''archeologí''' [ər.kə.u.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = arch(a)eology&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''assadz''' [ə'sadz] (adv.) = much, a lot; '''assadz d'aug''' = a lot of water; '''assadz de cans''' = a lot of dogs, many dogs&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''aug''' [au̯g] (n.f.) = water&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''auncl''' ['au̯ŋ.kl̩] (n.m.) = uncle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''autr''' [au̯tr̩] (pro.) = other<br /> <br /> == B ==<br /> '''basiar''' [bə.ʒar] (verb) = to kiss&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''bier''' [bjer] (n.f.) = beer (made with hops; cf '''''cervaisie''''')&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''bilingual''' [bi.liŋ'ɡjal] (adj.) = bilingual<br /> <br /> == C ==<br /> '''caiac''' [kə'jak] (n.m.) = kayak&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cambr''' ['kam.br̩] (n.f.) = room, chamber&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cancel''' [kən't͡ʃel] (n.m.) = railing, balustrade, lattice, barrier, screen&lt;br /&gt;<br /> '''cari''' ['ka.ri] (n.m.) = curry&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''casie''' [kaʒ] (n.m.) = cheese&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''castel''' [kəs'tel] (n.m.) = castle, fortress&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''caud''' [kau̯d] (adj.) = hot&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''caus''' [kau̯z] (n.f.) = thing&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cent''' [t͡ʃent] (num.) = hundred&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cercl''' ['t͡ʃer.kl̩] (n.m.) = circle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cervaisie''' [t͡ʃər'vəi̯ʒ] (n.f.) = ale ( beer made during antiquity and the Middle Ages with barley or wheat, but without hops ) &lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cervel''' [t͡ʃər'vel] (n.m.) = brain&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''chthónic''' ['kθo.nik] (adj.) = chthonic&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cnidair''' [kni'dəi̯r] (n.m.) = cnidarian&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cöefficient''' [ku.ə.fi't͡ʃ(j)ent] (n.m.) = coefficient&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cöiot''' [ku'jot] (n.m.) = coyote&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''comb''' [komb] (n.f.) = deep hollow or valley&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''comenciar''' [ku.mən.'t͡ʃ(j)ar] (verb) = to begin, commence&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''coudh''' [kuð] (n.f.) = tail&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cub''' [kib] (n.m.) = cube&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cycl''' [t͡ʃikl̩] (n.m.) = cycle (a series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order, a complete set or series)<br /> <br /> == D ==<br /> '''dimensioun''' [di.mən'ʃun] (n.f.) = dimension&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''diwali''' [di'wa.li] (n.m.) = diwali [Autumn festival of light observed by Hindus, Jains and Sikhs]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''domenc''' [duˈmeŋk] (n.m.) = Sunday&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''domncel''' [dumn̩'t͡ʃel] (n.f.) = maid, maiden, young girl<br /> <br /> == E ==<br /> '''economí''' [ə.ku.nu'mi] (n.f.) = economy&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''est''' [est] (n.m.) = east&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''estral''' [əs'tral] (adj.) = (o)estrous<br /> <br /> == F ==<br /> '''fassad''' [fə'sad] (n.f.) = façade (of building)&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''fenestr''' [fə'nestr̩] (n.f.) = window&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''fevrair''' [fə'vrəi̯r] (n.m.) = February&lt;br/&gt;<br /> '''fil''' [fil] (n.m.) = thread, yarn, wire&lt;br/&gt;<br /> '''fil''' [fil] (n.f.) = daughter&lt;br/&gt;<br /> '''filol''' [fiˈlol] (n.m.) = son&lt;br/&gt;<br /> '''fradr''' [fradr̩] (n.m.) = brother<br /> <br /> == G ==<br /> '''garage''' [ɡa.ʁaʒ], [ɡə'rad͡ʒ] (n.m.) = garage&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''gendr''' [d͡ʒen.dr̩] (n.m.) = kind, sort, type<br /> <br /> == H ==<br /> '''ḥal''' [hal] (n.f.) = hall, covered market or similar large placed covered by a roof&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ḥarp''' [harp] (n.f.) = harp | ḥarpist [hər'pist] (n.c.) = harpist&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ḥelm''' [helm] (n.m.) = helm, helmet&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''hiat''' [jat] (n.m.) = hiatus&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''homn''' [omn̩] (n.m.) = man&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''hyen''' [jen] (n.f.) = hyaena<br /> <br /> == I ==<br /> '''iac''' [jak] (n.m.) = yak&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''imágen''' [i'ma.d͡ʒn̩] (n.f.) = image&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''iogourt''' [ju'gurt] (n.m.) = yog(h)urt<br /> <br /> == J ==<br /> '''janvair''' [d͡ʒən'vəi̯r] (n.m.) = January&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''jovdí''' [d͡ʒuvˈdi] (n.m.) = Thursday&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''juge''' [d͡ʒid͡ʒ] (n.c.) = judge<br /> <br /> == K ==<br /> '''kiwi''' ['kiwi] (n.m.) = kiwi [flightless bird endemic to New Zealand, in the genus Apteryx]<br /> <br /> == L ==<br /> '''leng''' [leŋɡ] (n.f.) = tongue&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lingerie''' [lɛ̃ʒ.ʁi] &lt;I&gt;or&lt;/i&gt; '''lingerí''' [lind͡ʒ(ə)'ri] (n.f.) = lingerie&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lun''' [lin] (n.f.) = moon&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lundí''' [linˈdi] (n.m.) = Monday&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lyr''' [lir] (n.f.) = lyre<br /> <br /> == M ==<br /> '''madr''' [ˈmadr̩] (n.f.) = mother&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mam''' [mam] (n.f.) = mama, mum(my), mom(my), mamie&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mangar''' [mən'gar] (verb) = to eat&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''manual''' [mə'njal] (adj.) = manual&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mardí''' [mərˈdi] (n.m.) = Tuesday&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mediar''' [mə'd͡ʒar] (verb) = to mediate; to average [mathematics]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''meditar''' [mədi'tar] (verb) = to meditate, ponder, reflect upon&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mercrdí''' [mərkr̩ˈdi] (n.m.) = Wednesday&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''missioun''' [mi'ʃun] (n.f.) = mission<br /> <br /> == N ==<br /> '''nadal''' [nə'dal] (n.m.) = Christmas&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''natioun''' [nə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = nation&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''neboud''' [nə'bud] (n.m.) = nephew&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''nece''' [net͡ʃ] (n.f.) = niece&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''nomn''' [nomn̩] (n.m.) = name&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''noit''' [nwit] (n.f.) = night&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''nordh''' [norð] (n.m.) = north<br /> <br /> == O ==<br /> '''oil''' [wil] (n.m.) = eye&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''oit''' [wit] (num.) = eight&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''oungl''' ['uŋ.ɡl̩] (n.m.) = (finger/toe) nail, talon<br /> <br /> == P ==<br /> '''padr''' [padr̩] (n.m.) = father&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''paissoun''' [pəi̯'sun] (n.m.) = fish&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''panda''' ['pan.də] (n.m.) = panda&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''patient''' [pə't͡ʃ(j)ent] (n.c.) = patient [person receiving or registered to receive medical treatment]; (n.m.) patient [semantic role of a noun phrase denoting something that is affected or acted upon by the action of a verb]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pian''' [pjan] (n.m.) = piano | '''pianist''' [pjə'nist] (n.c.) = pianist&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''place''' [plat͡ʃ] (n.f.) = [town] square&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''poi''' [pwi] (n.m.) = elevated place, balcony&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psalm''' [psalm] (n.m.) = psalm&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psychologí''' [psi.ku.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = psychology&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psychos''' [psi'koz] (n.f.) = psychosis&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pterodáctyl''' [ptə.ru'dak.til] (n.m.) = pterodactyl&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pur''' [pir] (adj.) = pure<br /> <br /> == Q ==<br /> '''quand''' [kwand] (adv.) = when&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''quatr''' [kwatr̩] (num.) = four&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''questioun''' [kwəs't͡ʃ(j)un] or [kwəʃ't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = question<br /> <br /> == R ==<br /> '''rai''' [rəi̯] (n.m.) = ray, beam (of light or radiation)&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''radi''' ['radi] (n.m.) = radius [mathematics, anatomy]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''radio''' ['rad͡ʒu] (n.m.) = radium&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''rasioun''' [rə'ʒun] (n.f.) = reason&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ratioun''' [rə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = ration&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ros''' [roz] (n.f.) = rose (plant, flower)<br /> <br /> == S ==<br /> '''sambdí''' [səmbˈdi] (n.m.) = Saturday&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''scindr''' [ʃindr̩] (verb) = to tear, split, divide. [semi-learned borrowing]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''segur''' [sə'ɡir] (adj.) = sure, safe, certain&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''serour''' [sə'rur] (n.f.) = sister&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''solitair''' [su.li'tai̯r] (adj.) = solitary&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''spaghets''' [spə'gets] (n.m.pl) = spaghetti&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''statin''' [stə'tin] (n.f.) = statin&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''statioun''' [stə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = station&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''sudh''' [sið] (n.m.) = south&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''suggestioun''' [sid͡ʒəs'tjun, sid͡ʒəs't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = suggestion<br /> <br /> == T ==<br /> '''tad''' [tad] (n.m.) = dad, daddy, pa, papa&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''tavan''' [tə'van] (n.m.) = gadfly, bot&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''thwail''' [θwəi̯l] (n.m.) = towel&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''tiar''' [t͡ʃ(j)ar] (n.f.) = tiara<br /> <br /> == U ==<br /> <br /> == V ==<br /> '''varanda''' [və'ran.də] (n.f.) = veranda&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''vendrdí''' [vəndr̩ˈdi] (n.m.) = Friday&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''vergoin''' [vər'gwin] (n.f.) = shame, shyness&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''verm''' [verm] (n.m.) = worm | verm solitair = tapeworm&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''veuv''' [veu̯v] (n.f.) = widow&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''visioun''' [vi'ʒun] (n.f.) = vision&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''visual''' [vi'ʒal] (adj.) = visual&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''vouge''' [vud͡ʒ] (n.f.) = voice<br /> <br /> == W ==<br /> '''wadi''' ['wadi] (n.m.) = a valley, ravine, or channel dry except in the rainy season, wadi&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wambad''' [wəm'bad] (n.m.) = wombat&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''west''' [west] (n.m.) = west&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wer''' [wer] (n.f.) = war&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wigwom''' [wig'wom] (n.m.) = wigwam<br /> <br /> == X==<br /> '''xylophon''' [gzi.lu'fon] (n.m.) = xylophone<br /> <br /> == Y ==<br /> <br /> == Z ==</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Britainese_Lexicon&diff=158828 2023-11-28T19:54:48Z

<p>AlexFink: days of the week</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == A ==<br /> '''ab''' [ab] (n.f.) = bee&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''abril''' [ə'bril] (n.m.) = April&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''agl''' ['agl̩] (n.f.) = eagle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ángel''' ['an.d͡ʒl̩] (n.m.) = angel&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''angl''' ['aŋɡl̩] (n.m.) = angle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ant''' [ant] (n.f.) = aunt, auntie&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''archeologí''' [ər.kə.u.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = arch(a)eology&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''assadz''' [ə'sadz] (adv.) = much, a lot; '''assadz d'aug''' = a lot of water; '''assadz de cans''' = a lot of dogs, many dogs&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''aug''' [au̯g] (n.f.) = water&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''auncl''' ['au̯ŋ.kl̩] (n.m.) = uncle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''autr''' [au̯tr̩] (pro.) = other<br /> <br /> == B ==<br /> '''basiar''' [bə.ʒar] (verb) = to kiss&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''bier''' [bjer] (n.f.) = beer (made with hops; cf '''''cervaisie''''')&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''bilingual''' [bi.liŋ'ɡjal] (adj.) = bilingual<br /> <br /> == C ==<br /> '''caiac''' [kə'jak] (n.m.) = kayak&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cambr''' ['kam.br̩] (n.f.) = room, chamber&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cancel''' [kən't͡ʃel] (n.m.) = railing, balustrade, lattice, barrier, screen&lt;br /&gt;<br /> '''cari''' ['ka.ri] (n.m.) = curry&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''casie''' [kaʒ] (n.m.) = cheese&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''castel''' [kəs'tel] (n.m.) = castle, fortress&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''caud''' [kau̯d] (adj.) = hot&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''caus''' [kau̯z] (n.f.) = thing&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cent''' [t͡ʃent] (num.) = hundred&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cercl''' ['t͡ʃer.kl̩] (n.m.) = circle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cervaisie''' [t͡ʃər'vəi̯ʒ] (n.f.) = ale ( beer made during antiquity and the Middle Ages with barley or wheat, but without hops ) &lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cervel''' [t͡ʃər'vel] (n.m.) = brain&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''chthónic''' ['kθo.nik] (adj.) = chthonic&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cnidair''' [kni'dəi̯r] (n.m.) = cnidarian&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cöefficient''' [ku.ə.fi't͡ʃ(j)ent] (n.m.) = coefficient&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cöiot''' [ku'jot] (n.m.) = coyote&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''comb''' [komb] (n.f.) = deep hollow or valley&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''comenciar''' [ku.mən.'t͡ʃ(j)ar] (verb) = to begin, commence&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''coudh''' [kuð] (n.f.) = tail&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cub''' [kib] (n.m.) = cube&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cycl''' [t͡ʃikl̩] (n.m.) = cycle (a series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order, a complete set or series)<br /> <br /> == D ==<br /> '''dimensioun''' [di.mən'ʃun] (n.f.) = dimension&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''diwali''' [di'wa.li] (n.m.) = diwali [Autumn festival of light observed by Hindus, Jains and Sikhs]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''domenc''' [duˈmeŋk] (n.m.) = Sunday&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''domncel''' [dumn̩'t͡ʃel] (n.f.) = maid, maiden, young girl<br /> <br /> == E ==<br /> '''economí''' [ə.ku.nu'mi] (n.f.) = economy&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''est''' [est] (n.m.) = east&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''estral''' [əs'tral] (adj.) = (o)estrous<br /> <br /> == F ==<br /> '''fassad''' [fə'sad] (n.f.) = façade (of building)&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''fenestr''' [fə'nestr̩] (n.f.) = window&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''fevrair''' [fə'vrəi̯r] (n.m.) = February&lt;br/&gt;<br /> '''fradr''' [fradr̩] (n.m.) = brother<br /> <br /> == G ==<br /> '''garage''' [ɡa.ʁaʒ], [ɡə'rad͡ʒ] (n.m.) = garage&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''gendr''' [d͡ʒen.dr̩] (n.m.) = kind, sort, type<br /> <br /> == H ==<br /> '''ḥal''' [hal] (n.f.) = hall, covered market or similar large placed covered by a roof&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ḥarp''' [harp] (n.f.) = harp | ḥarpist [hər'pist] (n.c.) = harpist&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ḥelm''' [helm] (n.m.) = helm, helmet&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''hiat''' [jat] (n.m.) = hiatus&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''homn''' [omn̩] (n.m.) = man&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''hyen''' [jen] (n.f.) = hyaena<br /> <br /> == I ==<br /> '''iac''' [jak] (n.m.) = yak&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''imágen''' [i'ma.d͡ʒn̩] (n.f.) = image&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''iogourt''' [ju'gurt] (n.m.) = yog(h)urt<br /> <br /> == J ==<br /> '''janvair''' [d͡ʒən'vəi̯r] (n.m.) = January&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''jovdí''' [d͡ʒuvˈdi] (n.m.) = Thursday&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''juge''' [d͡ʒid͡ʒ] (n.c.) = judge<br /> <br /> == K ==<br /> '''kiwi''' ['kiwi] (n.m.) = kiwi [flightless bird endemic to New Zealand, in the genus Apteryx]<br /> <br /> == L ==<br /> '''leng''' [leŋɡ] (n.f.) = tongue&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lingerie''' [lɛ̃ʒ.ʁi] &lt;I&gt;or&lt;/i&gt; '''lingerí''' [lind͡ʒ(ə)'ri] (n.f.) = lingerie&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lun''' [lin] (n.f.) = moon&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lundí''' [linˈdi] (n.m.) = Monday&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lyr''' [lir] (n.f.) = lyre<br /> <br /> == M ==<br /> '''madr''' [ˈmadr̩] (n.f.) = mother&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mam''' [mam] (n.f.) = mama, mum(my), mom(my), mamie&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mangar''' [mən'gar] (verb) = to eat&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''manual''' [mə'njal] (adj.) = manual&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mardí''' [mərˈdi] (n.m.) = Tuesday&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mediar''' [mə'd͡ʒar] (verb) = to mediate; to average [mathematics]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''meditar''' [mədi'tar] (verb) = to meditate, ponder, reflect upon&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mercrdí''' [mərkr̩ˈdi] (n.m.) = Wednesday&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''missioun''' [mi'ʃun] (n.f.) = mission<br /> <br /> == N ==<br /> '''nadal''' [nə'dal] (n.m.) = Christmas&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''natioun''' [nə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = nation&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''neboud''' [nə'bud] (n.m.) = nephew&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''nece''' [net͡ʃ] (n.f.) = niece&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''nomn''' [nomn̩] (n.m.) = name&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''noit''' [nwit] (n.f.) = night&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''nordh''' [norð] (n.m.) = north<br /> <br /> == O ==<br /> '''oil''' [wil] (n.m.) = eye&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''oit''' [wit] (num.) = eight&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''oungl''' ['uŋ.ɡl̩] (n.m.) = (finger/toe) nail, talon<br /> <br /> == P ==<br /> '''padr''' [padr̩] (n.m.) = father&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''paissoun''' [pəi̯'sun] (n.m.) = fish&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''panda''' ['pan.də] (n.m.) = panda&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''patient''' [pə't͡ʃ(j)ent] (n.c.) = patient [person receiving or registered to receive medical treatment]; (n.m.) patient [semantic role of a noun phrase denoting something that is affected or acted upon by the action of a verb]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pian''' [pjan] (n.m.) = piano | '''pianist''' [pjə'nist] (n.c.) = pianist&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''place''' [plat͡ʃ] (n.f.) = [town] square&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''poi''' [pwi] (n.m.) = elevated place, balcony&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psalm''' [psalm] (n.m.) = psalm&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psychologí''' [psi.ku.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = psychology&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psychos''' [psi'koz] (n.f.) = psychosis&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pterodáctyl''' [ptə.ru'dak.til] (n.m.) = pterodactyl&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pur''' [pir] (adj.) = pure<br /> <br /> == Q ==<br /> '''quand''' [kwand] (adv.) = when&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''quatr''' [kwatr̩] (num.) = four&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''questioun''' [kwəs't͡ʃ(j)un] or [kwəʃ't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = question<br /> <br /> == R ==<br /> '''rai''' [rəi̯] (n.m.) = ray, beam (of light or radiation)&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''radi''' ['radi] (n.m.) = radius [mathematics, anatomy]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''radio''' ['rad͡ʒu] (n.m.) = radium&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''rasioun''' [rə'ʒun] (n.f.) = reason&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ratioun''' [rə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = ration&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ros''' [roz] (n.f.) = rose (plant, flower)<br /> <br /> == S ==<br /> '''sambdí''' [səmbˈdi] (n.m.) = Saturday&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''scindr''' [ʃindr̩] (verb) = to tear, split, divide. [semi-learned borrowing]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''segur''' [sə'ɡir] (adj.) = sure, safe, certain&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''serour''' [sə'rur] (n.f.) = sister&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''solitair''' [su.li'tai̯r] (adj.) = solitary&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''spaghets''' [spə'gets] (n.m.pl) = spaghetti&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''statin''' [stə'tin] (n.f.) = statin&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''statioun''' [stə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = station&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''sudh''' [sið] (n.m.) = south&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''suggestioun''' [sid͡ʒəs'tjun, sid͡ʒəs't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = suggestion<br /> <br /> == T ==<br /> '''tad''' [tad] (n.m.) = dad, daddy, pa, papa&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''tavan''' [tə'van] (n.m.) = gadfly, bot&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''thwail''' [θwəi̯l] (n.m.) = towel&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''tiar''' [t͡ʃ(j)ar] (n.f.) = tiara<br /> <br /> == U ==<br /> <br /> == V ==<br /> '''varanda''' [və'ran.də] (n.f.) = veranda&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''vendrdí''' [vəndr̩ˈdi] (n.m.) = Friday&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''vergoin''' [vər'gwin] (n.f.) = shame, shyness&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''verm''' [verm] (n.m.) = worm | verm solitair = tapeworm&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''veuv''' [veu̯v] (n.f.) = widow&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''visioun''' [vi'ʒun] (n.f.) = vision&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''visual''' [vi'ʒal] (adj.) = visual&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''vouge''' [vud͡ʒ] (n.f.) = voice<br /> <br /> == W ==<br /> '''wadi''' ['wadi] (n.m.) = a valley, ravine, or channel dry except in the rainy season, wadi&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wambad''' [wəm'bad] (n.m.) = wombat&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''west''' [west] (n.m.) = west&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wer''' [wer] (n.f.) = war&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wigwom''' [wig'wom] (n.m.) = wigwam<br /> <br /> == X==<br /> '''xylophon''' [gzi.lu'fon] (n.m.) = xylophone<br /> <br /> == Y ==<br /> <br /> == Z ==</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Britainese_Lexicon&diff=158656 2023-11-22T08:12:10Z

<p>AlexFink: /* F */ +[r]</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == A ==<br /> '''ab''' [ab] (n.f.) = bee&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''abril''' [ə'bril] (n.m.) = April&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''agl''' ['agl̩] (n.f.) = eagle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ángel''' ['an.d͡ʒl̩] (n.m.) = angel&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''angl''' ['aŋɡl̩] (n.m.) = angle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ant''' [ant] (n.f.) = aunt, auntie&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''archeologí''' [ər.kə.u.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = arch(a)eology&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''assadz''' [ə'sadz] (adv.) = much, a lot; '''assadz d'aug''' = a lot of water; '''assadz de cans''' = a lot of dogs, many dogs&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''aug''' [au̯g] (n.f.) = water&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''auncl''' ['au̯ŋ.kl̩] (n.m.) = uncle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''autr''' [au̯tr̩] (pro.) = other<br /> <br /> == B ==<br /> '''basiar''' [bə.ʒar] (verb) = to kiss&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''bier''' [bjer] (n.f.) = beer (made with hops; cf '''''cervaisie''''')&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''bilingual''' [bi.liŋ'ɡjal] (adj.) = bilingual<br /> <br /> == C ==<br /> '''caiac''' [kə'jak] (n.m.) = kayak&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cambr''' ['kam.br̩] (n.f.) = room, chamber&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cancel''' [kən't͡ʃel] (n.m.) = railing, balustrade, lattice, barrier, screen&lt;br /&gt;<br /> '''cari''' ['ka.ri] (n.m.) = curry&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''casie''' [kaʒ] (n.m.) = cheese&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''castel''' [kəs'tel] (n.m.) = castle, fortress&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''caud''' [kau̯d] (adj.) = hot&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''caus''' [kau̯z] (n.f.) = thing&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cent''' [t͡ʃent] (num.) = hundred&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cervaisie''' [t͡ʃər'vəi̯ʒ] (n.f.) = ale ( beer made during antiquity and the Middle Ages with barley or wheat, but without hops ) &lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cervel''' [t͡ʃər'vel] (n.m.) = brain&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''chthónic''' ['kθo.nik] (adj.) = chthonic&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''circl''' ['t͡ʃer.kl̩] (n.m.) = circle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cnidair''' [kni'dəi̯r] (n.m.) = cnidarian&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cöefficient''' [ku.ə.fi't͡ʃ(j)ent] (n.m.) = coefficient&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cöiot''' [ku'jot] (n.m.) = coyote&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''comb''' [komb] (n.f.) = deep hollow or valley&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''comenciar''' [ku.mən.'t͡ʃ(j)ar] (verb) = to begin, commence&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''coudh''' [kuð] (n.f.) = tail&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cub''' [kib] (n.m.) = cube&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cycl''' [t͡ʃikl̩] (n.m.) = cycle (a series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order, a complete set or series)<br /> <br /> == D ==<br /> '''dimensioun''' [di.mən'ʃun] (n.f.) = dimension&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''diwali''' [di'wa.li] (n.m.) = diwali [Autumn festival of light observed by Hindus, Jains and Sikhs]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''domncel''' [dumn̩'t͡ʃel] (n.f.) = maid, maiden, young girl<br /> <br /> == E ==<br /> '''economí''' [ə.ku.nu'mi] (n.f.) = economy&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''est''' [est] (n.m.) = east&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''estral''' [əs'tral] (adj.) = (o)estrous<br /> <br /> == F ==<br /> '''fassad''' [fə'sad] (n.f.) = façade (of building)&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''fenestr''' [fə'nestr̩] (n.f.) = window&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''fevrair''' [fə'vrəi̯r] (n.m.) = February&lt;br/&gt;<br /> '''fradr''' [fradr̩] (n.m.) = brother<br /> <br /> == G ==<br /> '''garage''' [ɡa.ʁaʒ], [ɡə'rad͡ʒ] (n.m.) = garage&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''gendr''' [d͡ʒen.dr̩] (n.m.) = kind, sort, type<br /> <br /> == H ==<br /> '''ḥal''' [hal] (n.f.) = hall, covered market or similar large placed covered by a roof&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ḥarp''' [harp] (n.f.) = harp | ḥarpist [hər'pist] (n.c.) = harpist&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ḥelm''' [helm] (n.m.) = helm, helmet&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''hiat''' [jat] (n.m.) = hiatus&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''homn''' [omn̩] (n.m.) = man&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''hyen''' [jen] (n.f.) = hyaena<br /> <br /> == I ==<br /> '''iac''' [jak] (n.m.) = yak&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''imágen''' [i'ma.d͡ʒn̩] (n.f.) = image&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''iogourt''' [ju'gurt] (n.m.) = yog(h)urt<br /> <br /> == J ==<br /> '''janvair''' [d͡ʒən'vəi̯r] (n.m.) = January&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''juge''' [d͡ʒid͡ʒ] (n.c.) = judge<br /> <br /> == K ==<br /> '''kiwi''' ['kiwi] (n.m.) = kiwi [flightless bird endemic to New Zealand, in the genus Apteryx]<br /> <br /> == L ==<br /> '''leng''' [leŋɡ] (n.f.) = tongue&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lingerie''' [lɛ̃ʒ.ʁi] &lt;I&gt;or&lt;/i&gt; '''lingerí''' [lind͡ʒ(ə)'ri] (n.f.) = lingerie&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lun''' [lin] (n.f.) = moon&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lyr''' [lir] (n.f.) = lyre<br /> <br /> == M ==<br /> '''madr''' [ˈmadr̩] (n.f.) = mother&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mam''' [mam] (n.f.) = mama, mum(my), mom(my), mamie&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mangar''' [mən'gar] (verb) = to eat&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''manual''' [mə'njal] (adj.) = manual&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mediar''' [mə'd͡ʒar] (verb) = to mediate; to average [mathematics]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''meditar''' [mədi'tar] (verb) = to meditate, ponder, reflect upon&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''missioun''' [mi'ʃun] (n.f.) = mission<br /> <br /> == N ==<br /> '''nadal''' [nə'dal] (n.m.) = Christmas&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''natioun''' [nə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = nation&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''neboud''' [nə'bud] (n.m.) = nephew&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''nece''' [net͡ʃ] (n.f.) = niece&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''nomn''' [nomn̩] (n.m.) = name&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''noit''' [nwit] (n.f.) = night&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''nordh''' [norð] (n.m.) = north<br /> <br /> == O ==<br /> '''oil''' [wil] (n.m.) = eye&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''oit''' [wit] (num.) = eight&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''oungl''' ['uŋ.ɡl̩] (n.m.) = (finger/toe) nail, talon<br /> <br /> == P ==<br /> '''padr''' [padr̩] (n.m.) = father&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''paissoun''' [pəi̯'sun] (n.m.) = fish&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''panda''' ['pan.də] (n.m.) = panda&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''patient''' [pə't͡ʃ(j)ent] (n.c.) = patient [person receiving or registered to receive medical treatment]; (n.m.) patient [semantic role of a noun phrase denoting something that is affected or acted upon by the action of a verb]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pian''' [pjan] (n.m.) = piano | '''pianist''' [pjə'nist] (n.c.) = pianist&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''place''' [plat͡ʃ] (n.f.) = [town] square&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''poi''' [pwi] (n.m.) = elevated place, balcony&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psalm''' [psalm] (n.m.) = psalm&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psychologí''' [psi.ku.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = psychology&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psychos''' [psi'koz] (n.f.) = psychosis&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pterodáctyl''' [ptə.ru'dak.til] (n.m.) = pterodactyl&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pur''' [pir] (adj.) = pure<br /> <br /> == Q ==<br /> '''quand''' [kwand] (adv.) = when&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''quatr''' [kwatr̩] (num.) = four&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''questioun''' [kwəs't͡ʃ(j)un] or [kwəʃ't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = question<br /> <br /> == R ==<br /> '''rai''' [rəi̯] (n.m.) = ray, beam (of light or radiation)&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''radi''' ['radi] (n.m.) = radius [mathematics, anatomy]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''radio''' ['rad͡ʒu] (n.m.) = radium&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''rasioun''' [rə'ʒun] (n.f.) = reason&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ratioun''' [rə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = ration&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ros''' [roz] (n.f.) = rose (plant, flower)<br /> <br /> == S ==<br /> '''scindr''' [ʃindr̩] (verb) = to tear, split, divide. [semi-learned borrowing]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''segur''' [sə'ɡir] (adj.) = sure, safe, certain&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''serour''' [sə'rur] (n.f.) = sister&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''solitair''' [su.li'tai̯r] (adj.) = solitary&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''spaghets''' [spə'gets] (n.m.pl) = spaghetti&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''statin''' [stə'tin] (n.f.) = statin&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''statioun''' [stə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = station&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''sudh''' [sið] (n.m.) = south&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''suggestioun''' [sid͡ʒəs'tjun, sid͡ʒəs't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = suggestion<br /> <br /> == T ==<br /> '''tad''' [tad] (n.m.) = dad, daddy, pa, papa&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''tavan''' [tə'van] (n.m.) = gadfly, bot&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''thwail''' [θwəi̯l] (n.m.) = towel&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''tiar''' [t͡ʃ(j)ar] (n.f.) = tiara<br /> <br /> == U ==<br /> <br /> == V ==<br /> '''varanda''' [və'ran.də] (n.f.) = veranda&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''vergoin''' [vər'gwin] (n.f.) = shame, shyness&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''verm''' [verm] (n.m.) = worm | verm solitair = tapeworm&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''veuv''' [veu̯v] (n.f.) = widow&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''visioun''' [vi'ʒun] (n.f.) = vision&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''visual''' [vi'ʒal] (adj.) = visual&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''vouge''' [vud͡ʒ] (n.f.) = voice<br /> <br /> == W ==<br /> '''wadi''' ['wadi] (n.m.) = a valley, ravine, or channel dry except in the rainy season, wadi&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wambad''' [wəm'bad] (n.m.) = wombat&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''west''' [west] (n.m.) = west&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wer''' [wer] (n.f.) = war&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wigwom''' [wig'wom] (n.m.) = wigwam<br /> <br /> == X==<br /> '''xylophon''' [gzi.lu'fon] (n.m.) = xylophone<br /> <br /> == Y ==<br /> <br /> == Z ==</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Britainese_Lexicon&diff=158655 2023-11-22T08:10:22Z

<p>AlexFink: /* C */ alphabetise</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == A ==<br /> '''ab''' [ab] (n.f.) = bee&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''abril''' [ə'bril] (n.m.) = April&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''agl''' ['agl̩] (n.f.) = eagle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ángel''' ['an.d͡ʒl̩] (n.m.) = angel&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''angl''' ['aŋɡl̩] (n.m.) = angle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ant''' [ant] (n.f.) = aunt, auntie&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''archeologí''' [ər.kə.u.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = arch(a)eology&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''assadz''' [ə'sadz] (adv.) = much, a lot; '''assadz d'aug''' = a lot of water; '''assadz de cans''' = a lot of dogs, many dogs&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''aug''' [au̯g] (n.f.) = water&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''auncl''' ['au̯ŋ.kl̩] (n.m.) = uncle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''autr''' [au̯tr̩] (pro.) = other<br /> <br /> == B ==<br /> '''basiar''' [bə.ʒar] (verb) = to kiss&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''bier''' [bjer] (n.f.) = beer (made with hops; cf '''''cervaisie''''')&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''bilingual''' [bi.liŋ'ɡjal] (adj.) = bilingual<br /> <br /> == C ==<br /> '''caiac''' [kə'jak] (n.m.) = kayak&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cambr''' ['kam.br̩] (n.f.) = room, chamber&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cancel''' [kən't͡ʃel] (n.m.) = railing, balustrade, lattice, barrier, screen&lt;br /&gt;<br /> '''cari''' ['ka.ri] (n.m.) = curry&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''casie''' [kaʒ] (n.m.) = cheese&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''castel''' [kəs'tel] (n.m.) = castle, fortress&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''caud''' [kau̯d] (adj.) = hot&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''caus''' [kau̯z] (n.f.) = thing&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cent''' [t͡ʃent] (num.) = hundred&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cervaisie''' [t͡ʃər'vəi̯ʒ] (n.f.) = ale ( beer made during antiquity and the Middle Ages with barley or wheat, but without hops ) &lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cervel''' [t͡ʃər'vel] (n.m.) = brain&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''chthónic''' ['kθo.nik] (adj.) = chthonic&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''circl''' ['t͡ʃer.kl̩] (n.m.) = circle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cnidair''' [kni'dəi̯r] (n.m.) = cnidarian&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cöefficient''' [ku.ə.fi't͡ʃ(j)ent] (n.m.) = coefficient&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cöiot''' [ku'jot] (n.m.) = coyote&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''comb''' [komb] (n.f.) = deep hollow or valley&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''comenciar''' [ku.mən.'t͡ʃ(j)ar] (verb) = to begin, commence&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''coudh''' [kuð] (n.f.) = tail&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cub''' [kib] (n.m.) = cube&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cycl''' [t͡ʃikl̩] (n.m.) = cycle (a series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order, a complete set or series)<br /> <br /> == D ==<br /> '''dimensioun''' [di.mən'ʃun] (n.f.) = dimension&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''diwali''' [di'wa.li] (n.m.) = diwali [Autumn festival of light observed by Hindus, Jains and Sikhs]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''domncel''' [dumn̩'t͡ʃel] (n.f.) = maid, maiden, young girl<br /> <br /> == E ==<br /> '''economí''' [ə.ku.nu'mi] (n.f.) = economy&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''est''' [est] (n.m.) = east&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''estral''' [əs'tral] (adj.) = (o)estrous<br /> <br /> == F ==<br /> '''fassad''' [fə'sad] (n.f.) = façade (of building)&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''fenestr''' [fə'nestr̩] (n.f.) = window&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''fevrair''' [fə'vrəi̯r] (n.m.) = February&lt;br/&gt;<br /> '''fradr''' [fadr̩] (n.m.) = brother<br /> <br /> == G ==<br /> '''garage''' [ɡa.ʁaʒ], [ɡə'rad͡ʒ] (n.m.) = garage&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''gendr''' [d͡ʒen.dr̩] (n.m.) = kind, sort, type<br /> <br /> == H ==<br /> '''ḥal''' [hal] (n.f.) = hall, covered market or similar large placed covered by a roof&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ḥarp''' [harp] (n.f.) = harp | ḥarpist [hər'pist] (n.c.) = harpist&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ḥelm''' [helm] (n.m.) = helm, helmet&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''hiat''' [jat] (n.m.) = hiatus&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''homn''' [omn̩] (n.m.) = man&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''hyen''' [jen] (n.f.) = hyaena<br /> <br /> == I ==<br /> '''iac''' [jak] (n.m.) = yak&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''imágen''' [i'ma.d͡ʒn̩] (n.f.) = image&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''iogourt''' [ju'gurt] (n.m.) = yog(h)urt<br /> <br /> == J ==<br /> '''janvair''' [d͡ʒən'vəi̯r] (n.m.) = January&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''juge''' [d͡ʒid͡ʒ] (n.c.) = judge<br /> <br /> == K ==<br /> '''kiwi''' ['kiwi] (n.m.) = kiwi [flightless bird endemic to New Zealand, in the genus Apteryx]<br /> <br /> == L ==<br /> '''leng''' [leŋɡ] (n.f.) = tongue&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lingerie''' [lɛ̃ʒ.ʁi] &lt;I&gt;or&lt;/i&gt; '''lingerí''' [lind͡ʒ(ə)'ri] (n.f.) = lingerie&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lun''' [lin] (n.f.) = moon&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lyr''' [lir] (n.f.) = lyre<br /> <br /> == M ==<br /> '''madr''' [ˈmadr̩] (n.f.) = mother&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mam''' [mam] (n.f.) = mama, mum(my), mom(my), mamie&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mangar''' [mən'gar] (verb) = to eat&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''manual''' [mə'njal] (adj.) = manual&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mediar''' [mə'd͡ʒar] (verb) = to mediate; to average [mathematics]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''meditar''' [mədi'tar] (verb) = to meditate, ponder, reflect upon&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''missioun''' [mi'ʃun] (n.f.) = mission<br /> <br /> == N ==<br /> '''nadal''' [nə'dal] (n.m.) = Christmas&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''natioun''' [nə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = nation&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''neboud''' [nə'bud] (n.m.) = nephew&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''nece''' [net͡ʃ] (n.f.) = niece&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''nomn''' [nomn̩] (n.m.) = name&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''noit''' [nwit] (n.f.) = night&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''nordh''' [norð] (n.m.) = north<br /> <br /> == O ==<br /> '''oil''' [wil] (n.m.) = eye&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''oit''' [wit] (num.) = eight&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''oungl''' ['uŋ.ɡl̩] (n.m.) = (finger/toe) nail, talon<br /> <br /> == P ==<br /> '''padr''' [padr̩] (n.m.) = father&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''paissoun''' [pəi̯'sun] (n.m.) = fish&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''panda''' ['pan.də] (n.m.) = panda&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''patient''' [pə't͡ʃ(j)ent] (n.c.) = patient [person receiving or registered to receive medical treatment]; (n.m.) patient [semantic role of a noun phrase denoting something that is affected or acted upon by the action of a verb]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pian''' [pjan] (n.m.) = piano | '''pianist''' [pjə'nist] (n.c.) = pianist&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''place''' [plat͡ʃ] (n.f.) = [town] square&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''poi''' [pwi] (n.m.) = elevated place, balcony&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psalm''' [psalm] (n.m.) = psalm&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psychologí''' [psi.ku.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = psychology&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psychos''' [psi'koz] (n.f.) = psychosis&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pterodáctyl''' [ptə.ru'dak.til] (n.m.) = pterodactyl&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pur''' [pir] (adj.) = pure<br /> <br /> == Q ==<br /> '''quand''' [kwand] (adv.) = when&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''quatr''' [kwatr̩] (num.) = four&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''questioun''' [kwəs't͡ʃ(j)un] or [kwəʃ't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = question<br /> <br /> == R ==<br /> '''rai''' [rəi̯] (n.m.) = ray, beam (of light or radiation)&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''radi''' ['radi] (n.m.) = radius [mathematics, anatomy]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''radio''' ['rad͡ʒu] (n.m.) = radium&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''rasioun''' [rə'ʒun] (n.f.) = reason&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ratioun''' [rə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = ration&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ros''' [roz] (n.f.) = rose (plant, flower)<br /> <br /> == S ==<br /> '''scindr''' [ʃindr̩] (verb) = to tear, split, divide. [semi-learned borrowing]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''segur''' [sə'ɡir] (adj.) = sure, safe, certain&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''serour''' [sə'rur] (n.f.) = sister&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''solitair''' [su.li'tai̯r] (adj.) = solitary&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''spaghets''' [spə'gets] (n.m.pl) = spaghetti&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''statin''' [stə'tin] (n.f.) = statin&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''statioun''' [stə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = station&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''sudh''' [sið] (n.m.) = south&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''suggestioun''' [sid͡ʒəs'tjun, sid͡ʒəs't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = suggestion<br /> <br /> == T ==<br /> '''tad''' [tad] (n.m.) = dad, daddy, pa, papa&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''tavan''' [tə'van] (n.m.) = gadfly, bot&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''thwail''' [θwəi̯l] (n.m.) = towel&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''tiar''' [t͡ʃ(j)ar] (n.f.) = tiara<br /> <br /> == U ==<br /> <br /> == V ==<br /> '''varanda''' [və'ran.də] (n.f.) = veranda&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''vergoin''' [vər'gwin] (n.f.) = shame, shyness&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''verm''' [verm] (n.m.) = worm | verm solitair = tapeworm&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''veuv''' [veu̯v] (n.f.) = widow&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''visioun''' [vi'ʒun] (n.f.) = vision&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''visual''' [vi'ʒal] (adj.) = visual&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''vouge''' [vud͡ʒ] (n.f.) = voice<br /> <br /> == W ==<br /> '''wadi''' ['wadi] (n.m.) = a valley, ravine, or channel dry except in the rainy season, wadi&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wambad''' [wəm'bad] (n.m.) = wombat&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''west''' [west] (n.m.) = west&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wer''' [wer] (n.f.) = war&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wigwom''' [wig'wom] (n.m.) = wigwam<br /> <br /> == X==<br /> '''xylophon''' [gzi.lu'fon] (n.m.) = xylophone<br /> <br /> == Y ==<br /> <br /> == Z ==</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Britainese_Lexicon&diff=158654 2023-11-22T06:51:14Z

<p>AlexFink: /* T */ alphabetise</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == A ==<br /> '''ab''' [ab] (n.f.) = bee&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''abril''' [ə'bril] (n.m.) = April&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''agl''' ['agl̩] (n.f.) = eagle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ángel''' ['an.d͡ʒl̩] (n.m.) = angel&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''angl''' ['aŋɡl̩] (n.m.) = angle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ant''' [ant] (n.f.) = aunt, auntie&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''archeologí''' [ər.kə.u.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = arch(a)eology&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''assadz''' [ə'sadz] (adv.) = much, a lot; '''assadz d'aug''' = a lot of water; '''assadz de cans''' = a lot of dogs, many dogs&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''aug''' [au̯g] (n.f.) = water&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''auncl''' ['au̯ŋ.kl̩] (n.m.) = uncle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''autr''' [au̯tr̩] (pro.) = other<br /> <br /> == B ==<br /> '''basiar''' [bə.ʒar] (verb) = to kiss&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''bier''' [bjer] (n.f.) = beer (made with hops; cf '''''cervaisie''''')&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''bilingual''' [bi.liŋ'ɡjal] (adj.) = bilingual<br /> <br /> == C ==<br /> '''caiac''' [kə'jak] (n.m.) = kayak&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cambr''' ['kam.br̩] (n.f.) = room, chamber&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cancel''' [kən't͡ʃel] (n.m.) = railing, balustrade, lattice, barrier, screen&lt;br /&gt;<br /> '''cari''' ['ka.ri] (n.m.) = curry&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''casie''' [kaʒ] (n.m.) = cheese&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''castel''' [kəs'tel] (n.m.) = castle, fortress&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''caud''' [kau̯d] (adj.) = hot&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''caus''' [kau̯z] (n.f.) = thing&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cent''' [t͡ʃent] (num.) = hundred&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cervaisie''' [t͡ʃər'vəi̯ʒ] (n.f.) = ale ( beer made during antiquity and the Middle Ages with barley or wheat, but without hops ) &lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cervel''' [t͡ʃər'vel] (n.m.) = brain&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''circl''' ['t͡ʃer.kl̩] (n.m.) = circle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''chthónic''' ['kθo.nik] (adj.) = chthonic&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cnidair''' [kni'dəi̯r] (n.m.) = cnidarian&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cöefficient''' [ku.ə.fi't͡ʃ(j)ent] (n.m.) = coefficient&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cöiot''' [ku'jot] (n.m.) = coyote&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''comb''' [komb] (n.f.) = deep hollow or valley&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''comenciar''' [ku.mən.'t͡ʃ(j)ar] (verb) = to begin, commence&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''coudh''' [kuð] (n.f.) = tail&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cub''' [kib] (n.m.) = cube&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cycl''' [t͡ʃikl̩] (n.m.) = cycle (a series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order, a complete set or series)<br /> <br /> == D ==<br /> '''dimensioun''' [di.mən'ʃun] (n.f.) = dimension&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''diwali''' [di'wa.li] (n.m.) = diwali [Autumn festival of light observed by Hindus, Jains and Sikhs]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''domncel''' [dumn̩'t͡ʃel] (n.f.) = maid, maiden, young girl<br /> <br /> == E ==<br /> '''economí''' [ə.ku.nu'mi] (n.f.) = economy&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''est''' [est] (n.m.) = east&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''estral''' [əs'tral] (adj.) = (o)estrous<br /> <br /> == F ==<br /> '''fassad''' [fə'sad] (n.f.) = façade (of building)&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''fenestr''' [fə'nestr̩] (n.f.) = window&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''fevrair''' [fə'vrəi̯r] (n.m.) = February&lt;br/&gt;<br /> '''fradr''' [fadr̩] (n.m.) = brother<br /> <br /> == G ==<br /> '''garage''' [ɡa.ʁaʒ], [ɡə'rad͡ʒ] (n.m.) = garage&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''gendr''' [d͡ʒen.dr̩] (n.m.) = kind, sort, type<br /> <br /> == H ==<br /> '''ḥal''' [hal] (n.f.) = hall, covered market or similar large placed covered by a roof&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ḥarp''' [harp] (n.f.) = harp | ḥarpist [hər'pist] (n.c.) = harpist&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ḥelm''' [helm] (n.m.) = helm, helmet&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''hiat''' [jat] (n.m.) = hiatus&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''homn''' [omn̩] (n.m.) = man&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''hyen''' [jen] (n.f.) = hyaena<br /> <br /> == I ==<br /> '''iac''' [jak] (n.m.) = yak&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''imágen''' [i'ma.d͡ʒn̩] (n.f.) = image&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''iogourt''' [ju'gurt] (n.m.) = yog(h)urt<br /> <br /> == J ==<br /> '''janvair''' [d͡ʒən'vəi̯r] (n.m.) = January&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''juge''' [d͡ʒid͡ʒ] (n.c.) = judge<br /> <br /> == K ==<br /> '''kiwi''' ['kiwi] (n.m.) = kiwi [flightless bird endemic to New Zealand, in the genus Apteryx]<br /> <br /> == L ==<br /> '''leng''' [leŋɡ] (n.f.) = tongue&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lingerie''' [lɛ̃ʒ.ʁi] &lt;I&gt;or&lt;/i&gt; '''lingerí''' [lind͡ʒ(ə)'ri] (n.f.) = lingerie&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lun''' [lin] (n.f.) = moon&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lyr''' [lir] (n.f.) = lyre<br /> <br /> == M ==<br /> '''madr''' [ˈmadr̩] (n.f.) = mother&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mam''' [mam] (n.f.) = mama, mum(my), mom(my), mamie&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mangar''' [mən'gar] (verb) = to eat&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''manual''' [mə'njal] (adj.) = manual&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mediar''' [mə'd͡ʒar] (verb) = to mediate; to average [mathematics]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''meditar''' [mədi'tar] (verb) = to meditate, ponder, reflect upon&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''missioun''' [mi'ʃun] (n.f.) = mission<br /> <br /> == N ==<br /> '''nadal''' [nə'dal] (n.m.) = Christmas&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''natioun''' [nə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = nation&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''neboud''' [nə'bud] (n.m.) = nephew&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''nece''' [net͡ʃ] (n.f.) = niece&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''nomn''' [nomn̩] (n.m.) = name&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''noit''' [nwit] (n.f.) = night&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''nordh''' [norð] (n.m.) = north<br /> <br /> == O ==<br /> '''oil''' [wil] (n.m.) = eye&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''oit''' [wit] (num.) = eight&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''oungl''' ['uŋ.ɡl̩] (n.m.) = (finger/toe) nail, talon<br /> <br /> == P ==<br /> '''padr''' [padr̩] (n.m.) = father&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''paissoun''' [pəi̯'sun] (n.m.) = fish&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''panda''' ['pan.də] (n.m.) = panda&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''patient''' [pə't͡ʃ(j)ent] (n.c.) = patient [person receiving or registered to receive medical treatment]; (n.m.) patient [semantic role of a noun phrase denoting something that is affected or acted upon by the action of a verb]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pian''' [pjan] (n.m.) = piano | '''pianist''' [pjə'nist] (n.c.) = pianist&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''place''' [plat͡ʃ] (n.f.) = [town] square&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''poi''' [pwi] (n.m.) = elevated place, balcony&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psalm''' [psalm] (n.m.) = psalm&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psychologí''' [psi.ku.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = psychology&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psychos''' [psi'koz] (n.f.) = psychosis&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pterodáctyl''' [ptə.ru'dak.til] (n.m.) = pterodactyl&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pur''' [pir] (adj.) = pure<br /> <br /> == Q ==<br /> '''quand''' [kwand] (adv.) = when&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''quatr''' [kwatr̩] (num.) = four&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''questioun''' [kwəs't͡ʃ(j)un] or [kwəʃ't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = question<br /> <br /> == R ==<br /> '''rai''' [rəi̯] (n.m.) = ray, beam (of light or radiation)&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''radi''' ['radi] (n.m.) = radius [mathematics, anatomy]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''radio''' ['rad͡ʒu] (n.m.) = radium&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''rasioun''' [rə'ʒun] (n.f.) = reason&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ratioun''' [rə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = ration&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ros''' [roz] (n.f.) = rose (plant, flower)<br /> <br /> == S ==<br /> '''scindr''' [ʃindr̩] (verb) = to tear, split, divide. [semi-learned borrowing]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''segur''' [sə'ɡir] (adj.) = sure, safe, certain&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''serour''' [sə'rur] (n.f.) = sister&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''solitair''' [su.li'tai̯r] (adj.) = solitary&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''spaghets''' [spə'gets] (n.m.pl) = spaghetti&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''statin''' [stə'tin] (n.f.) = statin&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''statioun''' [stə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = station&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''sudh''' [sið] (n.m.) = south&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''suggestioun''' [sid͡ʒəs'tjun, sid͡ʒəs't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = suggestion<br /> <br /> == T ==<br /> '''tad''' [tad] (n.m.) = dad, daddy, pa, papa&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''tavan''' [tə'van] (n.m.) = gadfly, bot&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''thwail''' [θwəi̯l] (n.m.) = towel&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''tiar''' [t͡ʃ(j)ar] (n.f.) = tiara<br /> <br /> == U ==<br /> <br /> == V ==<br /> '''varanda''' [və'ran.də] (n.f.) = veranda&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''vergoin''' [vər'gwin] (n.f.) = shame, shyness&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''verm''' [verm] (n.m.) = worm | verm solitair = tapeworm&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''veuv''' [veu̯v] (n.f.) = widow&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''visioun''' [vi'ʒun] (n.f.) = vision&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''visual''' [vi'ʒal] (adj.) = visual&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''vouge''' [vud͡ʒ] (n.f.) = voice<br /> <br /> == W ==<br /> '''wadi''' ['wadi] (n.m.) = a valley, ravine, or channel dry except in the rainy season, wadi&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wambad''' [wəm'bad] (n.m.) = wombat&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''west''' [west] (n.m.) = west&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wer''' [wer] (n.f.) = war&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wigwom''' [wig'wom] (n.m.) = wigwam<br /> <br /> == X==<br /> '''xylophon''' [gzi.lu'fon] (n.m.) = xylophone<br /> <br /> == Y ==<br /> <br /> == Z ==</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Britainese_Lexicon&diff=158653 2023-11-22T06:49:26Z

<p>AlexFink: /* P */ I assume _paissoun_ is still meant to have unstressed [əi̯]</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == A ==<br /> '''ab''' [ab] (n.f.) = bee&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''abril''' [ə'bril] (n.m.) = April&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''agl''' ['agl̩] (n.f.) = eagle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ángel''' ['an.d͡ʒl̩] (n.m.) = angel&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''angl''' ['aŋɡl̩] (n.m.) = angle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ant''' [ant] (n.f.) = aunt, auntie&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''archeologí''' [ər.kə.u.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = arch(a)eology&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''assadz''' [ə'sadz] (adv.) = much, a lot; '''assadz d'aug''' = a lot of water; '''assadz de cans''' = a lot of dogs, many dogs&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''aug''' [au̯g] (n.f.) = water&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''auncl''' ['au̯ŋ.kl̩] (n.m.) = uncle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''autr''' [au̯tr̩] (pro.) = other<br /> <br /> == B ==<br /> '''basiar''' [bə.ʒar] (verb) = to kiss&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''bier''' [bjer] (n.f.) = beer (made with hops; cf '''''cervaisie''''')&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''bilingual''' [bi.liŋ'ɡjal] (adj.) = bilingual<br /> <br /> == C ==<br /> '''caiac''' [kə'jak] (n.m.) = kayak&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cambr''' ['kam.br̩] (n.f.) = room, chamber&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cancel''' [kən't͡ʃel] (n.m.) = railing, balustrade, lattice, barrier, screen&lt;br /&gt;<br /> '''cari''' ['ka.ri] (n.m.) = curry&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''casie''' [kaʒ] (n.m.) = cheese&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''castel''' [kəs'tel] (n.m.) = castle, fortress&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''caud''' [kau̯d] (adj.) = hot&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''caus''' [kau̯z] (n.f.) = thing&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cent''' [t͡ʃent] (num.) = hundred&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cervaisie''' [t͡ʃər'vəi̯ʒ] (n.f.) = ale ( beer made during antiquity and the Middle Ages with barley or wheat, but without hops ) &lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cervel''' [t͡ʃər'vel] (n.m.) = brain&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''circl''' ['t͡ʃer.kl̩] (n.m.) = circle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''chthónic''' ['kθo.nik] (adj.) = chthonic&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cnidair''' [kni'dəi̯r] (n.m.) = cnidarian&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cöefficient''' [ku.ə.fi't͡ʃ(j)ent] (n.m.) = coefficient&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cöiot''' [ku'jot] (n.m.) = coyote&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''comb''' [komb] (n.f.) = deep hollow or valley&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''comenciar''' [ku.mən.'t͡ʃ(j)ar] (verb) = to begin, commence&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''coudh''' [kuð] (n.f.) = tail&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cub''' [kib] (n.m.) = cube&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cycl''' [t͡ʃikl̩] (n.m.) = cycle (a series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order, a complete set or series)<br /> <br /> == D ==<br /> '''dimensioun''' [di.mən'ʃun] (n.f.) = dimension&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''diwali''' [di'wa.li] (n.m.) = diwali [Autumn festival of light observed by Hindus, Jains and Sikhs]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''domncel''' [dumn̩'t͡ʃel] (n.f.) = maid, maiden, young girl<br /> <br /> == E ==<br /> '''economí''' [ə.ku.nu'mi] (n.f.) = economy&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''est''' [est] (n.m.) = east&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''estral''' [əs'tral] (adj.) = (o)estrous<br /> <br /> == F ==<br /> '''fassad''' [fə'sad] (n.f.) = façade (of building)&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''fenestr''' [fə'nestr̩] (n.f.) = window&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''fevrair''' [fə'vrəi̯r] (n.m.) = February&lt;br/&gt;<br /> '''fradr''' [fadr̩] (n.m.) = brother<br /> <br /> == G ==<br /> '''garage''' [ɡa.ʁaʒ], [ɡə'rad͡ʒ] (n.m.) = garage&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''gendr''' [d͡ʒen.dr̩] (n.m.) = kind, sort, type<br /> <br /> == H ==<br /> '''ḥal''' [hal] (n.f.) = hall, covered market or similar large placed covered by a roof&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ḥarp''' [harp] (n.f.) = harp | ḥarpist [hər'pist] (n.c.) = harpist&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ḥelm''' [helm] (n.m.) = helm, helmet&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''hiat''' [jat] (n.m.) = hiatus&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''homn''' [omn̩] (n.m.) = man&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''hyen''' [jen] (n.f.) = hyaena<br /> <br /> == I ==<br /> '''iac''' [jak] (n.m.) = yak&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''imágen''' [i'ma.d͡ʒn̩] (n.f.) = image&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''iogourt''' [ju'gurt] (n.m.) = yog(h)urt<br /> <br /> == J ==<br /> '''janvair''' [d͡ʒən'vəi̯r] (n.m.) = January&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''juge''' [d͡ʒid͡ʒ] (n.c.) = judge<br /> <br /> == K ==<br /> '''kiwi''' ['kiwi] (n.m.) = kiwi [flightless bird endemic to New Zealand, in the genus Apteryx]<br /> <br /> == L ==<br /> '''leng''' [leŋɡ] (n.f.) = tongue&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lingerie''' [lɛ̃ʒ.ʁi] &lt;I&gt;or&lt;/i&gt; '''lingerí''' [lind͡ʒ(ə)'ri] (n.f.) = lingerie&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lun''' [lin] (n.f.) = moon&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lyr''' [lir] (n.f.) = lyre<br /> <br /> == M ==<br /> '''madr''' [ˈmadr̩] (n.f.) = mother&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mam''' [mam] (n.f.) = mama, mum(my), mom(my), mamie&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mangar''' [mən'gar] (verb) = to eat&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''manual''' [mə'njal] (adj.) = manual&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mediar''' [mə'd͡ʒar] (verb) = to mediate; to average [mathematics]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''meditar''' [mədi'tar] (verb) = to meditate, ponder, reflect upon&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''missioun''' [mi'ʃun] (n.f.) = mission<br /> <br /> == N ==<br /> '''nadal''' [nə'dal] (n.m.) = Christmas&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''natioun''' [nə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = nation&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''neboud''' [nə'bud] (n.m.) = nephew&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''nece''' [net͡ʃ] (n.f.) = niece&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''nomn''' [nomn̩] (n.m.) = name&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''noit''' [nwit] (n.f.) = night&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''nordh''' [norð] (n.m.) = north<br /> <br /> == O ==<br /> '''oil''' [wil] (n.m.) = eye&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''oit''' [wit] (num.) = eight&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''oungl''' ['uŋ.ɡl̩] (n.m.) = (finger/toe) nail, talon<br /> <br /> == P ==<br /> '''padr''' [padr̩] (n.m.) = father&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''paissoun''' [pəi̯'sun] (n.m.) = fish&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''panda''' ['pan.də] (n.m.) = panda&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''patient''' [pə't͡ʃ(j)ent] (n.c.) = patient [person receiving or registered to receive medical treatment]; (n.m.) patient [semantic role of a noun phrase denoting something that is affected or acted upon by the action of a verb]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pian''' [pjan] (n.m.) = piano | '''pianist''' [pjə'nist] (n.c.) = pianist&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''place''' [plat͡ʃ] (n.f.) = [town] square&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''poi''' [pwi] (n.m.) = elevated place, balcony&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psalm''' [psalm] (n.m.) = psalm&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psychologí''' [psi.ku.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = psychology&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psychos''' [psi'koz] (n.f.) = psychosis&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pterodáctyl''' [ptə.ru'dak.til] (n.m.) = pterodactyl&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pur''' [pir] (adj.) = pure<br /> <br /> == Q ==<br /> '''quand''' [kwand] (adv.) = when&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''quatr''' [kwatr̩] (num.) = four&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''questioun''' [kwəs't͡ʃ(j)un] or [kwəʃ't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = question<br /> <br /> == R ==<br /> '''rai''' [rəi̯] (n.m.) = ray, beam (of light or radiation)&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''radi''' ['radi] (n.m.) = radius [mathematics, anatomy]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''radio''' ['rad͡ʒu] (n.m.) = radium&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''rasioun''' [rə'ʒun] (n.f.) = reason&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ratioun''' [rə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = ration&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ros''' [roz] (n.f.) = rose (plant, flower)<br /> <br /> == S ==<br /> '''scindr''' [ʃindr̩] (verb) = to tear, split, divide. [semi-learned borrowing]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''segur''' [sə'ɡir] (adj.) = sure, safe, certain&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''serour''' [sə'rur] (n.f.) = sister&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''solitair''' [su.li'tai̯r] (adj.) = solitary&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''spaghets''' [spə'gets] (n.m.pl) = spaghetti&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''statin''' [stə'tin] (n.f.) = statin&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''statioun''' [stə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = station&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''sudh''' [sið] (n.m.) = south&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''suggestioun''' [sid͡ʒəs'tjun, sid͡ʒəs't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = suggestion<br /> <br /> == T ==<br /> '''tad''' [tad] (n.m.) = dad, daddy, pa, papa&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''tavan''' [tə'van] (n.m.) = gadfly, bot&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''tiar''' [t͡ʃ(j)ar] (n.f.) = tiara&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''thwail''' [θwəi̯l] (n.m.) = towel<br /> <br /> == U ==<br /> <br /> == V ==<br /> '''varanda''' [və'ran.də] (n.f.) = veranda&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''vergoin''' [vər'gwin] (n.f.) = shame, shyness&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''verm''' [verm] (n.m.) = worm | verm solitair = tapeworm&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''veuv''' [veu̯v] (n.f.) = widow&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''visioun''' [vi'ʒun] (n.f.) = vision&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''visual''' [vi'ʒal] (adj.) = visual&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''vouge''' [vud͡ʒ] (n.f.) = voice<br /> <br /> == W ==<br /> '''wadi''' ['wadi] (n.m.) = a valley, ravine, or channel dry except in the rainy season, wadi&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wambad''' [wəm'bad] (n.m.) = wombat&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''west''' [west] (n.m.) = west&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wer''' [wer] (n.f.) = war&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wigwom''' [wig'wom] (n.m.) = wigwam<br /> <br /> == X==<br /> '''xylophon''' [gzi.lu'fon] (n.m.) = xylophone<br /> <br /> == Y ==<br /> <br /> == Z ==</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Britainese_Lexicon&diff=158509 2023-11-19T20:06:19Z

<p>AlexFink: /* F */ transposal. (Is [vr] a valid onset?)</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == A ==<br /> '''abril''' [ə'bril] (n.m.) = April&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''agl''' ['agl̩] (n.f.) = eagle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ángel''' ['an.d͡ʒl̩] (n.m.) = angel&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''angl''' ['aŋɡl̩] (n.m.) = angle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''archeologí''' [ər.kə.u.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = arch(a)eology&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''assatz''' [ə'sats] (adv.) = much, a lot; '''assatz d'aug''' = a lot of water; '''assatz de cans''' = a lot of dogs, many dogs&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''aug''' [au̯g] (n.f.) = water&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''auncl''' ['au̯ŋ.kl̩] (n.m.) = uncle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''autr''' [au̯tr̩] (pro.) = other<br /> <br /> == B ==<br /> '''basiar''' [bə.ʒar] (verb) = to kiss&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''bier''' [bjer] (n.f.) = beer (made with hops; cf '''''cervaisie''''')&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''bilingual''' [bi.liŋ'ɡjal] (adj.) = bilingual<br /> <br /> == C ==<br /> '''caiac''' [kə'jak] (n.m.) = kayak&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cambr''' ['kam.br̩] (n.f.) = room, chamber&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cancel''' [kən't͡ʃel] (n.m.) = railing, balustrade, lattice, barrier, screen&lt;br /&gt;<br /> '''cari''' ['ka.ri] (n.m.) = curry&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''casie''' [kaʒ] (n.m.) = cheese&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''castel''' [kəs'tel] (n.m.) = castle, fortress&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''caud''' [kau̯d] (adj.) = hot&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''caus''' [kau̯z] (n.f.) = thing&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cent''' [t͡ʃent] (num.) = hundred&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cervaisie''' [t͡ʃər'vəi̯ʒ] (n.f.) = ale ( beer made during antiquity and the Middle Ages with barley or wheat, but without hops ) &lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cervel''' [t͡ʃər'vel] (n.m.) = brain&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''circl''' ['t͡ʃer.kl̩] (n.m.) = circle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''chthónic''' ['kθo.nik] (adj.) = chthonic&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cnidair''' [kni'dəi̯r] (n.m.) = cnidarian&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cöefficient''' [ku.ə.fi't͡ʃ(j)ent] (n.m.) = coefficient&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cöiot''' [ku'jot] (n.m.) = coyote&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''comb''' [komb] (n.f.) = deep hollow or valley&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''comenciar''' [ku.mən.'t͡ʃ(j)ar] (verb) = to begin, commence&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''coudh''' [kuð] (n.f.) = tail&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cub''' [kib] (n.m.) = cube&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cycl''' [t͡ʃikl̩] (n.m.) = cycle (a series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order, a complete set or series)<br /> <br /> == D ==<br /> '''dimensioun''' [di.mən'ʃun] (n.f.) = dimension&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''diwali''' [di'wa.li] (n.m.) = diwali [Autumn festival of light observed by Hindus, Jains and Sikhs]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''domncel''' [dumn̩'t͡ʃel] (n.f.) = maid, maiden, young girl<br /> <br /> == E ==<br /> '''economí''' [ə.ku.nu'mi] (n.f.) = economy&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''est''' [est] (n.m.) = east&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''estral''' [əs'tral] (adj.) = (o)estrous<br /> <br /> == F ==<br /> '''fassad''' [fə'sad] (n.f.) = façade (of building)&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''fenestr''' [fə'nestr̩] (n.f.) = window&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''fevrair''' [fə'vrəi̯r] (n.m.) = February<br /> <br /> == G ==<br /> '''garage''' [ɡa.ʁaʒ], [ɡə'rad͡ʒ] (n.m.) = garage&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''gendr''' [d͡ʒen.dr̩] (n.m.) = kind, sort, type<br /> <br /> == H ==<br /> '''ḥal''' [hal] (n.f.) = hall, covered market or similar large placed covered by a roof&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ḥarp''' [harp] (n.f.) = harp | ḥarpist [hər'pist] (n.c.) = harpist&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ḥelm''' [helm] (n.m.) = helm, helmet&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''hiat''' [jat] (n.m.) = hiatus&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''homn''' [omn̩] (n.m.) = man&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''hyen''' [jen] (n.f.) = hyaena<br /> <br /> == I ==<br /> '''iac''' [jak] (n.m.) = yak&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''imágen''' [i'ma.d͡ʒn̩] (n.f.) = image&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''iogourt''' [ju'gurt] (n.m.) = yog(h)urt<br /> <br /> == J ==<br /> '''janvair''' [d͡ʒən'vəi̯r] (n.m.) = January&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''juge''' [d͡ʒid͡ʒ] (n.c.) = judge<br /> <br /> == K ==<br /> '''kiwi''' ['kiwi] (n.m.) = kiwi [flightless bird endemic to New Zealand, in the genus Apteryx]<br /> <br /> == L ==<br /> '''leng''' [leŋɡ] (n.f.) = tongue&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lingerie''' [lɛ̃ʒ.ʁi] &lt;I&gt;or&lt;/i&gt; '''lingerí''' [lind͡ʒ(ə)'ri] (n.f.) = lingerie&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lun''' [lin] (n.f.) = moon&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lyr''' [lir] (n.f.) = lyre<br /> <br /> == M ==<br /> '''mangar''' [mən'gar] (verb) = to eat&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''manual''' [mə'njal] (adj.) = manual&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mediar''' [mə'd͡ʒar] (verb) = to mediate; to average [mathematics]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''meditar''' [mədi'tar] (verb) = to meditate, ponder, reflect upon&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''missioun''' [mi'ʃun] (n.f.) = mission<br /> <br /> == N ==<br /> '''nadal''' [nə'dal] (n.m.) = Christmas&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''natioun''' [nə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = nation&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''nomn''' [nomn̩] (n.m.) = name&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''noit''' [nwit] (n.f.) = night&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''nordh''' [norð] (n.m.) = north<br /> <br /> == O ==<br /> '''oil''' [wil] (n.m.) = eye&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''oit''' [wit] (num.) = eight&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''oungl''' ['uŋ.ɡl̩] (n.m.) = (finger/toe) nail, talon<br /> <br /> == P ==<br /> '''padr''' [padr̩] (n.m.) = father&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''paissoun''' [pə'sun] (n.m.) = fish&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''panda''' ['pan.də] (n.m.) = panda&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''patient''' [pə't͡ʃ(j)ent] (n.c.) = patient [person receiving or registered to receive medical treatment]; (n.m.) patient [semantic role of a noun phrase denoting something that is affected or acted upon by the action of a verb]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pian''' [pjan] (n.m.) = piano | '''pianist''' [pjə'nist] (n.c.) = pianist&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''place''' [plat͡ʃ] (n.f.) = [town] square&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''poi''' [pwi] (n.m.) = elevated place, balcony&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psalm''' [psalm] (n.m.) = psalm&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psychologí''' [psi.ku.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = psychology&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psychos''' [psi'koz] (n.f.) = psychosis&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pterodáctyl''' [ptə.ru'dak.til] (n.m.) = pterodactyl&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pur''' [pir] (adj.) = pure<br /> <br /> == Q ==<br /> '''quand''' [kwand] (adv.) = when&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''quatr''' [kwatr̩] (num.) = four&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''questioun''' [kwəs't͡ʃ(j)un] or [kwəʃ't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = question<br /> <br /> == R ==<br /> '''rai''' [rəi̯] (n.m.) = ray, beam (of light or radiation)&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''radi''' ['radi] (n.m.) = radius [mathematics, anatomy]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''radio''' ['rad͡ʒu] (n.m.) = radium&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''rasioun''' [rə'ʒun] (n.f.) = reason&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ratioun''' [rə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = ration<br /> <br /> == S ==<br /> '''scindr''' [ʃindr̩] (verb) = to tear, split, divide. [semi-learned borrowing]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''segur''' [sə'ɡir] (adj.) = sure, safe, certain&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''solitair''' [su.li'tai̯r] (adj.) = solitary&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''spaghets''' [spə'gets] (n.m.pl) = spaghetti&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''statin''' [stə'tin] (n.f.) = statin&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''statioun''' [stə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = station&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''sudh''' [sið] (n.m.) = south&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''suggestioun''' [sid͡ʒəs'tjun, sid͡ʒəs't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = suggestion<br /> <br /> == T ==<br /> '''tavan''' [tə'van] (n.m.) = gadfly, bot&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''tiar''' [t͡ʃ(j)ar] (n.f.) = tiara&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''thwail''' [θwəi̯l] (n.m.) = towel<br /> <br /> == U ==<br /> <br /> == V ==<br /> '''varanda''' [və'ran.də] (n.f.) = veranda&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''vergoin''' [vər'gwin] (n.f.) = shame, shyness&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''verm''' [verm] (n.m.) = worm | verm solitair = tapeworm&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''veuv''' [veu̯v] (n.f.) = widow&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''visioun''' [vi'ʒun] (n.f.) = vision&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''visual''' [vi'ʒal] (adj.) = visual<br /> <br /> == W ==<br /> '''wadi''' ['wadi] (n.m.) = a valley, ravine, or channel dry except in the rainy season, wadi&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wambad''' [wəm'bad] (n.m.) = wombat&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''west''' [west] (n.m.) = west&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wer''' [wer] (n.f.) = war&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wigwom''' [wig'wom] (n.m.) = wigwam<br /> <br /> == X==<br /> <br /> == Y ==<br /> <br /> == Z ==</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Britainese_Lexicon&diff=158508 2023-11-19T20:02:28Z

<p>AlexFink: /* M */ delete stray [</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == A ==<br /> '''abril''' [ə'bril] (n.m.) = April&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''agl''' ['agl̩] (n.f.) = eagle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ángel''' ['an.d͡ʒl̩] (n.m.) = angel&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''angl''' ['aŋɡl̩] (n.m.) = angle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''archeologí''' [ər.kə.u.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = arch(a)eology&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''assatz''' [ə'sats] (adv.) = much, a lot; '''assatz d'aug''' = a lot of water; '''assatz de cans''' = a lot of dogs, many dogs&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''aug''' [au̯g] (n.f.) = water&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''auncl''' ['au̯ŋ.kl̩] (n.m.) = uncle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''autr''' [au̯tr̩] (pro.) = other<br /> <br /> == B ==<br /> '''basiar''' [bə.ʒar] (verb) = to kiss&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''bier''' [bjer] (n.f.) = beer (made with hops; cf '''''cervaisie''''')&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''bilingual''' [bi.liŋ'ɡjal] (adj.) = bilingual<br /> <br /> == C ==<br /> '''caiac''' [kə'jak] (n.m.) = kayak&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cambr''' ['kam.br̩] (n.f.) = room, chamber&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cancel''' [kən't͡ʃel] (n.m.) = railing, balustrade, lattice, barrier, screen&lt;br /&gt;<br /> '''cari''' ['ka.ri] (n.m.) = curry&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''casie''' [kaʒ] (n.m.) = cheese&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''castel''' [kəs'tel] (n.m.) = castle, fortress&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''caud''' [kau̯d] (adj.) = hot&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''caus''' [kau̯z] (n.f.) = thing&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cent''' [t͡ʃent] (num.) = hundred&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cervaisie''' [t͡ʃər'vəi̯ʒ] (n.f.) = ale ( beer made during antiquity and the Middle Ages with barley or wheat, but without hops ) &lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cervel''' [t͡ʃər'vel] (n.m.) = brain&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''circl''' ['t͡ʃer.kl̩] (n.m.) = circle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''chthónic''' ['kθo.nik] (adj.) = chthonic&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cnidair''' [kni'dəi̯r] (n.m.) = cnidarian&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cöefficient''' [ku.ə.fi't͡ʃ(j)ent] (n.m.) = coefficient&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cöiot''' [ku'jot] (n.m.) = coyote&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''comb''' [komb] (n.f.) = deep hollow or valley&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''comenciar''' [ku.mən.'t͡ʃ(j)ar] (verb) = to begin, commence&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''coudh''' [kuð] (n.f.) = tail&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cub''' [kib] (n.m.) = cube&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cycl''' [t͡ʃikl̩] (n.m.) = cycle (a series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order, a complete set or series)<br /> <br /> == D ==<br /> '''dimensioun''' [di.mən'ʃun] (n.f.) = dimension&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''diwali''' [di'wa.li] (n.m.) = diwali [Autumn festival of light observed by Hindus, Jains and Sikhs]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''domncel''' [dumn̩'t͡ʃel] (n.f.) = maid, maiden, young girl<br /> <br /> == E ==<br /> '''economí''' [ə.ku.nu'mi] (n.f.) = economy&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''est''' [est] (n.m.) = east&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''estral''' [əs'tral] (adj.) = (o)estrous<br /> <br /> == F ==<br /> '''fassad''' [fə'sad] (n.f.) = façade (of building)&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''fenestr''' [fə'nestr̩] (n.f.) = window&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''fevrair''' [fə'vəri̯r] (n.m.) = February<br /> <br /> == G ==<br /> '''garage''' [ɡa.ʁaʒ], [ɡə'rad͡ʒ] (n.m.) = garage&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''gendr''' [d͡ʒen.dr̩] (n.m.) = kind, sort, type<br /> <br /> == H ==<br /> '''ḥal''' [hal] (n.f.) = hall, covered market or similar large placed covered by a roof&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ḥarp''' [harp] (n.f.) = harp | ḥarpist [hər'pist] (n.c.) = harpist&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ḥelm''' [helm] (n.m.) = helm, helmet&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''hiat''' [jat] (n.m.) = hiatus&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''homn''' [omn̩] (n.m.) = man&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''hyen''' [jen] (n.f.) = hyaena<br /> <br /> == I ==<br /> '''iac''' [jak] (n.m.) = yak&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''imágen''' [i'ma.d͡ʒn̩] (n.f.) = image&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''iogourt''' [ju'gurt] (n.m.) = yog(h)urt<br /> <br /> == J ==<br /> '''janvair''' [d͡ʒən'vəi̯r] (n.m.) = January&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''juge''' [d͡ʒid͡ʒ] (n.c.) = judge<br /> <br /> == K ==<br /> '''kiwi''' ['kiwi] (n.m.) = kiwi [flightless bird endemic to New Zealand, in the genus Apteryx]<br /> <br /> == L ==<br /> '''leng''' [leŋɡ] (n.f.) = tongue&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lingerie''' [lɛ̃ʒ.ʁi] &lt;I&gt;or&lt;/i&gt; '''lingerí''' [lind͡ʒ(ə)'ri] (n.f.) = lingerie&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lun''' [lin] (n.f.) = moon&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lyr''' [lir] (n.f.) = lyre<br /> <br /> == M ==<br /> '''mangar''' [mən'gar] (verb) = to eat&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''manual''' [mə'njal] (adj.) = manual&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mediar''' [mə'd͡ʒar] (verb) = to mediate; to average [mathematics]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''meditar''' [mədi'tar] (verb) = to meditate, ponder, reflect upon&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''missioun''' [mi'ʃun] (n.f.) = mission<br /> <br /> == N ==<br /> '''nadal''' [nə'dal] (n.m.) = Christmas&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''natioun''' [nə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = nation&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''nomn''' [nomn̩] (n.m.) = name&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''noit''' [nwit] (n.f.) = night&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''nordh''' [norð] (n.m.) = north<br /> <br /> == O ==<br /> '''oil''' [wil] (n.m.) = eye&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''oit''' [wit] (num.) = eight&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''oungl''' ['uŋ.ɡl̩] (n.m.) = (finger/toe) nail, talon<br /> <br /> == P ==<br /> '''padr''' [padr̩] (n.m.) = father&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''paissoun''' [pə'sun] (n.m.) = fish&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''panda''' ['pan.də] (n.m.) = panda&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''patient''' [pə't͡ʃ(j)ent] (n.c.) = patient [person receiving or registered to receive medical treatment]; (n.m.) patient [semantic role of a noun phrase denoting something that is affected or acted upon by the action of a verb]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pian''' [pjan] (n.m.) = piano | '''pianist''' [pjə'nist] (n.c.) = pianist&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''place''' [plat͡ʃ] (n.f.) = [town] square&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''poi''' [pwi] (n.m.) = elevated place, balcony&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psalm''' [psalm] (n.m.) = psalm&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psychologí''' [psi.ku.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = psychology&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psychos''' [psi'koz] (n.f.) = psychosis&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pterodáctyl''' [ptə.ru'dak.til] (n.m.) = pterodactyl&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pur''' [pir] (adj.) = pure<br /> <br /> == Q ==<br /> '''quand''' [kwand] (adv.) = when&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''quatr''' [kwatr̩] (num.) = four&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''questioun''' [kwəs't͡ʃ(j)un] or [kwəʃ't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = question<br /> <br /> == R ==<br /> '''rai''' [rəi̯] (n.m.) = ray, beam (of light or radiation)&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''radi''' ['radi] (n.m.) = radius [mathematics, anatomy]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''radio''' ['rad͡ʒu] (n.m.) = radium&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''rasioun''' [rə'ʒun] (n.f.) = reason&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ratioun''' [rə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = ration<br /> <br /> == S ==<br /> '''scindr''' [ʃindr̩] (verb) = to tear, split, divide. [semi-learned borrowing]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''segur''' [sə'ɡir] (adj.) = sure, safe, certain&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''solitair''' [su.li'tai̯r] (adj.) = solitary&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''spaghets''' [spə'gets] (n.m.pl) = spaghetti&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''statin''' [stə'tin] (n.f.) = statin&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''statioun''' [stə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = station&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''sudh''' [sið] (n.m.) = south&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''suggestioun''' [sid͡ʒəs'tjun, sid͡ʒəs't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = suggestion<br /> <br /> == T ==<br /> '''tavan''' [tə'van] (n.m.) = gadfly, bot&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''tiar''' [t͡ʃ(j)ar] (n.f.) = tiara&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''thwail''' [θwəi̯l] (n.m.) = towel<br /> <br /> == U ==<br /> <br /> == V ==<br /> '''varanda''' [və'ran.də] (n.f.) = veranda&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''vergoin''' [vər'gwin] (n.f.) = shame, shyness&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''verm''' [verm] (n.m.) = worm | verm solitair = tapeworm&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''veuv''' [veu̯v] (n.f.) = widow&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''visioun''' [vi'ʒun] (n.f.) = vision&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''visual''' [vi'ʒal] (adj.) = visual<br /> <br /> == W ==<br /> '''wadi''' ['wadi] (n.m.) = a valley, ravine, or channel dry except in the rainy season, wadi&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wambad''' [wəm'bad] (n.m.) = wombat&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''west''' [west] (n.m.) = west&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wer''' [wer] (n.f.) = war&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wigwom''' [wig'wom] (n.m.) = wigwam<br /> <br /> == X==<br /> <br /> == Y ==<br /> <br /> == Z ==</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Britainese_Lexicon&diff=158507 2023-11-19T20:00:29Z

<p>AlexFink: /* S */ include -r in bold</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == A ==<br /> '''abril''' [ə'bril] (n.m.) = April&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''agl''' ['agl̩] (n.f.) = eagle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ángel''' ['an.d͡ʒl̩] (n.m.) = angel&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''angl''' ['aŋɡl̩] (n.m.) = angle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''archeologí''' [ər.kə.u.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = arch(a)eology&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''assatz''' [ə'sats] (adv.) = much, a lot; '''assatz d'aug''' = a lot of water; '''assatz de cans''' = a lot of dogs, many dogs&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''aug''' [au̯g] (n.f.) = water&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''auncl''' ['au̯ŋ.kl̩] (n.m.) = uncle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''autr''' [au̯tr̩] (pro.) = other<br /> <br /> == B ==<br /> '''basiar''' [bə.ʒar] (verb) = to kiss&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''bier''' [bjer] (n.f.) = beer (made with hops; cf '''''cervaisie''''')&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''bilingual''' [bi.liŋ'ɡjal] (adj.) = bilingual<br /> <br /> == C ==<br /> '''caiac''' [kə'jak] (n.m.) = kayak&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cambr''' ['kam.br̩] (n.f.) = room, chamber&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cancel''' [kən't͡ʃel] (n.m.) = railing, balustrade, lattice, barrier, screen&lt;br /&gt;<br /> '''cari''' ['ka.ri] (n.m.) = curry&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''casie''' [kaʒ] (n.m.) = cheese&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''castel''' [kəs'tel] (n.m.) = castle, fortress&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''caud''' [kau̯d] (adj.) = hot&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''caus''' [kau̯z] (n.f.) = thing&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cent''' [t͡ʃent] (num.) = hundred&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cervaisie''' [t͡ʃər'vəi̯ʒ] (n.f.) = ale ( beer made during antiquity and the Middle Ages with barley or wheat, but without hops ) &lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cervel''' [t͡ʃər'vel] (n.m.) = brain&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''circl''' ['t͡ʃer.kl̩] (n.m.) = circle&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''chthónic''' ['kθo.nik] (adj.) = chthonic&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cnidair''' [kni'dəi̯r] (n.m.) = cnidarian&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cöefficient''' [ku.ə.fi't͡ʃ(j)ent] (n.m.) = coefficient&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cöiot''' [ku'jot] (n.m.) = coyote&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''comb''' [komb] (n.f.) = deep hollow or valley&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''comenciar''' [ku.mən.'t͡ʃ(j)ar] (verb) = to begin, commence&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''coudh''' [kuð] (n.f.) = tail&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cub''' [kib] (n.m.) = cube&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''cycl''' [t͡ʃikl̩] (n.m.) = cycle (a series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order, a complete set or series)<br /> <br /> == D ==<br /> '''dimensioun''' [di.mən'ʃun] (n.f.) = dimension&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''diwali''' [di'wa.li] (n.m.) = diwali [Autumn festival of light observed by Hindus, Jains and Sikhs]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''domncel''' [dumn̩'t͡ʃel] (n.f.) = maid, maiden, young girl<br /> <br /> == E ==<br /> '''economí''' [ə.ku.nu'mi] (n.f.) = economy&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''est''' [est] (n.m.) = east&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''estral''' [əs'tral] (adj.) = (o)estrous<br /> <br /> == F ==<br /> '''fassad''' [fə'sad] (n.f.) = façade (of building)&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''fenestr''' [fə'nestr̩] (n.f.) = window&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''fevrair''' [fə'vəri̯r] (n.m.) = February<br /> <br /> == G ==<br /> '''garage''' [ɡa.ʁaʒ], [ɡə'rad͡ʒ] (n.m.) = garage&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''gendr''' [d͡ʒen.dr̩] (n.m.) = kind, sort, type<br /> <br /> == H ==<br /> '''ḥal''' [hal] (n.f.) = hall, covered market or similar large placed covered by a roof&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ḥarp''' [harp] (n.f.) = harp | ḥarpist [hər'pist] (n.c.) = harpist&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ḥelm''' [helm] (n.m.) = helm, helmet&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''hiat''' [jat] (n.m.) = hiatus&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''homn''' [omn̩] (n.m.) = man&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''hyen''' [jen] (n.f.) = hyaena<br /> <br /> == I ==<br /> '''iac''' [jak] (n.m.) = yak&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''imágen''' [i'ma.d͡ʒn̩] (n.f.) = image&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''iogourt''' [ju'gurt] (n.m.) = yog(h)urt<br /> <br /> == J ==<br /> '''janvair''' [d͡ʒən'vəi̯r] (n.m.) = January&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''juge''' [d͡ʒid͡ʒ] (n.c.) = judge<br /> <br /> == K ==<br /> '''kiwi''' ['kiwi] (n.m.) = kiwi [flightless bird endemic to New Zealand, in the genus Apteryx]<br /> <br /> == L ==<br /> '''leng''' [leŋɡ] (n.f.) = tongue&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lingerie''' [lɛ̃ʒ.ʁi] &lt;I&gt;or&lt;/i&gt; '''lingerí''' [lind͡ʒ(ə)'ri] (n.f.) = lingerie&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lun''' [lin] (n.f.) = moon&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''lyr''' [lir] (n.f.) = lyre<br /> <br /> == M ==<br /> '''mangar''' [[mən'gar] (verb) = to eat&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''manual''' [mə'njal] (adj.) = manual&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''mediar''' [mə'd͡ʒar] (verb) = to mediate; to average [mathematics]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''meditar''' [mədi'tar] (verb) = to meditate, ponder, reflect upon&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''missioun''' [mi'ʃun] (n.f.) = mission<br /> <br /> == N ==<br /> '''nadal''' [nə'dal] (n.m.) = Christmas&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''natioun''' [nə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = nation&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''nomn''' [nomn̩] (n.m.) = name&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''noit''' [nwit] (n.f.) = night&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''nordh''' [norð] (n.m.) = north<br /> <br /> == O ==<br /> '''oil''' [wil] (n.m.) = eye&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''oit''' [wit] (num.) = eight&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''oungl''' ['uŋ.ɡl̩] (n.m.) = (finger/toe) nail, talon<br /> <br /> == P ==<br /> '''padr''' [padr̩] (n.m.) = father&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''paissoun''' [pə'sun] (n.m.) = fish&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''panda''' ['pan.də] (n.m.) = panda&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''patient''' [pə't͡ʃ(j)ent] (n.c.) = patient [person receiving or registered to receive medical treatment]; (n.m.) patient [semantic role of a noun phrase denoting something that is affected or acted upon by the action of a verb]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pian''' [pjan] (n.m.) = piano | '''pianist''' [pjə'nist] (n.c.) = pianist&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''place''' [plat͡ʃ] (n.f.) = [town] square&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''poi''' [pwi] (n.m.) = elevated place, balcony&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psalm''' [psalm] (n.m.) = psalm&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psychologí''' [psi.ku.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = psychology&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''psychos''' [psi'koz] (n.f.) = psychosis&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pterodáctyl''' [ptə.ru'dak.til] (n.m.) = pterodactyl&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''pur''' [pir] (adj.) = pure<br /> <br /> == Q ==<br /> '''quand''' [kwand] (adv.) = when&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''quatr''' [kwatr̩] (num.) = four&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''questioun''' [kwəs't͡ʃ(j)un] or [kwəʃ't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = question<br /> <br /> == R ==<br /> '''rai''' [rəi̯] (n.m.) = ray, beam (of light or radiation)&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''radi''' ['radi] (n.m.) = radius [mathematics, anatomy]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''radio''' ['rad͡ʒu] (n.m.) = radium&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''rasioun''' [rə'ʒun] (n.f.) = reason&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''ratioun''' [rə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = ration<br /> <br /> == S ==<br /> '''scindr''' [ʃindr̩] (verb) = to tear, split, divide. [semi-learned borrowing]&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''segur''' [sə'ɡir] (adj.) = sure, safe, certain&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''solitair''' [su.li'tai̯r] (adj.) = solitary&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''spaghets''' [spə'gets] (n.m.pl) = spaghetti&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''statin''' [stə'tin] (n.f.) = statin&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''statioun''' [stə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = station&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''sudh''' [sið] (n.m.) = south&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''suggestioun''' [sid͡ʒəs'tjun, sid͡ʒəs't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = suggestion<br /> <br /> == T ==<br /> '''tavan''' [tə'van] (n.m.) = gadfly, bot&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''tiar''' [t͡ʃ(j)ar] (n.f.) = tiara&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''thwail''' [θwəi̯l] (n.m.) = towel<br /> <br /> == U ==<br /> <br /> == V ==<br /> '''varanda''' [və'ran.də] (n.f.) = veranda&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''vergoin''' [vər'gwin] (n.f.) = shame, shyness&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''verm''' [verm] (n.m.) = worm | verm solitair = tapeworm&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''veuv''' [veu̯v] (n.f.) = widow&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''visioun''' [vi'ʒun] (n.f.) = vision&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''visual''' [vi'ʒal] (adj.) = visual<br /> <br /> == W ==<br /> '''wadi''' ['wadi] (n.m.) = a valley, ravine, or channel dry except in the rainy season, wadi&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wambad''' [wəm'bad] (n.m.) = wombat&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''west''' [west] (n.m.) = west&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wer''' [wer] (n.f.) = war&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''wigwom''' [wig'wom] (n.m.) = wigwam<br /> <br /> == X==<br /> <br /> == Y ==<br /> <br /> == Z ==</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Britainese_Lexicon&diff=158215 2023-11-10T20:39:21Z

<p>AlexFink: /* M */ supply missing )</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == A ==<br /> abril [ə'bril] (n.m.) = April&lt;br&gt;<br /> agl ['agl̩] (n.f.) = eagle&lt;br&gt;<br /> ángel ['an.d͡ʒl̩] (n.m.) = angel&lt;br&gt;<br /> angl ['aŋɡl̩] (n.m.) = angle&lt;br&gt;<br /> archeologí [ər.kə.u.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = arch(a)eology&lt;br&gt;<br /> aug [au̯g] (n.f.) = water&lt;br&gt;<br /> auncl ['au̯ŋ.kl̩] (n.m.) = uncle&lt;br&gt;<br /> autr [au̯tr̩] (pro.) = other<br /> <br /> == B ==<br /> basiar [bə.ʒar] (verb) = to kiss&lt;br&gt;<br /> bilingual [bi.liŋ'ɡjal] (adj.) = bilingual<br /> <br /> == C ==<br /> caiac [kə'jak] (n.m.) = kayak&lt;br&gt;<br /> cambr ['kam.br̩] (n.f.) = room, chamber&lt;br&gt;<br /> cancel [kən't͡ʃel] (n.m.) = railing, balustrade, lattice, barrier, screen&lt;br /&gt;<br /> cari ['ka.ri] (n.m.) = curry&lt;br&gt;<br /> castel [kəs'tel] (n.m.) = castle, fortress&lt;br&gt;<br /> caud [kau̯d] (adj.) = hot&lt;br&gt;<br /> caus [kau̯z] (n.f.) = thing&lt;br&gt;<br /> cent [t͡ʃent] (num.) = hundred&lt;br&gt;<br /> cervel [t͡ʃər'vel] (n.m.) = brain&lt;br&gt;<br /> circl ['t͡ʃer.kl̩] (n.m.) = circle&lt;br&gt;<br /> chthónic ['kθo.nik] (adj.) = chthonic&lt;br&gt;<br /> cnidair [kni'dəi̯r] (n.m.) = cnidarian&lt;br&gt;<br /> cöefficient [ku.ə.fi't͡ʃ(j)ent] (n.m.) = coefficient&lt;br&gt;<br /> cöiot [ku'jot] (n.m.) = coyote&lt;br&gt;<br /> comb [komb] (n.f.) = deep hollow or valley&lt;br&gt;<br /> comenciar [ku.mən.'t͡ʃ(j)ar] (verb) = to begin, commence&lt;br&gt;<br /> coudh [kuð] (n.f.) = tail&lt;br&gt;<br /> cub [kib] (n.m.) = cube&lt;br&gt;<br /> cycl [t͡ʃikl̩] (n.m.) = cycle (a series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order, a complete set or series)<br /> <br /> == D ==<br /> dimensioun [di.mən'ʃun] (n.f.) = dimension&lt;br&gt;<br /> diwali [di'wa.li] (n.m.) = diwali [Autumn festival of light observed by Hindus, Jains and Sikhs]&lt;br&gt;<br /> domncel [dumn̩'t͡ʃel] (n.f.) = maid, maiden, young girl<br /> <br /> == E ==<br /> economí [ə.ku.nu'mi] (n.f.) = economy&lt;br&gt;<br /> estral [əs'tral] (adj.) = (o)estrous<br /> <br /> == F ==<br /> fasce [faʃ] (n.m.) = bundle, load, burden&lt;br&gt;<br /> fassad [fə'sad] (n.f.) = façade (of building)&lt;br&gt;<br /> fenestr [fə'nestr̩] (n.f.) = window&lt;br&gt;<br /> fevrair [fə'vrai̯r] (n.m.) = February<br /> <br /> == G ==<br /> garage [ɡa.ʁaʒ], [ɡə'rad͡ʒ] (n.m.) = garage&lt;br&gt;<br /> gendr [d͡ʒen.dr̩] (n.m.) = kind, sort, type<br /> <br /> == H ==<br /> ḥal [hal] (n.f.) = hall, covered market or similar large placed covered by a roof&lt;br&gt;<br /> ḥarp [harp] (n.f.) = harp | ḥarpist [hər'pist] (n.c.) = harpist&lt;br&gt;<br /> ḥelm [helm] (n.m.) = helm, helmet&lt;br&gt;<br /> hiat [jat] (n.m.) = hiatus&lt;br&gt;<br /> homn [omn̩] (n.m.) = man&lt;br&gt;<br /> hyen [jen] (n.f.) = hyaena<br /> <br /> == I ==<br /> iac [jak] (n.m.) = yak&lt;br&gt;<br /> imágen [i'ma.d͡ʒn̩] (n.f.) = image&lt;br&gt;<br /> iogourt [ju'gurt] (n.m.) = yog(h)urt<br /> <br /> == J ==<br /> janvair [d͡ʒən'vai̯r] (n.m.) = January&lt;br&gt;<br /> juge [d͡ʒid͡ʒ] (n.c.) = judge<br /> <br /> == K ==<br /> kiwi ['kiwi] (n.m.) = kiwi [flightless bird endemic to New Zealand, in the genus Apteryx]<br /> <br /> == L ==<br /> leng [leŋɡ] (n.f.) = tongue&lt;br&gt;<br /> lingerie [lɛ̃ʒ.ʁi] &lt;I&gt;or&lt;/i&gt; lingerí [lind͡ʒ(ə)'ri] (n.f.) = lingerie&lt;br&gt;<br /> lun [lin] (n.f.) = moon&lt;br&gt;<br /> lyr [lir] (n.f.) = lyre<br /> <br /> == M ==<br /> manual [mə'njal] (adj.) = manual&lt;br&gt;<br /> mediar [mə'd͡ʒar] (verb) = to mediate; to average [mathematics]&lt;br&gt;<br /> meditar [mədi'tar] (verb) = to meditate, ponder, reflect upon&lt;br&gt;<br /> missioun [mi'ʃun] (n.f.) = mission<br /> <br /> == N ==<br /> natioun [nə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = nation&lt;br&gt;<br /> nomn [nomn̩] (n.m.) = name&lt;br&gt;<br /> noit [nwit] (n.f.) = night<br /> <br /> == O ==<br /> oil [wil] (n.m.) = eye&lt;br&gt;<br /> oit [wit] (num.) = eight&lt;br&gt;<br /> oungl ['uŋ.ɡl̩] (n.m.) = (finger/toe) nail, talon<br /> <br /> == P ==<br /> padr [padr̩] (n.m.) = father&lt;br&gt;<br /> panda ['pan.də] (n.m.) = panda&lt;br&gt;<br /> patient [pə't͡ʃ(j)ent] (n.c.) = patient [person receiving or registered to receive medical treatment]; (n.m.) patient [semantic role of a noun phrase denoting something that is affected or acted upon by the action of a verb]&lt;br&gt;<br /> pesce [peʃ] (n.m.) = fish&lt;br&gt;<br /> pian [pjan] (n.m.) = piano | pianist [pjə'nist] (n.c.) = pianist&lt;br&gt;<br /> place [plat͡ʃ] (n.f.) = [town] square&lt;br&gt;<br /> poi [pwi] (n.m.) = elevated place, balcony&lt;br&gt;<br /> psalm [psalm] (n.m.) = psalm&lt;br&gt;<br /> psychologí [psi.ku.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = psychology&lt;br&gt;<br /> psychos [psi'koz] (n.f.) = psychosis&lt;br&gt;<br /> pterodáctyl [ptə.ru'dak.til] (n.m.) = pterodactyl&lt;br&gt;<br /> pur [pir] (adj.) = pure<br /> <br /> == Q ==<br /> quand [kwand] (adv.) = when&lt;br&gt;<br /> quatr [kwatr̩] (num.) = four&lt;br&gt;<br /> questioun [kwəs't͡ʃ(j)un] or [kwəʃ't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = question<br /> <br /> == R ==<br /> rai [rəi̯] (n.m.) = ray, beam (of light or radiation)&lt;br&gt;<br /> radi ['radi] (n.m.) = radius [mathematics, anatomy]&lt;br&gt;<br /> radio ['rad͡ʒu] (n.m.) = radium&lt;br&gt;<br /> rasioun [rə'ʒun] (n.f.) = reason&lt;br&gt;<br /> ratioun [rə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = ration<br /> <br /> == S ==<br /> segur [sə'ɡir] (adj.) = sure, safe, certain&lt;br&gt;<br /> solitaire [su.li'tai̯r] (adj.) = solitary&lt;br&gt;<br /> spaghets [spə'gets] (n.m.pl) = spaghetti&lt;br&gt;<br /> statin [stə'tin] (n.f.) = statin&lt;br&gt;<br /> statioun [stə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = station&lt;br&gt;<br /> suggestioun [sid͡ʒəs'tjun, sid͡ʒəs't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = suggestion<br /> <br /> == T ==<br /> tavan [tə'van] (n.m.) = gadfly, bot&lt;br&gt;<br /> tiar [t͡ʃ(j)ar] (n.f.) = tiara&lt;br&gt;<br /> thwail [θwəi̯l] (n.m.) = towel<br /> <br /> == U ==<br /> <br /> == V ==<br /> varanda [və'ran.də] (n.f.) = veranda&lt;br&gt;<br /> vergoin [vər'gwin] (n.f.) = shame, shyness&lt;br&gt;<br /> verm [verm] (n.m.) = worm | verm solitair = tapeworm&lt;br&gt;<br /> veuve [veu̯v] (n.f.) = widow&lt;br&gt;<br /> visioun [vi'ʒun] (n.f.) = vision&lt;br&gt;<br /> visual [vi'ʒal] (adj.) = visual<br /> <br /> == W ==<br /> wadi ['wadi] (n.m.) = a valley, ravine, or channel dry except in the rainy season, wadi&lt;br&gt;<br /> wambad [wəm'bad] (n.m.) = wombat&lt;br&gt;<br /> wer [wer] (n.f.) = war&lt;br&gt;<br /> wigwom [wig'wom] (n.m.) = wigwam<br /> <br /> == X==<br /> <br /> == Y ==<br /> <br /> == Z ==</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Britainese_Lexicon&diff=158214 2023-11-10T20:29:48Z

<p>AlexFink: /* C */ remove stray [. change [l] to [k] in _circl_</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == A ==<br /> abril [ə'bril] (n.m.) = April&lt;br&gt;<br /> agl ['agl̩] (n.f.) = eagle&lt;br&gt;<br /> ángel ['an.d͡ʒl̩] (n.m.) = angel&lt;br&gt;<br /> angl ['aŋɡl̩] (n.m.) = angle&lt;br&gt;<br /> archeologí [ər.kə.u.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = arch(a)eology&lt;br&gt;<br /> aug [au̯g] (n.f.) = water&lt;br&gt;<br /> auncl ['au̯ŋ.kl̩] (n.m.) = uncle&lt;br&gt;<br /> autr [au̯tr̩] (pro.) = other<br /> <br /> == B ==<br /> basiar [bə.ʒar] (verb) = to kiss&lt;br&gt;<br /> bilingual [bi.liŋ'ɡjal] (adj.) = bilingual<br /> <br /> == C ==<br /> caiac [kə'jak] (n.m.) = kayak&lt;br&gt;<br /> cambr ['kam.br̩] (n.f.) = room, chamber&lt;br&gt;<br /> cancel [kən't͡ʃel] (n.m.) = railing, balustrade, lattice, barrier, screen&lt;br /&gt;<br /> cari ['ka.ri] (n.m.) = curry&lt;br&gt;<br /> castel [kəs'tel] (n.m.) = castle, fortress&lt;br&gt;<br /> caud [kau̯d] (adj.) = hot&lt;br&gt;<br /> caus [kau̯z] (n.f.) = thing&lt;br&gt;<br /> cent [t͡ʃent] (num.) = hundred&lt;br&gt;<br /> cervel [t͡ʃər'vel] (n.m.) = brain&lt;br&gt;<br /> circl ['t͡ʃer.kl̩] (n.m.) = circle&lt;br&gt;<br /> chthónic ['kθo.nik] (adj.) = chthonic&lt;br&gt;<br /> cnidair [kni'dəi̯r] (n.m.) = cnidarian&lt;br&gt;<br /> cöefficient [ku.ə.fi't͡ʃ(j)ent] (n.m.) = coefficient&lt;br&gt;<br /> cöiot [ku'jot] (n.m.) = coyote&lt;br&gt;<br /> comb [komb] (n.f.) = deep hollow or valley&lt;br&gt;<br /> comenciar [ku.mən.'t͡ʃ(j)ar] (verb) = to begin, commence&lt;br&gt;<br /> coudh [kuð] (n.f.) = tail&lt;br&gt;<br /> cub [kib] (n.m.) = cube&lt;br&gt;<br /> cycl [t͡ʃikl̩] (n.m.) = cycle (a series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order, a complete set or series)<br /> <br /> == D ==<br /> dimensioun [di.mən'ʃun] (n.f.) = dimension&lt;br&gt;<br /> diwali [di'wa.li] (n.m.) = diwali [Autumn festival of light observed by Hindus, Jains and Sikhs]&lt;br&gt;<br /> domncel [dumn̩'t͡ʃel] (n.f.) = maid, maiden, young girl<br /> <br /> == E ==<br /> economí [ə.ku.nu'mi] (n.f.) = economy&lt;br&gt;<br /> estral [əs'tral] (adj.) = (o)estrous<br /> <br /> == F ==<br /> fasce [faʃ] (n.m.) = bundle, load, burden&lt;br&gt;<br /> fassad [fə'sad] (n.f.) = façade (of building)&lt;br&gt;<br /> fenestr [fə'nestr̩] (n.f.) = window&lt;br&gt;<br /> fevrair [fə'vrai̯r] (n.m.) = February<br /> <br /> == G ==<br /> garage [ɡa.ʁaʒ], [ɡə'rad͡ʒ] (n.m.) = garage&lt;br&gt;<br /> gendr [d͡ʒen.dr̩] (n.m.) = kind, sort, type<br /> <br /> == H ==<br /> ḥal [hal] (n.f.) = hall, covered market or similar large placed covered by a roof&lt;br&gt;<br /> ḥarp [harp] (n.f.) = harp | ḥarpist [hər'pist] (n.c.) = harpist&lt;br&gt;<br /> ḥelm [helm] (n.m.) = helm, helmet&lt;br&gt;<br /> hiat [jat] (n.m.) = hiatus&lt;br&gt;<br /> homn [omn̩] (n.m.) = man&lt;br&gt;<br /> hyen [jen] (n.f.) = hyaena<br /> <br /> == I ==<br /> iac [jak] (n.m.) = yak&lt;br&gt;<br /> imágen [i'ma.d͡ʒn̩] (n.f.) = image&lt;br&gt;<br /> iogourt [ju'gurt] (n.m.) = yog(h)urt<br /> <br /> == J ==<br /> janvair [d͡ʒən'vai̯r] (n.m.) = January&lt;br&gt;<br /> juge [d͡ʒid͡ʒ] (n.c.) = judge<br /> <br /> == K ==<br /> kiwi ['kiwi] (n.m.) = kiwi [flightless bird endemic to New Zealand, in the genus Apteryx]<br /> <br /> == L ==<br /> leng [leŋɡ] (n.f.) = tongue&lt;br&gt;<br /> lingerie [lɛ̃ʒ.ʁi] &lt;I&gt;or&lt;/i&gt; lingerí [lind͡ʒ(ə)'ri] (n.f.) = lingerie&lt;br&gt;<br /> lun [lin] (n.f.) = moon&lt;br&gt;<br /> lyr [lir] (n.f.) = lyre<br /> <br /> == M ==<br /> manual [mə'njal] (adj.) = manual&lt;br&gt;<br /> mediar [mə'd͡ʒar] (verb) = to mediate; to average [mathematics]&lt;br&gt;<br /> meditar [mədi'tar] (verb) = to meditate, ponder, reflect upon&lt;br&gt;<br /> missioun [mi'ʃun] (n.f. = mission <br /> <br /> == N ==<br /> natioun [nə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = nation&lt;br&gt;<br /> nomn [nomn̩] (n.m.) = name&lt;br&gt;<br /> noit [nwit] (n.f.) = night<br /> <br /> == O ==<br /> oil [wil] (n.m.) = eye&lt;br&gt;<br /> oit [wit] (num.) = eight&lt;br&gt;<br /> oungl ['uŋ.ɡl̩] (n.m.) = (finger/toe) nail, talon<br /> <br /> == P ==<br /> padr [padr̩] (n.m.) = father&lt;br&gt;<br /> panda ['pan.də] (n.m.) = panda&lt;br&gt;<br /> patient [pə't͡ʃ(j)ent] (n.c.) = patient [person receiving or registered to receive medical treatment]; (n.m.) patient [semantic role of a noun phrase denoting something that is affected or acted upon by the action of a verb]&lt;br&gt;<br /> pesce [peʃ] (n.m.) = fish&lt;br&gt;<br /> pian [pjan] (n.m.) = piano | pianist [pjə'nist] (n.c.) = pianist&lt;br&gt;<br /> place [plat͡ʃ] (n.f.) = [town] square&lt;br&gt;<br /> poi [pwi] (n.m.) = elevated place, balcony&lt;br&gt;<br /> psalm [psalm] (n.m.) = psalm&lt;br&gt;<br /> psychologí [psi.ku.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = psychology&lt;br&gt;<br /> psychos [psi'koz] (n.f.) = psychosis&lt;br&gt;<br /> pterodáctyl [ptə.ru'dak.til] (n.m.) = pterodactyl&lt;br&gt;<br /> pur [pir] (adj.) = pure<br /> <br /> == Q ==<br /> quand [kwand] (adv.) = when&lt;br&gt;<br /> quatr [kwatr̩] (num.) = four&lt;br&gt;<br /> questioun [kwəs't͡ʃ(j)un] or [kwəʃ't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = question<br /> <br /> == R ==<br /> rai [rəi̯] (n.m.) = ray, beam (of light or radiation)&lt;br&gt;<br /> radi ['radi] (n.m.) = radius [mathematics, anatomy]&lt;br&gt;<br /> radio ['rad͡ʒu] (n.m.) = radium&lt;br&gt;<br /> rasioun [rə'ʒun] (n.f.) = reason&lt;br&gt;<br /> ratioun [rə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = ration<br /> <br /> == S ==<br /> segur [sə'ɡir] (adj.) = sure, safe, certain&lt;br&gt;<br /> solitaire [su.li'tai̯r] (adj.) = solitary&lt;br&gt;<br /> spaghets [spə'gets] (n.m.pl) = spaghetti&lt;br&gt;<br /> statin [stə'tin] (n.f.) = statin&lt;br&gt;<br /> statioun [stə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = station&lt;br&gt;<br /> suggestioun [sid͡ʒəs'tjun, sid͡ʒəs't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = suggestion<br /> <br /> == T ==<br /> tavan [tə'van] (n.m.) = gadfly, bot&lt;br&gt;<br /> tiar [t͡ʃ(j)ar] (n.f.) = tiara&lt;br&gt;<br /> thwail [θwəi̯l] (n.m.) = towel<br /> <br /> == U ==<br /> <br /> == V ==<br /> varanda [və'ran.də] (n.f.) = veranda&lt;br&gt;<br /> vergoin [vər'gwin] (n.f.) = shame, shyness&lt;br&gt;<br /> verm [verm] (n.m.) = worm | verm solitair = tapeworm&lt;br&gt;<br /> veuve [veu̯v] (n.f.) = widow&lt;br&gt;<br /> visioun [vi'ʒun] (n.f.) = vision&lt;br&gt;<br /> visual [vi'ʒal] (adj.) = visual<br /> <br /> == W ==<br /> wadi ['wadi] (n.m.) = a valley, ravine, or channel dry except in the rainy season, wadi&lt;br&gt;<br /> wambad [wəm'bad] (n.m.) = wombat&lt;br&gt;<br /> wer [wer] (n.f.) = war&lt;br&gt;<br /> wigwom [wig'wom] (n.m.) = wigwam<br /> <br /> == X==<br /> <br /> == Y ==<br /> <br /> == Z ==</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Britainese_Lexicon&diff=158213 2023-11-10T20:27:06Z

<p>AlexFink: /* H */ square for round brackets</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == A ==<br /> abril [ə'bril] (n.m.) = April&lt;br&gt;<br /> agl ['agl̩] (n.f.) = eagle&lt;br&gt;<br /> ángel ['an.d͡ʒl̩] (n.m.) = angel&lt;br&gt;<br /> angl ['aŋɡl̩] (n.m.) = angle&lt;br&gt;<br /> archeologí [ər.kə.u.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = arch(a)eology&lt;br&gt;<br /> aug [au̯g] (n.f.) = water&lt;br&gt;<br /> auncl ['au̯ŋ.kl̩] (n.m.) = uncle&lt;br&gt;<br /> autr [au̯tr̩] (pro.) = other<br /> <br /> == B ==<br /> basiar [bə.ʒar] (verb) = to kiss&lt;br&gt;<br /> bilingual [bi.liŋ'ɡjal] (adj.) = bilingual<br /> <br /> == C ==<br /> caiac [kə'jak] (n.m.) = kayak&lt;br&gt;<br /> cambr ['kam.br̩] (n.f.) = room, chamber&lt;br&gt;<br /> cancel [kən't͡ʃel] (n.m.) = railing, balustrade, lattice, barrier, screen&lt;br /&gt;<br /> cari ['ka.ri] (n.m.) = curry&lt;br&gt;<br /> castel [kəs'tel] (n.m.) = castle, fortress&lt;br&gt;<br /> caud [kau̯d] (adj.) = hot&lt;br&gt;<br /> caus [kau̯z] (n.f.) = thing&lt;br&gt;<br /> cent [t͡ʃent] (num.) = hundred&lt;br&gt;<br /> cervel [[t͡ʃər'vel] (n.m.) = brain&lt;br&gt;<br /> circl ['t͡ʃer.ll̩] (n.m.) = circle&lt;br&gt;<br /> chthónic ['kθo.nik] (adj.) = chthonic&lt;br&gt;<br /> cnidair [kni'dəi̯r] (n.m.) = cnidarian&lt;br&gt;<br /> cöefficient [ku.ə.fi't͡ʃ(j)ent] (n.m.) = coefficient&lt;br&gt;<br /> cöiot [ku'jot] (n.m.) = coyote&lt;br&gt;<br /> comb [komb] (n.f.) = deep hollow or valley&lt;br&gt;<br /> comenciar [ku.mən.'t͡ʃ(j)ar] (verb) = to begin, commence&lt;br&gt;<br /> coudh [kuð] (n.f.) = tail&lt;br&gt;<br /> cub [kib] (n.m.) = cube&lt;br&gt;<br /> cycl [t͡ʃikl̩] (n.m.) = cycle (a series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order, a complete set or series)<br /> <br /> == D ==<br /> dimensioun [di.mən'ʃun] (n.f.) = dimension&lt;br&gt;<br /> diwali [di'wa.li] (n.m.) = diwali [Autumn festival of light observed by Hindus, Jains and Sikhs]&lt;br&gt;<br /> domncel [dumn̩'t͡ʃel] (n.f.) = maid, maiden, young girl<br /> <br /> == E ==<br /> economí [ə.ku.nu'mi] (n.f.) = economy&lt;br&gt;<br /> estral [əs'tral] (adj.) = (o)estrous<br /> <br /> == F ==<br /> fasce [faʃ] (n.m.) = bundle, load, burden&lt;br&gt;<br /> fassad [fə'sad] (n.f.) = façade (of building)&lt;br&gt;<br /> fenestr [fə'nestr̩] (n.f.) = window&lt;br&gt;<br /> fevrair [fə'vrai̯r] (n.m.) = February<br /> <br /> == G ==<br /> garage [ɡa.ʁaʒ], [ɡə'rad͡ʒ] (n.m.) = garage&lt;br&gt;<br /> gendr [d͡ʒen.dr̩] (n.m.) = kind, sort, type<br /> <br /> == H ==<br /> ḥal [hal] (n.f.) = hall, covered market or similar large placed covered by a roof&lt;br&gt;<br /> ḥarp [harp] (n.f.) = harp | ḥarpist [hər'pist] (n.c.) = harpist&lt;br&gt;<br /> ḥelm [helm] (n.m.) = helm, helmet&lt;br&gt;<br /> hiat [jat] (n.m.) = hiatus&lt;br&gt;<br /> homn [omn̩] (n.m.) = man&lt;br&gt;<br /> hyen [jen] (n.f.) = hyaena<br /> <br /> == I ==<br /> iac [jak] (n.m.) = yak&lt;br&gt;<br /> imágen [i'ma.d͡ʒn̩] (n.f.) = image&lt;br&gt;<br /> iogourt [ju'gurt] (n.m.) = yog(h)urt<br /> <br /> == J ==<br /> janvair [d͡ʒən'vai̯r] (n.m.) = January&lt;br&gt;<br /> juge [d͡ʒid͡ʒ] (n.c.) = judge<br /> <br /> == K ==<br /> kiwi ['kiwi] (n.m.) = kiwi [flightless bird endemic to New Zealand, in the genus Apteryx]<br /> <br /> == L ==<br /> leng [leŋɡ] (n.f.) = tongue&lt;br&gt;<br /> lingerie [lɛ̃ʒ.ʁi] &lt;I&gt;or&lt;/i&gt; lingerí [lind͡ʒ(ə)'ri] (n.f.) = lingerie&lt;br&gt;<br /> lun [lin] (n.f.) = moon&lt;br&gt;<br /> lyr [lir] (n.f.) = lyre<br /> <br /> == M ==<br /> manual [mə'njal] (adj.) = manual&lt;br&gt;<br /> mediar [mə'd͡ʒar] (verb) = to mediate; to average [mathematics]&lt;br&gt;<br /> meditar [mədi'tar] (verb) = to meditate, ponder, reflect upon&lt;br&gt;<br /> missioun [mi'ʃun] (n.f. = mission <br /> <br /> == N ==<br /> natioun [nə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = nation&lt;br&gt;<br /> nomn [nomn̩] (n.m.) = name&lt;br&gt;<br /> noit [nwit] (n.f.) = night<br /> <br /> == O ==<br /> oil [wil] (n.m.) = eye&lt;br&gt;<br /> oit [wit] (num.) = eight&lt;br&gt;<br /> oungl ['uŋ.ɡl̩] (n.m.) = (finger/toe) nail, talon<br /> <br /> == P ==<br /> padr [padr̩] (n.m.) = father&lt;br&gt;<br /> panda ['pan.də] (n.m.) = panda&lt;br&gt;<br /> patient [pə't͡ʃ(j)ent] (n.c.) = patient [person receiving or registered to receive medical treatment]; (n.m.) patient [semantic role of a noun phrase denoting something that is affected or acted upon by the action of a verb]&lt;br&gt;<br /> pesce [peʃ] (n.m.) = fish&lt;br&gt;<br /> pian [pjan] (n.m.) = piano | pianist [pjə'nist] (n.c.) = pianist&lt;br&gt;<br /> place [plat͡ʃ] (n.f.) = [town] square&lt;br&gt;<br /> poi [pwi] (n.m.) = elevated place, balcony&lt;br&gt;<br /> psalm [psalm] (n.m.) = psalm&lt;br&gt;<br /> psychologí [psi.ku.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = psychology&lt;br&gt;<br /> psychos [psi'koz] (n.f.) = psychosis&lt;br&gt;<br /> pterodáctyl [ptə.ru'dak.til] (n.m.) = pterodactyl&lt;br&gt;<br /> pur [pir] (adj.) = pure<br /> <br /> == Q ==<br /> quand [kwand] (adv.) = when&lt;br&gt;<br /> quatr [kwatr̩] (num.) = four&lt;br&gt;<br /> questioun [kwəs't͡ʃ(j)un] or [kwəʃ't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = question<br /> <br /> == R ==<br /> rai [rəi̯] (n.m.) = ray, beam (of light or radiation)&lt;br&gt;<br /> radi ['radi] (n.m.) = radius [mathematics, anatomy]&lt;br&gt;<br /> radio ['rad͡ʒu] (n.m.) = radium&lt;br&gt;<br /> rasioun [rə'ʒun] (n.f.) = reason&lt;br&gt;<br /> ratioun [rə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = ration<br /> <br /> == S ==<br /> segur [sə'ɡir] (adj.) = sure, safe, certain&lt;br&gt;<br /> solitaire [su.li'tai̯r] (adj.) = solitary&lt;br&gt;<br /> spaghets [spə'gets] (n.m.pl) = spaghetti&lt;br&gt;<br /> statin [stə'tin] (n.f.) = statin&lt;br&gt;<br /> statioun [stə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = station&lt;br&gt;<br /> suggestioun [sid͡ʒəs'tjun, sid͡ʒəs't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = suggestion<br /> <br /> == T ==<br /> tavan [tə'van] (n.m.) = gadfly, bot&lt;br&gt;<br /> tiar [t͡ʃ(j)ar] (n.f.) = tiara&lt;br&gt;<br /> thwail [θwəi̯l] (n.m.) = towel<br /> <br /> == U ==<br /> <br /> == V ==<br /> varanda [və'ran.də] (n.f.) = veranda&lt;br&gt;<br /> vergoin [vər'gwin] (n.f.) = shame, shyness&lt;br&gt;<br /> verm [verm] (n.m.) = worm | verm solitair = tapeworm&lt;br&gt;<br /> veuve [veu̯v] (n.f.) = widow&lt;br&gt;<br /> visioun [vi'ʒun] (n.f.) = vision&lt;br&gt;<br /> visual [vi'ʒal] (adj.) = visual<br /> <br /> == W ==<br /> wadi ['wadi] (n.m.) = a valley, ravine, or channel dry except in the rainy season, wadi&lt;br&gt;<br /> wambad [wəm'bad] (n.m.) = wombat&lt;br&gt;<br /> wer [wer] (n.f.) = war&lt;br&gt;<br /> wigwom [wig'wom] (n.m.) = wigwam<br /> <br /> == X==<br /> <br /> == Y ==<br /> <br /> == Z ==</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Britainese_Lexicon&diff=158212 2023-11-10T20:26:42Z

<p>AlexFink: mark more instances of [(j)]</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == A ==<br /> abril [ə'bril] (n.m.) = April&lt;br&gt;<br /> agl ['agl̩] (n.f.) = eagle&lt;br&gt;<br /> ángel ['an.d͡ʒl̩] (n.m.) = angel&lt;br&gt;<br /> angl ['aŋɡl̩] (n.m.) = angle&lt;br&gt;<br /> archeologí [ər.kə.u.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = arch(a)eology&lt;br&gt;<br /> aug [au̯g] (n.f.) = water&lt;br&gt;<br /> auncl ['au̯ŋ.kl̩] (n.m.) = uncle&lt;br&gt;<br /> autr [au̯tr̩] (pro.) = other<br /> <br /> == B ==<br /> basiar [bə.ʒar] (verb) = to kiss&lt;br&gt;<br /> bilingual [bi.liŋ'ɡjal] (adj.) = bilingual<br /> <br /> == C ==<br /> caiac [kə'jak] (n.m.) = kayak&lt;br&gt;<br /> cambr ['kam.br̩] (n.f.) = room, chamber&lt;br&gt;<br /> cancel [kən't͡ʃel] (n.m.) = railing, balustrade, lattice, barrier, screen&lt;br /&gt;<br /> cari ['ka.ri] (n.m.) = curry&lt;br&gt;<br /> castel [kəs'tel] (n.m.) = castle, fortress&lt;br&gt;<br /> caud [kau̯d] (adj.) = hot&lt;br&gt;<br /> caus [kau̯z] (n.f.) = thing&lt;br&gt;<br /> cent [t͡ʃent] (num.) = hundred&lt;br&gt;<br /> cervel [[t͡ʃər'vel] (n.m.) = brain&lt;br&gt;<br /> circl ['t͡ʃer.ll̩] (n.m.) = circle&lt;br&gt;<br /> chthónic ['kθo.nik] (adj.) = chthonic&lt;br&gt;<br /> cnidair [kni'dəi̯r] (n.m.) = cnidarian&lt;br&gt;<br /> cöefficient [ku.ə.fi't͡ʃ(j)ent] (n.m.) = coefficient&lt;br&gt;<br /> cöiot [ku'jot] (n.m.) = coyote&lt;br&gt;<br /> comb [komb] (n.f.) = deep hollow or valley&lt;br&gt;<br /> comenciar [ku.mən.'t͡ʃ(j)ar] (verb) = to begin, commence&lt;br&gt;<br /> coudh [kuð] (n.f.) = tail&lt;br&gt;<br /> cub [kib] (n.m.) = cube&lt;br&gt;<br /> cycl [t͡ʃikl̩] (n.m.) = cycle (a series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order, a complete set or series)<br /> <br /> == D ==<br /> dimensioun [di.mən'ʃun] (n.f.) = dimension&lt;br&gt;<br /> diwali [di'wa.li] (n.m.) = diwali [Autumn festival of light observed by Hindus, Jains and Sikhs]&lt;br&gt;<br /> domncel [dumn̩'t͡ʃel] (n.f.) = maid, maiden, young girl<br /> <br /> == E ==<br /> economí [ə.ku.nu'mi] (n.f.) = economy&lt;br&gt;<br /> estral [əs'tral] (adj.) = (o)estrous<br /> <br /> == F ==<br /> fasce [faʃ] (n.m.) = bundle, load, burden&lt;br&gt;<br /> fassad [fə'sad] (n.f.) = façade (of building)&lt;br&gt;<br /> fenestr [fə'nestr̩] (n.f.) = window&lt;br&gt;<br /> fevrair [fə'vrai̯r] (n.m.) = February<br /> <br /> == G ==<br /> garage [ɡa.ʁaʒ], [ɡə'rad͡ʒ] (n.m.) = garage&lt;br&gt;<br /> gendr [d͡ʒen.dr̩] (n.m.) = kind, sort, type<br /> <br /> == H ==<br /> ḥal (hal) (n.f.) = hall, covered market or similar large placed covered by a roof&lt;br&gt;<br /> ḥarp [harp] (n.f.) = harp | ḥarpist [hər'pist] (n.c.) = harpist&lt;br&gt;<br /> ḥelm (helm) (n.m.) = helm, helmet&lt;br&gt;<br /> hiat [jat] (n.m.) = hiatus&lt;br&gt;<br /> homn [omn̩] (n.m.) = man&lt;br&gt;<br /> hyen [jen] (n.f.) = hyaena<br /> <br /> == I ==<br /> iac [jak] (n.m.) = yak&lt;br&gt;<br /> imágen [i'ma.d͡ʒn̩] (n.f.) = image&lt;br&gt;<br /> iogourt [ju'gurt] (n.m.) = yog(h)urt<br /> <br /> == J ==<br /> janvair [d͡ʒən'vai̯r] (n.m.) = January&lt;br&gt;<br /> juge [d͡ʒid͡ʒ] (n.c.) = judge<br /> <br /> == K ==<br /> kiwi ['kiwi] (n.m.) = kiwi [flightless bird endemic to New Zealand, in the genus Apteryx]<br /> <br /> == L ==<br /> leng [leŋɡ] (n.f.) = tongue&lt;br&gt;<br /> lingerie [lɛ̃ʒ.ʁi] &lt;I&gt;or&lt;/i&gt; lingerí [lind͡ʒ(ə)'ri] (n.f.) = lingerie&lt;br&gt;<br /> lun [lin] (n.f.) = moon&lt;br&gt;<br /> lyr [lir] (n.f.) = lyre<br /> <br /> == M ==<br /> manual [mə'njal] (adj.) = manual&lt;br&gt;<br /> mediar [mə'd͡ʒar] (verb) = to mediate; to average [mathematics]&lt;br&gt;<br /> meditar [mədi'tar] (verb) = to meditate, ponder, reflect upon&lt;br&gt;<br /> missioun [mi'ʃun] (n.f. = mission <br /> <br /> == N ==<br /> natioun [nə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = nation&lt;br&gt;<br /> nomn [nomn̩] (n.m.) = name&lt;br&gt;<br /> noit [nwit] (n.f.) = night<br /> <br /> == O ==<br /> oil [wil] (n.m.) = eye&lt;br&gt;<br /> oit [wit] (num.) = eight&lt;br&gt;<br /> oungl ['uŋ.ɡl̩] (n.m.) = (finger/toe) nail, talon<br /> <br /> == P ==<br /> padr [padr̩] (n.m.) = father&lt;br&gt;<br /> panda ['pan.də] (n.m.) = panda&lt;br&gt;<br /> patient [pə't͡ʃ(j)ent] (n.c.) = patient [person receiving or registered to receive medical treatment]; (n.m.) patient [semantic role of a noun phrase denoting something that is affected or acted upon by the action of a verb]&lt;br&gt;<br /> pesce [peʃ] (n.m.) = fish&lt;br&gt;<br /> pian [pjan] (n.m.) = piano | pianist [pjə'nist] (n.c.) = pianist&lt;br&gt;<br /> place [plat͡ʃ] (n.f.) = [town] square&lt;br&gt;<br /> poi [pwi] (n.m.) = elevated place, balcony&lt;br&gt;<br /> psalm [psalm] (n.m.) = psalm&lt;br&gt;<br /> psychologí [psi.ku.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = psychology&lt;br&gt;<br /> psychos [psi'koz] (n.f.) = psychosis&lt;br&gt;<br /> pterodáctyl [ptə.ru'dak.til] (n.m.) = pterodactyl&lt;br&gt;<br /> pur [pir] (adj.) = pure<br /> <br /> == Q ==<br /> quand [kwand] (adv.) = when&lt;br&gt;<br /> quatr [kwatr̩] (num.) = four&lt;br&gt;<br /> questioun [kwəs't͡ʃ(j)un] or [kwəʃ't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = question<br /> <br /> == R ==<br /> rai [rəi̯] (n.m.) = ray, beam (of light or radiation)&lt;br&gt;<br /> radi ['radi] (n.m.) = radius [mathematics, anatomy]&lt;br&gt;<br /> radio ['rad͡ʒu] (n.m.) = radium&lt;br&gt;<br /> rasioun [rə'ʒun] (n.f.) = reason&lt;br&gt;<br /> ratioun [rə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = ration<br /> <br /> == S ==<br /> segur [sə'ɡir] (adj.) = sure, safe, certain&lt;br&gt;<br /> solitaire [su.li'tai̯r] (adj.) = solitary&lt;br&gt;<br /> spaghets [spə'gets] (n.m.pl) = spaghetti&lt;br&gt;<br /> statin [stə'tin] (n.f.) = statin&lt;br&gt;<br /> statioun [stə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = station&lt;br&gt;<br /> suggestioun [sid͡ʒəs'tjun, sid͡ʒəs't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = suggestion<br /> <br /> == T ==<br /> tavan [tə'van] (n.m.) = gadfly, bot&lt;br&gt;<br /> tiar [t͡ʃ(j)ar] (n.f.) = tiara&lt;br&gt;<br /> thwail [θwəi̯l] (n.m.) = towel<br /> <br /> == U ==<br /> <br /> == V ==<br /> varanda [və'ran.də] (n.f.) = veranda&lt;br&gt;<br /> vergoin [vər'gwin] (n.f.) = shame, shyness&lt;br&gt;<br /> verm [verm] (n.m.) = worm | verm solitair = tapeworm&lt;br&gt;<br /> veuve [veu̯v] (n.f.) = widow&lt;br&gt;<br /> visioun [vi'ʒun] (n.f.) = vision&lt;br&gt;<br /> visual [vi'ʒal] (adj.) = visual<br /> <br /> == W ==<br /> wadi ['wadi] (n.m.) = a valley, ravine, or channel dry except in the rainy season, wadi&lt;br&gt;<br /> wambad [wəm'bad] (n.m.) = wombat&lt;br&gt;<br /> wer [wer] (n.f.) = war&lt;br&gt;<br /> wigwom [wig'wom] (n.m.) = wigwam<br /> <br /> == X==<br /> <br /> == Y ==<br /> <br /> == Z ==</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Britainese_Lexicon&diff=158211 2023-11-10T20:24:35Z

<p>AlexFink: insert line breaks and remove spurious pipes</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == A ==<br /> abril [ə'bril] (n.m.) = April&lt;br&gt;<br /> agl ['agl̩] (n.f.) = eagle&lt;br&gt;<br /> ángel ['an.d͡ʒl̩] (n.m.) = angel&lt;br&gt;<br /> angl ['aŋɡl̩] (n.m.) = angle&lt;br&gt;<br /> archeologí [ər.kə.u.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = arch(a)eology&lt;br&gt;<br /> aug [au̯g] (n.f.) = water&lt;br&gt;<br /> auncl ['au̯ŋ.kl̩] (n.m.) = uncle&lt;br&gt;<br /> autr [au̯tr̩] (pro.) = other<br /> <br /> == B ==<br /> basiar [bə.ʒar] (verb) = to kiss&lt;br&gt;<br /> bilingual [bi.liŋ'ɡjal] (adj.) = bilingual<br /> <br /> == C ==<br /> caiac [kə'jak] (n.m.) = kayak&lt;br&gt;<br /> cambr ['kam.br̩] (n.f.) = room, chamber&lt;br&gt;<br /> cancel [kən't͡ʃel] (n.m.) = railing, balustrade, lattice, barrier, screen&lt;br /&gt;<br /> cari ['ka.ri] (n.m.) = curry&lt;br&gt;<br /> castel [kəs'tel] (n.m.) = castle, fortress&lt;br&gt;<br /> caud [kau̯d] (adj.) = hot&lt;br&gt;<br /> caus [kau̯z] (n.f.) = thing&lt;br&gt;<br /> cent [t͡ʃent] (num.) = hundred&lt;br&gt;<br /> cervel [[t͡ʃər'vel] (n.m.) = brain&lt;br&gt;<br /> circl ['t͡ʃer.ll̩] (n.m.) = circle&lt;br&gt;<br /> chthónic ['kθo.nik] (adj.) = chthonic&lt;br&gt;<br /> cnidair [kni'dəi̯r] (n.m.) = cnidarian&lt;br&gt;<br /> cöefficient [ku.ə.fi't͡ʃjent] (n.m.) = coefficient&lt;br&gt;<br /> cöiot [ku'jot] (n.m.) = coyote&lt;br&gt;<br /> comb [komb] (n.f.) = deep hollow or valley&lt;br&gt;<br /> comenciar [ku.mən.'t͡ʃ(j)ar] (verb) = to begin, commence&lt;br&gt;<br /> coudh [kuð] (n.f.) = tail&lt;br&gt;<br /> cub [kib] (n.m.) = cube&lt;br&gt;<br /> cycl [t͡ʃikl̩] (n.m.) = cycle (a series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order, a complete set or series)<br /> <br /> == D ==<br /> dimensioun [di.mən'ʃun] (n.f.) = dimension&lt;br&gt;<br /> diwali [di'wa.li] (n.m.) = diwali [Autumn festival of light observed by Hindus, Jains and Sikhs]&lt;br&gt;<br /> domncel [dumn̩'t͡ʃel] (n.f.) = maid, maiden, young girl<br /> <br /> == E ==<br /> economí [ə.ku.nu'mi] (n.f.) = economy&lt;br&gt;<br /> estral [əs'tral] (adj.) = (o)estrous<br /> <br /> == F ==<br /> fasce [faʃ] (n.m.) = bundle, load, burden&lt;br&gt;<br /> fassad [fə'sad] (n.f.) = façade (of building)&lt;br&gt;<br /> fenestr [fə'nestr̩] (n.f.) = window&lt;br&gt;<br /> fevrair [fə'vrai̯r] (n.m.) = February<br /> <br /> == G ==<br /> garage [ɡa.ʁaʒ], [ɡə'rad͡ʒ] (n.m.) = garage&lt;br&gt;<br /> gendr [d͡ʒen.dr̩] (n.m.) = kind, sort, type<br /> <br /> == H ==<br /> ḥal (hal) (n.f.) = hall, covered market or similar large placed covered by a roof&lt;br&gt;<br /> ḥarp [harp] (n.f.) = harp | ḥarpist [hər'pist] (n.c.) = harpist&lt;br&gt;<br /> ḥelm (helm) (n.m.) = helm, helmet&lt;br&gt;<br /> hiat [jat] (n.m.) = hiatus&lt;br&gt;<br /> homn [omn̩] (n.m.) = man&lt;br&gt;<br /> hyen [jen] (n.f.) = hyaena<br /> <br /> == I ==<br /> iac [jak] (n.m.) = yak&lt;br&gt;<br /> imágen [i'ma.d͡ʒn̩] (n.f.) = image&lt;br&gt;<br /> iogourt [ju'gurt] (n.m.) = yog(h)urt<br /> <br /> == J ==<br /> janvair [d͡ʒən'vai̯r] (n.m.) = January&lt;br&gt;<br /> juge [d͡ʒid͡ʒ] (n.c.) = judge<br /> <br /> == K ==<br /> kiwi ['kiwi] (n.m.) = kiwi [flightless bird endemic to New Zealand, in the genus Apteryx]<br /> <br /> == L ==<br /> leng [leŋɡ] (n.f.) = tongue&lt;br&gt;<br /> lingerie [lɛ̃ʒ.ʁi] &lt;I&gt;or&lt;/i&gt; lingerí [lind͡ʒ(ə)'ri] (n.f.) = lingerie&lt;br&gt;<br /> lun [lin] (n.f.) = moon&lt;br&gt;<br /> lyr [lir] (n.f.) = lyre<br /> <br /> == M ==<br /> manual [mə'njal] (adj.) = manual&lt;br&gt;<br /> mediar [mə'd͡ʒar] (verb) = to mediate; to average [mathematics]&lt;br&gt;<br /> meditar [mədi'tar] (verb) = to meditate, ponder, reflect upon&lt;br&gt;<br /> missioun [mi'ʃun] (n.f. = mission <br /> <br /> == N ==<br /> natioun [nə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = nation&lt;br&gt;<br /> nomn [nomn̩] (n.m.) = name&lt;br&gt;<br /> noit [nwit] (n.f.) = night<br /> <br /> == O ==<br /> oil [wil] (n.m.) = eye&lt;br&gt;<br /> oit [wit] (num.) = eight&lt;br&gt;<br /> oungl ['uŋ.ɡl̩] (n.m.) = (finger/toe) nail, talon<br /> <br /> == P ==<br /> padr [padr̩] (n.m.) = father&lt;br&gt;<br /> panda ['pan.də] (n.m.) = panda&lt;br&gt;<br /> patient [pə't͡ʃ(j)ent] (n.c.) = patient [person receiving or registered to receive medical treatment]; (n.m.) patient [semantic role of a noun phrase denoting something that is affected or acted upon by the action of a verb]&lt;br&gt;<br /> pesce [peʃ] (n.m.) = fish&lt;br&gt;<br /> pian [pjan] (n.m.) = piano | pianist [pjə'nist] (n.c.) = pianist&lt;br&gt;<br /> place [plat͡ʃ] (n.f.) = [town] square&lt;br&gt;<br /> poi [pwi] (n.m.) = elevated place, balcony&lt;br&gt;<br /> psalm [psalm] (n.m.) = psalm&lt;br&gt;<br /> psychologí [psi.ku.lu'd͡ʒi] (n.f.) = psychology&lt;br&gt;<br /> psychos [psi'koz] (n.f.) = psychosis&lt;br&gt;<br /> pterodáctyl [ptə.ru'dak.til] (n.m.) = pterodactyl&lt;br&gt;<br /> pur [pir] (adj.) = pure<br /> <br /> == Q ==<br /> quand [kwand] (adv.) = when&lt;br&gt;<br /> quatr [kwatr̩] (num.) = four&lt;br&gt;<br /> questioun [kwəs't͡ʃun] or [kwəʃ't͡ʃun] (n.f.) = question<br /> <br /> == R ==<br /> rai [rəi̯] (n.m.) = ray, beam (of light or radiation)&lt;br&gt;<br /> radi ['radi] (n.m.) = radius [mathematics, anatomy]&lt;br&gt;<br /> radio ['rad͡ʒu] (n.m.) = radium&lt;br&gt;<br /> rasioun [rə'ʒun] (n.f.) = reason&lt;br&gt;<br /> ratioun [rə't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = ration<br /> <br /> == S ==<br /> segur [sə'ɡir] (adj.) = sure, safe, certain&lt;br&gt;<br /> solitaire [su.li'tai̯r] (adj.) = solitary&lt;br&gt;<br /> spaghets [spə'gets] (n.m.pl) = spaghetti&lt;br&gt;<br /> statin [stə'tin] (n.f.) = statin&lt;br&gt;<br /> statioun [stə't͡ʃun] (n.f.) = station&lt;br&gt;<br /> suggestioun [sid͡ʒəs'tjun, sid͡ʒəs't͡ʃ(j)un] (n.f.) = suggestion<br /> <br /> == T ==<br /> tavan [tə'van] (n.m.) = gadfly, bot&lt;br&gt;<br /> tiar [t͡ʃ(j)ar] (n.f.) = tiara&lt;br&gt;<br /> thwail [θwəi̯l] (n.m.) = towel<br /> <br /> == U ==<br /> <br /> == V ==<br /> varanda [və'ran.də] (n.f.) = veranda&lt;br&gt;<br /> vergoin [vər'gwin] (n.f.) = shame, shyness&lt;br&gt;<br /> verm [verm] (n.m.) = worm | verm solitair = tapeworm&lt;br&gt;<br /> veuve [veu̯v] (n.f.) = widow&lt;br&gt;<br /> visioun [vi'ʒun] (n.f.) = vision&lt;br&gt;<br /> visual [vi'ʒal] (adj.) = visual<br /> <br /> == W ==<br /> wadi ['wadi] (n.m.) = a valley, ravine, or channel dry except in the rainy season, wadi&lt;br&gt;<br /> wambad [wəm'bad] (n.m.) = wombat&lt;br&gt;<br /> wer [wer] (n.f.) = war&lt;br&gt;<br /> wigwom [wig'wom] (n.m.) = wigwam<br /> <br /> == X==<br /> <br /> == Y ==<br /> <br /> == Z ==</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Conlang-L_FAQ&diff=144769 2021-12-09T22:42:38Z

<p>AlexFink: /* Subject Topic Tags */ TRANSL: has been added</p> <hr /> <div>==Where to get Conlang-L==<br /> <br /> The official archives are at http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html . From there, you can search the archives, get an RSS feed, manage your subscription, etc.<br /> <br /> It's also the ONLY place you can go to sign up and post things to the list.<br /> <br /> A read-only archive with a nicer user interface is at http://archives.conlang.info/ . [As of April 2009 this archive has ceased mirroring new messages. Henrik Theiling knows about the problem and has said he's planning to fix it but hasn't had time to do so yet.]<br /> <br /> Conlang-L is also &lt;i&gt;mirrored&lt;/i&gt; as a Yahoo group, but there is no way to have posts to the Yahoo group sent to the actual list. Do &lt;b&gt;not&lt;/b&gt; subscribe to the Yahoo group. It has no admin anymore. Go to http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html instead!<br /> <br /> ==A brief history of the list==<br /> <br /> The list evolved from some informal email conversations among an early group of language enthusiasts. The earliest mail mirror was run by John Ross out of the BU physics department, and was up and running by 29 July 1991. It moved to Denmark on 23 March, 1993.<br /> <br /> The original note reads in part:<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;''By agreement with John Ross, the CONLANG mailing list has been moved to diku.dk, the mail hub of the CS Department of the University of Copenhagen. Send all submissions to CONLANG at diku dot dk. The address at buphy still works, but it is just an alias for the new list.''&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;''Lars Mathiesen (U of Copenhagen CS Dept) (Humour NOT marked)''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> (Note that the submission address in that historical note '''NO LONGER WORKS'''.)<br /> <br /> Later, growing traffic and changes at the university necessitated a move. In January&amp;ndash;February of 1997 the list moved to its current home at Brown University's LISTSERV server. David Durand made the move and actively moderated the list from that point on.<br /> <br /> Before the move, threads centered on debates on the relative merits of [[auxlang]]s had become common on CONLANG; these were often incendiary and irritated many listmembers. Accordingly, when the new CONLANG list was set up at Brown, a sister list AUXLANG was set up to cater to participants of these threads, and auxlang advocacy was banned from CONLANG. It still is. (Dispassionate discussion of auxlangs is welcome.)<br /> <br /> In ??? John Cowan took over actual moderation duties, as &quot;Lord of the Instrumentality&quot;. The torch was later passed to Henrik Theiling, and again (in 2014) jointly to Alex Fink and And Rosta.<br /> <br /> ==List behaviour==<br /> The CONLANG list rejects attachments. <br /> <br /> It also discards the HTML part of MIME-formatted messages: that is, bold or italic text, super- and sub-scripts, tables, and anything else fancier than plain text will not come through. Your mail client may attempt to make informed substitutions for these in messages you send, but for tables especially this is unreliable; it's best to prepare your tables, interlinears, etc. in fixed-width plain text, using spaces or tabs (but not a mix of both) for alignment. <br /> <br /> ===Posting limits===<br /> As a traffic-limiting measure, if the list receives more than 99 messages in a given day (in Brown's time zone), all subsequent messages will be automatically held and not delivered until the admin unblocks the list. <br /> <br /> Each individual poster is limited to 7 messages per day. Messages beyond the daily limit are simply bounced, not held for the next day. Posters are encouraged to consolidate several shorter replies on a single topic into a single message.<br /> <br /> ==Subject Topic Tags==<br /> In the subject line of a post, you can mark the post with one of the following tags. Tags are only recognised if a colon follows immediately: no other decoration (e.g. brackets, an extra space) should be used. Any 'Re:' etc. is irrelevant -- the software skips it.<br /> <br /> Good tag syntax:<br /> <br /> CHAT: Is the world really round?<br /> <br /> Bad tag syntax:<br /> <br /> [CHAT]: Is the world really round?<br /> <br /> These are the official tags the listserv software can be instructed to<br /> filter automatically. There are currently five:<br /> * OT: off-topic stuff<br /> * CHAT: off-topic stuff of the conversational sort<br /> * USAGE: natural language usage (all of the YAEPT and similar should use this)<br /> * THEORY: linguistic theory discussions<br /> * TRANSL: translation exercises<br /> Only the above tags are official and configured for filtering. However, most advanced mail clients can be set to have extra filters, such as for the following unofficial tags:<br /> <br /> * OFFLIST: not actually seen on-list, this tag is added to make explicitly clear that you are taking a subject offlist (i.e. you're emailing someone directly about it)<br /> <br /> The following are explicitly not included in the list of filterable tags:<br /> * META: threads about CONLANG-L itself<br /> * TECH: technical issues (e.g. email programs, list-related technical problems, etc)<br /> <br /> Finally, there are two meta-tags:<br /> * [CONLANG]: This should not be actually added when starting a new subject; you can make the listserv prepend it automatically to all email (so that you can set your mail client to filter all list traffic)<br /> * &quot;was&quot;: used to change the subject, or more commonly, to indicate that the subject of a thread changed a while ago and you're no longer pretending it's about the original topic<br /> <br /> Example:<br /> <br /> JAMA says flat earth leads to flat [@] (was CHAT: Is the world really round?)<br /> <br /> Note that tags ARE included after the &quot;was&quot;, but &quot;Re:&quot; is NOT, nor is [CONLANG].<br /> <br /> ==Acronyms==<br /> List of acronyms specific to the Conlang Mailing List:<br /> <br /> * AFMCL - &quot;As for my conlang..&quot;<br /> ** AFMOCL - &quot;As for my own conlang&quot;<br /> * ANADEW - &quot;A natlang's already dunnit, except worse&quot;<br /> * ANADEWism - Something you thought was unique, but ANADEW<br /> * IML - &quot;in my 'lect&quot; (dialect or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiolect idiolect], depending on context)<br /> * LCC - the [http://conference.conlang.org Language Creation Conference]<br /> * LCS - the [http://conlang.org Language Creation Society]<br /> * NCNC - &quot;No cross, no crown&quot;. In the context of the list, &quot;don't discuss religion or politics&quot; ([http://recycledknowledge.blogspot.com/2006/05/no-cross-no-crown.html not its more general meaning]).<br /> * NLF2DWS or NLWS - Non-linear [fully 2-dimensional] writing system<br /> * YAEPT (the original acronym) - Yet Another English Pronunciation Thread<br /> ** YADPT ... Dutch Pronunciation ...<br /> ** YAGPT ... German Pronunciation ...<br /> ** YAEGT ... English Grammar ...<br /> ** YAEUT ... English Usage ...<br /> ** general pattern: YA(Language)(Topic)T<br /> <br /> Acronyms not on this list might be in general usage: try [http://www.google.com/search?q=define%3Aafaict Google's define:] or [http://www.acronymfinder.com/ Acronym Finder].<br /> <br /> ==Other conlang-specific vocabulary==<br /> <br /> From [http://cassowary.free.fr/Linguistics/Conlang%20Dictionary/ here] and [http://arthaey.mine.nu/~arthaey/conlang/faq.html here]. See also [[Conlang terminology]].<br /> <br /> con__<br /> * constructed __ (generally a contraction): conlang, conworld, conhistory, conculture, ...<br /> <br /> __lang<br /> * a language characterised by ___ (generally a contraction): conlang, artlang, auxlang, ...<br /> <br /> [[artlang]]<br /> # A language constructed for the beauty or fun of doing so. [From art(istic) + lang(uage)] <br /> # (See conlang) [From art(ificial) + lang(uage)] <br /> <br /> [[auxlang]]<br /> * A language constructed to replace or complement natlangs to facilitate cross-linguistic communication. [From aux(iliary) + lang(uage)] <br /> <br /> concultural [From con(structed) + cultur(e) + al]<br /> * Adjective form of &quot;conculture&quot;.<br /> <br /> [[conculture]] [From con(structed) + culture]<br /> * A fictional culture created as a backdrop to a conlang. See also &quot;conworld&quot;.<br /> <br /> [[conlang]] [From con(structed) + lang(uage)] <br /> # n. A constructed language <br /> # v. To construct a language <br /> <br /> [[CONLANG]] (all caps), conlang-l, Conlang-L, or CONLANG-L<br /> * A very active conlang mailing list hosted by brown.edu, and currently operated by Henrik Theiling<br /> <br /> [[conworld]] [From con(structed) + world]<br /> * A fictional world created to host a conlang or conculture. See also &quot;conculture&quot;.<br /> <br /> [[engelang]] /ˈendʒlæŋ/ [From eng(ineered) + lang(uage)]<br /> * A conlang that is designed to certain criteria, such that it is objectively testable whether the criteria are met or not. This is different from claiming that the criteria themselves are 'objective'. For example, the Lojban/Loglan roots are designed to be maximally recognisable to the speakers of the (numerically) largest languages in the world in proportion to the number of speakers. It is not a matter of taste whether this criterion is met; it is something that can be tested. (by John Cowan) [From eng(ineered) + lang(uage)] <br /> <br /> etabnannery /raːmnænəɹi/ (rare)<br /> * The state of appearing entirely unpredictable, but, upon closer analysis, failing at even being that. [From Etá̄bnann(i), a conlang by Tristan McLeay, which was supposed to have an unpredictable orthography, but ended up just having a confusing one. Damn people trying to make patterns everywhere. At least it's a bugger to typeset!... errm... back to the derivation + -ery] <br /> <br /> maggelity /məˈgɛlɪti/ (rare) [From Maggel, a conlang by Christophe Grandsire which has a rarely predictable orthography] <br /> # The state of being entirely unpredictable. (Tristan McLeay)<br /> # The state of being regularly unpredictable, such as to horribly confuse anyone unfamiliar with the language, lulling them into a full sense of security before pointing out, cartoon-character-style, that the ground no longer exists where they're standing. (Tristan McLeay and H. S. Teoh) <br /> <br /> Maggel's Paradox (rare)<br /> * Your radical ideas have already occurred to others. (Muke Tever)<br /> <br /> [[natlang]] [From nat(ural) + lang(uage)]<br /> # A natural language, i.e., one that naturally developed in the world, as opposed to a conlang.<br /> <br /> ObConlang (or ObCL)<br /> * Just before something about conlanging in an otherwise off-topic post.<br /> * From ob(ligatory) + conlang (i.e., an obligatory on-topic comment about conlangs just so that the post isn't completely off-topic).<br /> <br /> [[translation relay]]<br /> * A game similar to Telephone or Chinese Whispers, wherein the participants translate a passage one at a time, in serial, into their own languages - and then marvel at how far from the original the translations have gotten.<br /> <br /> ==CXS (Conlang X-SAMPA)==<br /> [[CXS]] is a version of X-SAMPA for use on the CONLANG mailing list. X-SAMPA is a way to write the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) using normal plain-ASCII text that everyone can read.<br /> <br /> * [http://www.theiling.de/ipa/ Theiling Online: Conlang X-Sampa (CXS)] - includes CXS-to-IPA conversion chart<br /> * [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Conlang/Appendix/CXS CXS at Wikibooks]<br /> <br /> ==Related lists==<br /> <br /> The Auxlang list, mentioned above, is dedicated to international auxiliary languages. Its archives and subscription interface are at http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/auxlang.html .<br /> <br /> The list relay@calcifer.valdyas.org is dedicated to the planning and conducting of [[conlang relay]]s, q.v. <br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> <br /> * [http://www.arthaey.com/conlang/faq.html Arthaey's Conlang FAQ]<br /> * [http://www.langmaker.com LangMaker] - repository of many conlang &quot;biographies&quot;<br /> * [http://wiki.frath.net Frath Wiki] - a similar site, and host of the Conlang-L (wikified) FAQ<br /> * [http://www.omniglot.com Omniglot] - which has information on more writing systems than you thought could exist<br /> <br /> {{Conlangculture}}<br /> [[Category:Terminology]]</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Conlang_Relay_19/TOC&diff=133837 2020-06-05T09:51:56Z

<p>AlexFink: I have rehosted the UNLWS torch</p> <hr /> <div>{| style=&quot;background-color: transparent; width: 100%;&quot;<br /> ! width=&quot;25%&quot;| Ring 1<br /> ! width=&quot;25%&quot;| Ring 2<br /> ! width=&quot;25%&quot;| Conscript ring<br /> ! width=&quot;25%&quot;| Overflow ring<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid #5F79CC; border-bottom: 1px solid #5F79CC;&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [[User:Ababcock|Amanda Babcock Furrow]] — [http://eaworld.conlang.org/merechi/ merɛ́chi] — [http://eaworld.conlang.org/relays/relay19/relay19.php?ring=1&amp;torch=01&amp;torchlish=y torch]<br /> |- valign=&quot;top&quot;<br /> |<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;flex-c&quot;&gt;<br /> * [[User:Irina|Irina Rempt]] — [http://www.valdyas.org/irina/valdyas/ilaini/index.html Ilaini] — [http://eaworld.conlang.org/relays/relay19/relay19.php?ring=1&amp;torch=02&amp;torchlish=y torch]<br /> * [[User:Qiihoskeh|Jeffrey Jones]] — [[Naisek]] — [[Conlang Relay 19/Naisek|torch]]<br /> * [[User:Deathcat13|Deathcat13]] &amp; [[User:Fenhl|Fenhl]] — [[Jayus]] — [[Conlang Relay 19/Jayus|torch]]<br /> * [[User:Uttrediay|Lars Finsen]] — Suraetua — [[Conlang Relay 19/Suraetua|torch]]<br /> * [[User:PeteBleackley|Pete Bleackley]] — [[iljena]] — ''[[Conlang Relay 19/iljena|torch]]''<br /> * [[User:Rrausch|Roman Rausch]] — [http://sindanoorie.net/glp.html Talmit] — [[Conlang Relay 19/Talmit|torch]]<br /> * {{skip|Daniel Bowman — Angosey — skipped}}<br /> * [[User:MilyAMD|Mily M.]] — Classical [[Emyt]] — [[Conlang Relay 19/Emyt|torch]]<br /> * [[User:Trailsend|David Edwards]] — [http://feayran.webs.com/ Feayran] — [[Conlang Relay 19/Feayran|torch]]<br /> * [[User:Celinceithir|A. Ayres]] — [[Celinese]] — ''[[Conlang Relay 19/Celinese|torch]]''<br /> * Miles Forster &amp; Jacob Errington — Nalnuàntir — ''[[Conlang Relay 19/Nalnuàntir|torch]]''<br /> * [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]] — [[Old Albic]] — ''[[Conlang Relay 19/Old Albic|torch]]''<br /> * {{skip|[[User:Rfmills|Roger Mills]] — Prevli — skipped}}<br /> * kechpaja — Maurang — ''[[Conlang Relay 19/Maurang|torch]]''<br /> * Logan Kearsley — Mev Pailom — ''[[Conlang Relay 19/Mev Pailom|torch]]''<br /> * [[User:Cedh audmanh|Jan Strasser]] — [http://akana.conlang.org/wiki/Buruya_Nzaysa Buruya Nzaysa] — [[Conlang Relay 19/Buruya Nzaysa|torch]]<br /> * [[User:Halyihev|Tony Harris]] — [[Tariatta]] — ''[[Conlang Relay 19/Tariatta|torch]]''<br /> * '''[[User:Ababcock|Amanda Babcock Furrow]]''' — [http://eaworld.conlang.org/merechi/ merɛ́chi]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> |<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;flex-c&quot;&gt;<br /> * [[User:JohnQPublik|John Quijada]] — [http://www.ithkuil.net Ithkuil] — [[Conlang Relay 19/Ithkuil|torch]]<br /> * [[User:Cedh audmanh|Jan Strasser]] — [http://akana.conlang.org/wiki/Tma%C5%9Bare%CA%94 Tmaśareʔ] — [[Conlang Relay 19/Tmaśareʔ|torch]]<br /> * [[User:Jim Henry|Jim Henry]] — [[gjâ-zym-byn]] — ''[[Conlang Relay 19/gjâ-zym-byn|torch]]''<br /> * [[User:Sel messitihildi|Mechthild Czapp]] — [https://gist.github.com/1303140 Neoquux] — ''[[Conlang Relay 19/Neoquux|torch]]''<br /> * [[User:SanguineEpitaph|Zach W.]] — [[łaá siri]] — [http://eaworld.conlang.org/relays/relay19/ring2.torch06.Lhaa-Siri.pdf torch]<br /> * [http://www.gacorley.com/ George Corley] — [http://www.gacorley.com/constructed-languages/Aeruyo%20Grammar.pdf Aeruyo] — [[Conlang Relay 19/Aeruyo|torch]]<br /> * [[User:Teamouse|Herman Miller]] — [http://www.prismnet.com/~hmiller/lang/Tirelat/index.html Tirelat] — [[Conlang Relay 19/Tirelat|torch]]<br /> * {{skip|Tony Hogard — Nesheti — skipped}}<br /> * {{skip|[[User:Fenhl|Fenhl]] — [[Naeso]] — skipped}}<br /> * [[User:Uttrediay|Lars Finsen]] — Tubenian — ''[[Conlang Relay 19/Tubenian|torch]]''<br /> * [[User:PeteBleackley|Pete Bleackley]] — [[Khangaþyagon]] — ''[[Conlang Relay 19/Khangaþyagon|torch]]''<br /> * [[User:Tsketar|Doug Ball]] — [http://skerre.conlang.org/conlangs/skerre/skerremain.html Skerre] — [http://eaworld.conlang.org/relays/relay19/relay19.php?ring=2&amp;torch=11&amp;torchlish=y torch]<br /> * '''[[User:Ababcock|Amanda Babcock Furrow]]''' — [http://eaworld.conlang.org/merechi/ merɛ́chi]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> |<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;flex-c&quot;&gt;<br /> * [[User:Halyihev|Tony Harris]] — [http://alurhsa.org Alurhsa] — ''[[Conlang Relay 19/Alurhsa|torch]]''<br /> * [[User:Greybuck|Chrys Jordan]] — Ŧuàn — ''[[Conlang Relay 19/Ŧuàn|torch]]''<br /> * {{skip|Padraic Brown — ''unknown'' — skipped}}<br /> * [[User:AlexFink|Alex Fink]] &amp; [[User:Saizai|Sai]] — [http://saizai.com/nlws.shtml UNLWS] — [https://000024.org/conlang/relay19/index.html torch]<br /> * [[User:Uttrediay|Lars Finsen]] — [http://www.ortygia.no/uriania/uriansk-eng.shtml Urianian] — [http://eaworld.conlang.org/relays/relay19/relay19.php?ring=3&amp;torch=05&amp;torchlish=y&amp;tlit=y torch]<br /> * Sylvia Sotomayor — [[Kēlen]] — [[Conlang Relay 19/Kēlen|torch]]<br /> * [[User:Fenhl|Fenhl]] — [[Wanya]] — [[Conlang Relay 19/Wanya|torch]]<br /> * {{skip|[[User:Arthaey|Arthaey Angosii]] — [http://www.arthaey.com/conlang/lhenazi/ Lhenazi] — skipped}}<br /> * {{skip|[[User:Lelandpaul|Leland Kusmer]] — 8'0i — skipped}}<br /> * [[User:MilyAMD|Mily M.]] — [[raàyepèye rehneh]] — [https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B6my9Q4osTSVMjE2R1FoM2U1NHc torch]<br /> * '''[[User:Ababcock|Amanda Babcock Furrow]]''' — [http://eaworld.conlang.org/merechi/ merɛ́chi]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> |<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;flex-c&quot;&gt;<br /> * [[User:Rfmills|Roger Mills]] — Gwr — ''[[Conlang Relay 19/Gwr|torch]]''<br /> * [[User:Ashucky|Andrej Šuc]] — [http://olilowiki.jumpwiki.com/wiki/Settaka_language Settaka] — ''[[Conlang Relay 19/Settaka|torch]]''<br /> * [[User:Bornfor|Aaron Wood]] — [[Sandic]] — [[Conlang Relay 19/Sandic|torch]]<br /> * [[User:Qiihoskeh|Jeffrey Jones]] — [[TIAL]] — [[Conlang Relay 19/TIAL|torch]]<br /> * [[Carl Miller Jr.|Carl Miller]] — [[Xylphika]] — [[Conlang Relay 19/Xylphika|torch]]<br /> * '''[[User:Ababcock|Amanda Babcock Furrow]]''' — [http://eaworld.conlang.org/merechi/ merɛ́chi]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> |}</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Template:CurrentRelays&diff=101152 2016-10-15T02:14:58Z

<p>AlexFink: 23 ends</p> <hr /> <div>&lt;noinclude&gt;This template lists which [[Conlang relay]]s are currently running, like this:<br /> &lt;/noinclude&gt;<br /> {{{1|* ''There are currently no [[Conlang relay]]s running or being planned.''}}}<br /> &lt;noinclude&gt;<br /> Use &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; bullets. If no relays are to be listed, replace with the following line:<br /> <br /> &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{{1|* ''There are currently no [[Conlang relay]]s running or being planned.''}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;<br /> <br /> If there is an active relay, we have previously used language like this:<br /> <br /> &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;* [[Conlang Relay 23]] has begun on the [[Relay mailing list]].&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;<br /> <br /> Please do not include any [[:Category:Unfinished relays|unfinished relays]].<br /> <br /> {{relay}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Templates]]<br /> <br /> &lt;/noinclude&gt;</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Template:CurrentRelays&diff=99684 2016-09-13T11:34:51Z

<p>AlexFink: 23 starts</p> <hr /> <div>&lt;noinclude&gt;This template lists which [[Conlang relay]]s are currently running, like this:<br /> &lt;/noinclude&gt;<br /> * [[Conlang Relay 23]] has begun on the [[Relay mailing list]].<br /> &lt;noinclude&gt;<br /> Use &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; bullets. If no relays are to be listed, replace with the following line:<br /> <br /> &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{{1|* ''There are currently no [[Conlang relay]]s running or being planned.''}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;<br /> <br /> Please do not include any [[:Category:Unfinished relays|unfinished relays]].<br /> <br /> {{relay}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Templates]]<br /> <br /> &lt;/noinclude&gt;</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=User_talk:Fenhl&diff=99289 2016-09-07T13:29:27Z

<p>AlexFink: /* paging for help with Conlang Relay 23 */ new section</p> <hr /> <div>{{Talk intro}}<br /> <br /> ==(no topic)==<br /> <br /> I should say: kudos for keeping the Relay 19 page up to date! I've been too used to the situation in previous relays where none of this documentation gets updated on time; I'm only too happy to step out of the way of someone who's doing it properly :) [[User:AlexFink|AlexFink]] ([[User talk:AlexFink|talk]]) 13:44, 5 June 2012 (PDT)<br /> * thanks for the thanks, I guess. Maintaining the [[Conlang relay]]s and collecting scattered info is currently my main big project on the wiki. When I'm done with that, I guess I'll tackle {{tl|infobox}} and all its duplicates —[[User:Fenhl|Fenhl]] 14:44, 5 June 2012 (PDT)<br /> * oh and I have help from [[User:MilyAMD|MilyAMD]], that I shoul've mentioned. —[[User:Fenhl|Fenhl]] 09:17, 6 June 2012 (PDT)<br /> <br /> == paging for help with [[Conlang Relay 23]] ==<br /> <br /> Could you do your &lt;nowiki&gt;{{relay}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; magic with this page? [[User:AlexFink|AlexFink]] ([[User talk:AlexFink|talk]]) 06:29, 7 September 2016 (PDT)</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Conlang_Relay_23&diff=99288 2016-09-07T13:27:10Z

<p>AlexFink: intro sentence. (obligatory tense marking is a PitA)</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[Conlang Relay]] 23''' be run in autumn 2016 by Daniel Swanson, starting with [[Sajem Tan]], at the [[relay mailing list]]. <br /> <br /> ==Schedule==<br /> {{:Conlang Relay 23/TOC}}</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Template:CurrentRelays&diff=99287 2016-09-07T13:23:25Z

<p>AlexFink: add a year; you never know how old to assume these things are.</p> <hr /> <div>&lt;noinclude&gt;This template lists which [[Conlang relay]]s are currently running, like this:<br /> &lt;/noinclude&gt;<br /> * [[Conlang Relay 23]] is taking signups '''now''' on the [[Relay mailing list]] and is planned to start September 13th, 2016.<br /> &lt;noinclude&gt;<br /> Use &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; bullets. If no relays are to be listed, replace with the following line:<br /> <br /> &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{{1|* ''There are currently no [[Conlang relay]]s running or being planned.''}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;<br /> <br /> Please do not include any [[:Category:Unfinished relays|unfinished relays]].<br /> <br /> {{relay}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Templates]]<br /> <br /> &lt;/noinclude&gt;</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Template:CurrentRelays&diff=99286 2016-09-07T13:22:11Z

<p>AlexFink: 23 is incipient</p> <hr /> <div>&lt;noinclude&gt;This template lists which [[Conlang relay]]s are currently running, like this:<br /> &lt;/noinclude&gt;<br /> * [[Conlang Relay 23]] is taking signups '''now''' on the [[Relay mailing list]] and is planned to start September 13th.<br /> &lt;noinclude&gt;<br /> Use &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; bullets. If no relays are to be listed, replace with the following line:<br /> <br /> &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{{1|* ''There are currently no [[Conlang relay]]s running or being planned.''}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;<br /> <br /> Please do not include any [[:Category:Unfinished relays|unfinished relays]].<br /> <br /> {{relay}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Templates]]<br /> <br /> &lt;/noinclude&gt;</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Conlang_Relay_23&diff=99285 2016-09-07T13:20:48Z

<p>AlexFink: for now just a simple transclusion. feel free to fix this up to spec</p> <hr /> <div>==Schedule==<br /> {{:Conlang Relay 23/TOC}}</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Sajem_Tan_Relay/TOC&diff=99284 2016-09-07T13:18:20Z

<p>AlexFink: AlexFink moved page Sajem Tan Relay/TOC to Conlang Relay 23/TOC: conformity with convention</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Conlang Relay 23/TOC]]</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Conlang_Relay_23/TOC&diff=99283 2016-09-07T13:18:20Z

<p>AlexFink: AlexFink moved page Sajem Tan Relay/TOC to Conlang Relay 23/TOC: conformity with convention</p> <hr /> <div>{| style=&quot;background-color: transparent; width: 100%;&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid #5F79CC;&quot; | Ring 1<br /> ! style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid #5F79CC;&quot; | Ring 2<br /> |- valign=&quot;top&quot;<br /> |<br /> * Logan Kearsley Sept 13-14 Tue-Wed<br /> * Jeffrey Jones Sept 15-16 Thur-Fri<br /> * Galen Buttitta Sept 17-18 Sat-Sun<br /> * Lars Finsen Sept 19-20 Mon-Tue<br /> * Padraic Brown Sept 21-22 Wed-Thur<br /> * Mechthild Czapp Sept 23-24 Fri-Sat<br /> * Arthaey Angosii Sept 25-26 Sun-Mon<br /> * Matt Newburn Sept 27-28 Tue-Wed<br /> * Iskanderek Sept 29-30 Thur-Fri<br /> * Sylvia Sotomayor Oct 1-2 Sat-Sun<br /> * Guilherme Holzmann Oct 3-4 Mon-Tue<br /> * Pete Bleackley Oct 5-6 Wed-Thur<br /> |<br /> * Irina Rempt Sept 13-14 Tue-Wed<br /> * Zach Wellstood Sept 15-16 Thur-Fri<br /> * Adam Walker Sept 17-18 Sat-Sun<br /> * James Constable Sept 19-20 Mon-Tue<br /> * Jörg Rhiemeier Sept 21-22 Wed-Thur<br /> * kechpaja Sept 23-24 Fri-Sat<br /> * Samantha Tarnowski Sept 25-26 Sun-Mon<br /> * Amanda Babcock Furrow Sept 27-28 Tue-Wed<br /> * Andrew Orr Sept 29-30 Thur-Fri<br /> * WB Oct 1-2 Sat-Sun<br /> * Lars Finsen Oct 3-4 Mon-Tue<br /> * Jan Strasser Oct 5-6 Wed-Thur<br /> |}</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Software_tools_for_conlanging&diff=89584 2015-11-23T00:45:38Z

<p>AlexFink: /* Downloadable to run offline */ +Logopoeist</p> <hr /> <div>Many ingenious people have created software tools for conlanging. In addition to this, a number of programs not originally intended for conlanging can be put to great use when creating languages. This article aims to become a comprehensive list of useful '''conlanging software''' available on the internet.<br /> <br /> == General guides to conlanging ==<br /> * [http://www.zompist.com/kit.html Language Construction Kit] by Zompist (Mark Rosenfelder)<br /> * [http://www.angelfire.com/scifi2/nyh/how__all.html How to Create a Language] by Pablo David Flores<br /> * [http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Conlang Conlang] - textbook on Wikimedia Laboratories ''(incomplete)''<br /> <br /> == All-purpose software ==<br /> * [http://www.sil.org/computing/catalog/show_software.asp?id=89 SIL FieldWorks] - a software suite for professional linguists<br /> * [http://faiuwle.pbworks.com/Programming Conlang Dictionary] by faiuwle ''(usable, but many features are still to come)''<br /> * [http://colconcrepro.pbwiki.com Computerized Conlang Creator Project] by (mainly) Praesidium and Jotomicron ''(probably a dead project?)''<br /> <br /> == Word generators ==<br /> === Online ===<br /> * [http://akana.conlang.org/tools/awkwords awkwords] by Imploder<br /> * [http://000024.org/cgi-bin/gleb.cgi Gleb] (random phonology generator) by Alex Fink<br /> * [http://wordgenerator.wakayos.com/Default.aspx Wordo Word Generator] by Matthew Martin (web-based version of [http://whee.dk/?page_id=65 WordBuilder])<br /> * [http://www.zompist.com/gen.html Gen] by Mark Rosenfelder<br /> <br /> === Downloadable to run offline ===<br /> * [http://whee.dk/?page_id=65 WordBuilder] by Alfar<br /> * [http://lingweenie.org/conlang/lexifer.html Lexifer] by William Annis<br /> * [https://github.com/conlang-software-dev/Logopoeist/ Logopoeist] by Logan Kearsley<br /> * [https://github.com/alexfink/random_language/tree/master/phonology Instructions and downloadable version of Gleb] by Alex Fink<br /> * [http://jimhenry.conlang.org/conlang/conlang.htm#scripts Boris] by John Fisher and Jim Henry (also includes a meta-generator, which generates random phonologies and mutates them via genetic algorithm)<br /> * [http://jimhenry.conlang.org/conlang/conlang.htm#scripts everyword.pl] by John Cowan and Jim Henry<br /> * [http://jimhenry.conlang.org/conlang/redundancy.htm Scripts to generate phonologically redundant vocabulary] by Jim Henry<br /> <br /> === Documents describing techniques ===<br /> * [http://archives.conlang.info/jhu/suervhua/qaulkenvhuen.html A method of generating &quot;flavoured&quot; words] ''(not really a generator, but still interesting)''<br /> <br /> == Sound change appliers ==<br /> * [http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~sgmccabe/ASCA ASCA] by TheGoatMan<br /> * [http://members.home.nl/par/vsca/vsca.htm Versatile Sound Change Applier (VSCA)] by MUBA<br /> * [http://gesc19764.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/sca.html Geoff's SCA] by bricka (Geoff Eddy)<br /> * [http://zounds.artefact.org.nz IPA Zounds]<br /> * [http://phonix.googlecode.com Phonix]<br /> * [http://000024.org/rsca.html Reversible Sound Change Applier (RSCA)]<br /> * [http://www.zompist.com/sounds.htm Sounds] - Zompist's SCA<br /> * [http://www.zompist.com/sca2.html SCA²] - Zompist's SCA, Version 2 (can be used online)<br /> <br /> == Vocabulary managers ==<br /> * [http://www.sil.org/computing/catalog/show_software.asp?id=79 The Field Linguist's Toolbox]<br /> * [http://www.lexiquepro.com Lexique Pro]<br /> <br /> == Syntax tools ==<br /> * [http://yohasebe.com/rsyntaxtree/ RSyntaxTree]<br /> <br /> == Corpus analyzers ==<br /> * [http://jimhenry.conlang.org/conlang/conlang.htm#scripts frequencies.pl] by Jim Henry -- finds frequency of words and phrases in one or more text files<br /> * [http://akana.conlang.org/tools/frequentizer.html The Frequentizer] by Jan Strasser -- finds frequency of phonemes in a text corpus <br /> <br /> == Translation exercises ==<br /> * [http://www.arthaey.com/conlang/translationex.html Arthaey Angosii's collection of translation exercises]<br /> * [http://www.potterpcs.net/gsfa Graded Sentences for Analysis]<br /> * [http://www.fiziwig.com/conlang/syntax_tests.html Sentences to Test Conlang Syntax] ''(a selected subset of the above)''<br /> <br /> == Free Unicode fonts ==<br /> * [http://www.sil.org/computing/catalog/show_software_catalog.asp?by=cat&amp;name=Font SIL Font page]. Recommended: ''Gentium'', ''Charis SIL'', ''Doulos SIL''<br /> <br /> == Keyboard Layout editors ==<br /> * [http://www.sil.org/computing/catalog/show_software.asp?id=20 Tavultesoft Keyman] for Windows<br /> * [http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/results.aspx?pocId=&amp;freetext=Keyboard%20Layout%20Creator&amp;DisplayLang=en Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator] (MSKLC)<br /> * [http://scripts.sil.org/ukelele Ukelele] for Mac OS X<br /> * [http://www.symbolchoosersoftware.com SymbolChooser conlang word processor] for Windows<br /> <br /> == Font editors ==<br /> * [http://fontforge.sourceforge.net FontForge] (works well together with [http://www.inkscape.org Inkscape])<br /> * [http://www.high-logic.com/fontcreator.html High Logic's ''FontCreator''] (30 days' evaluation, unless you afford those 80 USAnian bucks)<br /> <br /> == Other ==<br /> * [http://library.conlang.org/web The Conlanger's Library Web Resources Page] <br /> * [http://www.conlang.org Language Creation Society]<br /> * [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conlang Conlang Mailing List archive]<br /> * [http://www.theiling.de/cgi/cxs-ipa.cgi CXS/XSAMPA &lt;-&gt; IPA converter] by Henrik Theiling<br /> * [http://akana.conlang.org/tools/derivizer.html The Derivizer] by Jan Strasser -- assists in coming up with derivations and compounds<br /> * [http://jimhenry.conlang.org/conlang/conlang.htm#scripts relay-scheduler.pl] by Mark Reed and Jim Henry -- tool for finding optimal sequences for conlang translation relays, based on people's preferences about what conlang to follow/precede. Needs work to find optimal dates based on when people are available, as well.<br /> * [http://jimhenry.conlang.org/gzb/gzb.htm#scripts Scripts to turn formatted text files into interlinear gloss or hyperlinked gloss HTML files] by Jim Henry; need tweaking to work with other conlangs than gzb<br /> * [http://cals.conlang.org Conlang Atlas of Language Structures]<br /> * [http://g3n.in Dictionary Center (for conlangs)]<br /> * [http://www.lingojam.com LingoJam] create an online translator for your language<br /> <br /> {{Conlangculture}}<br /> [[Category:Source material]]</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Software_tools_for_conlanging&diff=89337 2015-11-11T23:14:15Z

<p>AlexFink: awkwords: no reason to keep old versions. lingojam: not a word generator in any sense, move</p> <hr /> <div>Many ingenious people have created software tools for conlanging. In addition to this, a number of programs not originally intended for conlanging can be put to great use when creating languages. This article aims to become a comprehensive list of useful '''conlanging software''' available on the internet.<br /> <br /> == General guides to conlanging ==<br /> * [http://www.zompist.com/kit.html Language Construction Kit] by Zompist (Mark Rosenfelder)<br /> * [http://www.angelfire.com/scifi2/nyh/how__all.html How to Create a Language] by Pablo David Flores<br /> * [http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Conlang Conlang] - textbook on Wikimedia Laboratories ''(incomplete)''<br /> <br /> == All-purpose software ==<br /> * [http://www.sil.org/computing/catalog/show_software.asp?id=89 SIL FieldWorks] - a software suite for professional linguists<br /> * [http://faiuwle.pbworks.com/Programming Conlang Dictionary] by faiuwle ''(usable, but many features are still to come)''<br /> * [http://colconcrepro.pbwiki.com Computerized Conlang Creator Project] by (mainly) Praesidium and Jotomicron ''(probably a dead project?)''<br /> <br /> == Word generators ==<br /> === Online ===<br /> * [http://akana.conlang.org/tools/awkwords awkwords] by Imploder<br /> * [http://000024.org/cgi-bin/gleb.cgi Gleb] (random phonology generator) by Alex Fink<br /> * [http://wordgenerator.wakayos.com/Default.aspx Wordo Word Generator] by Matthew Martin (web-based version of [http://whee.dk/?page_id=65 WordBuilder])<br /> * [http://www.zompist.com/gen.html Gen] by Mark Rosenfelder<br /> <br /> === Downloadable to run offline ===<br /> * [http://whee.dk/?page_id=65 WordBuilder] by Alfar<br /> * [http://lingweenie.org/conlang/lexifer.html Lexifer] by William Annis<br /> * [https://github.com/alexfink/random_language/tree/master/phonology Instructions and downloadable version of Gleb] by Alex Fink<br /> * [http://jimhenry.conlang.org/conlang/conlang.htm#scripts Boris] by John Fisher and Jim Henry (also includes a meta-generator, which generates random phonologies and mutates them via genetic algorithm)<br /> * [http://jimhenry.conlang.org/conlang/conlang.htm#scripts everyword.pl] by John Cowan and Jim Henry<br /> * [http://jimhenry.conlang.org/conlang/redundancy.htm Scripts to generate phonologically redundant vocabulary] by Jim Henry<br /> <br /> === Documents describing techniques ===<br /> * [http://archives.conlang.info/jhu/suervhua/qaulkenvhuen.html A method of generating &quot;flavoured&quot; words] ''(not really a generator, but still interesting)''<br /> <br /> == Sound change appliers ==<br /> * [http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~sgmccabe/ASCA ASCA] by TheGoatMan<br /> * [http://members.home.nl/par/vsca/vsca.htm Versatile Sound Change Applier (VSCA)] by MUBA<br /> * [http://gesc19764.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/sca.html Geoff's SCA] by bricka (Geoff Eddy)<br /> * [http://zounds.artefact.org.nz IPA Zounds]<br /> * [http://phonix.googlecode.com Phonix]<br /> * [http://000024.org/rsca.html Reversible Sound Change Applier (RSCA)]<br /> * [http://www.zompist.com/sounds.htm Sounds] - Zompist's SCA<br /> * [http://www.zompist.com/sca2.html SCA²] - Zompist's SCA, Version 2 (can be used online)<br /> <br /> == Vocabulary managers ==<br /> * [http://www.sil.org/computing/catalog/show_software.asp?id=79 The Field Linguist's Toolbox]<br /> * [http://www.lexiquepro.com Lexique Pro]<br /> <br /> == Syntax tools ==<br /> * [http://yohasebe.com/rsyntaxtree/ RSyntaxTree]<br /> <br /> == Corpus analyzers ==<br /> * [http://jimhenry.conlang.org/conlang/conlang.htm#scripts frequencies.pl] by Jim Henry -- finds frequency of words and phrases in one or more text files<br /> * [http://akana.conlang.org/tools/frequentizer.html The Frequentizer] by Jan Strasser -- finds frequency of phonemes in a text corpus <br /> <br /> == Translation exercises ==<br /> * [http://www.arthaey.com/conlang/translationex.html Arthaey Angosii's collection of translation exercises]<br /> * [http://www.potterpcs.net/gsfa Graded Sentences for Analysis]<br /> * [http://www.fiziwig.com/conlang/syntax_tests.html Sentences to Test Conlang Syntax] ''(a selected subset of the above)''<br /> <br /> == Free Unicode fonts ==<br /> * [http://www.sil.org/computing/catalog/show_software_catalog.asp?by=cat&amp;name=Font SIL Font page]. Recommended: ''Gentium'', ''Charis SIL'', ''Doulos SIL''<br /> <br /> == Keyboard Layout editors ==<br /> * [http://www.sil.org/computing/catalog/show_software.asp?id=20 Tavultesoft Keyman] for Windows<br /> * [http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/results.aspx?pocId=&amp;freetext=Keyboard%20Layout%20Creator&amp;DisplayLang=en Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator] (MSKLC)<br /> * [http://scripts.sil.org/ukelele Ukelele] for Mac OS X<br /> * [http://www.symbolchoosersoftware.com SymbolChooser conlang word processor] for Windows<br /> <br /> == Font editors ==<br /> * [http://fontforge.sourceforge.net FontForge] (works well together with [http://www.inkscape.org Inkscape])<br /> * [http://www.high-logic.com/fontcreator.html High Logic's ''FontCreator''] (30 days' evaluation, unless you afford those 80 USAnian bucks)<br /> <br /> == Other ==<br /> * [http://library.conlang.org/web The Conlanger's Library Web Resources Page] <br /> * [http://www.conlang.org Language Creation Society]<br /> * [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conlang Conlang Mailing List archive]<br /> * [http://www.theiling.de/cgi/cxs-ipa.cgi CXS/XSAMPA &lt;-&gt; IPA converter] by Henrik Theiling<br /> * [http://akana.conlang.org/tools/derivizer.html The Derivizer] by Jan Strasser -- assists in coming up with derivations and compounds<br /> * [http://jimhenry.conlang.org/conlang/conlang.htm#scripts relay-scheduler.pl] by Mark Reed and Jim Henry -- tool for finding optimal sequences for conlang translation relays, based on people's preferences about what conlang to follow/precede. Needs work to find optimal dates based on when people are available, as well.<br /> * [http://jimhenry.conlang.org/gzb/gzb.htm#scripts Scripts to turn formatted text files into interlinear gloss or hyperlinked gloss HTML files] by Jim Henry; need tweaking to work with other conlangs than gzb<br /> * [http://cals.conlang.org Conlang Atlas of Language Structures]<br /> * [http://g3n.in Dictionary Center (for conlangs)]<br /> * [http://www.lingojam.com LingoJam] create an online translator for your language<br /> <br /> {{Conlangculture}}<br /> [[Category:Source material]]</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Software_tools_for_conlanging&diff=89310 2015-11-10T08:46:35Z

<p>AlexFink: /* Downloadable to run offline */ +Lexifer</p> <hr /> <div>Many ingenious people have created software tools for conlanging. In addition to this, a number of programs not originally intended for conlanging can be put to great use when creating languages. This article aims to become a comprehensive list of useful '''conlanging software''' available on the internet.<br /> <br /> == General guides to conlanging ==<br /> * [http://www.zompist.com/kit.html Language Construction Kit] by Zompist (Mark Rosenfelder)<br /> * [http://www.angelfire.com/scifi2/nyh/how__all.html How to Create a Language] by Pablo David Flores<br /> * [http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Conlang Conlang] - textbook on Wikimedia Laboratories ''(incomplete)''<br /> <br /> == All-purpose software ==<br /> * [http://www.sil.org/computing/catalog/show_software.asp?id=89 SIL FieldWorks] - a software suite for professional linguists<br /> * [http://faiuwle.pbworks.com/Programming Conlang Dictionary] by faiuwle ''(usable, but many features are still to come)''<br /> * [http://colconcrepro.pbwiki.com Computerized Conlang Creator Project] by (mainly) Praesidium and Jotomicron ''(probably a dead project?)''<br /> <br /> == Word generators ==<br /> === Online ===<br /> * [http://bprhad.wz.cz/awkwords/ awkwords] by Imploder<br /> * [http://000024.org/cgi-bin/gleb.cgi Gleb] (random phonology generator) by Alex Fink<br /> * [http://wordgenerator.wakayos.com/Default.aspx Wordo Word Generator] by Matthew Martin (web-based version of [http://whee.dk/?page_id=65 WordBuilder])<br /> * [http://www.zompist.com/gen.html Gen] by Mark Rosenfelder<br /> * [http://www.lingojam.com LingoJam] create an online translator for your language<br /> <br /> === Downloadable to run offline ===<br /> * [http://whee.dk/?page_id=65 WordBuilder] by Alfar<br /> * [http://lingweenie.org/conlang/lexifer.html Lexifer] by William Annis<br /> * [https://github.com/alexfink/random_language/tree/master/phonology Instructions and downloadable version of Gleb] by Alex Fink<br /> * [http://jimhenry.conlang.org/conlang/conlang.htm#scripts Boris] by John Fisher and Jim Henry (also includes a meta-generator, which generates random phonologies and mutates them via genetic algorithm)<br /> * [http://jimhenry.conlang.org/conlang/conlang.htm#scripts everyword.pl] by John Cowan and Jim Henry<br /> * [http://jimhenry.conlang.org/conlang/redundancy.htm Scripts to generate phonologically redundant vocabulary] by Jim Henry<br /> <br /> === Documents describing techniques ===<br /> * [http://archives.conlang.info/jhu/suervhua/qaulkenvhuen.html A method of generating &quot;flavoured&quot; words] ''(not really a generator, but interesting nevertheless)''<br /> <br /> == Sound change appliers ==<br /> * [http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~sgmccabe/ASCA ASCA] by TheGoatMan<br /> * [http://members.home.nl/par/vsca/vsca.htm Versatile Sound Change Applier (VSCA)] by MUBA<br /> * [http://jc.tech-galaxy.com/bricka/sound_change_applier Geoff's SCA] by bricka (Geoff Eddy)<br /> * [http://zounds.artefact.org.nz IPA Zounds]<br /> * [http://phonix.googlecode.com Phonix]<br /> * [http://000024.org/rsca.html Reversible Sound Change Applier (RSCA)]<br /> * [http://www.zompist.com/sounds.htm Sounds] - Zompist's SCA<br /> * [http://www.zompist.com/sca2.html SCA²] - Zompist's SCA, Version 2 (can be used online)<br /> <br /> == Vocabulary managers ==<br /> * [http://www.sil.org/computing/catalog/show_software.asp?id=79 The Field Linguist's Toolbox]<br /> * [http://www.lexiquepro.com Lexique Pro]<br /> <br /> == Syntax tools ==<br /> * [http://yohasebe.com/rsyntaxtree/ RSyntaxTree]<br /> <br /> == Corpus analyzers ==<br /> * [http://jimhenry.conlang.org/conlang/conlang.htm#scripts frequencies.pl] by Jim Henry -- finds frequency of words and phrases in one or more text files<br /> * [http://akana.conlang.org/tools/frequentizer.html The Frequentizer] by Jan Strasser -- finds frequency of phonemes in a text corpus <br /> <br /> == Translation exercises ==<br /> * [http://www.arthaey.com/conlang/translationex.html Arthaey Angosii's collection of translation exercises]<br /> * [http://www.potterpcs.net/gsfa Graded Sentences for Analysis]<br /> * [http://www.fiziwig.com/conlang/syntax_tests.html Sentences to Test Conlang Syntax] ''(a selected subset of the above)''<br /> <br /> == Free Unicode fonts ==<br /> * [http://www.sil.org/computing/catalog/show_software_catalog.asp?by=cat&amp;name=Font SIL Font page]. Recommended: ''Gentium'', ''Charis SIL'', ''Doulos SIL''<br /> <br /> == Keyboard Layout editors ==<br /> * [http://www.sil.org/computing/catalog/show_software.asp?id=20 Tavultesoft Keyman] for Windows<br /> * [http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/results.aspx?pocId=&amp;freetext=Keyboard%20Layout%20Creator&amp;DisplayLang=en Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator] (MSKLC)<br /> * [http://scripts.sil.org/ukelele Ukelele] for Mac OS X<br /> * [http://www.symbolchoosersoftware.com SymbolChooser conlang word processor] for Windows<br /> <br /> == Font editors ==<br /> * [http://fontforge.sourceforge.net FontForge] (works well together with [http://www.inkscape.org Inkscape])<br /> * [http://www.high-logic.com/fontcreator.html High Logic's ''FontCreator''] (30 days' evaluation, unless you afford those 80 USAnian bucks)<br /> <br /> == Other ==<br /> * [http://www.theiling.de/cgi/cxs-ipa.cgi CXS/XSAMPA &lt;-&gt; IPA converter] by Henrik Theiling<br /> * [http://akana.conlang.org/tools/derivizer.html The Derivizer] by Jan Strasser -- assists in coming up with derivations and compounds<br /> * [http://jimhenry.conlang.org/conlang/conlang.htm#scripts relay-scheduler.pl] by Mark Reed and Jim Henry -- tool for finding optimal sequences for conlang translation relays, based on people's preferences about what conlang to follow/precede. Needs work to find optimal dates based on when people are available, as well.<br /> * [http://jimhenry.conlang.org/gzb/gzb.htm#scripts Scripts to turn formatted text files into interlinear gloss or hyperlinked gloss HTML files] by Jim Henry; need tweaking to work with other conlangs than gzb<br /> * [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conlang Conlang Mailing List archive]<br /> * [http://cals.conlang.org Conlang Atlas of Language Structures]<br /> * [http://library.conlang.org/web The Conlanger's Library Web Resources Page] <br /> * [http://www.conlang.org Language Creation Society]<br /> * [http://g3n.in Dictionary Center (for conlangs)]<br /> <br /> {{Conlangculture}}<br /> [[Category:Source material]]</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=WALS_Poll_Conlang/Phonology&diff=82038 2014-11-09T09:38:38Z

<p>AlexFink: /* Allophony */ there is no /e:/</p> <hr /> <div>==Consonants==<br /> <br /> 14 consonants.<br /> {|<br /> ! || Bilabial || Alveolar || Palatal || Velar || Uvular<br /> |-<br /> ! Voiceless stops<br /> |<br /> | t<br /> | <br /> | k<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! Voiced stops<br /> | b<br /> | d<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! Fricatives<br /> | <br /> | s<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | χ<br /> |-<br /> ! Lateral fricatives<br /> |<br /> | ɬ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! Approximants<br /> | w<br /> |<br /> | j<br /> |<br /> | ʀ<br /> |-<br /> ! Laterals<br /> |<br /> | l<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Nasals<br /> | m<br /> | n<br /> |<br /> | ŋ<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Vowels==<br /> <br /> Short vowels: /i e a o u/<br /> <br /> Long vowels: /iː aː uː/<br /> <br /> Diphthongs: /ae ao ei ai oi eu au ou/<br /> <br /> ==Suprasegmentals==<br /> <br /> Primary stress falls on the second syllable, and secondary stress follows an iambic pattern.<br /> <br /> Vowel length is contrastive<br /> <br /> Neither tone nor nasalization contrast.<br /> <br /> ==Phonotactics==<br /> <br /> Syllable structure is moderately complex. The maximal syllable is CCVC. Onset clusters consist of an obstruent and a sonorant. Codas may only occur after short vowels. /j w/ are disallowed codas.<br /> <br /> ŋ may occur initially.<br /> <br /> ==Allophony==<br /> <br /> * Stops t, k, b, d become affricates ͡ts, ͡kx,͡bv, ͡dz in simple stressed onsets.<br /> * b becomes p when in contact with a voiceless consonant.<br /> * Fricatives s, ɬ, χ become affticates ͡ts, ͡tɬ, ͡qχ word initially.<br /> * s becomes z between vowels.<br /> * l becomes ʎ before j, ɫ in codas.<br /> * n becomes ɲ before j.<br /> * Front vowels i, iː, e round to y, yː, ø when in contact with w<br /> * a aː become æ, æː when the next vowel is front.</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=WALS_Poll_Conlang/Phonology&diff=82037 2014-11-09T09:37:58Z

<p>AlexFink: /* Phonotactics */ disallowed codas</p> <hr /> <div>==Consonants==<br /> <br /> 14 consonants.<br /> {|<br /> ! || Bilabial || Alveolar || Palatal || Velar || Uvular<br /> |-<br /> ! Voiceless stops<br /> |<br /> | t<br /> | <br /> | k<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! Voiced stops<br /> | b<br /> | d<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! Fricatives<br /> | <br /> | s<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | χ<br /> |-<br /> ! Lateral fricatives<br /> |<br /> | ɬ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! Approximants<br /> | w<br /> |<br /> | j<br /> |<br /> | ʀ<br /> |-<br /> ! Laterals<br /> |<br /> | l<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Nasals<br /> | m<br /> | n<br /> |<br /> | ŋ<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Vowels==<br /> <br /> Short vowels: /i e a o u/<br /> <br /> Long vowels: /iː aː uː/<br /> <br /> Diphthongs: /ae ao ei ai oi eu au ou/<br /> <br /> ==Suprasegmentals==<br /> <br /> Primary stress falls on the second syllable, and secondary stress follows an iambic pattern.<br /> <br /> Vowel length is contrastive<br /> <br /> Neither tone nor nasalization contrast.<br /> <br /> ==Phonotactics==<br /> <br /> Syllable structure is moderately complex. The maximal syllable is CCVC. Onset clusters consist of an obstruent and a sonorant. Codas may only occur after short vowels. /j w/ are disallowed codas.<br /> <br /> ŋ may occur initially.<br /> <br /> ==Allophony==<br /> <br /> * Stops t, k, b, d become affricates ͡ts, ͡kx,͡bv, ͡dz in simple stressed onsets.<br /> * b becomes p when in contact with a voiceless consonant.<br /> * Fricatives s, ɬ, χ become affticates ͡ts, ͡tɬ, ͡qχ word initially.<br /> * s becomes z between vowels.<br /> * l becomes ʎ before j, ɫ in codas.<br /> * n becomes ɲ before j.<br /> * Front vowels i, iː, e, eː round to y, yː, ø, øː when in contact with w<br /> * a aː become æ, æː when the next vowel is front.</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=WALS_Poll_Conlang/Phonology&diff=82036 2014-11-09T09:37:10Z

<p>AlexFink: /* Vowels */ results of my more precise polls</p> <hr /> <div>==Consonants==<br /> <br /> 14 consonants.<br /> {|<br /> ! || Bilabial || Alveolar || Palatal || Velar || Uvular<br /> |-<br /> ! Voiceless stops<br /> |<br /> | t<br /> | <br /> | k<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! Voiced stops<br /> | b<br /> | d<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! Fricatives<br /> | <br /> | s<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | χ<br /> |-<br /> ! Lateral fricatives<br /> |<br /> | ɬ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! Approximants<br /> | w<br /> |<br /> | j<br /> |<br /> | ʀ<br /> |-<br /> ! Laterals<br /> |<br /> | l<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Nasals<br /> | m<br /> | n<br /> |<br /> | ŋ<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Vowels==<br /> <br /> Short vowels: /i e a o u/<br /> <br /> Long vowels: /iː aː uː/<br /> <br /> Diphthongs: /ae ao ei ai oi eu au ou/<br /> <br /> ==Suprasegmentals==<br /> <br /> Primary stress falls on the second syllable, and secondary stress follows an iambic pattern.<br /> <br /> Vowel length is contrastive<br /> <br /> Neither tone nor nasalization contrast.<br /> <br /> ==Phonotactics==<br /> <br /> Syllable structure is moderately complex. The maximal syllable is CCVC. Onset clusters consist of an obstruent and a sonorant. Codas may only occur after short vowels.<br /> <br /> ŋ may occur initially.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Allophony==<br /> <br /> * Stops t, k, b, d become affricates ͡ts, ͡kx,͡bv, ͡dz in simple stressed onsets.<br /> * b becomes p when in contact with a voiceless consonant.<br /> * Fricatives s, ɬ, χ become affticates ͡ts, ͡tɬ, ͡qχ word initially.<br /> * s becomes z between vowels.<br /> * l becomes ʎ before j, ɫ in codas.<br /> * n becomes ɲ before j.<br /> * Front vowels i, iː, e, eː round to y, yː, ø, øː when in contact with w<br /> * a aː become æ, æː when the next vowel is front.</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Conlang-L_FAQ&diff=79230 2014-06-08T00:35:54Z

<p>AlexFink: /* List behaviour */ too many &quot;etc&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>==Where to get Conlang-L==<br /> <br /> The official archives are at http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html . From there, you can search the archives, get an RSS feed, manage your subscription, etc.<br /> <br /> It's also the ONLY place you can go to sign up and post things to the list.<br /> <br /> A read-only archive with a nicer user interface is at http://archives.conlang.info/ . [As of April 2009 this archive has ceased mirroring new messages. Henrik Theiling knows about the problem and has said he's planning to fix it but hasn't had time to do so yet.]<br /> <br /> Conlang-L is also &lt;i&gt;mirrored&lt;/i&gt; as a Yahoo group, but there is no way to have posts to the Yahoo group sent to the actual list. Do &lt;b&gt;not&lt;/b&gt; subscribe to the Yahoo group. It has no admin anymore. Go to http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html instead!<br /> <br /> ==A brief history of the list==<br /> <br /> The list evolved from some informal email conversations among an early group of language enthusiasts. The earliest mail mirror was run by John Ross out of the BU physics department, and was up and running by 29 July 1991. It moved to Denmark on 23 March, 1993.<br /> <br /> The original note reads in part:<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;''By agreement with John Ross, the CONLANG mailing list has been moved to diku.dk, the mail hub of the CS Department of the University of Copenhagen. Send all submissions to CONLANG at diku dot dk. The address at buphy still works, but it is just an alias for the new list.''&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;''Lars Mathiesen (U of Copenhagen CS Dept) (Humour NOT marked)''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> (Note that the submission address in that historical note '''NO LONGER WORKS'''.)<br /> <br /> Later, growing traffic and changes at the university necessitated a move. In January&amp;ndash;February of 1997 the list moved to its current home at Brown University's LISTSERV server. David Durand made the move and actively moderated the list from that point on.<br /> <br /> Before the move, threads centered on debates on the relative merits of [[auxlang]]s had become common on CONLANG; these were often incendiary and irritated many listmembers. Accordingly, when the new CONLANG list was set up at Brown, a sister list AUXLANG was set up to cater to participants of these threads, and auxlang advocacy was banned from CONLANG. It still is. (Dispassionate discussion of auxlangs is welcome.)<br /> <br /> In ??? John Cowan took over actual moderation duties, as &quot;Lord of the Instrumentality&quot;. The torch was later passed to Henrik Theiling, and again (in 2014) jointly to Alex Fink and And Rosta.<br /> <br /> ==List behaviour==<br /> The CONLANG list rejects attachments. <br /> <br /> It also discards the HTML part of MIME-formatted messages: that is, bold or italic text, super- and sub-scripts, tables, and anything else fancier than plain text will not come through. Your mail client may attempt to make informed substitutions for these in messages you send, but for tables especially this is unreliable; it's best to prepare your tables, interlinears, etc. in fixed-width plain text, using spaces or tabs (but not a mix of both) for alignment. <br /> <br /> ===Posting limits===<br /> As a traffic-limiting measure, if the list receives more than 99 messages in a given day (in Brown's time zone), all subsequent messages will be automatically held and not delivered until the admin unblocks the list. <br /> <br /> Each individual poster is limited to 7 messages per day. Messages beyond the daily limit are simply bounced, not held for the next day. Posters are encouraged to consolidate several shorter replies on a single topic into a single message.<br /> <br /> ==Subject Topic Tags==<br /> In the subject line of a post, you can mark the post with one of the following tags. Tags are only recognised if a colon follows immediately: no other decoration (e.g. brackets, an extra space) should be used. Any 'Re:' etc. is irrelevant -- the software skips it.<br /> <br /> Good tag syntax:<br /> <br /> CHAT: Is the world really round?<br /> <br /> Bad tag syntax:<br /> <br /> [CHAT]: Is the world really round?<br /> <br /> These are the official tags the listserv software can be instructed to<br /> filter automatically. There are currently exactly four:<br /> * OT: off-topic stuff<br /> * CHAT: off-topic stuff of the conversational sort<br /> * USAGE: natural language usage (all of the YAEPT and similar should use this)<br /> * THEORY: linguistic theory discussions<br /> Only the above tags are official and configured for filtering. However, most advanced mail clients can be set to have extra filters, such as for the following unofficial tags:<br /> <br /> * OFFLIST: not actually seen on-list, this tag is added to make explicitly clear that you are taking a subject offlist (i.e. you're emailing someone directly about it)<br /> <br /> The following are explicitly not included in the list of filterable tags:<br /> * META: threads about CONLANG-L itself<br /> * TECH: technical issues (e.g. email programs, list-related technical problems, etc)<br /> <br /> Finally, there are two meta-tags:<br /> * [CONLANG]: This should not be actually added when starting a new subject; you can make the listserv prepend it automatically to all email (so that you can set your mail client to filter all list traffic)<br /> * &quot;was&quot;: used to change the subject, or more commonly, to indicate that the subject of a thread changed a while ago and you're no longer pretending it's about the original topic<br /> <br /> Example:<br /> <br /> JAMA says flat earth leads to flat [@] (was CHAT: Is the world really round?)<br /> <br /> Note that tags ARE included after the &quot;was&quot;, but &quot;Re:&quot; is NOT, nor is [CONLANG].<br /> <br /> ==Acronyms==<br /> List of acronyms specific to the Conlang Mailing List:<br /> <br /> * AFMCL - &quot;As for my conlang..&quot;<br /> ** AFMOCL - &quot;As for my own conlang&quot;<br /> * ANADEW - &quot;A natlang's already dunnit, except worse&quot;<br /> * ANADEWism - Something you thought was unique, but ANADEW<br /> * IML - &quot;in my 'lect&quot; (dialect or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiolect idiolect], depending on context)<br /> * LCC - the [http://conference.conlang.org Language Creation Conference]<br /> * LCS - the [http://conlang.org Language Creation Society]<br /> * NCNC - &quot;No cross, no crown&quot;. In the context of the list, &quot;don't discuss religion or politics&quot; ([http://recycledknowledge.blogspot.com/2006/05/no-cross-no-crown.html not its more general meaning]).<br /> * NLF2DWS or NLWS - Non-linear [fully 2-dimensional] writing system<br /> * YAEPT (the original acronym) - Yet Another English Pronunciation Thread<br /> ** YADPT ... Dutch Pronunciation ...<br /> ** YAGPT ... German Pronunciation ...<br /> ** YAEGT ... English Grammar ...<br /> ** YAEUT ... English Usage ...<br /> ** general pattern: YA(Language)(Topic)T<br /> <br /> Acronyms not on this list might be in general usage: try [http://www.google.com/search?q=define%3Aafaict Google's define:] or [http://www.acronymfinder.com/ Acronym Finder].<br /> <br /> ==Other conlang-specific vocabulary==<br /> <br /> From [http://cassowary.free.fr/Linguistics/Conlang%20Dictionary/ here] and [http://arthaey.mine.nu/~arthaey/conlang/faq.html here]. See also [[Conlang terminology]].<br /> <br /> con__<br /> * constructed __ (generally a contraction): conlang, conworld, conhistory, conculture, ...<br /> <br /> __lang<br /> * a language characterised by ___ (generally a contraction): conlang, artlang, auxlang, ...<br /> <br /> [[artlang]]<br /> # A language constructed for the beauty or fun of doing so. [From art(istic) + lang(uage)] <br /> # (See conlang) [From art(ificial) + lang(uage)] <br /> <br /> [[auxlang]]<br /> * A language constructed to replace or complement natlangs to facilitate cross-linguistic communication. [From aux(iliary) + lang(uage)] <br /> <br /> concultural [From con(structed) + cultur(e) + al]<br /> * Adjective form of &quot;conculture&quot;.<br /> <br /> [[conculture]] [From con(structed) + culture]<br /> * A fictional culture created as a backdrop to a conlang. See also &quot;conworld&quot;.<br /> <br /> [[conlang]] [From con(structed) + lang(uage)] <br /> # n. A constructed language <br /> # v. To construct a language <br /> <br /> [[CONLANG]] (all caps), conlang-l, Conlang-L, or CONLANG-L<br /> * A very active conlang mailing list hosted by brown.edu, and currently operated by Henrik Theiling<br /> <br /> [[conworld]] [From con(structed) + world]<br /> * A fictional world created to host a conlang or conculture. See also &quot;conculture&quot;.<br /> <br /> [[engelang]] /ˈendʒlæŋ/ [From eng(ineered) + lang(uage)]<br /> * A conlang that is designed to certain criteria, such that it is objectively testable whether the criteria are met or not. This is different from claiming that the criteria themselves are 'objective'. For example, the Lojban/Loglan roots are designed to be maximally recognisable to the speakers of the (numerically) largest languages in the world in proportion to the number of speakers. It is not a matter of taste whether this criterion is met; it is something that can be tested. (by John Cowan) [From eng(ineered) + lang(uage)] <br /> <br /> etabnannery /raːmnænəɹi/ (rare)<br /> * The state of appearing entirely unpredictable, but, upon closer analysis, failing at even being that. [From Etá̄bnann(i), a conlang by Tristan McLeay, which was supposed to have an unpredictable orthography, but ended up just having a confusing one. Damn people trying to make patterns everywhere. At least it's a bugger to typeset!... errm... back to the derivation + -ery] <br /> <br /> maggelity /məˈgɛlɪti/ (rare) [From Maggel, a conlang by Christophe Grandsire which has a rarely predictable orthography] <br /> # The state of being entirely unpredictable. (Tristan McLeay)<br /> # The state of being regularly unpredictable, such as to horribly confuse anyone unfamiliar with the language, lulling them into a full sense of security before pointing out, cartoon-character-style, that the ground no longer exists where they're standing. (Tristan McLeay and H. S. Teoh) <br /> <br /> Maggel's Paradox (rare)<br /> * Your radical ideas have already occurred to others. (Muke Tever)<br /> <br /> [[natlang]] [From nat(ural) + lang(uage)]<br /> # A natural language, i.e., one that naturally developed in the world, as opposed to a conlang.<br /> <br /> ObConlang (or ObCL)<br /> * Just before something about conlanging in an otherwise off-topic post.<br /> * From ob(ligatory) + conlang (i.e., an obligatory on-topic comment about conlangs just so that the post isn't completely off-topic).<br /> <br /> [[translation relay]]<br /> * A game similar to Telephone or Chinese Whispers, wherein the participants translate a passage one at a time, in serial, into their own languages - and then marvel at how far from the original the translations have gotten.<br /> <br /> ==CXS (Conlang X-SAMPA)==<br /> [[CXS]] is a version of X-SAMPA for use on the CONLANG mailing list. X-SAMPA is a way to write the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) using normal plain-ASCII text that everyone can read.<br /> <br /> * [http://www.theiling.de/ipa/ Theiling Online: Conlang X-Sampa (CXS)] - includes CXS-to-IPA conversion chart<br /> * [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Conlang/Appendix/CXS CXS at Wikibooks]<br /> <br /> ==Related lists==<br /> <br /> The Auxlang list, mentioned above, is dedicated to international auxiliary languages. Its archives and subscription interface are at http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/auxlang.html .<br /> <br /> The list relay@calcifer.valdyas.org is dedicated to the planning and conducting of [[conlang relay]]s, q.v. <br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> <br /> * [http://www.arthaey.com/conlang/faq.html Arthaey's Conlang FAQ]<br /> * [http://www.langmaker.com LangMaker] - repository of many conlang &quot;biographies&quot;<br /> * [http://wiki.frath.net Frath Wiki] - a similar site, and host of the Conlang-L (wikified) FAQ<br /> * [http://www.omniglot.com Omniglot] - which has information on more writing systems than you thought could exist<br /> <br /> {{Conlangculture}}<br /> [[Category:Terminology]]</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Conlang-L_FAQ&diff=79229 2014-06-08T00:34:26Z

<p>AlexFink: /* List behaviour */ tabs too I guess</p> <hr /> <div>==Where to get Conlang-L==<br /> <br /> The official archives are at http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html . From there, you can search the archives, get an RSS feed, manage your subscription, etc.<br /> <br /> It's also the ONLY place you can go to sign up and post things to the list.<br /> <br /> A read-only archive with a nicer user interface is at http://archives.conlang.info/ . [As of April 2009 this archive has ceased mirroring new messages. Henrik Theiling knows about the problem and has said he's planning to fix it but hasn't had time to do so yet.]<br /> <br /> Conlang-L is also &lt;i&gt;mirrored&lt;/i&gt; as a Yahoo group, but there is no way to have posts to the Yahoo group sent to the actual list. Do &lt;b&gt;not&lt;/b&gt; subscribe to the Yahoo group. It has no admin anymore. Go to http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html instead!<br /> <br /> ==A brief history of the list==<br /> <br /> The list evolved from some informal email conversations among an early group of language enthusiasts. The earliest mail mirror was run by John Ross out of the BU physics department, and was up and running by 29 July 1991. It moved to Denmark on 23 March, 1993.<br /> <br /> The original note reads in part:<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;''By agreement with John Ross, the CONLANG mailing list has been moved to diku.dk, the mail hub of the CS Department of the University of Copenhagen. Send all submissions to CONLANG at diku dot dk. The address at buphy still works, but it is just an alias for the new list.''&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;''Lars Mathiesen (U of Copenhagen CS Dept) (Humour NOT marked)''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> (Note that the submission address in that historical note '''NO LONGER WORKS'''.)<br /> <br /> Later, growing traffic and changes at the university necessitated a move. In January&amp;ndash;February of 1997 the list moved to its current home at Brown University's LISTSERV server. David Durand made the move and actively moderated the list from that point on.<br /> <br /> Before the move, threads centered on debates on the relative merits of [[auxlang]]s had become common on CONLANG; these were often incendiary and irritated many listmembers. Accordingly, when the new CONLANG list was set up at Brown, a sister list AUXLANG was set up to cater to participants of these threads, and auxlang advocacy was banned from CONLANG. It still is. (Dispassionate discussion of auxlangs is welcome.)<br /> <br /> In ??? John Cowan took over actual moderation duties, as &quot;Lord of the Instrumentality&quot;. The torch was later passed to Henrik Theiling, and again (in 2014) jointly to Alex Fink and And Rosta.<br /> <br /> ==List behaviour==<br /> The CONLANG list rejects attachments. <br /> <br /> It also discards the HTML part of MIME-formatted messages: that is, bold or italic text, tables, etcetera will not come through. Your mail client may attempt to make informed substitutions for these in messages you send, but for tables especially this is unreliable; it's best to prepare your tables, interlinears, etc. in fixed-width plain text, using spaces or tabs (but not a mix of both) for alignment. <br /> <br /> ===Posting limits===<br /> As a traffic-limiting measure, if the list receives more than 99 messages in a given day (in Brown's time zone), all subsequent messages will be automatically held and not delivered until the admin unblocks the list. <br /> <br /> Each individual poster is limited to 7 messages per day. Messages beyond the daily limit are simply bounced, not held for the next day. Posters are encouraged to consolidate several shorter replies on a single topic into a single message.<br /> <br /> ==Subject Topic Tags==<br /> In the subject line of a post, you can mark the post with one of the following tags. Tags are only recognised if a colon follows immediately: no other decoration (e.g. brackets, an extra space) should be used. Any 'Re:' etc. is irrelevant -- the software skips it.<br /> <br /> Good tag syntax:<br /> <br /> CHAT: Is the world really round?<br /> <br /> Bad tag syntax:<br /> <br /> [CHAT]: Is the world really round?<br /> <br /> These are the official tags the listserv software can be instructed to<br /> filter automatically. There are currently exactly four:<br /> * OT: off-topic stuff<br /> * CHAT: off-topic stuff of the conversational sort<br /> * USAGE: natural language usage (all of the YAEPT and similar should use this)<br /> * THEORY: linguistic theory discussions<br /> Only the above tags are official and configured for filtering. However, most advanced mail clients can be set to have extra filters, such as for the following unofficial tags:<br /> <br /> * OFFLIST: not actually seen on-list, this tag is added to make explicitly clear that you are taking a subject offlist (i.e. you're emailing someone directly about it)<br /> <br /> The following are explicitly not included in the list of filterable tags:<br /> * META: threads about CONLANG-L itself<br /> * TECH: technical issues (e.g. email programs, list-related technical problems, etc)<br /> <br /> Finally, there are two meta-tags:<br /> * [CONLANG]: This should not be actually added when starting a new subject; you can make the listserv prepend it automatically to all email (so that you can set your mail client to filter all list traffic)<br /> * &quot;was&quot;: used to change the subject, or more commonly, to indicate that the subject of a thread changed a while ago and you're no longer pretending it's about the original topic<br /> <br /> Example:<br /> <br /> JAMA says flat earth leads to flat [@] (was CHAT: Is the world really round?)<br /> <br /> Note that tags ARE included after the &quot;was&quot;, but &quot;Re:&quot; is NOT, nor is [CONLANG].<br /> <br /> ==Acronyms==<br /> List of acronyms specific to the Conlang Mailing List:<br /> <br /> * AFMCL - &quot;As for my conlang..&quot;<br /> ** AFMOCL - &quot;As for my own conlang&quot;<br /> * ANADEW - &quot;A natlang's already dunnit, except worse&quot;<br /> * ANADEWism - Something you thought was unique, but ANADEW<br /> * IML - &quot;in my 'lect&quot; (dialect or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiolect idiolect], depending on context)<br /> * LCC - the [http://conference.conlang.org Language Creation Conference]<br /> * LCS - the [http://conlang.org Language Creation Society]<br /> * NCNC - &quot;No cross, no crown&quot;. In the context of the list, &quot;don't discuss religion or politics&quot; ([http://recycledknowledge.blogspot.com/2006/05/no-cross-no-crown.html not its more general meaning]).<br /> * NLF2DWS or NLWS - Non-linear [fully 2-dimensional] writing system<br /> * YAEPT (the original acronym) - Yet Another English Pronunciation Thread<br /> ** YADPT ... Dutch Pronunciation ...<br /> ** YAGPT ... German Pronunciation ...<br /> ** YAEGT ... English Grammar ...<br /> ** YAEUT ... English Usage ...<br /> ** general pattern: YA(Language)(Topic)T<br /> <br /> Acronyms not on this list might be in general usage: try [http://www.google.com/search?q=define%3Aafaict Google's define:] or [http://www.acronymfinder.com/ Acronym Finder].<br /> <br /> ==Other conlang-specific vocabulary==<br /> <br /> From [http://cassowary.free.fr/Linguistics/Conlang%20Dictionary/ here] and [http://arthaey.mine.nu/~arthaey/conlang/faq.html here]. See also [[Conlang terminology]].<br /> <br /> con__<br /> * constructed __ (generally a contraction): conlang, conworld, conhistory, conculture, ...<br /> <br /> __lang<br /> * a language characterised by ___ (generally a contraction): conlang, artlang, auxlang, ...<br /> <br /> [[artlang]]<br /> # A language constructed for the beauty or fun of doing so. [From art(istic) + lang(uage)] <br /> # (See conlang) [From art(ificial) + lang(uage)] <br /> <br /> [[auxlang]]<br /> * A language constructed to replace or complement natlangs to facilitate cross-linguistic communication. [From aux(iliary) + lang(uage)] <br /> <br /> concultural [From con(structed) + cultur(e) + al]<br /> * Adjective form of &quot;conculture&quot;.<br /> <br /> [[conculture]] [From con(structed) + culture]<br /> * A fictional culture created as a backdrop to a conlang. See also &quot;conworld&quot;.<br /> <br /> [[conlang]] [From con(structed) + lang(uage)] <br /> # n. A constructed language <br /> # v. To construct a language <br /> <br /> [[CONLANG]] (all caps), conlang-l, Conlang-L, or CONLANG-L<br /> * A very active conlang mailing list hosted by brown.edu, and currently operated by Henrik Theiling<br /> <br /> [[conworld]] [From con(structed) + world]<br /> * A fictional world created to host a conlang or conculture. See also &quot;conculture&quot;.<br /> <br /> [[engelang]] /ˈendʒlæŋ/ [From eng(ineered) + lang(uage)]<br /> * A conlang that is designed to certain criteria, such that it is objectively testable whether the criteria are met or not. This is different from claiming that the criteria themselves are 'objective'. For example, the Lojban/Loglan roots are designed to be maximally recognisable to the speakers of the (numerically) largest languages in the world in proportion to the number of speakers. It is not a matter of taste whether this criterion is met; it is something that can be tested. (by John Cowan) [From eng(ineered) + lang(uage)] <br /> <br /> etabnannery /raːmnænəɹi/ (rare)<br /> * The state of appearing entirely unpredictable, but, upon closer analysis, failing at even being that. [From Etá̄bnann(i), a conlang by Tristan McLeay, which was supposed to have an unpredictable orthography, but ended up just having a confusing one. Damn people trying to make patterns everywhere. At least it's a bugger to typeset!... errm... back to the derivation + -ery] <br /> <br /> maggelity /məˈgɛlɪti/ (rare) [From Maggel, a conlang by Christophe Grandsire which has a rarely predictable orthography] <br /> # The state of being entirely unpredictable. (Tristan McLeay)<br /> # The state of being regularly unpredictable, such as to horribly confuse anyone unfamiliar with the language, lulling them into a full sense of security before pointing out, cartoon-character-style, that the ground no longer exists where they're standing. (Tristan McLeay and H. S. Teoh) <br /> <br /> Maggel's Paradox (rare)<br /> * Your radical ideas have already occurred to others. (Muke Tever)<br /> <br /> [[natlang]] [From nat(ural) + lang(uage)]<br /> # A natural language, i.e., one that naturally developed in the world, as opposed to a conlang.<br /> <br /> ObConlang (or ObCL)<br /> * Just before something about conlanging in an otherwise off-topic post.<br /> * From ob(ligatory) + conlang (i.e., an obligatory on-topic comment about conlangs just so that the post isn't completely off-topic).<br /> <br /> [[translation relay]]<br /> * A game similar to Telephone or Chinese Whispers, wherein the participants translate a passage one at a time, in serial, into their own languages - and then marvel at how far from the original the translations have gotten.<br /> <br /> ==CXS (Conlang X-SAMPA)==<br /> [[CXS]] is a version of X-SAMPA for use on the CONLANG mailing list. X-SAMPA is a way to write the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) using normal plain-ASCII text that everyone can read.<br /> <br /> * [http://www.theiling.de/ipa/ Theiling Online: Conlang X-Sampa (CXS)] - includes CXS-to-IPA conversion chart<br /> * [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Conlang/Appendix/CXS CXS at Wikibooks]<br /> <br /> ==Related lists==<br /> <br /> The Auxlang list, mentioned above, is dedicated to international auxiliary languages. Its archives and subscription interface are at http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/auxlang.html .<br /> <br /> The list relay@calcifer.valdyas.org is dedicated to the planning and conducting of [[conlang relay]]s, q.v. <br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> <br /> * [http://www.arthaey.com/conlang/faq.html Arthaey's Conlang FAQ]<br /> * [http://www.langmaker.com LangMaker] - repository of many conlang &quot;biographies&quot;<br /> * [http://wiki.frath.net Frath Wiki] - a similar site, and host of the Conlang-L (wikified) FAQ<br /> * [http://www.omniglot.com Omniglot] - which has information on more writing systems than you thought could exist<br /> <br /> {{Conlangculture}}<br /> [[Category:Terminology]]</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Conlang-L_FAQ&diff=79228 2014-06-08T00:32:23Z

<p>AlexFink: /* List behaviour */ MIME discarding</p> <hr /> <div>==Where to get Conlang-L==<br /> <br /> The official archives are at http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html . From there, you can search the archives, get an RSS feed, manage your subscription, etc.<br /> <br /> It's also the ONLY place you can go to sign up and post things to the list.<br /> <br /> A read-only archive with a nicer user interface is at http://archives.conlang.info/ . [As of April 2009 this archive has ceased mirroring new messages. Henrik Theiling knows about the problem and has said he's planning to fix it but hasn't had time to do so yet.]<br /> <br /> Conlang-L is also &lt;i&gt;mirrored&lt;/i&gt; as a Yahoo group, but there is no way to have posts to the Yahoo group sent to the actual list. Do &lt;b&gt;not&lt;/b&gt; subscribe to the Yahoo group. It has no admin anymore. Go to http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html instead!<br /> <br /> ==A brief history of the list==<br /> <br /> The list evolved from some informal email conversations among an early group of language enthusiasts. The earliest mail mirror was run by John Ross out of the BU physics department, and was up and running by 29 July 1991. It moved to Denmark on 23 March, 1993.<br /> <br /> The original note reads in part:<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;''By agreement with John Ross, the CONLANG mailing list has been moved to diku.dk, the mail hub of the CS Department of the University of Copenhagen. Send all submissions to CONLANG at diku dot dk. The address at buphy still works, but it is just an alias for the new list.''&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;''Lars Mathiesen (U of Copenhagen CS Dept) (Humour NOT marked)''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> (Note that the submission address in that historical note '''NO LONGER WORKS'''.)<br /> <br /> Later, growing traffic and changes at the university necessitated a move. In January&amp;ndash;February of 1997 the list moved to its current home at Brown University's LISTSERV server. David Durand made the move and actively moderated the list from that point on.<br /> <br /> Before the move, threads centered on debates on the relative merits of [[auxlang]]s had become common on CONLANG; these were often incendiary and irritated many listmembers. Accordingly, when the new CONLANG list was set up at Brown, a sister list AUXLANG was set up to cater to participants of these threads, and auxlang advocacy was banned from CONLANG. It still is. (Dispassionate discussion of auxlangs is welcome.)<br /> <br /> In ??? John Cowan took over actual moderation duties, as &quot;Lord of the Instrumentality&quot;. The torch was later passed to Henrik Theiling, and again (in 2014) jointly to Alex Fink and And Rosta.<br /> <br /> ==List behaviour==<br /> The CONLANG list rejects attachments. <br /> <br /> It also discards the HTML part of MIME-formatted messages: that is, bold or italic text, tables, etcetera will not come through. Your mail client may attempt to make informed substitutions for these in messages you send, but for tables especially this is unreliable; it's best to prepare your tables (and interlinears, etc.) in fixed-width plain text, using spaces for alignment. <br /> <br /> ===Posting limits===<br /> As a traffic-limiting measure, if the list receives more than 99 messages in a given day (in Brown's time zone), all subsequent messages will be automatically held and not delivered until the admin unblocks the list. <br /> <br /> Each individual poster is limited to 7 messages per day. Messages beyond the daily limit are simply bounced, not held for the next day. Posters are encouraged to consolidate several shorter replies on a single topic into a single message.<br /> <br /> ==Subject Topic Tags==<br /> In the subject line of a post, you can mark the post with one of the following tags. Tags are only recognised if a colon follows immediately: no other decoration (e.g. brackets, an extra space) should be used. Any 'Re:' etc. is irrelevant -- the software skips it.<br /> <br /> Good tag syntax:<br /> <br /> CHAT: Is the world really round?<br /> <br /> Bad tag syntax:<br /> <br /> [CHAT]: Is the world really round?<br /> <br /> These are the official tags the listserv software can be instructed to<br /> filter automatically. There are currently exactly four:<br /> * OT: off-topic stuff<br /> * CHAT: off-topic stuff of the conversational sort<br /> * USAGE: natural language usage (all of the YAEPT and similar should use this)<br /> * THEORY: linguistic theory discussions<br /> Only the above tags are official and configured for filtering. However, most advanced mail clients can be set to have extra filters, such as for the following unofficial tags:<br /> <br /> * OFFLIST: not actually seen on-list, this tag is added to make explicitly clear that you are taking a subject offlist (i.e. you're emailing someone directly about it)<br /> <br /> The following are explicitly not included in the list of filterable tags:<br /> * META: threads about CONLANG-L itself<br /> * TECH: technical issues (e.g. email programs, list-related technical problems, etc)<br /> <br /> Finally, there are two meta-tags:<br /> * [CONLANG]: This should not be actually added when starting a new subject; you can make the listserv prepend it automatically to all email (so that you can set your mail client to filter all list traffic)<br /> * &quot;was&quot;: used to change the subject, or more commonly, to indicate that the subject of a thread changed a while ago and you're no longer pretending it's about the original topic<br /> <br /> Example:<br /> <br /> JAMA says flat earth leads to flat [@] (was CHAT: Is the world really round?)<br /> <br /> Note that tags ARE included after the &quot;was&quot;, but &quot;Re:&quot; is NOT, nor is [CONLANG].<br /> <br /> ==Acronyms==<br /> List of acronyms specific to the Conlang Mailing List:<br /> <br /> * AFMCL - &quot;As for my conlang..&quot;<br /> ** AFMOCL - &quot;As for my own conlang&quot;<br /> * ANADEW - &quot;A natlang's already dunnit, except worse&quot;<br /> * ANADEWism - Something you thought was unique, but ANADEW<br /> * IML - &quot;in my 'lect&quot; (dialect or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiolect idiolect], depending on context)<br /> * LCC - the [http://conference.conlang.org Language Creation Conference]<br /> * LCS - the [http://conlang.org Language Creation Society]<br /> * NCNC - &quot;No cross, no crown&quot;. In the context of the list, &quot;don't discuss religion or politics&quot; ([http://recycledknowledge.blogspot.com/2006/05/no-cross-no-crown.html not its more general meaning]).<br /> * NLF2DWS or NLWS - Non-linear [fully 2-dimensional] writing system<br /> * YAEPT (the original acronym) - Yet Another English Pronunciation Thread<br /> ** YADPT ... Dutch Pronunciation ...<br /> ** YAGPT ... German Pronunciation ...<br /> ** YAEGT ... English Grammar ...<br /> ** YAEUT ... English Usage ...<br /> ** general pattern: YA(Language)(Topic)T<br /> <br /> Acronyms not on this list might be in general usage: try [http://www.google.com/search?q=define%3Aafaict Google's define:] or [http://www.acronymfinder.com/ Acronym Finder].<br /> <br /> ==Other conlang-specific vocabulary==<br /> <br /> From [http://cassowary.free.fr/Linguistics/Conlang%20Dictionary/ here] and [http://arthaey.mine.nu/~arthaey/conlang/faq.html here]. See also [[Conlang terminology]].<br /> <br /> con__<br /> * constructed __ (generally a contraction): conlang, conworld, conhistory, conculture, ...<br /> <br /> __lang<br /> * a language characterised by ___ (generally a contraction): conlang, artlang, auxlang, ...<br /> <br /> [[artlang]]<br /> # A language constructed for the beauty or fun of doing so. [From art(istic) + lang(uage)] <br /> # (See conlang) [From art(ificial) + lang(uage)] <br /> <br /> [[auxlang]]<br /> * A language constructed to replace or complement natlangs to facilitate cross-linguistic communication. [From aux(iliary) + lang(uage)] <br /> <br /> concultural [From con(structed) + cultur(e) + al]<br /> * Adjective form of &quot;conculture&quot;.<br /> <br /> [[conculture]] [From con(structed) + culture]<br /> * A fictional culture created as a backdrop to a conlang. See also &quot;conworld&quot;.<br /> <br /> [[conlang]] [From con(structed) + lang(uage)] <br /> # n. A constructed language <br /> # v. To construct a language <br /> <br /> [[CONLANG]] (all caps), conlang-l, Conlang-L, or CONLANG-L<br /> * A very active conlang mailing list hosted by brown.edu, and currently operated by Henrik Theiling<br /> <br /> [[conworld]] [From con(structed) + world]<br /> * A fictional world created to host a conlang or conculture. See also &quot;conculture&quot;.<br /> <br /> [[engelang]] /ˈendʒlæŋ/ [From eng(ineered) + lang(uage)]<br /> * A conlang that is designed to certain criteria, such that it is objectively testable whether the criteria are met or not. This is different from claiming that the criteria themselves are 'objective'. For example, the Lojban/Loglan roots are designed to be maximally recognisable to the speakers of the (numerically) largest languages in the world in proportion to the number of speakers. It is not a matter of taste whether this criterion is met; it is something that can be tested. (by John Cowan) [From eng(ineered) + lang(uage)] <br /> <br /> etabnannery /raːmnænəɹi/ (rare)<br /> * The state of appearing entirely unpredictable, but, upon closer analysis, failing at even being that. [From Etá̄bnann(i), a conlang by Tristan McLeay, which was supposed to have an unpredictable orthography, but ended up just having a confusing one. Damn people trying to make patterns everywhere. At least it's a bugger to typeset!... errm... back to the derivation + -ery] <br /> <br /> maggelity /məˈgɛlɪti/ (rare) [From Maggel, a conlang by Christophe Grandsire which has a rarely predictable orthography] <br /> # The state of being entirely unpredictable. (Tristan McLeay)<br /> # The state of being regularly unpredictable, such as to horribly confuse anyone unfamiliar with the language, lulling them into a full sense of security before pointing out, cartoon-character-style, that the ground no longer exists where they're standing. (Tristan McLeay and H. S. Teoh) <br /> <br /> Maggel's Paradox (rare)<br /> * Your radical ideas have already occurred to others. (Muke Tever)<br /> <br /> [[natlang]] [From nat(ural) + lang(uage)]<br /> # A natural language, i.e., one that naturally developed in the world, as opposed to a conlang.<br /> <br /> ObConlang (or ObCL)<br /> * Just before something about conlanging in an otherwise off-topic post.<br /> * From ob(ligatory) + conlang (i.e., an obligatory on-topic comment about conlangs just so that the post isn't completely off-topic).<br /> <br /> [[translation relay]]<br /> * A game similar to Telephone or Chinese Whispers, wherein the participants translate a passage one at a time, in serial, into their own languages - and then marvel at how far from the original the translations have gotten.<br /> <br /> ==CXS (Conlang X-SAMPA)==<br /> [[CXS]] is a version of X-SAMPA for use on the CONLANG mailing list. X-SAMPA is a way to write the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) using normal plain-ASCII text that everyone can read.<br /> <br /> * [http://www.theiling.de/ipa/ Theiling Online: Conlang X-Sampa (CXS)] - includes CXS-to-IPA conversion chart<br /> * [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Conlang/Appendix/CXS CXS at Wikibooks]<br /> <br /> ==Related lists==<br /> <br /> The Auxlang list, mentioned above, is dedicated to international auxiliary languages. Its archives and subscription interface are at http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/auxlang.html .<br /> <br /> The list relay@calcifer.valdyas.org is dedicated to the planning and conducting of [[conlang relay]]s, q.v. <br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> <br /> * [http://www.arthaey.com/conlang/faq.html Arthaey's Conlang FAQ]<br /> * [http://www.langmaker.com LangMaker] - repository of many conlang &quot;biographies&quot;<br /> * [http://wiki.frath.net Frath Wiki] - a similar site, and host of the Conlang-L (wikified) FAQ<br /> * [http://www.omniglot.com Omniglot] - which has information on more writing systems than you thought could exist<br /> <br /> {{Conlangculture}}<br /> [[Category:Terminology]]</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Conlang-L_FAQ&diff=78735 2014-04-27T23:12:49Z

<p>AlexFink: update moderators &amp; post limits</p> <hr /> <div>==Where to get Conlang-L==<br /> <br /> The official archives are at http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html . From there, you can search the archives, get an RSS feed, manage your subscription, etc.<br /> <br /> It's also the ONLY place you can go to sign up and post things to the list.<br /> <br /> A read-only archive with a nicer user interface is at http://archives.conlang.info/ . [As of April 2009 this archive has ceased mirroring new messages. Henrik Theiling knows about the problem and has said he's planning to fix it but hasn't had time to do so yet.]<br /> <br /> Conlang-L is also &lt;i&gt;mirrored&lt;/i&gt; as a Yahoo group, but there is no way to have posts to the Yahoo group sent to the actual list. Do &lt;b&gt;not&lt;/b&gt; subscribe to the Yahoo group. It has no admin anymore. Go to http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html instead!<br /> <br /> ==A brief history of the list==<br /> <br /> The list evolved from some informal email conversations among an early group of language enthusiasts. The earliest mail mirror was run by John Ross out of the BU physics department, and was up and running by 29 July 1991. It moved to Denmark on 23 March, 1993.<br /> <br /> The original note reads in part:<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;''By agreement with John Ross, the CONLANG mailing list has been moved to diku.dk, the mail hub of the CS Department of the University of Copenhagen. Send all submissions to CONLANG at diku dot dk. The address at buphy still works, but it is just an alias for the new list.''&lt;/p&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt;''Lars Mathiesen (U of Copenhagen CS Dept) (Humour NOT marked)''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> (Note that the submission address in that historical note '''NO LONGER WORKS'''.)<br /> <br /> Later, growing traffic and changes at the university necessitated a move. In January&amp;ndash;February of 1997 the list moved to its current home at Brown University's LISTSERV server. David Durand made the move and actively moderated the list from that point on.<br /> <br /> Before the move, threads centered on debates on the relative merits of [[auxlang]]s had become common on CONLANG; these were often incendiary and irritated many listmembers. Accordingly, when the new CONLANG list was set up at Brown, a sister list AUXLANG was set up to cater to participants of these threads, and auxlang advocacy was banned from CONLANG. It still is. (Dispassionate discussion of auxlangs is welcome.)<br /> <br /> In ??? John Cowan took over actual moderation duties, as &quot;Lord of the Instrumentality&quot;. The torch was later passed to Henrik Theiling, and again (in 2014) jointly to Alex Fink and And Rosta.<br /> <br /> ==List behaviour==<br /> The CONLANG list rejects attachments.<br /> <br /> ===Posting limits===<br /> As a traffic-limiting measure, if the list receives more than 99 messages in a given day (in Brown's time zone), all subsequent messages will be automatically held and not delivered until the admin unblocks the list. <br /> <br /> Each individual poster is limited to 7 messages per day. Messages beyond the daily limit are simply bounced, not held for the next day. Posters are encouraged to consolidate several shorter replies on a single topic into a single message.<br /> <br /> ==Subject Topic Tags==<br /> In the subject line of a post, you can mark the post with one of the following tags. Tags are only recognised if a colon follows immediately: no other decoration (e.g. brackets, an extra space) should be used. Any 'Re:' etc. is irrelevant -- the software skips it.<br /> <br /> Good tag syntax:<br /> <br /> CHAT: Is the world really round?<br /> <br /> Bad tag syntax:<br /> <br /> [CHAT]: Is the world really round?<br /> <br /> These are the official tags the listserv software can be instructed to<br /> filter automatically. There are currently exactly four:<br /> * OT: off-topic stuff<br /> * CHAT: off-topic stuff of the conversational sort<br /> * USAGE: natural language usage (all of the YAEPT and similar should use this)<br /> * THEORY: linguistic theory discussions<br /> Only the above tags are official and configured for filtering. However, most advanced mail clients can be set to have extra filters, such as for the following unofficial tags:<br /> <br /> * OFFLIST: not actually seen on-list, this tag is added to make explicitly clear that you are taking a subject offlist (i.e. you're emailing someone directly about it)<br /> <br /> The following are explicitly not included in the list of filterable tags:<br /> * META: threads about CONLANG-L itself<br /> * TECH: technical issues (e.g. email programs, list-related technical problems, etc)<br /> <br /> Finally, there are two meta-tags:<br /> * [CONLANG]: This should not be actually added when starting a new subject; you can make the listserv prepend it automatically to all email (so that you can set your mail client to filter all list traffic)<br /> * &quot;was&quot;: used to change the subject, or more commonly, to indicate that the subject of a thread changed a while ago and you're no longer pretending it's about the original topic<br /> <br /> Example:<br /> <br /> JAMA says flat earth leads to flat [@] (was CHAT: Is the world really round?)<br /> <br /> Note that tags ARE included after the &quot;was&quot;, but &quot;Re:&quot; is NOT, nor is [CONLANG].<br /> <br /> ==Acronyms==<br /> List of acronyms specific to the Conlang Mailing List:<br /> <br /> * AFMCL - &quot;As for my conlang..&quot;<br /> ** AFMOCL - &quot;As for my own conlang&quot;<br /> * ANADEW - &quot;A natlang's already dunnit, except worse&quot;<br /> * ANADEWism - Something you thought was unique, but ANADEW<br /> * IML - &quot;in my 'lect&quot; (dialect or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiolect idiolect], depending on context)<br /> * LCC - the [http://conference.conlang.org Language Creation Conference]<br /> * LCS - the [http://conlang.org Language Creation Society]<br /> * NCNC - &quot;No cross, no crown&quot;. In the context of the list, &quot;don't discuss religion or politics&quot; ([http://recycledknowledge.blogspot.com/2006/05/no-cross-no-crown.html not its more general meaning]).<br /> * NLF2DWS or NLWS - Non-linear [fully 2-dimensional] writing system<br /> * YAEPT (the original acronym) - Yet Another English Pronunciation Thread<br /> ** YADPT ... Dutch Pronunciation ...<br /> ** YAGPT ... German Pronunciation ...<br /> ** YAEGT ... English Grammar ...<br /> ** YAEUT ... English Usage ...<br /> ** general pattern: YA(Language)(Topic)T<br /> <br /> Acronyms not on this list might be in general usage: try [http://www.google.com/search?q=define%3Aafaict Google's define:] or [http://www.acronymfinder.com/ Acronym Finder].<br /> <br /> ==Other conlang-specific vocabulary==<br /> <br /> From [http://cassowary.free.fr/Linguistics/Conlang%20Dictionary/ here] and [http://arthaey.mine.nu/~arthaey/conlang/faq.html here]. See also [[Conlang terminology]].<br /> <br /> con__<br /> * constructed __ (generally a contraction): conlang, conworld, conhistory, conculture, ...<br /> <br /> __lang<br /> * a language characterised by ___ (generally a contraction): conlang, artlang, auxlang, ...<br /> <br /> [[artlang]]<br /> # A language constructed for the beauty or fun of doing so. [From art(istic) + lang(uage)] <br /> # (See conlang) [From art(ificial) + lang(uage)] <br /> <br /> [[auxlang]]<br /> * A language constructed to replace or complement natlangs to facilitate cross-linguistic communication. [From aux(iliary) + lang(uage)] <br /> <br /> concultural [From con(structed) + cultur(e) + al]<br /> * Adjective form of &quot;conculture&quot;.<br /> <br /> [[conculture]] [From con(structed) + culture]<br /> * A fictional culture created as a backdrop to a conlang. See also &quot;conworld&quot;.<br /> <br /> [[conlang]] [From con(structed) + lang(uage)] <br /> # n. A constructed language <br /> # v. To construct a language <br /> <br /> [[CONLANG]] (all caps), conlang-l, Conlang-L, or CONLANG-L<br /> * A very active conlang mailing list hosted by brown.edu, and currently operated by Henrik Theiling<br /> <br /> [[conworld]] [From con(structed) + world]<br /> * A fictional world created to host a conlang or conculture. See also &quot;conculture&quot;.<br /> <br /> [[engelang]] /ˈendʒlæŋ/ [From eng(ineered) + lang(uage)]<br /> * A conlang that is designed to certain criteria, such that it is objectively testable whether the criteria are met or not. This is different from claiming that the criteria themselves are 'objective'. For example, the Lojban/Loglan roots are designed to be maximally recognisable to the speakers of the (numerically) largest languages in the world in proportion to the number of speakers. It is not a matter of taste whether this criterion is met; it is something that can be tested. (by John Cowan) [From eng(ineered) + lang(uage)] <br /> <br /> etabnannery /raːmnænəɹi/ (rare)<br /> * The state of appearing entirely unpredictable, but, upon closer analysis, failing at even being that. [From Etá̄bnann(i), a conlang by Tristan McLeay, which was supposed to have an unpredictable orthography, but ended up just having a confusing one. Damn people trying to make patterns everywhere. At least it's a bugger to typeset!... errm... back to the derivation + -ery] <br /> <br /> maggelity /məˈgɛlɪti/ (rare) [From Maggel, a conlang by Christophe Grandsire which has a rarely predictable orthography] <br /> # The state of being entirely unpredictable. (Tristan McLeay)<br /> # The state of being regularly unpredictable, such as to horribly confuse anyone unfamiliar with the language, lulling them into a full sense of security before pointing out, cartoon-character-style, that the ground no longer exists where they're standing. (Tristan McLeay and H. S. Teoh) <br /> <br /> Maggel's Paradox (rare)<br /> * Your radical ideas have already occurred to others. (Muke Tever)<br /> <br /> [[natlang]] [From nat(ural) + lang(uage)]<br /> # A natural language, i.e., one that naturally developed in the world, as opposed to a conlang.<br /> <br /> ObConlang (or ObCL)<br /> * Just before something about conlanging in an otherwise off-topic post.<br /> * From ob(ligatory) + conlang (i.e., an obligatory on-topic comment about conlangs just so that the post isn't completely off-topic).<br /> <br /> [[translation relay]]<br /> * A game similar to Telephone or Chinese Whispers, wherein the participants translate a passage one at a time, in serial, into their own languages - and then marvel at how far from the original the translations have gotten.<br /> <br /> ==CXS (Conlang X-SAMPA)==<br /> [[CXS]] is a version of X-SAMPA for use on the CONLANG mailing list. X-SAMPA is a way to write the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) using normal plain-ASCII text that everyone can read.<br /> <br /> * [http://www.theiling.de/ipa/ Theiling Online: Conlang X-Sampa (CXS)] - includes CXS-to-IPA conversion chart<br /> * [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Conlang/Appendix/CXS CXS at Wikibooks]<br /> <br /> ==Related lists==<br /> <br /> The Auxlang list, mentioned above, is dedicated to international auxiliary languages. Its archives and subscription interface are at http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/auxlang.html .<br /> <br /> The list relay@calcifer.valdyas.org is dedicated to the planning and conducting of [[conlang relay]]s, q.v. <br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> <br /> * [http://www.arthaey.com/conlang/faq.html Arthaey's Conlang FAQ]<br /> * [http://www.langmaker.com LangMaker] - repository of many conlang &quot;biographies&quot;<br /> * [http://wiki.frath.net Frath Wiki] - a similar site, and host of the Conlang-L (wikified) FAQ<br /> * [http://www.omniglot.com Omniglot] - which has information on more writing systems than you thought could exist<br /> <br /> {{Conlangculture}}<br /> [[Category:Terminology]]</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Phoneme_hole&diff=77965 2013-12-26T22:02:06Z

<p>AlexFink: square up a table</p> <hr /> <div>{{Brokenlinks}}<br /> <br /> A '''phoneme hole''' is a feature of a language's [[phonology]], where an 'expected' phoneme does not occur. What counts as 'expected' is debatable, but at a pinch, a language would be expected to cover as many combinations of its allowed [[place of articulation]] and [[manner of articulation]] as possible.<br /> <br /> An example of a consonant inventory without holes might be:<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | p || t || k<br /> |-<br /> | b || d || g<br /> |-<br /> | f || s || x<br /> |-<br /> | v || z || ɣ<br /> |-<br /> | m || n || ŋ<br /> |}<br /> <br /> while one with several holes might be:<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | || t || ʈ || k<br /> |-<br /> | b || || ɖ || <br /> |-<br /> | f || s || || x<br /> |-<br /> | m || n || ɳ ||<br /> |-<br /> | ʋ || || ɭ || ɣ<br /> |}<br /> The 6 'missing' phonemes would be **/p, d, g, ʂ, ŋ, l/.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> Phoneme holes may have at least three basic kinds of history:<br /> *A previous phoneme has [[Sound change|changed]] into another sound, leaving its place vacant.<br /> **In example II, possibly *p → f.<br /> *A phoneme class has arisen in a way that does not allow all possible combinations to arise (perhaps reproducing a hole in another part of the phonology).<br /> **In example II, possibly *ʋ, *ɭ → b, ɖ under certain conditions. Since no alveolar (lateral) approximant **l exists, no **d will exist either.<br /> **In example II, possibly *lt, *ln, *l → ʈ, ɳ, ɭ. If no **ls existed, no **ʂ will arise.<br /> *A hole has persisted as long as a language's history is traceable.<br /> **In example II, possibly no **ŋ ever existed.<br /> <br /> ==&quot;Wide&quot; phonemes==<br /> A separate phenomenon from phoneme holes is a lack of ''distinction'' between certain POA/MOA combinations. A phoneme of this type may be realized intermediate to, or varying between the 'expected' values. In example II, possibly /ɣ/ has an [[allophone]] [g] under certain conditions, which would mean that the /g/ slot is not truly vacant.<br /> <br /> Typical examples:<br /> * The open vowel /a/ is in most languages not subject to the front/back contrast distinguishing /i/ and /u/, or /e/ and /o/. Its realization in any individual language may vary from front [a] to central [ä] to back [ɑ]. <br /> * The [[labial-velar approximant]] /w/ in most languages contrasts neither with a [[bilabial approximant]] nor a [[velar approximant]]. In many cases, a more economic analysis than considering it a language's only consonant at the labiovelar place of articulation, is to consider it as simultaneously occypying the labial ''and'' the velar POAs.<br /> <br /> ==Common one-phoneme holes==<br /> * Implosives: lack of the velar implosive /ɠ/<br /> * Nasals: lack of the [[velar nasal]] /ŋ/ or the [[palatal nasal]] /ɲ/ (occasionally both)<br /> * Stops:<br /> ** Among voiced stops, lack of the backmost member, usually the [[voiced velar stop]] /g/ (commonly due to [[lenition]]). In languages that have [[uvular]] consonants and a voice distinction, the [[voiced uvular stop]] /ɢ/ is almost universally replaced by a [[voiced uvular fricative]] /ʁ/.<br /> ** Among voiceless stops, lack of the [[voiceless bilabial stop]] /p/ (commonly due to a shift to /ɸ/ → /f/ or /h/)<br /> <br /> ==Impossible phonemes==<br /> Certain POA/MOA combinations are '''necessarily''' lacking from human languages due to articulatory constraints. These include, among others:<br /> * Labial laterals<br /> * Glottal nasals<br /> * Voiced glottal stop<br /> <br /> {{Phonetics and Phonology}}</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Conlang_terminology&diff=76874 2013-09-23T08:46:13Z

<p>AlexFink: /* Conlang-exclusive terms */ add the unusual morphological alignments</p> <hr /> <div>'''Conlang Terminology''' is used by conlangers (people who create languages) who deal with a number of specific things in their own community, which may be rather uncommon to see elsewhere. As a result of this, the conlanging community (community of people who make languages) has its own [[Wikipedia:Jargon|jargon]]. <br /> <br /> ==Making a Conlang==<br /> The most common way to say &quot;make a language&quot; is to say &quot;conlang&quot;. &quot;Conlang&quot;, thus, can be either a verb or a noun. &quot;I am conlanging.&quot; &quot;This is a conlang.&quot;<br /> <br /> Another (less-common) way to express the same thing is to use the word '''glossopoeia''' or ''glossopoesis''. The first term is widely attributed to J.R.R. Tolkien, but it's [http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind1105d&amp;L=conlang&amp;T=0&amp;F=&amp;S=&amp;P=17851 not clear] that he actually used the word in this sense (it has a more mundane sense in classical Greek). The word doesn't occur in his essay on conlang, &quot;A Secret Vice&quot;, nor in his published letters. The earliest print citation anyone has found [http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind1105d&amp;L=conlang&amp;T=0&amp;F=&amp;S=&amp;P=19696 so far] is the title of the ''Glossopoeic Quarterly'' in 1988.<br /> <br /> ==Types of conlangs==<br /> ===The &quot;reason&quot; classification system===<br /> &lt;!-- material copied, GFDL, from Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_language, <br /> to be modified according to local ethos of this wiki, more informal comments than are appropriate in WP --&gt;<br /> <br /> *'''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineered_language Engineered languages]''' (''[[engelang]]s'' {{IPA|/ˈendʒlæŋz/}}), further subdivided into '''philosophical languages''', '''logical languages''' (''[[loglang]]s'') and '''experimental languages'''; devised for the purpose of experimentation in logic, philosophy or linguistics. The term was originated in February 2001 by John Cowan and And Rosta.[http://archives.conlang.info/phi/zelghon/jhaufuersuan.html]<br /> *'''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_auxiliary_language Auxiliary languages]''' (''[[auxlang]]s'') &amp;mdash; devised for international communication (also '''IAL'''s, for International Auxiliary Language, or '''conIAL'''s, constructed international auxiliary languages, by contrast with Latin or other natlangs which have been used as IALs)<br /> *'''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_language Artistic languages]''' (''[[artlang]]s'') &amp;mdash; devised to create aesthetic pleasure or humorous effect<br /> <br /> ====History of the &quot;reason&quot; classification system====<br /> This classification system grew out of discussions on the [[CONLANG]] mailing list in the 1990s and early 2000s. As early as [http://www.glossopoeia.org/conlang/conl92d.txt 3 November 1992], Lars Henrik Mathiesen spoke of artlangs, auxlangs and &quot;research langs&quot;, apparently what we call engelangs now. And Rosta named an earlier version of this system (with &quot;loglang&quot; in place of &quot;engelang&quot;) the &quot;Gnoli Triangle&quot;, based on Claudio Gnoli's description of his conlang Liva; at the time, the word &quot;engelang&quot; hadn't been coined yet, and &quot;loglang&quot; was used in a wider sense than it is now. Ray Brown uses a modified version with &quot;engelang&quot; in place of &quot;loglang&quot;, calling it the [http://www.carolandray.plus.com/Glosso/Glossopoeia.html &quot;Conlang triangle&quot;]. Many conlangs are not at the vertices of the triangle (pure engelang, auxlang, or artlang) but somewhere along the edges or in the space in the middle.<br /> <br /> ===The &quot;origin&quot; classification system===<br /> An older, very basic classification system was applied originally to philosophical languages and auxlangs, but is meaningful for artlangs as well:<br /> <br /> *''[[a posteriori]]'' conlangs take their vocabulary from one or more natural languages (even if the grammar is very different from those natlangs)<br /> *''[[a priori]]'' conlangs have vocabulary whose phonological forms were invented from scratch (even if their grammar is strongly influenced by certain natlangs)<br /> <br /> Occasionally one sees these terms used to refer to whether or not a conlang's grammar is based closely on one or more natlangs, but this is not the most standard use. Historically, with the philosophical languages and auxlangs of the late 18th to early 20th centuries, there was probably a close correlation between ''a priori''ness in vocabulary and ''a priori''ness in grammar and semantics; but with the wider variety of conlangs being developed in recent years, this correlation is not as strong.<br /> <br /> ===Alternative (less common) classification methods===<br /> * '''Personal language''', '''hermetic language''', '''''langue close''''' or '''heartlang''', a language someone creates for personal use; the latter two terms emphasize that they try to become fluent in their language to use it in expressing their private thoughts in a way that natlangs or other conlangs aren't suitable for. Javant Biarujia's [[Taneraic]] is probably the most famous such hermetic language; he coined the term ''langue close'' by analogy with French ''maison close''. Paul Burgess's [[mna Vanantha]], which he also calls &quot;Hermetic&quot;, was recently discussed at length in Sarah L. Higley's ''Hildegard of Bingen's Unknown Language''. The term &quot;heartlang&quot; was coined by Rick Harrison.<br /> <br /> *'''[[Altlang]]''', a general term for an alternate-history artlang, especially naturalistic diachronically derived artlangs such as:<br /> ** '''[[Romlang]]''', a naturalistic artlang derived from Vulgar Latin or Proto-Romance; usually set in an alternate history where the Roman Empire's linguistic influence was stronger in some area than it was in our own history. Andrew Smith's Brithenig is the granddaddy of romlangs.<br /> *'''[[Lostlang]]''', a fictional language that is assumed to exist (or once have existed) in a world otherwise the same as our world, being small enough not to make a difference. The term is derived from the [[League of Lost Languages]], which provides a common framework for such languages.<br /> *'''[[Fauxlang]]''', a conlang with the design criteria of an auxlang but without the political goals of an auxlang (&quot;the same thing we do every night, Pinky... try to take over the world!&quot;). Some fauxlangs are also altlangs, auxlangs created by a fictional serious auxlanger in an alternate history; e.g. Rex May's Texperanto (created by a Zamenhof who immigrated to the Republic of Texas), and Ray Brown's Ελληνικό άνευ Κλίσι, a [[The WHAT|Greek-empire-timeline]] version of Peano's Latine Sine Fleksione.<br /> <br /> *'''Taxonomic languages''' are usually engelangs, specifically '''philosophical languages''', where the sequence of phonemes in a word specifies the position of the concept it represents in a taxonomic hierarchy; examples are Ro and John Wilkins' Real Character.<br /> <br /> *'''[[Exolang]]''', a language spoken by fictional nonhuman aliens, especially if it also violates human language universals. Quenya is spoken by fictional nonhumans, but probably wouldn't be called an exolang because it looks like a typical human language. Admired exolangs include Sylvia Sotomayor's [http://www.terjemar.net/kelen.php Kēlēn] and Jeffrey Henning's [http://www.langmaker.com/fith.htm Fith]. This term seems to be most used on the Conlang Relay list; elsewhere &quot;alien language&quot; might be more common.<br /> <br /> *'''[[Euroclone]]''', a term used primarily on the AUXLANG list but also elsewhere. It is used generally to refer to auxlangs that more or less resemble Western European models. Some use the term for a narrow set of auxlangs like Interlingua; some use it a bit more broadly to include more schematic European-based auxlangs like Esperanto and Ido. The term is pejorative as used by some speakers, particularly those who think an ideal auxlang should be based on worldwide rather than primarily or exclusively European sources.[http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0512A&amp;L=AUXLANG&amp;T=0&amp;F=&amp;S=&amp;P=13354] An older usage applied the term to any conlang based on European sources, including e.g. romlangs as well as the aforementioned auxlangs.<br /> <br /> *'''[[Worldlang]]''', a term primarily used on the AUXLANG list; sometimes to mean an auxlang intended for global use in contrast to one intended for regional (e.g. Europe only) use, more recently used to refer to auxlangs that take their vocabulary from a variety of natlangs of different language families, not just Western European languages.[http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0710B&amp;L=AUXLANG&amp;P=R1153&amp;D=0&amp;T=0] Some users of the term seem to emphasize globally accessible lowest-common denominator phonology and grammar, as well (e.g., CV syllables with a small phoneme inventory; few or no mandatory inflectional categories).<br /> <br /> *'''[[Hagioglossa]]''' or '''ritlang''', terms coined on the CONLANG list but rarely used as yet, a conlang devised for religious or ritual purposes (prayer, meditation, worship, etc.)[http://archives.conlang.info/ka/qhuqan/sheinjaulghuen.html]<br /> <br /> *'''[[Planlang]]''', occasionally proposed as a synonym of &quot;engelang&quot; but scarcely used in that sense, and also (slightly more often but not very often) used as an abbreviation of &quot;planned language&quot;, a common term for auxlangs<br /> <br /> *'''[[Lablang]]''', occasionally proposed as a synonym of &quot;engelang&quot; but rarely used.<br /> <br /> *'''[[Sketchlang]]''', a conlang whose grammar or vocabulary or both is very incomplete; perhaps implying that the creator has no intention of fully developing it<br /> <br /> ===Descriptive terms for conlangs===<br /> *'''ANADEW''': Another Natlang Already Did it Even Worse, or Another Natlang Already Did it, Except Worse. The phenomenon of discovering that a weird, supposedly original feature in your conlang already exists in some natural language. Also, &quot;anadewism&quot;.[http://www.google.com/search?num=50&amp;hl=en&amp;domains=archives.conlang.info&amp;sitesearch=archives.conlang.info&amp;q=anadewism&amp;btnG=Search&amp;sitesearch=archives.conlang.info]<br /> <br /> * '''Relex''', a term of criticism saying that someone has naively or unreflectively imitated their native language too closely in creating a conlang. Many conlangers' first attempts at conlanging are relexes of their native language on one level or another. Also occasionally called &quot;codes&quot;, &quot;cipherlangs&quot; or &quot;nooblangs&quot;.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Kitchen sink conlang]]'''[http://archives.conlang.info/ci/khakei/kuekhoenbhuen.html], a term of criticism saying that someone has thrown in too many features in their conlang without considering how they work together or what the overall ethos of the conlang should be. Sai Emrys doesn't use the term in his [http://community.livejournal.com/conlangs/339595.html Conlang Evaluation] essay, but he probably has this kind of thing in mind in saying &quot;Somebody’s been learning new things in Linguistics class again...&quot; Many conlangers' ''second'' attempts at conlanging are kitchen sink collections of all the neat features they've been reading about lately and the spiffy phonemes they've just learned to pronounce.<br /> <br /> * '''Maggelity''', a term used mostly on the CONLANG mailing list[http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0207B&amp;L=conlang&amp;P=R13711] to describe the quality of conlangs with extreme degrees of irregularity even beyond what's found in natlangs; from Christophe Grandsire's conlang [[Maggel]] and its baroque orthography and grammar[http://archives.conlang.info/va/fhaerzua/gabhianjian.html]. Also adjective forms '''maggelic''', '''maggelitous''', '''maggelitinous'''.<br /> <br /> * '''Etabnannery''', adj. '''etabnanneric''' or '''etabnannimous''': a quality of languages with extremely complex but regular orthography, usually due to retention of archaically phonemic spelling, or spelling that fails to reflect sandhi and other phonological processes.[http://archives.conlang.info/jhau/cuefhei/zhualviaqhian.html]<br /> <br /> ===Conlang-exclusive terms===<br /> There are some grammatical or typological terms that are used only with respect to conlangs, or have a different sense with respect to conlangs although they originated in standard linguistics:<br /> <br /> *'''[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Conlang/Advanced/Grammar/Trigger_languages Trigger languages]''' have an unusual type of [[morphosyntactic alignment]] apparently found only in conlangs. The term, and the way the conlangs work, was apparently inspired by attempts to understand the applicativization systems of Austronesian languages like Tagalog.[http://archives.conlang.info/zo/cuerbho/chanzurvhuan.html]<br /> <br /> *'''Monster raving loony''' (or '''MRL''') languages have the same case and syntactic behaviour for transitive agents and patients, and a different one for intransitive subjects. '''Clairvoyant''' languages do not distinguish agents, patients, and intransitive subjects at all, morphologically or syntactically. These terms are due to [http://www.xibalba.demon.co.uk/jbr/ranto/r.html Justin B Rye]; for the more common morphosyntactic alignments conlangers tend to use the standard terms (''accusative'', ''ergative'', ''active'', ''tripartite'', ...)<br /> <br /> *'''Oligosynthetic''' languages, where all words are built from a fairly small set of root morphemes, apparently don't exist in the wild but there are a few conlangs of that nature; similarly '''oligoisolating''' languages with a restricted set of root words that don't compound but express more complex meanings through phrases, e.g. [[Toki Pona]].<br /> <br /> *'''Correlative''' is a catch-all term used in Esperanto grammar, and sometimes in describing conlangs whose design was influenced by Esperanto, to refer to demonstratives, interrogative and relative pronouns and adverbs, and (especially if they are morphologically related to the aforementioned particles in a given language, as they are in Esperanto) words such as &quot;someone&quot;, &quot;nowhere&quot;, &quot;anyhow&quot;, etc.<br /> <br /> *'''[[List of self-segregating morphology methods|Self-segregating morphology]]''' is a quality some auxlangs and many engelangs have whereby one can always tell at a glance where one morpheme or word leaves off and another begins.<br /> <br /> *'''Verb-drop''', a term coined by analogy with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-drop_language &quot;pro-drop&quot;], a term for conlangs where the verb can be omitted when it's obvious from the cases or adpositions applied to the nouns in a sentence.<br /> <br /> *''Naturalistic'' has at least two senses. In an auxlang context, it refers to a high degree of ''a posteriori''ness in both grammar and vocabulary, i.e. the language imitates one or more specific source natlangs closely. In this sense, Interlingua is more &quot;naturalistic&quot; than Esperanto, which is more naturalistic than Volapük. In an artlang context, it refers to verisimilitude ''qua'' natural human language -- if an artlang could be mistaken for an obscure natlang by a linguist who doesn't know it's constructed, then it's very &quot;naturalistic&quot; in this sense; it doesn't matter whether it's ''a priori'' or ''a posteriori''. All the aforementioned auxlangs are too regular to be mistaken for natlangs, and thus not very naturalistic in the artlang sense.<br /> <br /> ==Other Terms==<br /> ===Conlanger Meetings===<br /> Yes, yes! We all know by now some of the more slangy meanings of the word ''boink'', but the term also has a long if sporadic history in the conlanging community. A ''conlang boink'' is any face-to-face meeting of conlangers for the purpose of having good conversation, good food and drink all in the company of other like-minded individuals. The term's use can be verified on the Conlang list back as far as 1999 as part of the fuller phrase ''a proper Conlang boink''. Another term for a meeting of conlangers, dating back to 2009, is a ''Conlang Moot''. Since the inception of the [[Language Creation Society]], the term ''[[Language Creation Conference]]'' has become established and regularized for a more formal gathering of conlangers where papers and projects are formally presented all in a more formal atmosphere.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category: Terminology]]<br /> {{Conlangculture}}</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Mordvinic&diff=75075 2013-05-12T04:09:34Z

<p>AlexFink: /* On the correspondence PU *m → /v/ */ putting an &quot;e&quot; back in &quot;heart&quot;, for homophone avoidance (hope you don&#039;t mind badly)</p> <hr /> <div>Some reconstruction notes.<br /> ==Development from [[Proto-Uralic]]==<br /> Changes shared with Samic in &lt;span style=&quot;color:#A0A0A0&quot;&gt;gray&lt;/span&gt;, those also shared with Finnic in &lt;span style=&quot;color:#00D000&quot;&gt;green&lt;/span&gt;, and those with even wider distribution in &lt;span style=&quot;color:#D08000&quot;&gt;orange&lt;/span&gt;.<br /> * &lt;span style=&quot;color:#D08000&quot;&gt;*V → *Vː / _x&lt;/span&gt; (both preconsonantal and prevocalic!)<br /> ** &lt;span style=&quot;color:#D08000&quot;&gt;*x → ∅ / _C&lt;/span&gt;<br /> * &lt;span style=&quot;color:#A0A0A0&quot;&gt;*a → *o / _C*ə&lt;/span&gt; (except _Ć, _x)<br /> * &lt;span style=&quot;color:#00D000&quot;&gt;*ë → *a&lt;/span&gt;<br /> * *ü → *i; initially *wi-<br /> ** and *ü → *u / _Cu? *śokś ~ BF *süksü &quot;autumn&quot;, *lovca &quot;milk&quot; ~ BF *lüpsü &quot;milking&quot; (or ~ PU *lupsa &quot;dew&quot;?), *povo ~ BF *püvü ?? &quot;hazelhen&quot;<br /> *Vowel height switch:<br /> *# &lt;span style=&quot;color:#D08000&quot;&gt;*i *u → *ɪ *ʊ&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *# *Vː → *V<br /> *# *e *o → *i *u (assuming a long stage not required)<br /> *# &lt;span style=&quot;color:#00D000&quot;&gt;*ɪ *ʊ → *e *o&lt;/span&gt; (but in Finnic clearly not by common inheritance, as *i *u remain)<br /> ** *o remains before *ŋ however (*čov *joŋs *lokśəj *oŋ poŋgo/pov *sova-, possibly *poŋa ~ Es põv, or poŋgo/povə ~ Es pooma (depending on if *uŋa → BF *oo))<br /> ** Possibly including: &lt;span style=&quot;color:#A0A0A0&quot;&gt;*ɪː *ʊː → *iː *uː → *i *u&lt;/span&gt; (*wêxə- → *vij-)<br /> ** Last two stages probably postdate vowel reduction (given loanwords like *kerda → *kirda)<br /> * Stress shifts from *e / *o to a later-syllable *ä / *a<br /> * &lt;span style=&quot;color:#D08000&quot;&gt;*mt → *nt&lt;/span&gt;<br /> * &lt;span style=&quot;color:#D08000&quot;&gt;*ć → *ś&lt;/span&gt; (if PU *ć even existed; PMo *ć ∃ in Mk ''oćä'', seems to be secondary; lenition may be later than voicing: *eś ~ ''itse'', *śiśəm ~ ''seitsen'', *veśə ~ P. vo/ać)<br /> *Medial lenition, round 1 (all this when intervocalic or prenasal)<br /> ** &lt;span style=&quot;color:#D08000&quot;&gt;*pp *tt *čč *kk → *p *t *č *k&lt;/span&gt; (clear examples exist only for *pp though!)<br /> ** &lt;span style=&quot;color:#D08000&quot;&gt;*p *t *k → *b *d *g&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ** &lt;span style=&quot;color:#D08000&quot;&gt;*s *š *ś&lt;/span&gt; *x → &lt;span style=&quot;color:#D08000&quot;&gt;*z *ž *ź&lt;/span&gt; *j<br /> ** *č, however, remains strictly unvoiced<br /> * *nź → ź? (Er. ''saźi-'' ~ P. *suudź-)<br /> * *rs *šn → š (*kürsä *warsa *wešnä → *kši *vašə *višɜ)<br /> ** or *ər → š? (Ir. *kārt → *kšńi, but cf. Av. *rt → &lt;š&gt;)<br /> * Word-final *ə → ∅ after a single consonant, or peripheral + sibilant (*joŋs *käťks *lafś *mekš *piks *soks *sokś *suks, ? *vaks)<br /> ** after this, unstress'd *ä *a → *ə too<br /> ** secondarily *ə → ∅ / al_ (''al kal pal sal val'')<br /> ** possibly also *ə → ∅ / {j w ŋ}_ ? (*čoŋ *toŋ *vej) <br /> ** unclear: *marja → *maŕ, *ora(wa) → *ur<br /> * *ðʲ → *lʲ / #_, _C (only ''ĺom~lajmä'', *śulgə)<br /> * Palatalization redistribution<br /> ** *t *d *n *l *r (but not *s/*z!) → *ť *ď *ń *ŕ *ĺ before/after front vowels/*j<br /> ** *ń → *n initially before back vowels (the *n/*ń contrast is completely lost initially)<br /> ** Palatalization occurs also in some back-vocalic *ə-stem verbs (*koĺgə- *kuĺə- *moĺə- *poŕə- *sëńďə- *uĺə-, possibly *pańə- if ~ F. *pane- rather than *paina-)<br /> ** Non-alveolar consonants are also palatalized before front vowels, but this remains allophonic.<br /> * *j *w → ∅ /C_, *w → *v elsewhere<br /> * Medial lenition, round 2 (intervocalic)<br /> ** *b → *v (also r_V: *karvə *ku/orva- *tərva *u/eŕva)<br /> ** *g → *v/*j (per vowel backness)<br /> * But: *ð, *ðʲ → *d<br /> * *kt *pt → *ft; *ps *pś → fs fś (*lafś *lofsa)<br /> * *k → *t / C_# (in the imperativ)<br /> […TBC…]<br /> <br /> ==Development to the individual languages==<br /> Vowels:<br /> * Erzya:<br /> ** *ä → e<br /> ** Dialectally, *e → ä (but *ä always → e!)<br /> ** *a → o / _j. (''ojdor&lt;!-- &lt; *aja-?! --&gt; ojmams ojme voj kojme'', perhaps ''ĺom'' ~ Mk ''lajmä'', ''bojar nojabŕa vojna'' ~ Mk ''bajar najabŕä vajna'' (&lt; Ru боярин ноябрь война); but ''ajge- g/kajge- tajmaza'', ''g/kajťan-'' &lt; Ru гайтан.)<br /> ** in later syllables e ə → e/o per harmony; some exceptions (''piźol'')<br /> * Mokša:<br /> ** *ə → ä/a / _# per harmony; ä also after palatals, a after nonpalatal *s/*z (or other alveolars)<br /> ** *əj *əw → i u<br /> ** *i *u → ə / initial pretonic<br /> A possible final *-ə/-ä contrast does not seem reconstructible (will write *-ɜ), but should medially remain in Mk. (''śäjäŕ'')<br /> <br /> Consonants:<br /> * Erzya:<br /> ** *š → č / #_ (dialectal)<br /> ** *j → ∅ / _e (fed by *ä-raising; *je- previously didn't exist)<br /> ** *nd → n / 3rd+ syllable<br /> * Mokša:<br /> ** *č → š / #_<br /> ** *k → ∅ / F_š (''jäšä käšə- ĺeš meš päšä ťišä äšťəŕ'' - but: ''šäkši''), also sometimes #_šC (before nonpalatals? ''šna šta'', but ''kšńi kšńit'')<br /> ** Devoicing: m n r l j v → p t r̥ l̥ ç f / _{p t c č k}. Dialectally ç → ɕ.<br /> ** *s → ś / _F<br /> ** n → ń / #_Vŕ (''ńuŕa- ńuŕgə- ńuŕgamə-'') (check other palatals?)<br /> * *ŋ → j/v per harmony, except dialectally in Erzya<br /> A development *pt → *ft → Erzya vt (sim. for *kt) may make better sense than a common voiced stage. (Coda /v/ is generally realized as [w].)<br /> <br /> ==On the correspondence PU *m → /v/==<br /> <br /> After PU *u<br /> * *lumə &quot;sno&quot; → *loŋ (!)<br /> * *kumV &quot;cloud&quot; → *kovol<br /> <br /> Suffix exchange?<br /> * *śüðäm(ə) &quot;heart&quot; → *śeďeŋ<br /> <br /> Versus BF *-u<br /> * *śëmə(-w?) → *śëëmu → *śav (cf. BF *soomu)<br /> * ''*suv'' &quot;fog&quot; ~ BF *sumu ~ S. *somō<br /> * *ĺevəš &quot;lime bast&quot; ~ BF *lehmus ~ Ma. ''*nəməštə''<br /> <br /> Limited comparanda<br /> * Er. ''jav'' &quot;joint&quot; ~ BF *jama ~ S *jōmē<br /> * ''*šov'' &quot;butt of knife&quot; ~ BF *hamara ~ S *ši/ëmērē ← Gmc *hamaraz<br /> * ''*šovar'' &quot;mortar&quot; ~ BF *huumar ~ Ma. *šuer<br /> * *luv &quot;gap&quot; ~ FS *loma ~ Ma. *lu ~ B *loma<br /> * *toŋ (!) &quot;kernel&quot; ~ F. ''tuma ~ tuuma'' ~ E. ''tuum'' ~ Me. ''tum'' ~ Hi. ''toŋ''<br /> * *kav &quot;granary, barn&quot; ~ K. ''kum'' &quot;loft&quot;<br /> <br /> But not in:<br /> * Er. ''kumoka'' &quot;fever&quot; ~ BF *kuuma &quot;hot&quot;<br /> * *lamə &quot;many&quot; ~ BF *laama<br /> * *šamə &quot;shape&quot; ~ BF *haamo<br /> * *kuma → *koma, *juma- → ''*jumi-'', *tOmmV → *tumə<br /> * *numələ *śumərdə- ''umaŕ'' ''*komər'' Er. ''umok''<br /> * *ĺem *kämə<br /> * #ĺajmə *ĺäm *śimə-<br /> <br /> Also *p ~ Mari *m<br /> * *karvə &quot;fly&quot; ~ BF *kärpä-, Ma. #ka/arme<br /> <br /> cf. Hungarian:<br /> *kumi → ''hava-, hó''<br /> <br /> ==*kt notes==<br /> Ravila '33:<br /> * Mk ĺiç/ɕťə- (Selišče, Pšenevo) ~ ĺifťə- &quot;hervornehmen/-ziehen/-quellen/-sprudeln&quot; (kausatiivi?)<br /> * Mk ĺiçťəma (Gorodišče) &quot;lähde&quot;<br /> * Mk śeɕťə- (Pš.) ~ Er. sevťnə- &quot;sormeilla&quot;<br /> * Mk ťiçťəďə- (Čembar) ~ ťifťəďə- (Sel.) &quot;ochutitjsja&quot;<br /> * ńäfťə- &quot;näyttää&quot;, vifťə- &quot;johdattaa&quot; (*vêx-ta-), ĺifťə- &quot;paeta&quot; ← ĺijə- &quot;lentää&quot; (eikä ← *läkti-?)<br /> <br /> {{Natlangs}}</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Velar_consonant&diff=73400 2013-02-24T15:55:10Z

<p>AlexFink: /* To */ I had been characterising that Apachean change poorly</p> <hr /> <div>{{Brokenlinks}}<br /> <br /> '''Velar consonants''' are the most common type of [[dorsal consonant]]s, pronounced with the dorsum of the tongue raised towards the soft palate (or velum). [[Velarization]] utilizes the same gesture, but with another primary articulation. Velar or further back closure is used to produce the airflow in [[click]]s, but their [[POA]] are generally defined by the front articulation (this also implies the impossibility of a velar click; not that it stopped [[IPA]] from creating a symbol for one).<br /> <br /> [[Back vowel]]s may also be characterized as velar, tho for those in the [ɔ] to [ɑ] region &quot;uvular&quot; or &quot;pharyngeal&quot; may be more accurate descriptions.<br /> <br /> ==Plosives==<br /> The [[voiceless velar stop]] /k/ is nigh-universal in languages of the world and commonly a high-frequency consonant. When [[aspiration]] or [[ejective]]ness are contrasted, the same applies to these counterparts. Languages lacking /k/ have generally previously shifted it to /ʔ/ (examples include Tahitian and perhaps [[wikipedia:Xavante language|Xavante]]) or have other voiceless dorsal stops, usually at least /kʷ/ (sometimes /kp/ ([http://web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/L/L4133.html Klao]) or /q/ ([http://web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/L/L6105.html Hupa])). A third , more academic possibility is a language not making any voicing distinction in stops and having [k] as an allophone of a consonant best described as /g/.<br /> <br /> By contrast, the [[voiced velar stop]] /g/ (or /ɡ/, if you are a stickler for proper typography) is considerably more unstable than its other &quot;basic&quot; counterparts /b/ and /d/; languages with a [[Phoneme hole|hole]] at /g/ are found randomly scattered around the world, with little areal relevance. Known pathways of elimination include → /ɣ/, also a likely intermediate on the road towards loss. [[Arabic]] has freak unmotivated unconditional palatalization to /ʤ/ (while in many dialects leaving /k/ be). ''(I think this is one of a number of hints for Classical Arabic /q/ having been [ɢ] --ed.)'' The [[Velar implosive|implosive]] /ɠ/ is subject to a similar limitation.<br /> <br /> A curious exception of stop distribution is (Xalxa) [[Mongolian]], which lacks /k/ but has /g/.<br /> <br /> ==Affricates==<br /> Voiceless velar affricates occur mostly as an areal feature in Southern Africa, commonly furthermore being ejective and in some cases (Zulu, Archi) lateral. Voiceless velar lateral affricates tend to vary with clusters of a velar stop and an alveolar lateral (Zulu, Archi (might just be notational difference there)). It is also fleetingly found in some [[High German]] dialects, demonstrating its role as the intermediate in the change /kʰ/ → /x/.<br /> <br /> Voiced velar affricates are completely unattested, both as phonemic and as a predictable allophone of any other consonant.<br /> <br /> ==Fricatives==<br /> Velar fricatives [[Voiceless velar fricative|/x/]] and [[Voiced velar fricative|/ɣ/]] are not uncommon, tho not as common as their stop or labial/alveolar counterparts.<br /> &lt;!-- UPSID /k/ 403, /s/ ~200, /f/ 150, /x/ 95<br /> /g/ 253, /z/ ~100, /v/ 95, /ɣ/ 55--&gt;<br /> <br /> Lateral velar fricatives are possible, but rare.<br /> <br /> ==Nasal==<br /> The [[velar nasal]] /ŋ/ is even more commonly lacking as a phoneme than /g/, tho for some reason its distribution is more tied to areal factors. Additionally, among languages that do have /ŋ/, there is also a strong tendency to disallow the word-initial position (examples include the [[Germanic languages]]; exceptions include Austronesian and most languages of Siberia) and sometimes any onset position ([[Mandarin]]).<br /> <br /> ==Other sonorants==<br /> The [[labial-velar approximant]] /w/ is more common than the plain velar version /ɰ/. This is not surprising, since both are high back [[semivowel]]s, and the high back rounded vowel /u/ is also more common than the high back unrounded vowel /ɯ/.<br /> <br /> A velar lateral approximant /ʟ/ is very rare (a velarized alveolar /ɫ/ is somewhat more common), to the point of being about as common as its obstruent counterparts.<br /> <br /> Velar trills or flaps are impossible (but see [[velopharyngeal trill]])<br /> <br /> ==Sound changes involving velars==<br /> ===From===<br /> Velar consonants may commonly be palatalized into palatal consonants near front vowels (which may then decay via [[assibilation]] or similar pathways). This change is also attested as spontaneous in languages that contrast velars with [[uvular consonant]]s, especially where there is a simultaneous rounding contrast, in indigenous languages of the Pacific coast of North America. This is also hypothesized of [[Proto-Indo-European]] in some reconstructions, considering that there are ''(AFAIK --ed.)'' no clear examples of palatal stops becoming velar stops.<br /> <br /> Another typical POA change is retraction to uvular near back vowels (a much rarer spin on this occurs in [[Lahu]], where velars become uvular before all vowels). Spontaneous backing is attested for the fricatives in many Afro-Asiatic languages.<br /> <br /> Labialization can occur near rounded vowels, and resulting labialized velars are capable of turning to labials (eg. [[Greek]]). The change of *w → /v/, ubiquitous in continental European languages, also falls under this.<br /> <br /> Other velar → non-velar sound changes are *w → /j/ (in [[Hebrew]]), *ɣ → /j/ (in many languages), *ŋ → /n/ (in [[Chuvash]], [[Hawaiian]])<br /> <br /> ===To===<br /> Sound changes that systematically create velars are rare. Regardless there are attested examples, including<br /> *labialized labials → labialized velars (in [[Oceanic]])<br /> *linguolabials → labialized velars (in [[Athabascan]]; via a similar intermediate as the previous?)<br /> Sound changes creating some individual velar sound are somewhat more numerous:<br /> *in languages with small consonant inventories originally lacking velar stops, /p/ → /k/ (Arapaho), /t/ → /k/ (in Oceanic, generally part of a [[chain shift|pull chain]] with /k/ → /ʔ/ previously)<br /> */tʰ/ → /tx/, in some languages further → /kx/ (Athabascan); preaspirate stops → /x/ + stop (Celtic)<br /> */ʃ/ → /x/ (in [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] ([[ruki]]), [[Spanish]], possibly [[Finnish|Finnic]], reportedly certain dialects of [[Japanese]])<br /> */f/ → /x/ (some [[Salish languages]], a few [[Italic languages]])<br /> */h/ → /x/ (probably somewhere)<br /> */h/ → /ŋ/ ([[Wikipedia:Rhinoglottophilia|rhinoglottophilia]] - [[Nyole]])<br /> */ɫ/ → /w/ (common, eg. [[French]]), /ɰ/ or /ɣ/ <br /> *the same, starting from /r/ (English seems to be on this road)<br /> *creation of /w/ from (back) vowels by [[diphthongization]]<br /> *∅ → /w/ epenthetically near rounded vowels<br /> *∅ → /ŋ/ word-initially (a [[Samoyedic]] idiosyncrasy)<br /> *∅ → /k/ epenthetically between vowels (''example needed'')<br /> *[[Ugaritic]] appears to have very strange changes from original *θʼ / *ðˤ (emphatic interdental) and *tɬʼ / *ɬˤ (emphatic lateral) to *ɣ.<br /> */ð/ → /ɣ/ ([[Irish]] and [[Scottish Gaelic]])<br /> <br /> {{Phonetics and Phonology}}</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Talk:Dr._Zahir%E2%80%99s_Ethnographical_Questionnaire&diff=73399 2013-02-24T15:52:43Z

<p>AlexFink: moved Talk:Dr. Zahir’s Ethnographical Questionnaire to Talk:Dr. Zahir&#039;s Ethnographical Questionnaire: curly quotes aren&#039;t an awesome idea; they&#039;re harder to type than the simple ASCII ones</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Talk:Dr. Zahir's Ethnographical Questionnaire]]</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Talk:Dr._Zahir%27s_Ethnographical_Questionnaire&diff=73398 2013-02-24T15:52:43Z

<p>AlexFink: moved Talk:Dr. Zahir’s Ethnographical Questionnaire to Talk:Dr. Zahir&#039;s Ethnographical Questionnaire: curly quotes aren&#039;t an awesome idea; they&#039;re harder to type than the simple ASCII ones</p> <hr /> <div>It seems like there is some confusion regarding terms in the history of this Questionnaire, especially regarding the name. I.e., &quot;Zahir&quot; and &quot;Zahar&quot;. David Zahir did indeed post an early version of the Questionnaire sometime before 2005. I edited it, in order to pare down some redundancies and placed it on the Conculture group in early 2005 as &quot;Dr. Zahar's Ethnographical Questionnaire&quot;. It was later expanded to include several categories not found in the original, and some questions were re-ordered and reworded. Lastly, another reworking added considerably more questions to the Questionnaire, doubling the length at least, if not quite trebling it. This more recent version had also been posted to various other conculturing lists and groups.<br /> <br /> As for the name, I appreciate altering the name from Zahar to Zahir, but the &quot;Dr.&quot; should be dropped as well. David, as far as I know, has disavowed being a doctor of any kind. &quot;Dr.&quot; goes with the name &quot;Zahar&quot;, a fictional character from the World (Dr. Ellandwine Zaharam) who is the one credited for devising the Questionnaire *there*. It shouldn't go with the name &quot;Zahir&quot;. [[User:Elemtilas|Elemtilas]] 20:10, 19 April 2011 (PDT)<br /> <br /> :Fair enough! I just saw the apparent discrepancy between 'Zahar' and 'Zahir' in the text, and when I went to the [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conculture/ conculture] group's files as referenced in the article I saw that the description was all 'Zahir'. By all means, change it to whatever makes the most sense. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 10:53, 20 April 2011 (PDT)</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Dr._Zahir%E2%80%99s_Ethnographical_Questionnaire&diff=73397 2013-02-24T15:52:42Z

<p>AlexFink: moved Dr. Zahir’s Ethnographical Questionnaire to Dr. Zahir&#039;s Ethnographical Questionnaire: curly quotes aren&#039;t an awesome idea; they&#039;re harder to type than the simple ASCII ones</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Dr. Zahir's Ethnographical Questionnaire]]</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Dr._Zahir%27s_Ethnographical_Questionnaire&diff=73396 2013-02-24T15:52:42Z

<p>AlexFink: moved Dr. Zahir’s Ethnographical Questionnaire to Dr. Zahir&#039;s Ethnographical Questionnaire: curly quotes aren&#039;t an awesome idea; they&#039;re harder to type than the simple ASCII ones</p> <hr /> <div>__NOTOC__<br /> <br /> '''[[Dr. Zahir’s Ethnographical Questionnaire]]''' was compiled by David Zahir to help in the description of [[conculture]]s, and can be found in the files section of the [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conculture/ Conculture group at Yahoo].<br /> <br /> To make it easier (and encourage) to fill it out I &amp;mdash; [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] &amp;mdash; have created a [[Templates|template]] formatting the questions as wiki headings. To use template<br /> create a page named e.g. '''''Your conculture'' Ethnographical Questionnaire''' and enter the text<br /> <br /> &lt;nowiki&gt;{{subst:Ethnographical Questionnaire|&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;em&gt;Your conculture&lt;/em&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> <br /> into the edit box &amp;mdash; most easily done by copy-pasting the test in the box above, replacing the words &lt;tt&gt;&lt;em&gt;Your conculture&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; with the actual name of your conculture &amp;mdash;, then save the page and then open the edit window again. Now the edit box questions will contain the list of questions formatted as wiki headings, with vertical space between for you to fill in your answers. (I put this page here for three reasons: (a) to show it as David Zahir originally wrote it, (b) to provide an easy way to read through the questions, and (c) to advertice and describe the use of [[Template:Ethnographical Questionnaire|the template version]].)<br /> <br /> ''Don't'' copy-paste the contents of this page into your own page; the formatting won't be as nice, and you'll have to do a lot of editing to make it look nice, and ''don't under '''any''' circumstances'' enter your answers into the template editing page, since that will ruin the template for others!<br /> <br /> == I. Questions of Place ==<br /> <br /> (a) Describe the geography of where your society calls home.&lt;br&gt;<br /> (b) Describe the climate your society deals with. How severe are their seasons?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (c) What kinds of natural disasters has this society gotten used to?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (d) What are the most commonly-grown foods?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (e) What are the most commonly-eaten meats?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (f) What foods are considered exotic or expensive?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (g) What forms of alcohol are common? Rare?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (h) Is there usually enough food and water for the population?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (i) What is this place's most abundant resource?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (j) What is its most valuable resource?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (k) What resource is it most lacking?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (l) How do people travel from one place to another?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (m) Are the borders secure? In what way?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (n) How many people live here?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (o) Where in this place to they congregate?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (p) What part of this place do they avoid? Why?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (q) What are the most common domesticated animals here? And what are they domesticated for?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (r) What are the most common wild animals?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (s) Which animals are likely to be pets? Which ones won't be?&lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> == II. Questions of Time ==<br /> <br /> (a) How far back does this society's written history go?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (b) How far back do its people believe it goes?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (c) What is the worst disaster they believe they've faced?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (d) What was the best thing that every happened to them?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (e) What in their past makes them feel ashamed?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (f) What in their past makes them proud?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (g) What are they afraid of happening again?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (h) What are they hoping will happen? Do they think it likely?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (i) What do they assume the future will hold?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (j) How has this society changed? Do its current members realize this?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (k) What are the most popular stories about the past?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (l) Who in the past is the greatest hero? The worst villain?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (m) Do people think the present better or worse than the past?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (n) Do people believe the future will be better or worse than the present or past?&lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> == III. Questions of Sex and Family ==<br /> <br /> (a) How many spouses may a man or woman have?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (b) Who decides on a marriage?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (c) Can a marriage end in divorce? How?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (d) Who usually takes custody of children if a marriage ends for some reason?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (e) How is adultery defined? What (if any) is the punishment? Who decides?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (f) How are families named?(g) What happens to orphans?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (h) How are boy and girl children treated differently?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (i) Are premarital relations allowed?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (j) How does your society define incest? Rape? How do people react to these?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (k) What, if anything, is considered a good marriage gift?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (l) What secret vice is believed to be widely practiced?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (m) What secret vice actually is practiced?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (n) What sexual habits are widely believed common among foriegners?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (o) How do people react to homosexuality?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (p) How do the genders dress?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (q) Is prostitution legal? How are prostitutes viewed? Is this accurate?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (r) What professions or activities are considered masculine?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (s) What professions or activities are viewed as feminine?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (t) What inanimate or sexless things are considered male or female?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (u) What is the biggest sexual taboo?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (v) Does this society connect the ideas of marriage with love?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (w) What does this society mean by the word &quot;virgin&quot; and how important it it?&lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> == IV. Questions of Manners ==<br /> <br /> (a) Who speaks first at a formal gathering?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (b) What kinds of gifts are considered in extremely bad taste?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (c) How do younger adults address their elders?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (d) What colors are associated with power? With virtue? With death?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (e) If two men get into a fight, how is this supposed to be resolved?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (f) If two women get into a fight, how should that be resolved?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (g) When is it rude to laugh at something funny?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (h) What kinds of questions cannot be asked in public? In private? At all?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (i) How do people demonstrate grief?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (j) What does this society do with their corpses?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (k) What kinds of jewelry do people where? And when?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (l) Who inheirits property? Titles? Position?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (m) What happens to those suffering from extreme mental illness?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (n) What are the most popular games? How important are they?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (o) What parts of the body are routinely covered?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (p) How private are bodily functions like bathing or defecating?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (q) How do people react to physical deformity?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (r) When and how does someone go from child to adult?&lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> == V. Questions of Faith ==<br /> <br /> (a) Is there a formal clergy? How are they organized?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (b) What do people believe happens to them after death? How, if at all, can they influence this?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (c) What happens to those who disagree with the majority on questions of religion?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (d) Are there any particular places considered special or holy? What are they like?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (e) What are the most popular rituals or festivals?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (f) What do people want from the god or gods? How do they try and get it?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (g) How do their religious practices differ from their neighbours?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (h) What is the most commonly broken religious rule?(i) What is the least-violated religious rule?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (j) What factions exist within the dominant religious institutions? How do they compete?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (k) Are there monastic groups? What do they do and how are they organized? How do you join one?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (l) How are those who follow different faiths treated?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (m) What relationship do religious and political leaders have?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (n) What superstitions are common? What kinds of supernatural events/beings do people fear?&lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> == VI. Questions of Government ==<br /> <br /> (a) Who decides whether someone has broken a law? How?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (b) What kinds of punishments are meted out? By whom? Why?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (c) How are new laws created or old ones changed?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (d) Is there some form of clemency or pardon? What is involved?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (e) Who has the right to give orders, and why?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (f) What titles do various officials have?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (g) How are the rules different for officials as opposed to the common person?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (h) How do government officials dress?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (i) Is the law written down? Who interprets it?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (j) Once accused, what recourse does someone have?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (k) Is torture allowed? What kinds?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (l) How are people executed?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (m) Who cannot rise to positions of leadership?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (n) Is bribery allowed? Under what circumstances?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (o) What makes someone a bad ruler in this society? What can be done about it?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (p) What are the most common or dangerous forms of criminal?&lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> == VII. Questions of War ==<br /> <br /> (a) Who declares war?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (b) Who has the power to declare conditions of peace?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (c) What happens to prisoners taken in battle?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (d) What form of warfare does this society use?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (e) Who are the Elite warriors? What distinguishes them?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (f) How does someone get command of troops?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (g) Where do the loyalties of military units lie?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (h) Are there professional soldiers? Do they make up the bulk of the military?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (i) Has this society ever attacked another? Do they want to? What would make them do so?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (j) Who are their enemies? Who's winning?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (k) What do soldiers do when there's no war?&lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> == VIII. Questions of Education ==<br /> <br /> (a) Does this society have its own language? Its own writing?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (b) How common is literacy? How is literacy viewed?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (c) What form and value are books?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (d) Who teaches others? How do they teach?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (e) Who decides who learns to read or write?(f) Who teaches professions, like carpenter or scribe?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (g) Are foreigners ever brought in to teach new skills? Who does that?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (h) How do this society's doctors try to treat wounds and sickness?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (i) Which medical assumtions of this society are wrong?&lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> == IX. Questions of Art ==<br /> <br /> (a) What are the favorite artforms?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (b) What are the least-favorite?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (c) How respected are artists?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (d) Do artists require official or unofficial protection?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (e) What kinds of trouble are artists in particular likely to find themselves in?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (f) How might a very successful artist live?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (g) What forms of theatre does your society have?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (h) How naturalistic or stylized is your society's art?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (j) What shapes are most common in your society's arts, like embroidery or architecture?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (k) Which artforms get the most and least respect?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (l) What form does censorship take?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (m) Who may not be an artist?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (n) What qualities equal &quot;beauty&quot; in this society?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (o) What makes a man or woman especially beautiful?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (p) How do people react to tattoos? Piercings? Facial hair? Make-up?&lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> == X. Questions of sex and marriage ==<br /> <br /> (a) Is sex confined to marriage?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (b) Or, is it supposed to be? What constitutes aberrant behavior?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (c) Is there anything about this culture or religion in that culture that specifically addresses sexual conduct?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (d) Are there laws about it? What about prostitution?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (e) How old should someone be in your culture to be having sex?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (f) What is considered too great a difference in age for a couple?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (g) Do relationships allow multiple partners?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (h) Should sex be a one-to-one experience? Or are groups allowed?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (i) And, of course, what about homosexuality? Is it frowned on? Encouraged?&lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> == XI. Questions of death and burial ==<br /> <br /> (a) What is their understanding of death and dying?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (b) Do they cremate their dead? Or, how are dead bodies disposed of?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (c) Is the family responsible for the body?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (d) What part do the priests play?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (e) Are there cemeteries at all?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (f) Or, does everyone have a crypt in back with all the relatives in it?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (g) Do people visit the dead? If so, how often and why?&lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> == XII. Questions of suicide ==<br /> <br /> (a) What do people in this culture think about suicide?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (b) Is it the greatest sin one can commit? Or is it a sin at all?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (c) Is it the great and last comfort of a tormented soul?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (d) Is it worse than murder?&lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> == XIII. Questions of Law, Justice and Police ==<br /> <br /> (a) Is there a civilian police force, or is law enforcement the province of the military?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (b) Is the police force a nationalised one, or are there multiple regional forces?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (c) How &quot;military&quot; are they? Are they usually/ever armed?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (d) What is the extent of their authority? Can they shoot you? Can they use magic? Can they torture or otherwise force a confession? Can they use telepathy?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (e) Are there individuals or groups who are above the law?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (f) Is there a secret police?&lt;br&gt;<br /> (g) What is the role of police informants, if any?&lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Source material]]<br /> [[Category: Ethnographical Questionnaires]]</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet&diff=72266 2013-01-18T22:32:55Z

<p>AlexFink: may&#039;s well put &quot;haček&quot; in the header (&quot;caron&quot; is a stupid ghost word anyhow.)</p> <hr /> <div>{{WIP}}<br /> This page will list different uses of diacritical marks that have natlang precedence. Conlangers can use this to find inspiration for their own conlang romanizations.&lt;br&gt;<br /> Note that in this article combining diacritics are attached to a ◌. Diacritics without a ◌, like ¨ for example, are non-combining. Non-combining diacritics are sometimes called modifier letters in Unicode. The non-combining forms may for example be used when writing about a conlang's orthography, when one wants to refer to a diacritic without using any base letter with it.&lt;br&gt;<br /> When a letter is referred to without concerning about case, it is displayed like so: Ťť. This is for clarity's sake because some diacritics may look different depending on the letter's case.<br /> <br /> == Templates ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Precomposed Letters with ***<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | <br /> |-<br /> | U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Capital Letter || Latin Small Letter || Latin Capital Letter || Latin Small Letter || Latin Capital Letter || Latin Small Letter || Latin Capital Letter || Latin Small Letter || Latin Capital Letter || Latin Small Letter || Latin Capital Letter || Latin Small Letter || Latin Capital Letter <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | <br /> |-<br /> | U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Small Letter || Latin Capital Letter || Latin Small Letter || Latin Capital Letter || Latin Small Letter || Latin Capital Letter || Latin Small Letter || Latin Capital Letter || Latin Small Letter || Latin Capital Letter || Latin Small Letter || Latin Capital Letter || Latin Small Letter <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Uses of ***<br /> ! Usage<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Letters<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | <br /> | <br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Acute Accent ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Precomposed Letters with Acute Accent<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ´ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ˊ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ◌́ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ◌́ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Á || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | á || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ǻ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǻ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ấ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ấ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ắ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ắ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ǽ<br /> |-<br /> | U+00B4 || U+02CA || U+0301 || U+0341 || U+00C1 || U+00E1 || U+01FA || U+01FB || U+1EA4 || U+1EA5 || U+1EAE || U+1EAF || U+01FC<br /> |-<br /> | Acute Accent || Modifier Letter Acute Accent || Combining Acute Accent || Combining Acute Tone Mark || Latin Capital Letter A With Acute || Latin Small Letter A With Acute || Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above And Acute || Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above And Acute || Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Acute || Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Acute || Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Acute || Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Acute || Latin Capital Letter Ae With Acute<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=2 | '''Note:''' May be confused with Apostrophe, ' (U+0027); Modifier Letter Prime, ʹ (U+02B9); Modifier Letter Turned Comma, ʻ (U+02BB); Modifier Letter Apostrophe, ʼ (U+02BC); Modifier Letter Vertical Line, ˈ (U+02C8); Right Single Quotation Mark, ’ (U+2019); or Prime, ′ (U+2032). || colspan=2 | '''Note:''' May be confused with Combining Turned Comma Above, ◌̒ (U+0312). || || || || || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǽ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ć || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ć || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ḉ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ḉ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | É || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | é || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ḗ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ḗ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ế || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ế || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ǵ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǵ<br /> |-<br /> | U+01FD || U+0106 || U+0107 || U+1E08 || U+1E09 || U+00C9 || U+00E9 || U+1E16 || U+1E17 || U+1EBE || U+1EBF || U+01F4 || U+01F5<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Small Letter Ae With Acute || Latin Capital Letter C With Acute || Latin Small Letter C With Acute || Latin Capital Letter C With Cedilla And Acute || Latin Small Letter C With Cedilla And Acute || Latin Capital Letter E With Acute || Latin Small Letter E With Acute || Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Acute || Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Acute || Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Acute || Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Acute || Latin Capital Letter G With Acute || Latin Small Letter G With Acute<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Í || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | í || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ḯ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ḯ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ḱ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ḱ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ĺ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ĺ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ḿ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ḿ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ń || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ń || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ó<br /> |-<br /> | U+00CD || U+00ED || U+1E2E || U+1E2F || U+1E30 || U+1E31 || U+0139 || U+013A || U+1E3E || U+1E3F || U+0143 || U+0144 || U+00D3<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Capital Letter I With Acute || Latin Small Letter I With Acute || Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute || Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute || Latin Capital Letter K With Acute || Latin Small Letter K With Acute || Latin Capital Letter L With Acute || Latin Small Letter L With Acute || Latin Capital Letter M With Acute || Latin Small Letter M With Acute || Latin Capital Letter N With Acute || Latin Small Letter N With Acute || Latin Capital Letter O With Acute<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ó || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṓ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṓ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ố || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ố || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṍ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṍ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ớ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ớ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ǿ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǿ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṕ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṕ<br /> |-<br /> | U+00F3 || U+1E52 || U+1E53 || U+1ED0 || U+1ED1 || U+1E4C || U+1E4D || U+1EDA || U+1EDB || U+01FE || U+01FF || U+1E54 || U+1E55<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Small Letter O With Acute || Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Acute || Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Acute || Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Acute || Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Acute || Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Acute || Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Acute || Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Acute || Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Acute || Latin Capital Letter O With Stroke And Acute || Latin Small Letter O With Stroke And Acute || Latin Capital Letter P With Acute || Latin Small Letter P With Acute<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ŕ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ŕ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ś || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ś || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṥ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṥ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ú || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ú || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ǘ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǘ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṹ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṹ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ứ<br /> |-<br /> | U+0154 || U+0155 || U+015A || U+015B || U+1E64 || U+1E65 || U+00DA || U+00FA || U+01D7 || U+01D8 || U+1E78 || U+1E79 || U+1EE8<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Capital Letter R With Acute || Latin Small Letter R With Acute || Latin Capital Letter S With Acute || Latin Small Letter S With Acute || Latin Capital Letter S With Acute And Dot Above || Latin Small Letter S With Acute And Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter U With Acute || Latin Small Letter U With Acute || Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute || Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute || Latin Capital Letter U With Tilde And Acute || Latin Small Letter U With Tilde And Acute || Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Acute<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ứ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ẃ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ẃ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ý || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ý || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ź || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ź<br /> |-<br /> | U+1EE9 || U+1E82 || U+1E83 || U+00DD || U+00FD || U+0179 || U+017A<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Acute || Latin Capital Letter W With Acute || Latin Small Letter W With Acute || Latin Capital Letter Y With Acute || Latin Small Letter Y With Acute || Latin Capital Letter Z With Acute || Latin Small Letter Z With Acute<br /> |}<br /> The acute accent comes from a Latin diacritic called apex.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_accent#Apex]<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Uses of Acute Accent<br /> ! Usage<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Letters<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=6 | Long vowel<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Croatian_language|Croatian]], [[Wikipedia:Serbian_language|Serbian]]<br /> | Áá /ǎː/, Éé /ěː/, Íí /ǐː/, Óó /ǒː/, Ŕŕ /ř̩ː/, Úú /ǔː/<br /> | The acute accent marks that these vowels are long and have rising pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Croatian or Serbian, but in linguistic materials.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_phonology#Pitch_accent]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Czech_language|Czech]]<br /> | Áá /aː/, Éé /ɛː/, Íí /iː/, Óó /oː/, Úú /uː/, Ýý /iː/<br /> | Íí and Ýý both represent the same phoneme in Standard Czech, but Íí may mark that the previous consonant is palatal, which Ýý does not.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_orthography#.22Soft.22_I_and_.22Hard.22_Y]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Hungarian_language|Hungarian]]<br /> | Áá /aː/, Éé /eː/, Íí /iː/, Óó /oː/, Úú /uː/<br /> | See also [[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet#Double_Acute_Accent|Double Acute Accent]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Slovak_language|Slovak]]<br /> | Áá /aː/, Éé /eː/, Íí /iː/, Ĺĺ /l̩ː/, Óó /oː/, Ŕŕ /r̩ː/, Úú /uː/, Ýý /iː/<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Slovene_language|Slovene]] (orthography with dynamic accentuation)<br /> | Áá /ˈaː/, Éé /ˈeː/, Íí /ˈiː/, Óó /ˈoː/, Ŕŕ /ˈəɾ/, Úú /ˈuː/<br /> | The acute accent marks that the vowel is stressed and long, and that Éé and Óó are mid-close rather than mid-open. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language#Prosody]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Slovene_language|Slovene]] (orthography with tonal accentuation)<br /> | Áá /áː/, Éé /ɛ́ː/, Ẹ́ẹ́ /éː/, Íí /íː/, Óó /ɔ́ː/, Ọ́ọ́ /óː/, Úú /úː/<br /> | The acute accent marks that these vowels are long and have high pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language#Prosody]<br /> |-<br /> | Palatal consonant<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Polish language|Polish]]<br /> | Ćć /tɕ/, Ńń /ɲ/, Śś /ɕ/, Źź /ʑ/<br /> | There is a little typographic difference from the usual acute accent.<br /> |-<br /> | Raised vowel<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Polish language|Polish]]<br /> | Óó /u/<br /> | Historically it comes from long /oː/.<br /> |-<br /> | Rising tone<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Vietnamese_language|Vietnamese]]<br /> | Áá /aː˧˥/, Ắắ /a˧˥/, Ấấ /ə˧˥/, Éé /ɛ˧˥/, Ếế /e˧˥/, Íí /i˧˥/, Óó /ɔ˧˥/, Ốố /o˧˥/, Ớớ /əː˧˥/, Úú /u˧˥/, Ứứ /ɨ˧˥/, Ýý /i˧˥/<br /> | There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_orthography#Pronunciation]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 | Stress<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Catalan_language|Catalan]]<br /> | Éé /ˈe/, Íí /ˈi/, Óó /ˈo/, Úú /ˈu/<br /> | The rules for when stress is to be marked in Catalan are quite complex. The acute accent also distinguishes stressed /e o/ from /ɛ ɔ/,[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_alphabet#Acute_and_grave_accents] see [[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet#Grave_Accent|Grave Accent]], Catalan section on ''Uses of Grave Accent''.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Swedish_language|Swedish]]<br /> | Éé /ˈeː/<br /> | Éé is not really a part of the Swedish alphabet, but it is used in many loanwords and surnames. It denotes a long, stressed /e/ that is found in an unexpected position of a word.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Bar ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Precomposed Letters with Bar<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ◌̶ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ◌̵ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ƻ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ꜻ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ꜻ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ƀ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ƀ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ᴃ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Đ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | đ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ð || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ð || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ɖ<br /> |-<br /> | U+0336 || U+0335 || U+01BB || U+A73A || U+A73B || U+0243 || U+0180 || U+1D03 || U+0110 || U+0111 || U+00D0 || U+00F0 || U+0189<br /> |-<br /> | Combining Long Stroke Overlay || Combining Short Stroke Overlay || Latin Letter Two With Stroke || Latin Capital Letter Av With Horizontal Bar || Latin Small Letter Av With Horizontal Bar || Latin Capital Letter B With Stroke || Latin Small Letter B With Stroke || Latin Letter Small Capital Barred B || Latin Capital Letter D With Stroke || Latin Small Letter D With Stroke || Latin Capital Letter Eth || Latin Small Letter Eth || Latin Capital Letter African D<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=2 | '''Note:''' These combining diacritics rarely render well with their base character. || || || || || '''Note:''' In Americanist orthographies, the bar goes through the bowl instead of the ascender.[http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/180/index.htm] || '''Note:''' Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. || colspan=5 | '''Note:''' The capital versions of these letters may be confused with each other. Latin Small Letter D With Stroke and Latin Small Letter Eth may be confused with each other. The lower case version of Latin Capital Letter African D is Latin Small Letter D With Tail, [[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet#Retroflex_Hook|ɖ]] (U+0256).<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ǥ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǥ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ħ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ħ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ɨ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ɨ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ᶤ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ᵻ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ᶧ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ᵼ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ɉ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ɉ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ɟ<br /> |-<br /> | U+01E4 || U+01E5 || U+0126 || U+0127 || U+0197 || U+0268 || U+1DA4 || U+1D7B || U+1DA7 || U+1D7C || U+0248 || U+0249 || U+025F<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Capital Letter G With Stroke || Latin Small Letter G With Stroke || Latin Capital Letter H With Stroke || Latin Small Letter H With Stroke || Latin Capital Letter I With Stroke || Latin Small Letter I With Stroke || Modifier Letter Small I With Stroke || Latin Small Capital Letter I With Stroke || Modifier Letter Small Capital I With Stroke || Latin Small Letter Iota With Stroke || Latin Capital Letter J With Stroke || Latin Small Letter J With Stroke || Latin Small Letter Dotless J With Stroke<br /> |-<br /> | || || || || || || '''Note:''' Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. || '''Note:''' Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. Its use in [[Wikipedia:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|IPA]] is non-standard.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsolete_and_nonstandard_symbols_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet] || '''Note:''' Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. || '''Note:''' Phonetic character used by Russianists.[http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/1d7c/index.htm] Not used in any orthography. || || || '''Note:''' Phonetic character used in [[Wikipedia:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|IPA]]. Not used in any orthography.<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ᶡ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ꝁ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ꝁ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ƚ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ƚ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ꝉ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ꝉ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ⱡ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ⱡ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ɵ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ɵ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ꝋ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ꝋ<br /> |-<br /> | U+1DA1 || U+A740 || U+A741 || U+023D || U+019A || U+A748 || U+A749 || U+2C60 || U+2C61 || U+019F || U+0275 || U+A74A || U+A74B<br /> |-<br /> | Modifier Letter Small Dotless J With Stroke || Latin Capital Letter K With Stroke || Latin Small Letter K With Stroke || Latin Capital Letter L With Bar || Latin Small Letter L With Bar || Latin Capital Letter L With High Stroke || Latin Small Letter L With High Stroke || Latin Capital Letter L With Double Bar || Latin Small Letter L With Double Bar || Latin Capital Letter O With Middle Tilde || Latin Small Letter Barred O || Latin Capital Letter O With Long Stroke Overlay || Latin Small Letter O With Long Stroke Overlay<br /> |-<br /> | '''Note:''' Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. || || || || || || || || || colspan=2 | '''Note:''' Despite their different names, these two letters are case variants of each other. || ||<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ᵽ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ᵽ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ꝑ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ꝑ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ꝗ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ꝗ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ɍ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ɍ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ẝ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ʄ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ŧ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ŧ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ꝥ<br /> |-<br /> | U+2C63 || U+1D7D || U+A750 || U+A751 || U+A756 || U+A757 || U+024C || U+024D || U+1E9D || U+0284 || U+0166 || U+0167 || U+A764<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Capital Letter P With Stroke || Latin Small Letter P With Stroke || Latin Capital Letter P With Stroke Through Descender || Latin Small Letter P With Stroke Through Descender || Latin Capital Letter Q With Stroke Through Descender || Latin Small Letter Q With Stroke Through Descender || Latin Capital Letter R With Stroke || Latin Small Letter R With Stroke || Latin Small Letter Long S With High Stroke || Latin Small Letter Dotless J With Stroke And Hook || Latin Capital Letter T With Stroke || Latin Small Letter T With Stroke || Latin Capital Letter Thorn With Stroke<br /> |-<br /> | || || || || || || || || || '''Note:''' Phonetic character used in [[Wikipedia:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|IPA]]. Not used in any orthography. || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ꝥ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ꝧ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ꝧ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ʉ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ʉ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ᶶ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ᵿ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ɏ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ɏ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ƶ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ƶ<br /> |-<br /> | U+A765 || U+A766 || U+A767 || U+0244 || U+0289 || U+1DB6 || U+1D7F || U+024E || U+024F || U+01B5 || U+01B6<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Small Letter Thorn With Stroke || Latin Capital Letter Thorn With Stroke Through Descender || Latin Small Letter Thorn With Stroke Through Descender || Latin Capital Letter U Bar || Latin Small Letter U Bar || Modifier Letter Small U Bar || Latin Small Letter Upsilon With Stroke || Latin Capital Letter Y With Stroke || Latin Small Letter Y With Stroke || Latin Capital Letter Z With Stroke || Latin Small Letter Z With Stroke<br /> |-<br /> | || || || || || '''Note:''' Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. || '''Note:''' Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. Its use in [[Wikipedia:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|IPA]] is non-standard.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsolete_and_nonstandard_symbols_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet] || || || ||<br /> |}<br /> This diacritic with a horizontal line, and the one with a diagonal line, are both variously called bar and stroke, among other things, in Unicode. For clarity's sake, the [[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet#Stroke|former one]] is treated separately in this article. There are several currency symbols with a bar, but those are excluded here.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Uses of Bar<br /> ! Usage<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Letters<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | Implosive consonant<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Vietnamese_language|Vietnamese]]<br /> | Đđ /ɗ/<br /> | <br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Breve ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Precomposed Letters with Breve<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ˘ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ◌̆ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ă || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ă || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ắ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ắ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ằ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ằ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ẳ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ẳ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ẵ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ẵ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ặ<br /> |-<br /> | U+02D8 || U+0306 || U+0102 || U+0103 || U+1EAE || U+1EAF || U+1EB0 || U+1EB1 || U+1EB2 || U+1EB3 || U+1EB4 || U+1EB5 || U+1EB6<br /> |-<br /> | Breve || Combining Breve || Latin Capital Letter A With Breve || Latin Small Letter A With Breve || Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Acute || Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Acute || Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Grave || Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Grave || Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Hook Above || Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Hook Above || Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Tilde || Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Tilde || Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Dot Below<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ặ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ĕ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ĕ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ḝ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ḝ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ğ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ğ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ĭ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ĭ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ŏ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ŏ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ŭ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ŭ<br /> |-<br /> | U+1EB7 || U+0114 || U+0115 || U+1E1C || U+1E1D || U+011E || U+011F || U+012C || U+012D || U+014E || U+014F || U+016C || U+016D<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Dot Below || Latin Capital Letter E With Breve || Latin Small Letter E With Breve || Latin Capital Letter E With Cedilla And Breve || Latin Small Letter E With Cedilla And Breve || Latin Capital Letter G With Breve || Latin Small Letter G With Breve || Latin Capital Letter I With Breve || Latin Small Letter I With Breve || Latin Capital Letter O With Breve || Latin Small Letter O With Breve || Latin Capital Letter U With Breve || Latin Small Letter U With Breve<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Note that the breve is easily confused with the similar looking [[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet#Caron|caron]] ˇ, especially in small font sizes.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Uses of Breve<br /> ! Usage<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Letters<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | Short vowel<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Vietnamese_language|Vietnamese]]<br /> | Ăă /a˧/, Ắắ /a˧˥/, Ằằ /a̤˨˩/, Ẳẳ /a˧˩˧/, Ẵẵ /aˀ˧˥/, Ặặ /a̰ʔ˨˩/<br /> | Unaccented Aa generally stands for /aː/.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_orthography#Pronunciation]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Caron / Haček ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Precomposed Letters with Caron<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ˇ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ◌̌ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ǎ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǎ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Č || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | č || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ď || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ď || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | DŽ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Dž || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | dž || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ě || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ě<br /> |-<br /> | U+02C7 || U+030C || U+01CD || U+01CD || U+010C || U+010D || U+010E || U+010F || U+01C4 || U+01C5 || U+01C6 || U+011A || U+011B<br /> |-<br /> | Caron || Combining Caron || Latin Letter Capital A With Caron || Latin Letter Small A With Caron || Latin Capital Letter C With Caron || Latin Small Letter C With Caron || Latin Capital Letter D With Caron || Latin Small Letter D With Caron || Latin Capital Letter Dz With Caron || Latin Capital Letter D With Small Letter Z With Caron || Latin Small Letter Dz With Caron || Latin Capital Letter E With Caron || Latin Small Letter E With Caron<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''Note:''' May be confused with Modifier Letter Down Arrowhead ˅ (U+02C5). || || || || || || '''Note:''' The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the d. || || || || || <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ǧ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǧ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ȟ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ȟ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ǐ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǐ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǰ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ǩ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǩ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ľ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ľ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ň || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ň<br /> |-<br /> | U+01E6 || U+01E7 || U+021E || U+021F || U+01CF || U+01D0 || U+01F0 ||​ U+01E8 || U+01E9 || U+013D || U+013E || U+0147 || U+0148<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Capital Letter G With Caron || Latin Small Letter G With Caron || Latin Capital Letter H With Caron || Latin Small Letter H With Caron || Latin Capital Letter I With Caron || Latin Small Letter I With Caron || Latin Small Letter J With Caron || Latin Capital Letter K With Caron || Latin Small Letter K With Caron || Latin Capital Letter L With Caron || Latin Small Letter L With Caron || Latin Capital Letter N With Caron || Latin Small Letter N With Caron<br /> |-<br /> | || || || || || || || || || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''Note:''' The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the Ll. || ||<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ǒ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǒ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ř || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ř || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Š || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | š || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṧ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṧ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ť || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ť || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ǔ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǔ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ǚ<br /> |-<br /> | U+01D1 || U+01D2 || U+0158 || U+0159 || U+0160 || U+0161 || U+1E66 || U+1E67 || U+0164 || U+0165 || U+01D3 || U+01D4 || U+01D9<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Capital Letter O With Caron || Latin Small Letter O With Caron || Latin Capital Letter R With Caron || Latin Small Letter R With Caron || Latin Capital Letter S With Caron || Latin Small Letter S With Caron || Latin Capital Letter S With Caron And Dot Above || Latin Small Letter S With Caron And Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter T With Caron || Latin Small Letter T With Caron || Latin Capital Letter U With Caron || Latin Small Letter U With Caron || Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron<br /> |-<br /> | || || || || || || || || || '''Note:''' The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the t. || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǚ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ž || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ž || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ǯ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǯ<br /> |-<br /> | U+01DA || U+017D || U+017E || U+01EE || U+01EF<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron || Latin Capital Letter Z With Caron || Latin Small Letter Z With Caron || Latin Capital Letter Ezh With Caron || Latin Small Letter Ezh With Caron<br /> |}<br /> Caron is also known as háček or haček. It originated from [[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet#Dot_Above|dot above]] in Czech orthography.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caron#Origin] Note that the caron is easily confused with the similar looking [[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet#Breve|breve]] ˘, especially in small font sizes.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Uses of Caron<br /> ! Usage<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Letters<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | Change of manner of articulation<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Czech_language|Czech]]<br /> | Řř /r̝/<br /> | This is a raised non-sonorant trill. Unaccented Rr stands for /r/.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language#Consonants]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 | Palatal phoneme<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Czech_language|Czech]]<br /> | Ďď /ɟ/, Ěě /(j)ɛ/, Ňň /ɲ/, Ťť /c/<br /> | Ěě stands for an /ɛ/ that makes a previous Dd, Nn, Tt be /ɟ, ɲ, c/, a previous Bb, Ff, Pp, Vv be /bj, fj, pj, vj/, and a previous Mm /mɲ/. This letter is not found in other positions.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_orthography#Letter_.C4.9A]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Slovak_language|Slovak]]<br /> | Ďď /ɟ/, Ľľ /ʎ/, Ňň /ɲ/, Ťť /c/<br /> | In Slovak handwriting ď, ľ and ť have an actual caron instead of an apostrophe.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language#Orthography]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=3 | Postalveolar consonant<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Czech_language|Czech]], [[Wikipedia:Latgalian_language|Latgalian]], [[Wikipedia:Latvian_language|Latvian]]<br /> | Čč /tʃ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/<br /> | Unaccented Cc stands for /ts/ in Czech, Latvian and Latgalian.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Livonian_language|Livonian]]<br /> | Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Slovak_language|Slovak]]<br /> | Čč /tʃ/, DŽdž /dʒ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Cedilla ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Precomposed Letters with Cedilla<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ¸ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ◌̧ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ç || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ç || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ḉ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ḉ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ḑ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ḑ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ȩ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ȩ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ḝ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ḝ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ģ<br /> |-<br /> | U+00B8 || U+0327 || U+00C7 || U+00E7 || U+1E08 || U+1E09 || U+1E10 || U+1E11 || U+0228 || U+0229 || U+1E1C || U+1E1D || U+0122<br /> |-<br /> | Cedilla || Combining Cedilla || Latin Capital Letter C With Cedilla || Latin Small Letter C With Cedilla || Latin Capital Letter C With Cedilla And Acute || Latin Small Letter C With Cedilla And Acute || Latin Capital Letter D With Cedilla || Latin Small Letter D With Cedilla || Latin Capital Letter E With Cedilla || Latin Small Letter E With Cedilla || Latin Capital Letter E With Cedilla And Breve || Latin Small Letter E With Cedilla And Breve || Latin Capital Letter G With Cedilla<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ģ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ḩ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ḩ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ķ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ķ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ļ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ļ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ņ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ņ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ŗ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ŗ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ş || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ş<br /> |-<br /> | U+0123 || U+1E28 || U+1E29 || U+0136 || U+0137 || U+013B || U+013C || U+0145 || U+0146 || U+0156 || U+0157 || U+015E || U+015F<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Small Letter G With Cedilla || Latin Capital Letter H With Cedilla || Latin Small Letter H With Cedilla || Latin Capital Letter K With Cedilla || Latin Small Letter K With Cedilla || Latin Capital Letter L With Cedilla || Latin Small Letter L With Cedilla || Latin Capital Letter N With Cedilla || Latin Small Letter N With Cedilla || Latin Capital Letter R With Cedilla || Latin Small Letter R With Cedilla || Latin Capital Letter S With Cedilla || Latin Small Letter S With Cedilla<br /> |-<br /> | '''Note:''' The diacritic is placed on top of the letter to avoid the descender of the g. || || || || || || || ||​ || || || '''Note:''' May be confused with Latin Capital Letter S With Comma Below, Ș (U+0218). || '''Note:''' May be confused with Latin Small Letter S With Comma Below, ș (U+0219).<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ţ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ţ<br /> |-<br /> | U+0162 || U+0163<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Capital Letter T With Cedilla || Latin Small Letter T With Cedilla<br /> |-<br /> | '''Note:''' May be confused with Latin Capital Letter T With Comma Below, Ț (U+021A). || '''Note:''' May be confused with Latin Small Letter T With Comma Below, ț (U+021B).<br /> |}<br /> Cedilla originates from a cursive form of Z.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedilla] Note that the cedilla may be confused with [[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet#Ogonek|ogonek]] ˛ or [[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet#Comma_Below|comma below]] ◌̦. In some fonts, the cedilla together with some letters may look identical to the comma. In Romanian, the letters Șș and Țț are actually supposed to have a comma below and not a cedilla, while in most other languages Şş and Ţţ are supposed to have cedillas.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Uses of Cedilla<br /> ! Usage<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Letters<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | Disambiguation of letter with several uses<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Catalan_language|Catalan]]<br /> | Çç /s/<br /> | Çç is used before Aa, Oo, Uu, or word-finally, and stands for /s/. Cc without cedilla would stand for /k/ in those positions. Intervocalic Çç is pronunced [s], while intervocalic Ss is [z].[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_alphabet#Ce_trencada_.28c-cedille.29]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 | Palatal consonant<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Latgalian_language|Latgalian]], [[Wikipedia:Latvian_language|Latvian]]<br /> | Ģģ /ɟ/, Ķķ /c/, Ļļ /ʎ/, Ņņ /ɲ/<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Livonian_language|Livonian]]<br /> | Ḑḑ /ɟ/, Ļļ /ʎ/, Ņņ /ɲ/, Ţţ /c/<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=1 | Palatalized consonant<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Livonian_language|Livonian]]<br /> | Ŗŗ /rʲ/<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | Postalveolar consonant<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Turkish language|Turkish]]<br /> | Çç /tʃ/, Şş /ʃ/<br /> | Also note that the cedilla in Çç actually distinguishes voicing from Cc /dʒ/, not position.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Circumflex ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Precomposed Letters with Circumflex<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ^ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ˆ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ◌̂ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Â || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | â || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ấ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ấ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ầ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ầ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ẩ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ẩ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ẫ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ẫ<br /> |-<br /> | U+005E || U+02C6 || U+0302 || U+00C2 || U+00E2 || U+1EA4 || U+1EA5 || U+1EA6 || U+1EA7 || U+1EA8 || U+1EA9 || U+1EAA || U+1EAB<br /> |-<br /> | Circumflex Accent || Modifier Letter Circumflex Accent || Combining Circumflex Accent || Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex || Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex || Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Acute || Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Acute || Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Grave || Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Grave || Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Hook Above || Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Hook Above || Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde || Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; | '''Note:''' May be confused with Modifier Letter Up Arrowhead ˄ (U+02C4), Combining Inverted Breve ◌̑ (U+0311) or Up Arrowhead ⌃ (U+2303). || || || || || || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ậ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ậ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ĉ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ĉ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ê || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ê || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ế || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ế || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ề || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ề || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ể || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ể || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ễ<br /> |-<br /> | U+1EAC || U+1EAD || U+0108 || U+0109 || U+00CA ||​ U+00EA || U+1EBE || U+1EBF || U+1EC0 || U+1EC1 || U+1EC2 || U+1EC3 || U+1EC4<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Dot Below || Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Dot Below || Latin Capital Letter C With Circumflex || Latin Small Letter C With Circumflex ||​ Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex || Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex || Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Acute || Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Acute || Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Grave || Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Grave || Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Hook Above || Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Hook Above || Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ễ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ệ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ệ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ĝ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ĝ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ĥ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ĥ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Î || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | î || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ĵ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ĵ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ô || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ô<br /> |-<br /> | U+1EC5 || U+1EC6 || U+1EC7 || U+011C || U+011D || U+0124 || U+0125 || U+00CE || U+00EE || U+0134 || U+0135 || U+00D4 || U+00F4<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde || Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Dot Below || Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Dot Below || Latin Capital Letter G With Circumflex || Latin Small Letter G With Circumflex || Latin Capital Letter H With Circumflex || Latin Small Letter H With Circumflex || Latin Capital Letter I With Circumflex || Latin Small Ltter I With Circumflex || Latin Capital Letter J With Circumflex || Latin Small Letter J With Circumflex || Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex || Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ố || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ố || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ồ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ồ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ổ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ổ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ỗ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ỗ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ộ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ộ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ŝ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ŝ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Û<br /> |-<br /> | U+1ED0 || U+1ED1 || U+1ED2 || U+1ED3 || U+1ED4 || U+1ED5 || U+1ED6 || U+1ED7 || U+1ED8 || U+1ED9 || U+015C || U+015D || U+00DB<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Acute || Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Acute || Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Grave || Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Grave || Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Hook Above || Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Hook Above || Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde || Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde || Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Dot Below || Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Dot Below || Latin Capital Letter S With Circumflex || Latin Small Letter S With Circumflex || Latin Capital Letter U With Circumflex<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | û || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ŵ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ŵ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ŷ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ŷ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ẑ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ẑ<br /> |-<br /> | U+00FB ||​ U+0174 || U+0175 || U+0176 || U+0177 || U+1E90 || U+1E91<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Small Letter U With Circumflex || Latin Capital Letter W With Circumflex || Latin Small Letter W With Circumflex || Latin Capital Letter Y With Circumflex || Latin Small Letter Y With Circumflex || Latin Capital Letter Z With Circumflex || Latin Small Letter Z With Circumflex<br /> |}<br /> The circumflex comes from the Greek alphabet where it marked pitch. It was originally a combination of [[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet#Acute_Accent|acute]] and [[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet#Grave_Accent|grave accent]].[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumflex#Pitch]<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Uses of Circumflex<br /> ! Usage<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Letters<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | Diphthong<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Slovak_language|Slovak]]<br /> | Ôô /u̯o/<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | Long vowel with low pitch<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Slovene_language|Slovene]] (orthography with tonal accentuation)<br /> | Ââ /àː/, Êê /ɛ̀ː/, Ệệ /èː/, Îî /ìː/, Ôô /ɔ̀ː/, Ộộ /òː/, Ûû /ùː/<br /> | [[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet#Inverted_Breve|Inverted breve]] may be used instead of circumflex. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language#Prosody]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 | Raised vowel<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Slovene_language|Slovene]] (orthography with dynamic accentuation)<br /> | Êê /ˈeː/, Ôô /ˈoː/<br /> | The circumflex marks that these vowel are stressed, long, and mid-close instead of mid-open. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language#Prosody]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Vietnamese_language|Vietnamese]]<br /> | Ââ /ə˧/, Ấấ /ə˧˥/, Ầầ /ə̤˨˩/, Ẩẩ /ə˧˩˧/, Ẫẫ /əˀ˧˥/, Ậậ /ə̰ʔ˧˨/, Êê /e˧/, Ếế /e˧˥/, Ềề /e̤˨˩/, Ểể /e˧˩˧/, Ễễ /eˀ˧˥/, Ệệ /ḛʔ˧˨/, Ôô /o˧/, Ốố /o˧˥/, Ồồ /o̤˨˩/, Ổổ /o˧˩˧/, Ỗỗ /oˀ˧˥/, Ộộ /o̰ʔ˧˨/<br /> | Generally, unaccented Aa, Ee, Oo stand for /aː, ɛ, ɔ/. There are many exceptions to the phonemic value of all these letters though.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_orthography#Pronunciation]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Diaeresis / Umlaut ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Precomposed Letters with Diaeresis/Umlaut<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ¨ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ◌̈ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ä || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ä || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ǟ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǟ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ë || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ë || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ḧ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ḧ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ï || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ï || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ḯ<br /> |-<br /> | U+00A8 || U+0308 || U+00C4 || U+00E4 || U+01DE || U+01DF || U+00CB || U+00EB || U+1E26 || U+1E27 || U+00CF ||​ U+00EF || U+1E2E<br /> |-<br /> | Diaeresis || Combining Diaeresis || Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis || Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron || Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron || Latin Capital Letter E With Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter E With Diaeresis || Latin Capital Letter H With Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter H With Diaeresis || Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis || Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ḯ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ö || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ö || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ȫ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ȫ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṏ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṏ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ẗ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ü || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ü || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ǖ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǖ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ǘ<br /> |-<br /> | U+1E2F || U+00D6 || U+00F6 ||​ U+022A || U+022B || U+1E4E || U+1E4F || U+1E97 || U+00DC ||​ U+00FC || U+01D5 || U+01D6 || U+01D7<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute ||​ Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis ||​ Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron || Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron || Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter T With Diaeresis || Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis || Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron || Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron ||​ Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǘ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ǚ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǚ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ǜ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǜ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṻ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṻ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ẅ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ẅ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ẍ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ẍ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ÿ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ÿ<br /> |-<br /> | U+01D8 || U+01D9 || U+01DA || U+01DB || U+01DC || U+1E7A || U+1E7B || U+1E84 || U+1E85 || U+1E8C || U+1E8D || U+0178 || U+00FF<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute || Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron || Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron || Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave || Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave || Latin Capital Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis || Latin Capital Letter W With Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter W With Diaeresis || Latin Capital Letter X With Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter X With Diaeresis || Latin Capital Letter Y With Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter Y With Diaeresis<br /> |}<br /> Diaeresis (known as tréma in French) and umlaut both employ the same character. But there is a difference of use between diaeresis and umlaut. Letters with umlaut stand for completely different sounds than their non-accented counterparts. For example in Swedish Oo represents /u/ while Öö represents /ø/. Diaeresis on the other hand does not change the sound value of a letter, but instead marks that a vowel is not part of a diphthong or digraph. Both are also known under the general name trema.&lt;br&gt;<br /> The diaeresis and umlaut characters have different origins. Diaeresis was borrowed from the Greek alphabet,[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)#History] while umlaut began as a small e placed on top of Aa, Oo or Uu. This e then later evolved into the same shape as diaeresis.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)#History_2]<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Uses of Diaeresis or Umlaut<br /> ! Usage<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Letters<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=6 | Front version of back vowel (this includes Ää even though its unaccented version is not a back vowel in all of these languages)<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Estonian_language|Estonian]]<br /> | Ää /æ/, Öö /ø/, Üü /y/<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Finnish_language|Finnish]]<br /> | Ää /æ/, Öö /ø/<br /> | Usage borrowed from Swedish.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Livonian_language|Livonian]]<br /> | Ää /æ/, Ǟǟ /æː/<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Hungarian_language|Hungarian]]<br /> | Öö /ø/, Üü /y/<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Slovak_language|Slovak]]<br /> | Ää /æ~ɛ/<br /> | /æ/ is archaic or dialectal pronunciation.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Swedish_language|Swedish]]<br /> | Ää /ɛ/, Öö /ø/, Üü /y/<br /> | The umlaut evolved from the letter e in the digraphs ae[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84] and oe[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96]. Üü is not really a part of the Swedish alphabet, but is used in some loanwords and in many surnames.<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 | Hiatus<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Catalan_language|Catalan]]<br /> | Ïï /i/, Üü /u/<br /> | Diaeresis on an Ii or Uu following another vowel marks that the two vowels are in different syllables. Without diaresis, the Ii or Uu would stand for a semivowel.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_alphabet#Diaeresis]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wikipedia:French_language|French]]<br /> | Ëë, Ïï, Üü, Ÿÿ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | Non-silent vowel<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Catalan_language|Catalan]]<br /> | Üü /w/<br /> | Diaresis on an Uu that is between Gg or Qq and a front vowel marks that this letter stands for /w/. Otherwise it would be a part of the digraph Gu gu /g/ or Qu qu /k/ that is used before front vowels.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_alphabet#Diaeresis]<br /> |-<br /> | Raised vowel<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Hungarian_language|Hungarian]]<br /> | Ëë /e/<br /> | Unaccented Ee stands for /ɛ/. Ëë is not really a part of the Hungarian alphabet however; it is used when writing down spoken or sung language in a dialect that has this phoneme.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Dot Above ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Precomposed Letters with Dot Above<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ˙ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ◌̇ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ȧ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ȧ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ǡ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǡ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ḃ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ḃ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ċ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ċ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ḋ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ḋ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ė<br /> |-<br /> | U+02D9 || U+0307 || U+0226 || U+0227 || U+01E0 || U+01E1 || U+1E02 || U+1E03 || U+010A || U+010B || U+1E0A || U+1E0B || U+0116<br /> |-<br /> | Dot Above || Combining Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above And Macron || Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above And Macron || Latin Capital Letter B With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter B With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter C With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter C With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter D With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter D With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter E With Dot Above<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ė || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ḟ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ḟ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ġ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ġ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ḣ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ḣ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | İ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | i || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṁ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṁ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṅ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṅ<br /> |-<br /> | U+0117 || U+1E1E || U+1E1F || U+0120 || U+0121 || U+1E22 || U+1E23 || U+0130 || U+0069 ||​ U+1E40 || U+1E41 || U+1E44 || U+1E45<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Small Letter E With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter F With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter F With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter G With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter G With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter H With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter H With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter I With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter I || Latin Capital Letter M With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter M With Dot Above ||​ Latin Capital Letter N With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter N With Dot Above<br /> |-<br /> | || || || || || || || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''Note:''' In most languages i is the lower case version of I, but in Turkish İ and i resp. I and ı go together. If Turkish case is used, you need to make sure that various software handles that correctly. For example dictionaries need to sort the letters in the right order. || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ȯ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ȯ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ȱ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ȱ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṗ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṗ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṙ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṙ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṡ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṡ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ẛ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṥ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṥ<br /> |-<br /> | U+022E || U+022F || U+0230 || U+0231 || U+1E56 || U+1E57 || U+1E58 || U+1E59 || U+1E60 || U+1E61 || U+1E9B || U+1E64 || U+1E65<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above And Macron || Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above And Macron || Latin Capital Letter P With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter P With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter R With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter S With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter Long S With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter S With Acute And Dot Above || Latin Small Letter S With Acute And Dot Above<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṧ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṧ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṩ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṩ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṫ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṫ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ẇ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ẇ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ẋ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ẋ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ẏ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ẏ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ż<br /> |-<br /> | U+1E66 || U+1E67 || U+1E68 || U+1E69 || U+1E6A || U+1E6B || U+1E86 || U+1E87 || U+1E8A || U+1E8B || U+1E8E || U+1E8F || U+017B<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Capital Letter S With Caron And Dot Above || Latin Small Letter S With Caron And Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above || Latin Small Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter T With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter T With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter W With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter W With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter X With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter X With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter Y With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter Y With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter Z With Dot Above<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ż<br /> |-<br /> | U+017C<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Small Letter Z With Dot Above<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Uses of Dot Above<br /> ! Use<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Letters<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | Raised vowel<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Livonian_language|Livonian]]<br /> | Ȯȯ /ʊ/, Ȱȱ /ʊː/<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | Postalveolar consonant<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Polish language|Polish]]<br /> | Żż /ʒ/<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Dot Below ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Precomposed Letters with Dot Below<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ◌̣ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ạ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ạ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ậ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ậ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ặ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ặ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ḅ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ḅ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ḍ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ḍ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ẹ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ẹ<br /> |-<br /> | U+0323 || U+1EA0 || U+1EA1 || U+1EAC || U+1EAD || U+1EB6 || U+1EB7 || U+1E04 || U+1E05 || U+1E0C || U+1E0D || U+1EB8 || U+1EB9<br /> |-<br /> | Combining Dot Below || Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Below || Latin Small Letter A With Dot Below || Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Dot Below || Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Dot Below || Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Dot Below || Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Dot Below || Latin Capital Letter B With Dot Below || Latin Small Letter B With Dot Below || Latin Capital Letter D With Dot Below || Latin Small Letter D With Dot Below || Latin Capital Letter E With Dot Below || Latin Small Letter E With Dot Below<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ệ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ệ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ḥ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ḥ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ị || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ị || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ḳ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ḳ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ḷ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ḷ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ḹ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ḹ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṃ<br /> |-<br /> | U+1EC6 || U+1EC7 || U+1E24 || U+1E25 || U+1ECA || U+1ECB || U+1E32 || U+1E33 || U+1E36 || U+1E37 || U+1E38 || U+1E39 || U+1E42<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Dot Below || Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Dot Below || Latin Capital Letter H With Dot Below || Latin Small Letter H With Dot Below || Latin Capital Letter I With Dot Below || Latin Small Letter I With Dot Below || Latin Capital Letter K With Dot Below || Latin Small Letter K With Dot Below || Latin Capital Letter L With Dot Below || Latin Small Letter L With Dot Below || Latin Capital Letter L With Dot Below And Macron || Latin Small Letter L With Dot Below And Macron || Latin Capital Letter M With Dot Below<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṃ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṇ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṇ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ọ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ọ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ộ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ộ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ợ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ợ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṛ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṛ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṝ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṝ<br /> |-<br /> | U+1E43 || U+1E46 || U+1E47 || U+1ECC || U+1ECD || U+1ED8 || U+1ED9 || U+1EE2 || U+1EE3 || U+1E5A || U+1E5B || U+1E5C || U+1E5D<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Small Letter M With Dot Below || Latin Capital Letter N With Dot Below || Latin Small Letter N With Dot Below || Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Below || Latin Small Letter O With Dot Below || Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Dot Below || Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Dot Below || Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Dot Below || Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Dot Below || Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Below || Latin Small Letter R With Dot Below || Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Below And Macron || Latin Small Letter R With Dot Below And Macron<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṣ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṣ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṩ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṩ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṭ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṭ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ụ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ụ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ự || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ự || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṿ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṿ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ẉ<br /> |-<br /> | U+1E62 || U+1E63 || U+1E68 || U+1E69 || U+1E6C || U+1E6D || U+1EE4 || U+1EE5 || U+1EF0 || U+1EF1 || U+1E7E || U+1E7F || U+1E88<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Below || Latin Small Letter S With Dot Below || Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above || Latin Small Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter T With Dot Below || Latin Small Letter T With Dot Below || Latin Capital Letter U With Dot Below || Latin Small Letter U With Dot Below || Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Dot Below || Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Dot Below || Latin Capital Letter V With Dot Below || Latin Small Letter V With Dot Below || Latin Capital Letter W With Dot Below<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ẉ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ỵ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ỵ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ẓ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ẓ<br /> |-<br /> | U+1E89 || U+1EF4 || U+1EF5 || U+1E92 || U+1E93<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Small Letter W With Dot Below || Latin Capital Letter Y With Dot Below || Latin Small Letter Y With Dot Below || Latin Capital Letter Z With Dot Below || Latin Small Letter Z With Dot Below<br /> |}<br /> The dot below is also known as underdot.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Uses of Dot Below<br /> ! Usage<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Letters<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | Creaky voice<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Vietnamese_language|Vietnamese]]<br /> | Ạạ /a̰ːʔ˨˩/, Ặặ /a̰ʔ˨˩/, Ậậ /ə̰ʔ˨˩/, Ẹẹ /ɛ̰ʔ˨˩/, Ệệ /ḛʔ˨˩/, Ịị /ḭʔ˨˩/, Ọọ /ɔ̰ʔ˨˩/, Ộộ /o̰ʔ˨˩/, Ợợ /ə̰ːʔ˨˩/, Ụụ /ṵʔ˨˩/, Ựự /ɨ̰ʔ˨˩/, Ỵỵ /ḭʔ˨˩/<br /> | The dot below stands for low falling tone with creaky voice and a following glottal stop.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language#Tones_2] There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters though.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_orthography#Pronunciation]<br /> |-<br /> | Lowered vowel<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Yoruba_language|Yoruba]] (Crowther's alphabet)<br /> | Ẹẹ /ɛ̙/, Ọọ /ɔ̙/<br /> | In Yoruba these vowels are also accompanied by retracted tongue root. These letters were used in older forms of Yoruba orthography. See [[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet#Vertical_Line_Below|Vertical Line Below]].<br /> |-<br /> | Raised vowel<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Slovene_language|Slovene]] (orthography with tonal accentuation)<br /> | Ẹẹ /e/, Ẹ́ẹ́ /éː/, Ẹ̀ẹ̀ /é/, Ẹ̏ẹ̏ /è/, Ẹ̑ẹ̑ or Ệệ /èː/, Ọọ /o/, Ọ́ọ́ /óː/, Ọ̀ọ̀ /ó/, Ọ̏ọ̏ /ò/, Ọ̑ọ̑ or Ộộ /òː/<br /> | These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language#Prosody]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Double Acute Accent ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Precomposed Letters with Double Acute Accent<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ˝ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ˶ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ◌̋ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ő || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ő || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ű || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ű<br /> |-<br /> | U+02DD || U+02F6 || U+030B || U+0150 || U+0151 || U+0170 || U+0171<br /> |-<br /> | Double Acute Accent || Modifier Letter Middle Double Acute Accent ​|| Combining Double Acute Accent || Latin Capital Letter O With Double Acute || Latin Small Letter O With Double Acute || Latin Capital Letter U With Double Acute || Latin Small Letter U With Double Acute<br /> |-<br /> | '''Note:''' May be confused with Modifier Letter Double Prime ʺ (U+02BA), Modifier Letter Double Apostrophe ˮ (U+02EE), Left Double Quotation Mark “ (U+201C), Right Double Quotation Mark ” (U+201D), or Double Prime ″ (U+2033). || || || || || ||<br /> |}<br /> The double acute accent (also known as Hungarumlaut) originates from Hungarian orthography. Őő and Űű were introduced to the Hungarian alphabet in the 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century to replace earlier Ö́ö́ and Ǘǘ.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_acute_accent#History]<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Uses of Double Acute Accent<br /> ! Usage<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Letters<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | Long front version of back vowel<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Hungarian_language|Hungarian]]<br /> | Őő /øː/, Űű /yː/<br /> | <br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Double Grave Accent ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Precomposed Letters with Double Grave Accent<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ˵ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ◌̏ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ȁ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ȁ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ȅ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ȅ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ȉ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ȉ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ȍ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ȍ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ȑ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ȑ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ȕ<br /> |-<br /> | U+02F5 || U+030F || U+0200 || U+0201 || U+0204 || U+0205 || U+0208 || U+0209 || U+020C || U+020D || U+0210 || U+0211 || U+0214<br /> |-<br /> | Modifier Letter Middle Double Grave Accent || Combining Double Grave Accent || Latin Capital Letter A With Double Grave || Latin Small Letter A With Double Grave || Latin Capital Letter E With Double Grave || Latin Small Letter E With Double Grave || Latin Capital Letter I With Double Grave || Latin Small Letter I With Double Grave || Latin Capital Letter O With Double Grave || Latin Small Letter O With Double Grave || Latin Capital Letter R With Double Grave || Latin Small Letter R With Double Grave || Latin Capital Letter U With Double Grave<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ȕ<br /> |-<br /> | U+0215<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Small Letter U With Double Grave<br /> |}<br /> The double grave accent is not part of the orthography of any language, but it is used in language learning materials of and linguistic publications about [[Wikipedia:Serbian_language|Serbian]], [[Wikipedia:Croatian_language|Croatian]] and [[Wikipedia:Slovene_language|Slovene]].[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_grave_accent]<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Uses of Double Grave Accent<br /> ! Usage<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Letters<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 | Short vowel with pitch accent or tone<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Croatian_language|Croatian]], [[Wikipedia:Serbian_language|Serbian]]<br /> | Ȁȁ /â/, Ȅȅ /ê/, Ȉȉ /î/, Ȍȍ /ô/, Ȑȑ /r̩̂/, Ȕȕ /û/<br /> | The double grave accent marks here a short vowel with falling pitch.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_phonology#Pitch_accent]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Slovene_language|Slovene]] (orthography with tonal accentuation)<br /> | Ȁȁ /à/, Ȅȅ /ɛ̀/, Ẹ̏ẹ̏ /è/, Ȉȉ /ì/, Ȍȍ /ɔ̀/, Ọ̏ọ̏ /ò/, Ȑȑ /ə̀ɾ/, Ȕȕ /ù/<br /> | The double grave accent marks that the vowels are short and have low tone. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language#Prosody]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Grave Accent ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Precomposed Letters with Grave Accent<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ` || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ˋ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ˴ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ◌̀ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ◌̀ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | À || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | à || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ầ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ầ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ằ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ằ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | È || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | è<br /> |-<br /> | U+0060 || U+02CB || U+02F4 || U+0300 || U+0340 || U+00C0 || U+00E0 || U+1EA6 || U+1EA7 || U+1EB0 || U+1EB1 || U+00C8 || U+00E8<br /> |-<br /> | Grave Accent || Modifier Letter Grave Accent || Modifier Letter Middle Grave Accent || Combining Grave Accent || Combining Grave Tone Mark || Latin Capital Letter A With Grave || Latin Small Letter A With Grave || Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Grave || Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Grave || Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Grave || Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Grave || Latin Capital Letter E With Grave || Latin Small Letter E With Grave<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ḕ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ḕ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ề || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ề || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ì || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ì || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ǹ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǹ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ò || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ò || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṑ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṑ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ồ<br /> |-<br /> | U+1E14 || U+1E15 || U+1EC0 || U+1EC1 || U+00CC || U+00EC || U+01F8 || U+01F9 || U+00D2 || U+00F2 || U+1E50 || U+1E51 || U+1ED2<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Grave || Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Grave || Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Grave || Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Grave || Latin Capital Letter I With Grave || Latin Small Letter I With Grave || Latin Capital Letter N With Grave || Latin Small Letter N With Grave || Latin Capital Letter O With Grave || Latin Small Letter O With Grave || Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Grave || Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Grave || Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Grave<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ồ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ờ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ờ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ù || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ù || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ǜ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǜ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ừ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ừ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ẁ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ẁ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ỳ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ỳ<br /> |-<br /> | U+1ED3 || U+1EDC || U+1EDD || U+00D9 || U+00F9 || U+01DB || U+01DC || U+1EEA || U+1EEB || U+1E80 || U+1E81 || U+1EF2 || U+1EF3<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Grave || Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Grave || Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Grave || Latin Capital Letter U With Grave || Latin Small Letter U With Grave || Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave || Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave || Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Grave || Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Grave || Latin Capital Letter W With Grave || Latin Small Letter W With Grave || Latin Capital Letter Y With Grave || Latin Small Letter Y With Grave<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Uses of Grave Accent<br /> ! Use<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Letters<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | Falling tone<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Vietnamese_language|Vietnamese]]<br /> | Àà /a̤ː˨˩/, Ằằ /a̤˨˩/, Ầầ /ə̤˨˩/, Èè /ɛ̤˨˩/, Ềề /e̤˨˩/, Ìì /i̤˨˩/, Òò /ɔ̤˨˩/, Ồồ /o̤˨˩/, Ờờ /ə̤ː˨˩/, Ùù /ṳ˨˩/, Ừừ /ɨ̤˨˩/, Ỳỳ /i̤˨˩/<br /> | The grave accent stands for low falling tone with breathy voice. There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters though.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_orthography#Pronunciation]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=3 | Short vowel<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Croatian_language|Croatian]], [[Wikipedia:Serbian_language|Serbian]]<br /> | Àà /ǎ/, Èè /ě/, Ìì /ǐ/, Òò /ǒ/, R̀r̀ /ř̩/, Ùù /ǔ/<br /> | The grave accent marks that these vowels are short and have rising pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Croatian or Serbian, but in linguistic materials.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_phonology#Pitch_accent]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Slovene_language|Slovene]] (orthography with dynamic accentuation)<br /> | Àà /ˈa/, Èè /ˈɛ/, Ìì /ˈi/, Òò /ˈɔ/, R̀r̀ /ˈəɾ/, Ùù /ˈu/<br /> | The grave accent marks that these vowels are stressed and short, and that Èè and Òò are mid-open vowels rather than mid-close. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language#Prosody]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Slovene_language|Slovene]] (orthography with tonal accentuation)<br /> | Àà /á/, Èè /ɛ́/, Ẹ̀ẹ̀ /é/, Ìì /í/, Òò /ɔ́/, Ọ̀ọ̀ /ó/, R̀r̀ /ə́ɾ/, Ùù /ú/<br /> | The grave accent marks that these vowels are short and have high pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language#Prosody]<br /> |-<br /> | Stress<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Catalan_language|Catalan]]<br /> | Àà /ˈa/, Èè /ˈɛ/, Òò /ˈɔ/<br /> | The rules for when stress is to be marked in Catalan are quite complex. The grave accent also distinguishes stressed /ɛ ɔ/ from /e o/,[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_alphabet#Acute_and_grave_accents] see [[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet#Acute_Accent|Acute Accent]], Catalan section on ''Uses of Acute Accent''.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Hook Above ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Precomposed Letters with Hook Above<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ◌̉ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ả || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ả || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ẩ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ẩ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ẳ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ẳ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ẻ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ẻ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ể || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ể || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ỉ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ỉ<br /> |-<br /> | U+0309 || U+1EA2 || U+1EA3 || U+1EA8 || U+1EA9 || U+1EB2 || U+1EB3 || U+1EBA || U+1EBB || U+1EC2 || U+1EC3 || U+1EC8 || U+1EC9<br /> |-<br /> | Combining Hook Above || Latin Capital Letter A With Hook Above || Latin Small Letter A With Hook Above || Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Hook Above || Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Hook Above || Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Hook Above || Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Hook Above || Latin Capital Letter E With Hook Above || Latin Small Letter E With Hook Above || Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Hook Above || Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Hook Above || Latin Capital Letter I With Hook Above || Latin Small Letter I With Hook Above<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ỏ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ỏ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ổ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ổ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ở || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ở || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ủ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ủ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ử || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ử || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ỷ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ỷ<br /> |-<br /> | U+1ECE || U+1ECF || U+1ED4 || U+1ED5 || U+1EDE || U+1EDF || U+1EE6 || U+1EE7 || U+1EEC || U+1EED || U+1EF6 || U+1EF7<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Capital Letter O With Hook Above || Latin Small Letter O With Hook Above || Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Hook Above || Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Hook Above || Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Hook Above || Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Hook Above || Latin Capital Letter U With Hook Above || Latin Small Letter U With Hook Above || Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Hook Above || Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Hook Above || Latin Capital Letter Y With Hook Above || Latin Small Letter Y With Hook Above<br /> |}<br /> The hook above (or ''dấu hỏi'') is only used in the Vietnamese Quốc Ngữ orthography, where it marks a tone. Note that this diacritic can be hard to see or discern from other diacritics, especially in small font sizes. When it is stacked on top of another diacritic, it may be cut off in some applications, especially when it appears on a capital letter.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Uses of Hook Above<br /> ! Usage<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Letters<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | Falling-rising (dipping) tone<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Vietnamese_language|Vietnamese]]<br /> | Ảả /aː˧˩˧/, Ẳẳ /a˧˩˧/, Ẩẩ /ə˧˩˧/, Ẻẻ /ɛ˧˩˧/, Ểể /e˧˩˧/, Ỉỉ /i˧˩˧/, Ỏỏ /ɔ˧˩˧/, Ổổ /o˧˩˧/, Ởở /əː˧˩˧/, Ủủ /u˧˩˧/, Ửử /ɨ˧˩˧/, Ỷỷ /i˧˩˧/<br /> | There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_orthography#Pronunciation]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Horn ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Precomposed Letters with Horn<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ◌̛ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ơ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ơ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ớ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ớ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ờ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ờ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ở || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ở || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ỡ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ỡ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ợ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ợ<br /> |-<br /> | U+031B || U+01A0 || U+01A1 || U+1EDA || U+1EDB || U+1EDC || U+1EDD || U+1EDE || U+1EDF || U+1EE0 || U+1EE1 || U+1EE2 || U+1EE3<br /> |-<br /> | Combining Horn || Latin Capital Letter O With Horn || Latin Small Letter O With Horn || Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Acute || Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Acute || Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Grave || Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Grave || Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Hook Above || Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Hook Above || Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Tilde || Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Tilde || Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Dot Below || Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Dot Below<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ư || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ư || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ứ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ứ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ừ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ừ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ử || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ử || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ữ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ữ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ự || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ự<br /> |-<br /> | U+01AF || U+01B0 || U+1EE8 || U+1EE9 || U+1EEA || U+1EEB || U+1EEC || U+1EED || U+1EEE || U+1EEF || U+1EF0 || U+1EF1<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Capital Letter U With Horn || Latin Small Letter U With Horn || Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Acute || Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Acute || Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Grave || Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Grave || Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Hook Above || Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Hook Above || Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Tilde || Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Tilde || Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Dot Below || Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Dot Below<br /> |}<br /> The horn diacritic (or ''dấu móc'') is only used in the Vietnamese Quốc Ngữ orthography, where it is used for discerning different vowel qualities.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Uses of Horn<br /> ! Usage<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Letters<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | Unrounded central vowel<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Vietnamese_language|Vietnamese]]<br /> | Ơơ /əː˧/, Ớớ /əː˧˥/, Ờờ /ə̤ː˨˩/, Ởở /əː˧˩˧/, Ỡỡ /əˀː˧˥/, Ợợ /ə̰ːʔ˨˩/, Ưư /ɨ˧/, Ứứ /ɨ˧˥/, Ừừ /ɨ̤˨˩/, Ửử /ɨ˧˩˧/, Ữữ /ɨˀ˧˥/, Ựự /ɨ̰ʔ˨˩/<br /> | <br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Inverted Breve ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Precomposed Letters with Inverted Breve<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ◌̑ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ȃ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ȃ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ȇ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ȇ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ȋ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ȋ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ȏ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ȏ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ȓ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ȓ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ȗ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ȗ<br /> |-<br /> | U+0311 || U+0202 || U+0203 || U+0206 || U+0207 || U+020A || U+020B || U+020E || U+020F || U+0212 || U+0213 || U+0216 || U+0217<br /> |-<br /> | Combining Inverted Breve || Latin Capital Letter A With Inverted Breve || Latin Small Letter A With Inverted Breve || Latin Capital Letter E With Inverted Breve || Latin Small Letter E With Inverted Breve || Latin Capital Letter I With Inverted Breve || Latin Small Letter I With Inverted Breve || Latin Capital Letter O With Inverted Breve || Latin Small Letter O With Inverted Breve || Latin Capital Letter R With Inverted Breve || Latin Small Letter R With Inverted Breve || Latin Capital Letter U With Inverted Breve || Latin Small Letter U With Inverted Breve<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The inverted breve is also known as an arch. Note that it may easily be confused with [[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet#Circumflex|circumflex]]. The inverted breve is not part of the orthography of any language, but it is used in linguistic materials about Serbian, Croatian and Slovene.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_breve] It was derived from the circumflex in Ancient Greek.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_breve#Serbo-Croatian]<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Uses of Inverted Breve<br /> ! Usage<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Letters<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 | Long vowel with pitch accent<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Croatian_language|Croatian]], [[Wikipedia:Serbian_language|Serbian]]<br /> | Ȃȃ /âː/, Ȇȇ /êː/, Ȋȋ /îː/, Ȏȏ /ôː/, Ȓȓ /r̩̂ː/, Ȗȗ /ûː/<br /> | The inverted breve marks a long vowel with falling pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Croatian or Serbian, but in linguistic materials.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_breve#Serbo-Croatian]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Slovene_language|Slovene]] (orthography with tonal accentuation)<br /> | Ȃȃ /àː/, Ȇȇ /ɛ̀ː/, Ẹ̑ẹ̑ /èː/, Ȋȋ /ìː/, Ȏȏ /ɔ̀ː/, Ọ̑ọ̑ /òː/, Ȗȗ /ùː/<br /> | The inverted breve marks a long vowel with low pitch. [[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet#Circumflex|Circumflex]] may be used instead of the inverted breve. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language#Prosody]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Macron ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Precomposed Letters with Macron<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ¯ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ˉ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ◌̄ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ā || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ā || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ǟ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǟ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ǡ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǡ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ǣ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǣ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ē || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ē <br /> |-<br /> | U+00AF || U+02C9 || U+0304 || U+0100 || U+0101 || U+01DE || U+01DF || U+01E0 || U+01E1 || U+01E2 || U+01E3 || U+0112 || U+0113<br /> |-<br /> | Macron || Modifier Letter Macron || Combining Macron || Latin Capital Letter A With Macron || Latin Small Letter A With Macron || Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron || Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron || Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above And Macron || Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above And Macron || Latin Capital Letter Ae With Macron || Latin Small Letter Ae With Macron || Latin Capital Letter E With Macron || Latin Small Letter E With Macron<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; | '''Note:''' May be confused with Overline, ‾ (U+203E); Combining Double Macron, ◌͞ (U+035E); or Superscript Minus, ⁻ (U+207B). || || || || || || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ḕ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ḕ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ḗ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ḗ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ḡ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ḡ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ī || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ī || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ḹ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ḹ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ō || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ō || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ǭ<br /> |-<br /> | U+1E14 || U+1E15 ||​ U+1E16 || U+1E17 || U+1E20 || U+1E21 || U+012A || U+012B || U+1E38 || U+1E39 || U+014C ||​ U+014D || U+01EC<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Grave || Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Grave || Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Acute || Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Acute || Latin Capital Letter G With Macron || Latin Small Letter G With Macron || Latin Capital Letter I With Macron || Latin Small Letter I With Macron || Latin Capital Letter L With Dot Below And Macron || Latin Small Letter L With Dot Below And Macron || Latin Capital Letter O With Macron || Latin Small Letter O With Macron || Latin Capital Letter O With Ogonek And Macron<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǭ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṑ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṑ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṓ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṓ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ȫ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ȫ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ȭ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ȭ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ȱ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ȱ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṝ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṝ<br /> |-<br /> | U+01ED || U+1E50 || U+1E51 || U+1E52 || U+1E53 || U+022A || U+022B || U+022C || U+022D || U+0230 || U+0231 || U+1E5C || U+1E5D<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Small Letter O With Ogonek And Macron || Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Grave || Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Grave || Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Acute || Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Acute || Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron || Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron || Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Macron || Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Macron || Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above And Macron || Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above And Macron || Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Below And Macron || Latin Small Letter R With Dot Below And Macron<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ū || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ū || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṻ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṻ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ǖ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǖ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ȳ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ȳ<br /> |-<br /> | U+016A || U+016B || U+1E7A || U+1E7B || U+01D5 || U+01D6 || U+0232 || U+0233<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Capital Letter U With Macron || Latin Small Letter U With Macron || Latin Capital Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis || Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron || Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron || Latin Capital Letter Y With Macron || Latin Small Letter Y With Macron<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Uses of Macron<br /> ! Use<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Letters<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Long vowel<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Croatian_language|Croatian]], [[Wikipedia:Serbian_language|Serbian]]<br /> | Āā /aː/, Ēē /eː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, R̄r̄ /r̩ː/, Ūū /uː/<br /> | The macron marks a long vowel without pitch accent. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Croatian or Serbian, but in linguistic materials.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_phonology#Pitch_accent]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Latgalian_language|Latgalian]]<br /> | Āā /ɑː/, Ēē /eː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, Ūū /uː/<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Latvian_language|Latvian]]<br /> | Āā /ɑː/, Ēē /eː/ and /æː/, Īī /iː/, Ūū /uː/<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Livonian_language|Livonian]]<br /> | Āā /ɑː/, Ǟǟ /æː/, Ēē /ɛː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, Ȱȱ /ʊː/, Ȭȭ /ɨː/, Ūū /u/<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Middle Dot ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Precomposed Letters with Middle Dot<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | · || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ŀ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ŀ<br /> |-<br /> | U+00B7 || U+013F || U+0140<br /> |-<br /> | Middle Dot || Latin Capital Letter L With Middle Dot || Latin Small Letter L With Middle Dot<br /> |-<br /> | '''Note:''' May be confused with Modifier Letter Half Triangular Colon, ˑ (U+02D1); Bullet, • (U+2022); Bullet Operator, ∙ (U+2219); Dot Operator, ⋅ (U+22C5); or Hyphenation Point, ‧ (U+2027). || ||<br /> |}<br /> The middle dot is also known by the names interpunct, interpoint, centered (centred) dot and space dot. The dot operator ⋅ (U+22C5) may also be called middle dot.[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpunct]&lt;br&gt;<br /> In ancient Latin and several other scripts, the middle dot was used instead of space for separating words.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_divider]<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Uses of Middle Dot<br /> ! Usage<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Letters<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | Digraph disambiguation<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Catalan_language|Catalan]]<br /> | Ŀl ŀl /lː/<br /> | Ll ll without middle dot stands for /ʎ/.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_alphabet#Punt_volat_.28middot.29]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Ogonek ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Precomposed Letters with Ogonek<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ˛ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ◌̨ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ą || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ą || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ę || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ę || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Į || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | į || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ǫ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǫ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ǭ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǭ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ų<br /> |-<br /> | U+02DB || U+0328 || U+0104 || U+0105 || U+0118 || U+0119 || U+012E || U+012F || U+01EA || U+01EB || U+01EC || U+01ED || U+0172<br /> |-<br /> | Ogonek || Combining Ogonek || Latin Capital Letter A With Ogonek || Latin Small Letter A With Ogonek || Latin Capital Letter E With Ogonek || Latin Small Letter E With Ogonek || Latin Capital Letter I With Ogonek || Latin Small Letter I With Ogonek || Latin Capital Letter O With Ogonek || Latin Small Letter O With Ogonek || Latin Capital Letter O With Ogonek And Macron || Latin Small Letter O With Ogonek And Macron || Latin Capital Letter U With Ogonek<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ų<br /> |-<br /> | U+0173<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Small Letter U With Ogonek<br /> |}<br /> In European languages the ogonek is attached to the right side of Aa, Ee and u, but in Native American languages it is supposed to be placed directly under the letter if technically possible.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogonek#Typographical_notes] There are no separate Unicode poins for these variants. Note that the ogonek may be confused with [[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet#Cedilla|cedilla]] ¸.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Uses of Ogonek<br /> ! Usage<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Letters<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | <br /> | <br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Retroflex Hook ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Precomposed Letters with Retroflex Hook<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ◌̢ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ɖ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ʯ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ɭ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ᶩ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ɳ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ᶯ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ɽ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ɽ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ɻ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ʵ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ʂ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ᶳ<br /> |-<br /> | U+0322 || U+0256 || U+02AF || U+026D || U+1DA9 || U+0273 || U+1DAF || U+2C64 || U+027D || U+027B || U+02B5 || U+0282 || U+1DB3<br /> |-<br /> | Combining Retroflex Hook Below || Latin Small Letter D With Tail || Latin Small Letter Turned H With Fishhook And Tail || Latin Small Letter L With Retroflex Hook || Modifier Letter Small L With Retroflex Hook || Latin Small Letter N With Retroflex Hook || Modifier Letter Small N With Retroflex Hook || Latin Capital Letter R With Tail || Latin Small Letter R With Tail || Latin Small Letter Turned R With Hook || Modifier Letter Small Turned R With Hook || Latin Small Letter S With Hook || Modifier Letter Small S With Hook<br /> |-<br /> | '''Note:''' It is not recommended that this combining diacritic is used with letters to create new characters.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_(diacritic)#Unicode] || '''Note:''' Upper case of this letter is Latin Capital Letter African D, [[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet#Bar|Ɖ]] (U+0189). || '''Note:''' Phonetic character used by sinologist to denote [ʐ̩ʷ].[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabic_consonant#Syllabic_fricatives] Not used in any orthography. || '''Note:''' Phonetic character used in [[Wikipedia:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|IPA]]. Not used in any orthography. || '''Note:''' Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. || '''Note:''' Phonetic character used in [[Wikipedia:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|IPA]]. Not used in any orthography. || '''Note:''' Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. || || || '''Note:''' Phonetic character used in [[Wikipedia:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|IPA]]. Not used in any orthography. || '''Note:''' Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. || '''Note:''' Phonetic character used in [[Wikipedia:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|IPA]]. Not used in any orthography. || '''Note:''' Phonetic character; not used in any orthography.<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ʈ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ʈ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ʐ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ᶼ<br /> |-<br /> | U+01AE || U+0288 || U+0290 || U+1DBC<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Capital Letter T With Retroflex Hook || Latin Small Letter T With Retroflex Hook || Latin Small Letter Z With Retroflex Hook || Modifier Letter Small Z With Retroflex Hook<br /> |-<br /> | || || '''Note:''' Phonetic character used in [[Wikipedia:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|IPA]]. Not used in any orthography. || '''Note:''' Phonetic character; not used in any orthography.<br /> |}<br /> The retroflex hook is variously also called just a hook, or a tail, in Unicode. They all have in common that it is a hook turning towards the right, attached to the bottom of a letter. The majority of these letters are used in [[Wikipedia:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|IPA]] to represent retroflex consonants.&lt;br&gt;<br /> Note that the retroflex hook is easily confused with the similar looking [[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet#Palatalized_Hook|Palatalized Hook]] ◌̡. There are also letters with other hooks, such as Ɓɓ, Ƈƈ, Ɗɗ, Ƒƒ, Ɠɠ, [[Wikipedia:Voiced_uvular_implosive|ʛ]], [[Wikipedia:Voiced_glottal_fricative|ɦ]], [[Wikipedia:Sj-sound|ɧ]], Ƙƙ, [[Wikipedia:Labiodental_nasal|ɱ]], Ɲɲ, Ɋɋ, [[Wikipedia:Q_with_hook|ʠ]], Ƥƥ, Ƭƭ, Ʋʋ, Ƴƴ, Ȥȥ.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Uses of Retroflex Hook<br /> ! Usage<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Letters<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | <br /> | <br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Ring Above ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Precomposed Letters with Ring Above<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ˚ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ◌̊ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Å || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | å || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ǻ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǻ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ů || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ů || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ẘ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ẙ<br /> |-<br /> | U+02DA || U+030A || U+00C5 || U+00E5 || U+01FA || U+01FB || U+016E || U+016F || U+1E98 || U+1E99<br /> |-<br /> | Ring Above || Combining Ring Above || Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above || Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above || Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above And Acute || Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above And Acute || Latin Capital Letter U With Ring Above || Latin Small Letter U With Ring Above || Latin Small Letter W With Ring Above || Latin Small Letter Y With Ring Above<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''Note:''' May be confused with the Degree Sign ° (U+00B0) || '''Note:''' May be confused with the Ångström Sign Å (U+212B). || || || || || || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Uses of Ring Above<br /> ! Use<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Letters<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=3 | Back version of front vowel. Often also rounded.<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Chamorro_language|Chamorro]]<br /> | Åå /ɑ/<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Danish_language|Danish]], [[Norwegian]]<br /> | Åå /ɔ/<br /> | From an earlier digraph aa representing /ɔ/, which in turn came from /aː/.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Swedish_language|Swedish]]<br /> | Åå /o/<br /> | From an earlier digraph aa representing /ɔ/, which in turn came from /aː/.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85]<br /> |-<br /> | Long vowel<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Czech_language|Czech]]<br /> | Ůů /uː/<br /> | This comes from a diphthong /uo/, where the o was sometimes written as a ring above the u. A sound change then turned /uo/ into /uː/.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_orthography#Letter_.C5.AE]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Stroke ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Precomposed Letters with Stroke<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ◌̸ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ◌̷ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ⱥ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ⱥ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ȼ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ȼ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ɇ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ɇ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ł || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ł || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ᴌ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ƛ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ø<br /> |-<br /> | U+0338 || U+0337 || U+023A || U+2C65 || U+023B || U+023C || U+0246 || U+0247 || U+0141 || U+0142 || U+1D0C || U+019B || U+00D8<br /> |-<br /> | Combining Long Solidus Overlay || Combining Short Solidus Overlay || Latin Capital Letter A With Stroke || Latin Small Letter A With Stroke || Latin Capital Letter C With Stroke || Latin Small Letter C With Stroke || Latin Capital Letter E With Stroke || Latin Small Letter E With Stroke || Latin Capital Letter L With Stroke || Latin Small Letter L With Stroke || Latin Letter Small Capital L With Stroke || Latin Small Letter Lambda With Stroke || Latin Capital Letter O With Stroke<br /> |-<br /> | || || || || '''Note:''' May be confused with Cedi Sign, ₵ (U+20B5). || '''Note:''' May be confused with Cent Sign, ¢ (U+00A2). || || ||​ || || '''Note:''' Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. || || '''Note:''' May be confused with Empty Set, ∅ (U+2205).<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ø || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ᴓ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ǿ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ǿ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ẜ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ⱦ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ⱦ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ᵺ<br /> |-<br /> | U+00F8 || U+1D13 || U+01FE || U+01FF || U+1E9C || U+023E || U+2C66 || U+1D7A<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Small Letter O With Stroke || Latin Small Letter Sideways O With Stroke || Latin Capital Letter O With Stroke And Acute || Latin Small Letter O With Stroke And Acute || Latin Small Letter Long S With Diagonal Stroke || Latin Capital Letter T With Diagonal Stroke || Latin Small Letter T With Diagonal Stroke || Latin Small Letter Th With Strikethrough<br /> |-<br /> | '''Note:''' May be confused with Diameter Sign, ⌀ (U+2300). || '''Note:''' Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. || || || || || || '''Note:''' Phonetic character used in some American dictionaries.[http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/1d7a/index.htm] Not used in any orthography.<br /> |}<br /> This diacritic, and the one consisting of a horizontal [[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet#Bar|bar]], may both be called stroke in Unicode. In this article they are treated as two separate diacritics. Latin Small Letter Eth, ð, is listed under the [[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet#Bar|bar]] diacritic. There are several currency symbols and mathematical symbols with strokes, but they are not included here.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Uses of Stroke<br /> ! Usage<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Letters<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | Letter extension<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Sahaptin_language|Sahaptin]]<br /> | ƛ /t͡ɬ/, ƛ’ /t͡ɬʼ/<br /> | According to Wikipedia, it is &quot;used in transcribing Sahaptin&quot;.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barred_lambda]<br /> |-<br /> | Other<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Polish language|Polish]]<br /> | Łł /w/<br /> | Historically it stood for /ɫ/.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Tilde ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Precomposed Letters with Tilde<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ~ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ˜ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; |​ ◌̃ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ã || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ã || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ẫ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ẫ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ẵ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ẵ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ẽ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ẽ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ễ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ễ<br /> |-<br /> | U+007E || U+02DC || U+0303 ||​ U+00C3 || U+00E3 ||​ U+1EAA || U+1EAB || U+1EB4 || U+1EB5 || U+1EBC || U+1EBD || U+1EC4 || U+1EC5<br /> |-<br /> | Tilde || Small Tilde || Combining Tilde || Latin Capital Letter A With Tilde || Latin Small Letter A With Tilde || Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde || Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde || Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Tilde || Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Tilde || Latin Capital Letter E With Tilde || Latin Small Letter E With Tilde || Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde || Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde<br /> |-<br /> | '''Note:''' May be confused with swung dash ⁓ (U+2053). || || || || || || || || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ĩ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ĩ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ñ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ñ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Õ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | õ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ȭ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ȭ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṍ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṍ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṏ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṏ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ỗ<br /> |-<br /> | U+0128 || U+0129 ||​ U+00D1 || U+00F1 || U+00D5 || U+00F5 || U+022C || U+022D || U+1E4C || U+1E4D || U+1E4E || U+1E4F || U+1ED6<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Capital Letter I With Tilde || Latin Small Letter I With Tilde || Latin Capital Letter N With Tilde || Latin Small Letter N With Tilde || Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde || Latin Small Letter O With Tilde || Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Macron || Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Macron || Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Acute || Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Acute || Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis || Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ỗ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ỡ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ỡ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ũ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ũ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṹ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṹ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ữ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ữ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ṽ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ṽ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | Ỹ || style=&quot;font-size:180%&quot; | ỹ<br /> |-<br /> | U+1ED7 || U+1EE0 || U+1EE1 || U+0168 || U+0169 || U+1E78 || U+1E79 || U+1EEE || U+1EEF || U+1E7C || U+1E7D || U+1EF8 || U+1EF9<br /> |-<br /> | Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde || Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Tilde || Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Tilde || Latin Capital Letter U With Tilde || Latin Small Letter U With Tilde || Latin Capital Letter U With Tilde And Acute || Latin Small Letter U With Tilde And Acute || Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Tilde || Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Tilde || Latin Capital Letter V With Tilde || Latin Small Letter V With Tilde || Latin Capital Letter Y With Tilde || Latin Small Letter Y With Tilde<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Uses of Tilde<br /> ! Use<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Letters<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | Glottalized vowel<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Vietnamese_language|Vietnamese]]<br /> | Ãã /aˀː˧˥/, Ẵẵ /aˀ˧˥/, Ẫẫ /əˀ˧˥/, Ẽẽ /ɛˀ˧˥/, Ễễ /eˀ˧˥/, Ĩĩ /iˀ˧˥/, Õõ /ɔˀ˧˥/, Ỗỗ /oˀ˧˥/, Ỡỡ /əˀː˧˥/, Ũũ /uˀ˧˥/, Ữữ /ɨˀ˧˥/, Ỹỹ /iˀ˧˥/<br /> | The tilde stands for mid rising tone interrupted by a glottal stop.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language#Tones_2] There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters though.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_orthography#Pronunciation]<br /> |-<br /> | Unrounded vowel<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Estonian_language|Estonian]]<br /> | Õõ /ɤ/<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | Other<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Livonian_language|Livonian]]<br /> | Õõ /ɨ/, Ȭȭ /ɨː/<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Vertical Line Below ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Precomposed Letters with Vertical Line Below<br /> | style=&quot;font-size:180%; width:&quot;100px&quot; | ˌ || style=&quot;font-size:180%; width:&quot;100px&quot; | ◌̩<br /> |-<br /> | U+02CC || U+0329<br /> |-<br /> | Modifier Letter Low Vertical Line || Combining Vertical Line Below<br /> |-<br /> | '''Note:''' Whether this can be said to be the non-combining version of vertical line below is open to debate. This character is used for marking secondary stress in [[IPA]], while combining vertical line below is used for marking syllabic consonants in [[IPA]]. ||<br /> |}<br /> No actual precomposed letters with this diacritic actually exist.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Uses of Vertical Line Below<br /> ! Usage<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Letters<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | Lowered vowel with retracted tongue root<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Yoruba_language|Yoruba]] (current Nigerian alphabet)<br /> | E̩e̩ /ɛ̙/, O̩o̩ /ɔ̙/<br /> | rowspan=2 | The vertical line below replaced an earlier [[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet#Dot_Below|dot below]]. This is because the dots get covered when a word is underlined. In Benin, a different alphabet is used for Yoruba.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_language#Writing_system]<br /> |-<br /> | Postalveolar consonant<br /> | [[Wikipedia:Yoruba_language|Yoruba]] (current Nigerian alphabet)<br /> | S̩s̩ /ʃ/<br /> |}</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Velar_consonant&diff=71690 2012-12-23T20:18:42Z

<p>AlexFink: /* To */ some more citations, partly from http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=conlang;rnMqxg;201103010933560800a</p> <hr /> <div>{{Brokenlinks}}<br /> <br /> '''Velar consonants''' are the most common type of [[dorsal consonant]]s, pronounced with the dorsum of the tongue raised towards the soft palate (or velum). [[Velarization]] utilizes the same gesture, but with another primary articulation. Velar or further back closure is used to produce the airflow in [[click]]s, but their [[POA]] are generally defined by the front articulation (this also implies the impossibility of a velar click; not that it stopped [[IPA]] from creating a symbol for one).<br /> <br /> [[Back vowel]]s may also be characterized as velar, tho for those in the [ɔ] to [ɑ] region &quot;uvular&quot; or &quot;pharyngeal&quot; may be more accurate descriptions.<br /> <br /> ==Plosives==<br /> The [[voiceless velar stop]] /k/ is nigh-universal in languages of the world and commonly a high-frequency consonant. When [[aspiration]] or [[ejective]]ness are contrasted, the same applies to these counterparts. Languages lacking /k/ have generally previously shifted it to /ʔ/ (examples include Tahitian and perhaps [[wikipedia:Xavante language|Xavante]]) or have other voiceless dorsal stops, usually at least /kʷ/ (sometimes /kp/ ([http://web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/L/L4133.html Klao]) or /q/ ([http://web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/L/L6105.html Hupa])). A third , more academic possibility is a language not making any voicing distinction in stops and having [k] as an allophone of a consonant best described as /g/.<br /> <br /> By contrast, the [[voiced velar stop]] /g/ (or /ɡ/, if you are a stickler for proper typography) is considerably more unstable than its other &quot;basic&quot; counterparts /b/ and /d/; languages with a [[Phoneme hole|hole]] at /g/ are found randomly scattered around the world, with little areal relevance. Known pathways of elimination include → /ɣ/, also a likely intermediate on the road towards loss. [[Arabic]] has freak unmotivated unconditional palatalization to /ʤ/ (while in many dialects leaving /k/ be). ''(I think this is one of a number of hints for Classical Arabic /q/ having been [ɢ] --ed.)'' The [[Velar implosive|implosive]] /ɠ/ is subject to a similar limitation.<br /> <br /> A curious exception of stop distribution is (Xalxa) [[Mongolian]], which lacks /k/ but has /g/.<br /> <br /> ==Affricates==<br /> Voiceless velar affricates occur mostly as an areal feature in Southern Africa, commonly furthermore being ejective and in some cases (Zulu, Archi) lateral. Voiceless velar lateral affricates tend to vary with clusters of a velar stop and an alveolar lateral (Zulu, Archi (might just be notational difference there)). It is also fleetingly found in some [[High German]] dialects, demonstrating its role as the intermediate in the change /kʰ/ → /x/.<br /> <br /> Voiced velar affricates are completely unattested, both as phonemic and as a predictable allophone of any other consonant.<br /> <br /> ==Fricatives==<br /> Velar fricatives [[Voiceless velar fricative|/x/]] and [[Voiced velar fricative|/ɣ/]] are not uncommon, tho not as common as their stop or labial/alveolar counterparts.<br /> &lt;!-- UPSID /k/ 403, /s/ ~200, /f/ 150, /x/ 95<br /> /g/ 253, /z/ ~100, /v/ 95, /ɣ/ 55--&gt;<br /> <br /> Lateral velar fricatives are possible, but rare.<br /> <br /> ==Nasal==<br /> The [[velar nasal]] /ŋ/ is even more commonly lacking as a phoneme than /g/, tho for some reason its distribution is more tied to areal factors. Additionally, among languages that do have /ŋ/, there is also a strong tendency to disallow the word-initial position (examples include the [[Germanic languages]]; exceptions include Austronesian and most languages of Siberia) and sometimes any onset position ([[Mandarin]]).<br /> <br /> ==Other sonorants==<br /> The [[labial-velar approximant]] /w/ is more common than the plain velar version /ɰ/. This is not surprising, since both are high back [[semivowel]]s, and the high back rounded vowel /u/ is also more common than the high back unrounded vowel /ɯ/.<br /> <br /> A velar lateral approximant /ʟ/ is very rare (a velarized alveolar /ɫ/ is somewhat more common), to the point of being about as common as its obstruent counterparts.<br /> <br /> Velar trills or flaps are impossible (but see [[velopharyngeal trill]])<br /> <br /> ==Sound changes involving velars==<br /> ===From===<br /> Velar consonants may commonly be palatalized into palatal consonants near front vowels (which may then decay via [[assibilation]] or similar pathways). This change is also attested as spontaneous in languages that contrast velars with [[uvular consonant]]s, especially where there is a simultaneous rounding contrast, in indigenous languages of the Pacific coast of North America. This is also hypothesized of [[Proto-Indo-European]] in some reconstructions, considering that there are ''(AFAIK --ed.)'' no clear examples of palatal stops becoming velar stops.<br /> <br /> Another typical POA change is retraction to uvular near back vowels (a much rarer spin on this occurs in [[Lahu]], where velars become uvular before all vowels). Spontaneous backing is attested for the fricatives in many Afro-Asiatic languages.<br /> <br /> Labialization can occur near rounded vowels, and resulting labialized velars are capable of turning to labials (eg. [[Greek]]). The change of *w → /v/, ubiquitous in continental European languages, also falls under this.<br /> <br /> Other velar → non-velar sound changes are *w → /j/ (in [[Hebrew]]), *ɣ → /j/ (in many languages), *ŋ → /n/ (in [[Hawaiian]])<br /> <br /> ===To===<br /> Sound changes that systematically create velars are rare. Regardless there are attested examples, including<br /> *labialized labials → labialized velars (in [[Oceanic]])<br /> *linguolabials → labialized velars (in [[Athabascan]]; via a similar intermediate as the previous?)<br /> Sound changes creating some individual velar sound are somewhat more numerous:<br /> *in languages with small consonant inventories originally lacking velar stops, /p/ → /k/ (Arapaho), /t/ → /k/ (in Oceanic, generally part of a [[chain shift|pull chain]] with /k/ → /ʔ/ previously; also in Eastern Apachean)<br /> */tʰ/ → /tx/ (Athabascan); preaspirate stops → /x/ + stop (Celtic)<br /> */ʃ/ → /x/ (in [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] ([[ruki]]), [[Spanish]], possibly [[Finnish|Finnic]], reportedly certain dialects of [[Japanese]])<br /> */f/ → /x/ (some [[Salish languages]], a few [[Italic languages]])<br /> */h/ → /x/ (probably somewhere)<br /> */h/ → /ŋ/ ([[Wikipedia:Rhinoglottophilia|rhinoglottophilia]] - [[Nyole]])<br /> */ɫ/ → /w/ (common, eg. [[French]]), /ɰ/ or /ɣ/ <br /> *the same, starting from /r/ (English seems to be on this road)<br /> *creation of /w/ from (back) vowels by [[diphthongization]]<br /> *∅ → /w/ epenthetically near rounded vowels<br /> *∅ → /ŋ/ word-initially (a [[Samoyedic]] idiosyncrasy)<br /> *∅ → /k/ epenthetically between vowels (''example needed'')<br /> *[[Ugaritic]] appears to have very strange changes from original *θʼ / *ðˤ (emphatic interdental) and *tɬʼ / *ɬˤ (emphatic lateral) to *ɣ.<br /> */ð/ → /ɣ/ ([[Irish]] and [[Scottish Gaelic]])<br /> <br /> {{Phonetics and Phonology}}</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=User_talk:AlexFink&diff=70827 2012-11-13T01:48:05Z

<p>AlexFink: yay!</p> <hr /> <div>==Anglo-Saxon Computerese==<br /> Thank you very much for providing the link for [[Anglo-Saxon Computerese]]. Now I can create a page for it and remove it from the &quot;lost conlangs&quot; page. You rock! This is the first &quot;recovery&quot; I've had from the &quot;gone without a trace&quot; list, so I am very pleased. Thank you again! - [[User:Bornfor|bornfor]], 30 Oct 2012 00:35 EST<br /> :I'm glad to've been useful! Now I'm wishing I could look through the B- through Z- initial lost conlangs, but I suppose they'll take a great effort to collate... [[User:AlexFink|AlexFink]] 17:48, 12 November 2012 (PST)</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Lost_Conlangs&diff=69188 2012-10-02T15:23:24Z

<p>AlexFink: /* Anglo-Saxon Computerese */ this survives</p> <hr /> <div>&lt;center&gt;''These languages should not be confused with the group of conlangs called [[lostlang]]s.''&lt;/center&gt;<br /> <br /> This '''Lost Conlangs''' page is dedicated to conlangs which have passed out of available memory. These are conlangs from which no words or grammatical mentions can be found on the web any longer. What little is known about them is presented here in homage, and in the hopes that someone who knows something more about these languages will one day stop by and tell us more about them.<br /> <br /> [[File:Candle.jpg|thumb|right|A lit candle is a form of traditional remembrance in many cultures.]]<br /> <br /> This page is part of the [[Conlang Rescue Project]].<br /> <br /> =A=<br /> <br /> ==Acian==<br /> '''Acian''' was created in 2002 by a person named Ace. Acian had a LangMaker page. It had its own unique script (according to LangMaker), but no trace of it survives in the Web. <br /> <br /> *[http://web.archive.org/web/20071012090958/http://www.langmaker.com/db/Acian Acian at LangMaker] (archived page)<br /> <br /> ==Adam-Man Tongue==<br /> '''Adam-man Tongue''' was developed by Edmund Shaftesbury (a pseudonym of Webster Edgerly) in 1903. The language used a 33-letter alphabet. It was apparently associated with [[Wikipedia:Ralstonism|Ralstonism]] (yet another creation of this language's author), and adherents of Ralstonism were supposed to use this language to speak to one another. Adam-Man Tongue had a LangMaker page, and was also briefly mentioned on the Esperanto-language wikipedia. Some of its words have been preserved on the web in a [http://inthelandofinventedlanguages.com/index.php?page=languages&amp;id=142 snapshot] of the book in which it was published.<br /> <br /> *[http://web.archive.org/web/20071013112331/http://www.langmaker.com/db/Adam-Man_Tongue Adam-Man Tongue at LangMaker] (archived page)<br /> *[http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam-man_Tongue Adam-Man Tongue mentioned on the Esperanto-language Wikipedia] (live web)<br /> <br /> ==Aeks Nótrï Nódikem==<br /> '''Aeks Nótrï Nódikem''' was a fictional language created by Niki Eve White before or after 2001. The language was influenced by &quot;Ninyan&quot;, German, Latin and [[Sindarin]]. The language apparently used at least five different scripts (at least one of which was unique to it), but no trace of any of these survive on the web. The Babel Text was translated into this language at one point, however it too has been lost. Nothing else of this language remains. There was a geocities page about it, however this did not make it into the Internet Archive.<br /> <br /> *[http://web.archive.org/web/20071013104623/http://www.langmaker.com/db/Aeks_N%C3%B3tr%C3%AF_N%C3%B3dikem Aeks Nótrï Nódikem at LangMaker] (archived)<br /> <br /> ==Alevain==<br /> '''Alevain''' was created by S.M. Willoughby. It had an alphabet, some vocabulary, and a bit of grammar. It had a LangMaker page, but no other information on it is available.<br /> <br /> *[http://web.archive.org/web/20080112171318/http://www.langmaker.com/db/Alevain Alevain at LangMaker] (archived page)<br /> <br /> =='Allinémua==<br /> ''''Allinémua''' once had a LangMaker page, but nothing else is known about it. The LangMaker page did not make it into the Internet Archive.<br /> <br /> ==Alrusomanz==<br /> '''Alrusomanz''' was an [[artlang]] which was begun by Elliot Jackson in 2005. It had a LangMaker page, but the one link on its page did not successfully make it into the Internet Archive. Nothing else about this language is known.<br /> <br /> *[http://web.archive.org/web/20080511151001/http://www.langmaker.com/db/Alrusomanz Alrusomanz at LangMaker] (archived)<br /> <br /> ==Anas==<br /> '''Anas''' was a [[conlang]] created by Christopher Husch beginning in 2002. No texts have been found in it, and what little information was available (that it was agglutinating, that it had many words in its lexicon) was not enough to provide even a single example sentence.<br /> <br /> *[http://web.archive.org/web/20071013164932/http://www.langmaker.com/db/Anas Anas at LangMaker] (archived)<br /> <br /> ==Anderbelixe==<br /> '''Anderbelixe''' was a [[fictional language]] which was created in 2007 by Anderson Cunha. The language was worked on from July 14, 2007 to August 15, 2007, and then abandoned. Cunha intended it to be a language for a nation on his conworld, Anderbel, however due to unknown reasons work on it ceased after just a month. No words or grammatical mentions survive of this language, save for a comment on the LangMaker page which said that <br /> <br /> &quot;Anderbelixe is independent foneticaly(sp), but it uses English's verbal simplicity and of the Auxlangs, besides grammatical resources of the Portuguese. This language was born of the need of Anderbel to have a developed better language, as the Shaelic, for the conworld of Eshraval.&quot;<br /> <br /> *[http://web.archive.org/web/20071013105727/http://www.langmaker.com/db/Anderbelixe Anderbelixe at LangMaker] (archived)<br /> <br /> ==Anglo-Romance==<br /> '''Anglo-Romance''' was an [[a posteriori]] conlang created by Mattia Suardi in 2004. The language used a mostly-English grammar, but substituted &quot;simplified&quot; Romance-language words. Only three words survive: ''cheval'', ''vert'', and ''mort''. The language at one point had a home page on the web, but the only version of this which survived to make it into the internet archive is one without content.<br /> <br /> *[http://web.archive.org/web/20071012190805/http://www.langmaker.com/db/Anglo-Romance Anglo-romance at LangMaker] (archived)<br /> <br /> ==Anglo-Saxon Computerese==<br /> '''Anglo-Saxon Computerese''' was not a language, but instead a list of about one hundred words which were meant to enable one to speak about computers in the [[Wikipedia:Anglo-Saxon|Anglo-Saxon language]]. The words were created (derived) by Carl T. Berkhout in 1996, and only one survives:'' circolwyrde'' (computer). <br /> <br /> There was at one point a page which listed all of the words in this &quot;language&quot;, but a robots.txt exception caused the page not to be archived, and thus the words are lost.<br /> <br /> *[http://web.archive.org/web/20071013051618/http://www.langmaker.com/db/Anglo-Saxon_Computerese Anglo-Saxon Computerese at LangMaker] (archived)<br /> <br /> :This would be [http://www.u.arizona.edu/~ctb/wordhord.html], presumably?<br /> <br /> ==Angtoguan==<br /> '''Angtoguan''' was a fictional diachronic language of the ''Aurokian'' family, which was created in 2005 by Chris Johnston. It was closely related to the language [[Gnorbaran]], due to a past fictional encounter between speakers of the two languages. <br /> <br /> Unfortunately, the page for Antoguan did not make it into the internet archive.<br /> <br /> *[http://web.archive.org/web/20071013103926/http://www.langmaker.com/db/Angtoguan Angtoguan at LangMaker] (archived)<br /> <br /> ==Ania El (I El Isha Ania)==<br /> '''Ania El''' was created prior to 2005 by Alia. It was a &quot;stealth lang&quot; with an approximated five thousand words of vocabulary. The language counted as influences Quenya, Italian, and Atlantian. Nothing else is known about this language.<br /> <br /> *[http://web.archive.org/web/20080112171527/http://www.langmaker.com/db/Ania_El_%28I_El_Isha_Ania%29 Ania El at LangMaker] (archived)<br /> <br /> ==Anklis==<br /> '''Anklis''' was created by Martin Ferretti in 2003. It was influenced by Indo-European, English, German, Japanese, and Arenderon. The language was apparently used to translate the Babel text at one point, however this has been lost. There was also at one point a homepage for this language, but this did not make it into the internet archive.<br /> <br /> *[http://web.archive.org/web/20080112171548/http://www.langmaker.com/db/Anklis Anklis at LangMaker] (archived)<br /> <br /> ==Antique Lantian==<br /> '''Antique Lantian''' was an [[a priori]] [[artlang|personal language]] which was created by Bucchianeri Marco. The language was apparently written with a unique script, however any trace of this has disappeared from the Net.<br /> <br /> Only the numbers one to ten survive, thanks to Janko Gorenc:<br /> 1 – on, 2 – vot, 3 – kas, 4 – lep, 5 – ena, 6 – fit, 7 – koj, 8 – mou, 9 – tonek, 10 – fje.<br /> <br /> *[http://web.archive.org/web/20080511151030/http://www.langmaker.com/db/Antique_Lantian Antique Lantian at LangMaker] (archived)<br /> *[https://sites.google.com/site/jankogorenc/conlangsnumbers Janko Gorenc's numbers page] (live web)<br /> <br /> ==An'tur==<br /> '''An'tur''' was a [[artlang|personal language]] which was created by Sander Dieleman in 2003. It was at one point apparently used to translate the Babel text and had a unique script, however, none of this material survives.<br /> <br /> *[http://web.archive.org/web/20080511151011/http://www.langmaker.com/db/An%27tur An'tur at LangMaker] (archived)<br /> <br /> ==Archaean==<br /> '''Archaean''' was created by Edward Heil before 1999. It was a fictional language associated with an unnamed conworld, and created for use with a roleplaying game which the language's author had also created. A related language (perhaps the same language under a different name) was Talislanta. Other than the name of the language, little else is known.<br /> <br /> Janko Gorenc has saved the language's numbers up to five: 1 – div, 2 – rai, 3 – lot, 4 – til, 5 – to.<br /> <br /> *[http://web.archive.org/web/20071013171520/http://www.langmaker.com/db/Archaen Archaean at LangMaker] (archived)<br /> *[http://archives.conlang.info/ku/vuenkhia/gaucualgaun.html Talislanta mentioned in a post by the language's author]<br /> <br /> ==Ar-na-Kamyt==<br /> '''Ar-na-Kamyt''' was a &quot;jargon&quot; created by Edward Field prior to or during 2007. Other than the fact that it was influenced by Akkadian, Sumerian and Semitic, nothing else is known. Not a single word survives.<br /> <br /> *[http://web.archive.org/web/20070228181326/http://www.langmaker.com/db/Ar-na-Kamyt Ar-na-Kamyt at LangMaker] (archived)<br /> *[http://web.archive.org/web/20070228181326/http://mysite.freeserve.com/arnakamyt Ar-na-Kamyt's home page] (broken link)<br /> <br /> ==Arnysian==<br /> '''Arnysian''' was an international auxiliary language created by Arnur during 2007. It had some influences from Verdurian, but the author strove to keep it a unique language. Thus it is an a priori language. The language's home page was not archived, and no other information is available about it on the web except what little was on the LangMaker page.<br /> <br /> *[http://web.archive.org/web/20071013110448/http://www.langmaker.com/db/Arnysian Arnysian]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Aronian==<br /> '''Aronian''' was an artlang created by Dillion Shaw. It was begun in 2002. The language was influenced by Turkish and Hungarian, Finnish and a bit of French.<br /> <br /> *[http://web.archive.org/web/20071012090251/http://www.langmaker.com/db/Aronian Aronian at LangMaker] (archived)<br /> <br /> ==Asht==<br /> '''Asht''' was a [[logical language]] created by &quot;SPH&quot; during 2004. It was written with a unique script. The language was influenced by English and Latin, but other than that nothing is known. Its website vanished during the fall of Geocities.<br /> <br /> *[http://web.archive.org/web/20080111213949/http://www.langmaker.com/db/Asht Asht at LangMaker] (archived)<br /> <br /> ==Ašnaî==<br /> '''Ašnaî''' was a polysynthetic fictional language created by Maknas in 2003. It used a unique syllabary, but no trace of its grammar or script remains in the web. Its listed home page didn't make it into the internet archive.<br /> <br /> *[http://web.archive.org/web/20080112170955/http://www.langmaker.com/db/A%C2%9Ana%C3%AE Ašnaî at LangMaker] (archived)<br /> <br /> ==Assi==<br /> '''Assi''' was a conlang created by Patrick Pfeaster during or before 2007. Other than this, unfortunately, nothing else is known. A robots.txt exclusion prevented the language's home page from being entered into the internet archive.<br /> <br /> *[http://web.archive.org/web/20071013172108/http://www.langmaker.com/db/Assi Assi at LangMaker] (archived)<br /> <br /> =External Links=<br /> ''For the LangMaker pages associated with each of the languages mentioned here, please check the heading where that language is mentioned. Thank you.''<br /> <br /> {{ConlangRescue}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]</div>

AlexFink https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Velar_consonant&diff=66746 2012-06-20T01:00:16Z

<p>AlexFink: /* To */ this one I&#039;ve read a discussion of, that where speakers don&#039;t need to learn the acoustic cues that distinguish a [p] from a [k], a [k] can be a better [p] than [p]</p> <hr /> <div>{{Brokenlinks}}<br /> <br /> '''Velar consonants''' are the most common type of [[dorsal consonant]]s, pronounced with the dorsum of the tongue raised towards the soft palate (or velum). [[Velarization]] utilizes the same gesture, but with another primary articulation. Velar or further back closure is used to produce the airflow in [[click]]s, but their [[POA]] are generally defined by the front articulation (this also implies the impossibility of a velar click; not that it stopped [[IPA]] from creating a symbol for one).<br /> <br /> [[Back vowel]]s may also be characterized as velar, tho for those in the [ɔ] to [ɑ] region &quot;uvular&quot; or &quot;pharyngeal&quot; may be more accurate descriptions.<br /> <br /> ==Plosives==<br /> The [[voiceless velar stop]] /k/ is nigh-universal in languages of the world and commonly a high-frequency consonant. When [[aspiration]] or [[ejective]]ness are contrasted, the same applies to these counterparts. Languages lacking /k/ have generally previously shifted it to /ʔ/ (examples include Tahitian and perhaps [[wikipedia:Xavante language|Xavante]]) or have other voiceless dorsal stops, usually at least /kʷ/ (sometimes /kp/ ([http://web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/L/L4133.html Klao]) or /q/ ([http://web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/L/L6105.html Hupa])). A third , more academic possibility is a language not making any voicing distinction in stops and having [k] as an allophone of a consonant best described as /g/.<br /> <br /> By contrast, the [[voiced velar stop]] /g/ (or /ɡ/, if you are a stickler for proper typography) is considerably more unstable than its other &quot;basic&quot; counterparts /b/ and /d/; languages with a [[Phoneme hole|hole]] at /g/ are found randomly scattered around the world, with little areal relevance. Known pathways of elimination include → /ɣ/, also a likely intermediate on the road towards loss. [[Arabic]] has freak unmotivated unconditional palatalization to /ʤ/ (while in many dialects leaving /k/ be). ''(I think this is one of a number of hints for Classical Arabic /q/ having been [ɢ] --ed.)'' The [[Velar implosive|implosive]] /ɠ/ is subject to a similar limitation.<br /> <br /> A curious exception of stop distribution is (Xalxa) [[Mongolian]], which lacks /k/ but has /g/.<br /> <br /> ==Affricates==<br /> Voiceless velar affricates occur mostly as an areal feature in Southern Africa, commonly furthermore being ejective and in some cases (Zulu, Archi) lateral. Voiceless velar lateral affricates tend to vary with clusters of a velar stop and an alveolar lateral (Zulu, Archi (might just be notational difference there)). It is also fleetingly found in some [[High German]] dialects, demonstrating its role as the intermediate in the change /kʰ/ → /x/.<br /> <br /> Voiced velar affricates are completely unattested, both as phonemic and as a predictable allophone of any other consonant.<br /> <br /> ==Fricatives==<br /> Velar fricatives [[Voiceless velar fricative|/x/]] and [[Voiced velar fricative|/ɣ/]] are not uncommon, tho not as common as their stop or labial/alveolar counterparts.<br /> &lt;!-- UPSID /k/ 403, /s/ ~200, /f/ 150, /x/ 95<br /> /g/ 253, /z/ ~100, /v/ 95, /ɣ/ 55--&gt;<br /> <br /> Lateral velar fricatives are possible, but rare.<br /> <br /> ==Nasal==<br /> The [[velar nasal]] /ŋ/ is even more commonly lacking as a phoneme than /g/, tho for some reason its distribution is more tied to areal factors. Additionally, among languages that do have /ŋ/, there is also a strong tendency to disallow the word-initial position (examples include the [[Germanic languages]]; exceptions include Austronesian and most languages of Siberia) and sometimes any onset position ([[Mandarin]]).<br /> <br /> ==Other sonorants==<br /> The [[labial-velar approximant]] /w/ is more common than the plain velar version /ɰ/. This is not surprising, since both are high back [[semivowel]]s, and the high back rounded vowel /u/ is also more common than the high back unrounded vowel /ɯ/.<br /> <br /> A velar lateral approximant /ʟ/ is very rare (a velarized alveolar /ɫ/ is somewhat more common), to the point of being about as common as its obstruent counterparts.<br /> <br /> Velar trills or flaps are impossible (but see [[velopharyngeal trill]])<br /> <br /> ==Sound changes involving velars==<br /> ===From===<br /> Velar consonants may commonly be palatalized into palatal consonants near front vowels (which may then decay via [[assibilation]] or similar pathways). This change is also attested as spontaneous in languages that contrast velars with [[uvular consonant]]s, especially where there is a simultaneous rounding contrast, in indigenous languages of the Pacific coast of North America. This is also hypothesized of [[Proto-Indo-European]] in some reconstructions, considering that there are ''(AFAIK --ed.)'' no clear examples of palatal stops becoming velar stops.<br /> <br /> Another typical POA change is retraction to uvular near back vowels (a much rarer spin on this occurs in [[Lahu]], where velars become uvular before all vowels). Spontaneous backing is attested for the fricatives in many Afro-Asiatic languages.<br /> <br /> Labialization can occur near rounded vowels, and resulting labialized velars are capable of turning to labials (eg. [[Greek]]). The change of *w → /v/, ubiquitous in continental European languages, also falls under this.<br /> <br /> Other velar → non-velar sound changes are *w → /j/ (in [[Hebrew]]), *ɣ → /j/ (in many languages), *ŋ → /n/ (in [[Hawaiian])<br /> <br /> ===To===<br /> Sound changes that systematically create velars are rare. Regardless there are attested examples, including<br /> *labialized labials → labialized velars (in [[Oceanic]])<br /> *linguolabials → labialized velars (in [[Athabascan]]; via a similar intermediate as the previous?)<br /> Sound changes creating some individual velar sound are somewhat more numerous:<br /> *in languages with small consonant inventories originally lacking velar stops, /p/ → /k/ (was it Iroquioan?), /t/ → /k/ (in Oceanic, generally part of a [[chain shift|pull chain]] with /k/ → /ʔ/ previously)<br /> */tʰ/ → /tx/ (Athabascan)<br /> */ʃ/ → /x/ (in [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] ([[ruki]]), [[Spanish]], possibly [[Finnish|Finnic]], reportedly certain dialects of [[Japanese]])<br /> */f/ → /x/ (a few [[Italic languages]])<br /> */h/ → /x/ (probably somewhere)<br /> */h/ → /ŋ/ ([[Wikipedia:Rhinoglottophilia|rhinoglottophilia]] - [[Nyole]])<br /> */ɫ/ → /w/ (common, eg. [[French]]), /ɰ/ or /ɣ/ <br /> *the same, starting from /r/ (English seems to be on this road)<br /> *creation of /w/ from (back) vowels by [[diphthongization]]<br /> *∅ → /w/ epenthetically near rounded vowels<br /> *∅ → /ŋ/ word-initially (a [[Samoyedic]] idiosyncrasy)<br /> *∅ → /k/ epenthetically between vowels (''example needed'')<br /> *[[Ugaritic]] appears to have very strange changes from original *θʼ / *ðˤ (emphatic interdental) and *tɬʼ / *ɬˤ (emphatic lateral) to *ɣ.<br /> <br /> [[Category:Phonology]]</div>

AlexFink