http://www.frathwiki.com/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Melroch&feedformat=atom
FrathWiki - User contributions [en]
2024-03-29T11:17:05Z
User contributions
MediaWiki 1.24.4
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Template:Obj&diff=158600
Template:Obj
2023-11-21T19:54:48Z
<p>Melroch: </p>
<hr />
<div><span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-language">{{#if: {{{l|}}}|<span class="lang-id">{{{l}}}</span>&#x20;<br />
|}}<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-term"{{#if: {{{lt|{{{xl|}}}}}}| lang="{{lc:<br />
{{#if: {{{lt|}}}|{{{lt}}}|art-x-<br />
{{#ifeq: {{{xl|}}}|1|{{{l|<br />
}}}|{{{xl}}}}}|}}}}"}}{{#if: {{{tl|}}} | title="{{{tl}}}"|}}>{{#switch: {{{st|}}}<br />
| i=''{{{1}}}''<br />
| b='''{{{1}}}'''<br />
| n={{{1}}}<br />
| ''{{{1}}}''<br />
}}</span> {{#if: {{{pr|}}} |<br />
<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-pronunciation">{{{pr}}}</span>|{{#if: {{{ipa|}}} |<br />
{{IPA|{{{ipa}}}}} |}} }}<br />
{{#if: {{{gl|}}} |<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-gloss">'{{{gl}}}'</span>| }}<br />
{{#if: {{{ety|}}} |<br />
&#x20;<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-etym">&lt;&#x20;{{#if: {{{el|}}} |<br />
<span class="etym-lang-id">{{{el}}}</span> |}}<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-etym-term"{{#if: {{{elt|{{{exl|}}}}}}| lang="{{lc:{{#if: {{{elt|}}}|{{{elt}}}|art-x-{{#ifeq: {{{exl|}}}|1|{{{el|}}}|{{{exl}}}}}|}}}}"}}>{{#switch: {{{est|}}}<br />
| i=''{{{1}}}''<br />
| b='''{{{1}}}'''<br />
| n={{{1}}}<br />
| ''{{{1}}}''<br />
}}</span>{{#if: {{{eg|}}}|&#x20;<br />
<span class="etym-gloss">'{{{eg}}}'</span> |}}</span>|}}</span></div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Template:Obj&diff=158598
Template:Obj
2023-11-21T19:44:13Z
<p>Melroch: </p>
<hr />
<div><span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-language">{{#if: {{{l|}}}|<span class="lang-id">{{{l}}}</span>&#x20;<br />
|}}<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-term"{{#if: {{{lt|{{{xl|}}}}}}| lang="{{lc:<br />
{{#if: {{{lt|}}}|{{{lt}}}|art-x-<br />
{{#ifeq: {{{xl|}}}|1|{{{l|<br />
{{red|No l specified!}}}}}|{{{xl}}}}}|}}}}"}}{{#if: {{{tl|}}} | title="{{{tl}}}"|}}>{{#switch: {{{st|}}}<br />
| i=''{{{1}}}''<br />
| b='''{{{1}}}'''<br />
| n={{{1}}}<br />
| ''{{{1}}}''<br />
}}</span> {{#if: {{{pr|}}} |<br />
<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-pronunciation">{{{pr}}}</span>|{{#if: {{{ipa|}}} |<br />
{{IPA|{{{ipa}}}}} |}} }}<br />
{{#if: {{{gl|}}} |<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-gloss">'{{{gl}}}'</span>| }}<br />
{{#if: {{{ety|}}} |<br />
&#x20;<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-etym">&lt;&#x20;{{#if: {{{el|}}} |<br />
<span class="etym-lang-id">{{{el}}}</span> |}}<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-etym-term"{{#if: {{{elt|{{{exl|}}}}}}| lang="{{lc:{{#if: {{{elt|}}}|{{{elt}}}|art-x-{{#ifeq: {{{exl|}}}|1|{{{el|{{red|No el specified!}}}}}|{{{exl}}}}}|}}}}"}}>{{#switch: {{{est|}}}<br />
| i=''{{{ety}}}''<br />
| b='''{{{ety}}}'''<br />
| n={{{ety}}}<br />
| ''{{{ety}}}''<br />
}}</span>{{#if: {{{eg|}}}|&#x20;<br />
<span class="etym-gloss">'{{{eg}}}'</span> |}}</span>|}}</span></div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Template:Obj&diff=158597
Template:Obj
2023-11-21T19:42:43Z
<p>Melroch: </p>
<hr />
<div><span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-language">{{#if: {{{l|}}}|<span class="lang-id">{{{l}}}</span>&#x20;<br />
|}}<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-term"{{#if: {{{lt|{{{xl|}}}}}}| lang="{{lc:<br />
{{#if: {{{lt|}}}|{{{lt}}}|art-x-<br />
{{#ifeq: {{{xl|}}}|1|{{{l|<br />
{{red|No l specified!}}}}}|{{{xl}}}}}|}}}}"}}{{#if: {{{tl|}}} | title="{{{tl}}}"|}}>{{#switch: {{{st|}}}<br />
| i=''{{{1}}}''<br />
| b='''{{{1}}}'''<br />
| n={{{1}}}<br />
| ''{{{1}}}''<br />
}}</span> {{#if: {{{pr|}}} |<br />
<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-pronunciation">{{{pr}}}</span>|{{#if: {{{ipa|}}} |<br />
{{IPA|{{{ipa}}}}} |}} }}<br />
{{#if: {{{gl|}}} |<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-gloss">'{{{gl}}}'</span>| }}<br />
{{#if: {{{ety|}}} |<br />
&#x20;<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-etym">&lt;&#x20;{{#if: {{{el|}}} |<br />
<span class="etym-lang-id">{{{el}}}</span> |}}<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-etym-term"{{#if: {{{elt|{{{exl|}}}}}}| lang="{{lc:{{#if: {{{elt|}}}|{{{elt}}}|art-x-{{#ifeq: {{{exl|}}}|1|{{{el|{{red|No el specified!}}}}}|{{{exl}}}}}|}}}}"}}>{{#switch: {{{est|}}}<br />
| i=''{{{1}}}''<br />
| b='''{{{1}}}'''<br />
| n={{{1}}}<br />
| ''{{{1}}}''<br />
}}</span>{{#if: {{{eg|}}}|&#x20;<br />
<span class="etym-gloss">'{{{eg}}}'</span> |}}</span>|}}</span></div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=User:Melroch/monobook.css&diff=158594
User:Melroch/monobook.css
2023-11-21T19:32:04Z
<p>Melroch: </p>
<hr />
<div>/* <pre> */<br />
body { font-family: "Noto Serif", "Noto Sans", "DejaVu Serif", "Free Serif", "Charis SIL", "DejaVu Sans", "Arial Unicode MS", Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Code2000, "Microsoft Sans Serif","Lucida Sans Unicode", serif !important;<br />
font-size: 10pt;<br />
line-height: 150%<br />
/* text-align: justify; */<br />
}<br />
<br />
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, h7 { <br />
font-family: "Noto Serif", "Noto Sans", "DejaVu Serif", "Free Serif", "Charis SIL", "DejaVu Sans", "Arial Unicode MS", Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Code2000, "Microsoft Sans Serif","Lucida Sans Unicode", serif !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*@media print { h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, h7 { font-family: "Noto Sans", "DejaVu Sans" !important; } }*/<br />
<br />
@media print {<br />
span.gloss:after { <br />
content: "(" attr(title) ")";<br />
vertical-align: text-top !important;<br />
font-size: 70% !important;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
<br />
@media handheld {<br />
span.gloss:after { <br />
content: "(" attr(title) ")";<br />
}<br />
}<br />
<br />
sup { <br />
vertical-align: text-top !important;<br />
font-size: 70% !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
sub { <br />
vertical-align: text-bottom !important;<br />
font-size: 70% !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
a:link, a:visited, a:active, a:hover {<br />
text-decoration: underline ! important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
a:visited { color: #a00 }<br />
<br />
a.new, #p-personal a.new {<br />
color: #FF9900;<br />
}<br />
a.new:visited, #p-personal a.new:visited {<br />
color: #FF33FF;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
th { font-family: "Noto Sans", "DejaVu Sans", "Arial Unicode MS", "Microsoft Sans Serif", sans-serif; <br />
text-align: left;<br />
}<br />
<br />
caption { font-family: "Noto Sans", "DejaVu Sans", "Arial Unicode MS", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "DejaVu Sans Mono", sans-serif;<br />
/* font-weight: bold; */<br />
font-size: 10pt ! important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
textarea#wpTextbox1 { font-family: "Noto Sans", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", Junicode; <br />
font-size: 11pt ! important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
textarea, input { font-family: "Noto Sans", "Bitstream Vera Sans", "DejaVu sans", Junicode; <br />
font-size: 8pt ! important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
div.editsection { font-size: smaller; }<br />
<br />
.IPA { font-family: "Noto Serif", "Noto Sans", "DejaVu Serif", "DejaVu Sans", "Charis SIL", "Arial Unicode MS", Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Code2000, "Microsoft Sans Serif","Lucida Sans Unicode";<br />
}<br />
<br />
.Unicode { font-family: "Noto Serif", "Noto Sans", "Charis SIL"; font-size: 12pt ! important; }<br />
<br />
.MUFI { font-family: Junicode, Cardo;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.sans { font-family: "Noto Sans", "DejaVu Sans", "Arial Unicode MS", "Microsoft Sans Serif", sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.red {color: #E41B17;}<br />
<br />
.smallcaps {font-variant: small-caps;}<br />
<br />
table.gridtable, table.gridtable th, table.gridtable td {<br />
border-color: #aaa;<br />
}<br />
/* save ink and paper with very small fonts */<br />
@media print {<br />
#footer,<br />
#content,<br />
body { font-size: 8pt !important;<br />
margin 1in;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.IPA { font-family: "Noto Serif", "Charis SIL"; <br />
font-size: 8pt !important; <br />
}<br />
<br />
h1 { font-size: 16pt;<br />
page-break-after: avoid;<br />
}<br />
h2 { font-size: 14pt;<br />
page-break-after: avoid;<br />
}<br />
h3 { font-size: 12pt;<br />
page-break-after: avoid;<br />
}<br />
h4 { font-size: 10pt;<br />
page-break-after: avoid;<br />
}<br />
h5 { font-size: 8pt;<br />
page-break-after: avoid;<br />
}<br />
h6 { <br />
font-size: 8pt;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
page-break-after: avoid;<br />
}<br />
.toc {display: none}<br />
a:link, a:visited, a:active, a:hover {<br />
text-decoration: underline ! important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
span.obj-term, span.obj-etym-term { font-style: italic !important; }<br />
<br />
}<br />
/* </pre> */</div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=User:Melroch/monobook.css&diff=158589
User:Melroch/monobook.css
2023-11-21T19:26:31Z
<p>Melroch: </p>
<hr />
<div>/* <pre> */<br />
body { font-family: "Noto Serif", "Noto Sans", "DejaVu Serif", "Free Serif", "Charis SIL", "DejaVu Sans", "Arial Unicode MS", Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Code2000, "Microsoft Sans Serif","Lucida Sans Unicode", serif !important;<br />
font-size: 10pt;<br />
line-height: 150%<br />
/* text-align: justify; */<br />
}<br />
<br />
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, h7 { <br />
font-family: "Noto Serif", "Noto Sans", "DejaVu Serif", "Free Serif", "Charis SIL", "DejaVu Sans", "Arial Unicode MS", Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Code2000, "Microsoft Sans Serif","Lucida Sans Unicode", serif !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*@media print { h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, h7 { font-family: "Noto Sans", "DejaVu Sans" !important; } }*/<br />
<br />
@media print {<br />
span.gloss:after { <br />
content: "(" attr(title) ")";<br />
vertical-align: text-top !important;<br />
font-size: 70% !important;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
<br />
@media handheld {<br />
span.gloss:after { <br />
content: "(" attr(title) ")";<br />
}<br />
}<br />
<br />
sup { <br />
vertical-align: text-top !important;<br />
font-size: 70% !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
sub { <br />
vertical-align: text-bottom !important;<br />
font-size: 70% !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
a:link, a:visited, a:active, a:hover {<br />
text-decoration: underline ! important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
a:visited { color: #a00 }<br />
<br />
a.new, #p-personal a.new {<br />
color: #FF9900;<br />
}<br />
a.new:visited, #p-personal a.new:visited {<br />
color: #FF33FF;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
th { font-family: "Noto Sans", "DejaVu Sans", "Arial Unicode MS", "Microsoft Sans Serif", sans-serif; <br />
text-align: left;<br />
}<br />
<br />
caption { font-family: "Noto Sans", "DejaVu Sans", "Arial Unicode MS", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "DejaVu Sans Mono", sans-serif;<br />
/* font-weight: bold; */<br />
font-size: 10pt ! important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
textarea#wpTextbox1 { font-family: "Noto Sans", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", Junicode; <br />
font-size: 11pt ! important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
textarea, input { font-family: "Noto Sans", "Bitstream Vera Sans", "DejaVu sans", Junicode; <br />
font-size: 8pt ! important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
div.editsection { font-size: smaller; }<br />
<br />
.IPA { font-family: "Noto Serif", "Noto Sans", "DejaVu Serif", "DejaVu Sans", "Charis SIL", "Arial Unicode MS", Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Code2000, "Microsoft Sans Serif","Lucida Sans Unicode";<br />
}<br />
<br />
.Unicode { font-family: "Noto Serif", "Noto Sans", "Charis SIL"; font-size: 12pt ! important; }<br />
<br />
.MUFI { font-family: Junicode, Cardo;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.sans { font-family: "Noto Sans", "DejaVu Sans", "Arial Unicode MS", "Microsoft Sans Serif", sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.red {color: #E41B17;}<br />
<br />
.smallcaps {font-variant: small-caps;}<br />
<br />
table.gridtable, table.gridtable th, table.gridtable td {<br />
border-color: #aaa;<br />
}<br />
/* save ink and paper with very small fonts */<br />
@media print {<br />
#footer,<br />
#content,<br />
body { font-size: 8pt !important;<br />
margin 1in;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.IPA { font-family: "Noto Serif", "Charis SIL"; <br />
font-size: 8pt !important; <br />
}<br />
<br />
h1 { font-size: 16pt;<br />
page-break-after: avoid;<br />
}<br />
h2 { font-size: 14pt;<br />
page-break-after: avoid;<br />
}<br />
h3 { font-size: 12pt;<br />
page-break-after: avoid;<br />
}<br />
h4 { font-size: 10pt;<br />
page-break-after: avoid;<br />
}<br />
h5 { font-size: 8pt;<br />
page-break-after: avoid;<br />
}<br />
h6 { <br />
font-size: 8pt;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
page-break-after: avoid;<br />
}<br />
.toc {display: none}<br />
a:link, a:visited, a:active, a:hover {<br />
text-decoration: underline ! important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
span.obj-term, span.obj-etym-term { font-style: italic; }<br />
<br />
}<br />
/* </pre> */</div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Template:Obj&diff=158587
Template:Obj
2023-11-21T19:21:41Z
<p>Melroch: </p>
<hr />
<div><span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-language">{{#if: {{{l|}}}|<span class="lang-id">{{{l}}}</span>&#x20;<br />
|}}<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-term"{{#if: {{{lt|{{{xl|}}}}}}| lang="{{lc:<br />
{{#if: {{{lt|}}}|{{{lt}}}|art-x-<br />
{{#ifeq: {{{xl|}}}|1|{{{l|<br />
{{red|No l specified!}}}}}|{{{xl}}}}}|}}}}"}}{{#if: {{{tl|}}} | title="{{{tl}}}"|}}>{{{1}}}</span> {{#if: {{{pr|}}} |<br />
<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-pronunciation">{{{pr}}}</span>|{{#if: {{{ipa|}}} |<br />
{{IPA|{{{ipa}}}}} |}} }}<br />
{{#if: {{{gl|}}} |<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-gloss">'{{{gl}}}'</span>| }}<br />
{{#if: {{{ety|}}} |<br />
&#x20;<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-etym">&lt;&#x20;{{#if: {{{el|}}} |<br />
<span class="etym-lang-tid">{{{el}}}</span> |}}<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-etym-term"{{#if: {{{elt|{{{exl|}}}}}}| lang="{{lc:{{#if: {{{elt|}}}|{{{elt}}}|art-x-{{#ifeq: {{{exl|}}}|1|{{{el|{{red|No el specified!}}}}}|{{{exl}}}}}|}}}}"}}>{{{ety}}}</span>{{#if: {{{eg|}}}|&#x20;<br />
<span class="etym-gloss">'{{{eg}}}'</span> |}}</span>|}}</span></div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=User:Melroch/sandbox&diff=158586
User:Melroch/sandbox
2023-11-21T19:12:03Z
<p>Melroch: /* Templates Obj etc. */</p>
<hr />
<div>== My subpages ==<br />
<DPL><br />
createdby=Melroch<br />
titlematch=%/%<br />
</DPL><br />
<br />
__NEWSECTIONLINK__<br />
== Paramtest ==<br />
<br />
cf [[Template:paramtest]]<br />
<nowiki><br />
{{paramtest|<br />
|t = tim<br />
|t_d = þam<br />
|t_- = com<br />
}}<br />
</nowiki><br />
<br />
<br />
{{paramtest|<br />
|t = tim<br />
|t_d = þam<br />
|t_- = com<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>{{paramtest|t=t|t_d=þ|t_-=c}}</nowiki><br />
<br />
{{paramtest|t=t|t_d=þ|t_-=c}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>{{Paramtest|t=t|t_d=þ}}</nowiki><br />
<br />
{{Paramtest|t=t|t_d=þ}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>{{Paramtest|caption=0|t=t}}</nowiki><br />
<br />
{{Paramtest|caption=0|t=t}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>{{Paramtest|t_-=c}}</nowiki><br />
<br />
{{Paramtest|t_-=c}}<br />
<br />
== Template==<br />
<br />
{{Voweltable|caption=Swedish dialect vowel spellings|i=i|y=y|I=î ''or'' ê|e=e|2=ö|8\= &mdash; u|u\=(u)|8=û|E=ä|&=(â)|a=â|&\=(ô)|3\=ô|u=o|o=å|Q=a|A=(a)|@=(e)}}<br />
<br />
== Table ==<br />
{| class="gridtable voweltable" style="width: {{{width|60%}}};" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"<br />
|+{{{caption}}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;"| Front<br />
! colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;"| Central<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;"| Back<br />
|-<br />
! class="small" | Unrounded<br />
! class="small" | Rounded<br />
! class="small" colspan="2" | Unrounded<br />
! class="small" | Rounded<br />
! class="small" | Unrounded<br />
! class="small" | Rounded<br />
|-<br />
! Closed<br />
| {{{i}}} || {{{y}}} || colspan="2" | {{{i\}}} || {{{u\}}} || {{{M}}} || {{{u}}}<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
| {{{I}}} || {{{Y}}} || colspan="2" | {{{I\}}} <br />
| {{{U\}}} || {{{M_}}} || {{{U}}}<br />
|-<br />
! Half-closed<br />
| {{{e}}} || {{{2}}} {{{8\}}} || colspan="1" | {{{@\}}} <br />
| rowspan="2" | {{{@}}} || {{{8}}} || {{{7}}} || {{{o}}}<br />
|-<br />
! Half-open<br />
| {{{E}}} || {{{9}}} || colspan="1" | {{{3}}} || {{{3\}}} <br />
| {{{V}}} || {{{O}}}<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
| {{{&}}} || {{{&\}}} || colspan="2" | {{{6}}} <br />
| {{{3\_}}} || {{{V_}}} || {{{O_}}}<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| {{{a}}} || {{{&\_}}} || colspan="2" | {{{a_}}} <br />
| {{{Q_x}}} || {{{A}}} || {{{Q}}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Stuff ==<br />
<br />
{{paramtest|A_x=â|8_+_w=û}}<br />
<br />
Sohlob '''ä ö ü''': {{Sohlob|ä ö ü}}<br />
<br />
Vowel length{{Hnote|1|Vowel length}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{BIGIPA|[ɛɪ]}} {{big|{{IPA|aɪ}}}}<br />
<br />
'''Sohlob''' is spelled<span class="graphemic">hhohlob</span>in Sohlob script.<br />
<br />
'''Sohlob''' is spelled&lang;hhohlob&rang;in Sohlob script.<br />
<br />
{{sc|Benct}} cŭ́m sī́t quā́rē ''cŭ́m sī́t quā́rē''<br />
<br />
Without joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆ <br />
With zero-width joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆ <br />
With zero-width non-joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆<br />
<br />
''Without joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆ ''<br />
''With zero-width joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆ ''<br />
''With zero-width non-joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆''<br />
<br />
''ę̄ę̆ǭǫ̆į̄į̆ẹ̄ẹ̆ọ̄ọ̆ị̄ị̆''<br />
''į̄ị̆''<br />
''&#x012B;&#x0328;&#x012D;&#x0323;''<br />
<br />
p{{Small|D}}o{{small|O}}a{{Small|A}} {{Small|D}}I{{small|GNVS}}<br />
<br />
{| class="gridtable"<br />
!<br />
!align="left"|INCLUSION <br />
!align="left"|CONTACT <br />
!align="left"|PROXIMITY<br />
|-<br />
!align="left"|LOCATIVE <br />
|align="left"|in <br />
|align="left"|on <br />
|align="left"|at<br />
|-<br />
!align="left"|SEPARATIVE <br />
|align="left"|out of <br />
|align="left"|off <br />
|align="left"|from<br />
|-<br />
!align="left"|TRANSLATIVE <br />
|align="left"|through <br />
|align="left"|over <br />
|align="left"|along<br />
|-<br />
!align="left"|INGRESSIVE <br />
|align="left"|towards <br />
|align="left"|against (for)<br />
|align="left"|to<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== (1) Vowel length ====<br />
<br />
== Abandoned infobox ==<br />
<br />
{{Abandoned}}<br />
{{Abandoned|username=Melroch}}<br />
{{Abandoned|username=Melroch|date=January}}<br />
{{Abandoned|username=Melroch|realname=BPJ|date=January}}<br />
{{Abandoned|username=Melroch|talk=(Leave a note!)|date=January}}<br />
{{Abandoned|username=Melroch|realname=BPJ|talk=(Leave a note!)|date=January}}<br />
<br />
(Based on what [[User:Muke|Muke]] made at [[Latin Pinyin]].)<br />
<br />
== deflist ==<br />
<br />
;Benct <br />
:;Philip :Jonsson<br />
;Melroch <br />
:;Melarocco :Aestan <br />
:Aistano<br />
<br />
<pre><nowiki><br />
;Benct <br />
:;Philip :Jonsson<br />
;Melroch <br />
:;Melarocco :Aestan <br />
:Aistano<br />
</nowiki></pre><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Kijeb syllabary ==<br />
<br />
The rightmost columns and lowest rows get cut off. May it be due to some file size limitation setting?<br />
<br />
Cf. the [http://www.melroch.se/conlang/misc/kijebsyllabary.svg external copy on my own webspace!]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Kijebsyllabary.svg|thumb|300px|right|The Kijeb syllabary. Click in the image to see it enlarged.]]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Kijebsyllabary.svg]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 00:14, 15 January 2007 (PST)<br />
<br />
== Bordertable ==<br />
<br />
{| class="bordertable"<br />
! Benedictus || Philippus || Gothus<br />
|-<br />
| Benct || Philip || Jonsson<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== smallcaps ==<br />
<br />
{{SC|foo}}<br />
<span class="morpho-label">foo</span><br />
{{morpho-label|foo}}<br />
{{sc|foo}}<br />
{{Sc|foo}}<br />
<br />
== [[Template:Scroll box]] test ==<br />
<br />
{{scroll box<br />
|width=75%<br />
|height=10em<br />
|content=<br />
<dpl><br />
namespace= Help<br />
</dpl><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Faking ɛɩ ligature ==<br />
<br />
<div style="font-size: xx-large;"><br />
l<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45ex;">ɛ</span>ɩn<br />
L<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45ex;">Ɛ</span>ƖN<br />
f<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45ex;">c</span>ɩþr<br />
F<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45ex;">C</span>ƖÞR<br />
F<span style="font-size: 133%;">ɑ</span>ÞR<br />
</div><br />
<br />
{{Capital EI ligature}} {{EI}} <br />
<br />
{{Small ei ligature}} {{ei}}<br />
<br />
== Table styles ==<br />
<br />
{{testtable}}<br />
----<br />
{{testtable|class= bordertable}}<br />
----<br />
{{testtable|class=gridtable}}<br />
----<br />
{{testtable|class=bluetable}}<br />
----<br />
{{testtable|class=graytable}}<br />
----<br />
{{testtable|style=background: lightsteelblue;}}<br />
<br />
== If test ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{iftest}} : all undefined<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{iftest|i = i}} I i defined<br />
<br />
== [[Template:Voweltemplate]] ==<br />
<br />
{{Voweltable| <br />
|caption = <br />
| i = <br />
| y = <br />
| i\ = <br />
| u\ = <br />
| M = <br />
| u = <br />
<br />
| I = <br />
| Y = <br />
| I\ = <br />
| U\ = <br />
| M_o = <br />
| U = <br />
<br />
| e = <br />
| 2 = <br />
| 8\ = <br />
| @\ = <br />
| @ = <br />
| 8 = <br />
| 7 = <br />
| o = <br />
<br />
| E = <br />
| 9 = <br />
| 3 = <br />
| 3\ = <br />
| V = <br />
| O = <br />
<br />
| & = <br />
| &\ = <br />
| 6 = <br />
| 3\_o = <br />
| V_o = <br />
| O_o = <br />
<br />
| a = <br />
| &\_o = <br />
| a_x = <br />
| Q_x = <br />
| A = <br />
| Q = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Switch test ==<br />
<br />
{{Switchtest}}<br />
{{Switchtest|0}}<br />
{{Switchtest|1}}<br />
<br />
== User page transclusion [[User:Melroch/charinsert]] ==<br />
<br />
{{CURRENTUSER}}<br />
<br />
{{:User:{{CURRENTUSER}}/charinsert}}<br />
<br />
<p class="insertchar"><charinsert>{{{chars|{{{characters|benct}}}}}}</charinsert><p><br />
<br />
<p class="insertchar">'''Benct''': <charinsert>B e n c t</charinsert><p><br />
<br />
== Magic word parserfunction ==<br />
<br />
{{magic word}}<br />
<br />
== Subpage DPL ==<br />
<br />
<DPL> namespace= <br />
titlematch=Main Page/% <br />
</DPL><br />
<br />
== Gloss ==<br />
<br />
{{gloss|note|use}}<br />
<br />
== Nested lists to simulate a family tree ==<br />
<br />
<pre><nowiki><br />
<br />
=== Source ===<br />
<br />
: [[Foo]] - by conlanger A<br />
:: [[Fee]] - by conlanger A and conlanger B<br />
::: [[He]] - by conlanger B<br />
:: [[Fie]]<br />
:::[[Vie]]<br />
::::[[Wy]]<br />
:: [[Foe]]<br />
: [[Bar]]<br />
:: [[Bor]]<br />
::: [[Baw]]<br />
:::: [[Bah]]<br />
: [[Baz]]<br />
:: [[Bass]]<br />
:: [[Baehz]]<br />
::: [[Beez]]<br />
<br />
Notice how the number of colons corresponds to the node's level is the tree<br />
</nowiki></pre><br />
<br />
=== Output ===<br />
<br />
: [[Foo]] - by conlanger A<br />
:: [[Fee]] - by conlanger A and conlanger B<br />
::: [[He]] - by conlanger B<br />
:: [[Fie]]<br />
:::[[Vie]]<br />
::::[[Wy]]<br />
:: [[Foe]]<br />
: [[Bar]]<br />
:: [[Bor]]<br />
::: [[Baw]]<br />
:::: [[Bah]]<br />
: [[Baz]]<br />
:: [[Bass]]<br />
:: [[Baehz]]<br />
::: [[Beez]]<br />
<br />
Notice how the amount of indentation corresponds to the node's level is the tree<br />
<br />
== Subpage list again ==<br />
<dpl><br />
category=Kijeb<br />
replaceintitle=#([^/]+?)$#,\1|\1<br />
mode=userformat<br />
listseparators=,\n* [[%TITLE%]],,<br />
</dpl><br />
<br />
<dpl><br />
category=Kijeb<br />
replaceintitle=#([^/]+?)$#,\1|\1<br />
mode=userformat<br />
listseparators=,\n* [[%TITLE%]],,<br />
</dpl><br />
<br />
{{#dpl:<br />
|category=Kijeb<br />
|replaceintitle=#^{{{3}}}(.+?)$#,\1<br />
|mode=userformat<br />
|listseparators=,\n* [[%PAGE%{{!}}%TITLE%]],,<br />
|namespace=<br />
|resultsheader=«pre»«nowiki»<br />
|resultsfooter=«/nowiki»«/pre»<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{:List of conlangs on FrathWiki}}<br />
<br />
== DPL from category ==<br />
<br />
{{DPL from category|<br />
| category=Lucus<br />
| exclude category=Conlangs based on English<br />
| exclude category 1=Romance conlangs<br />
| exclude category 2=Germanic conlangs<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Oh those collapsing margins! ==<br />
<br />
<div class="outerpadding">{{Infomessage|foo}}</div><br />
<br />
== Ref/note ==<br />
Actually an illustration says more than a thousand words.<br />
<br />
This Wikicode:<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
<nowiki>{{ref|1|2|3|4}}<br />
<br />
{{ref label|1|2|3|4}}<br />
<br />
{{ref harvard|1|2|3|4}}<br />
<br />
{{ref harv|1|2|3|4}}<br />
<br />
{{note|1|2|3|4}}<br />
<br />
{{note label|1|2|3|4|5}}<br />
</nowiki></pre><br />
<br />
Produces this HTML:<br />
<br />
&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot; id=&quot;ref_1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#endnote_1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br />
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;ref_13&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#endnote_13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br />
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;ref_13&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#endnote_13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br />
&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;ref_13&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#endnote_13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br />
&lt;p&gt;&lt;cite id=&quot;endnote_1&quot; style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#ref_1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;^2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br />
&lt;p&gt;&lt;cite id=&quot;endnote_13&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#ref_13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;4&lt;/cite&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br />
<br />
== Templates Obj etc. ==<br />
<br />
{{obj|Bendetx|ipa=[benˈdetʃ]|gl=Benedict|l=Rhodrese|xl=1|ety=Benedictus|elt=la}}<br />
<br />
{{lemma|Bendetx|gl=Benedict|xl=rhodrese|ety=Benedictus|el=Lat.}}<br />
<br />
{{cobj|Bendetx|Rhodrese}}</div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Template:Obj&diff=158585
Template:Obj
2023-11-21T19:11:23Z
<p>Melroch: </p>
<hr />
<div><span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-language">{{#if: {{{l|}}}|<span class="lang-id">{{{l}}}</span>&#x20;<br />
|}}<{{{tag|em}}} class="{{{tid|obj}}}-term"{{#if: {{{lt|{{{xl|}}}}}}| lang="{{lc:<br />
{{#if: {{{lt|}}}|{{{lt}}}|art-x-<br />
{{#ifeq: {{{xl|}}}|1|{{{l|<br />
{{red|No l specified!}}}}}|{{{xl}}}}}|}}}}"}}{{#if: {{{tl|}}} | title="{{{tl}}}"|}}>{{{1}}}</{{{tag|em}}}> {{#if: {{{pr|}}} |<br />
<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-pronunciation">{{{pr}}}</span>|{{#if: {{{ipa|}}} |<br />
{{IPA|{{{ipa}}}}} |}} }}<br />
{{#if: {{{gl|}}} |<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-gloss">'{{{gl}}}'</span>| }}<br />
{{#if: {{{ety|}}} |<br />
&#x20;<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-etym">&lt;&#x20;{{#if: {{{el|}}} |<br />
<span class="etym-lang-tid">{{{el}}}</span> |}}<em class="{{{tid|obj}}}-etym-term"{{#if: {{{elt|{{{exl|}}}}}}| lang="{{lc:{{#if: {{{elt|}}}|{{{elt}}}|art-x-{{#ifeq: {{{exl|}}}|1|{{{el|{{red|No el specified!}}}}}|{{{exl}}}}}|}}}}"}}>{{{ety}}}</em>{{#if: {{{eg|}}}|&#x20;<br />
<span class="etym-gloss">'{{{eg}}}'</span> |}}</span>|}}</span></div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Template:Obj&diff=158582
Template:Obj
2023-11-21T18:58:47Z
<p>Melroch: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-language">{{#if: {{{l|}}}|<span class="lang-id">{{{l}}}</span>&#x20;<br />
|}}<{{{tag|em}}} class="{{{tid|obj}}}-term"{{#if: {{{lt|{{{xl|}}}}}}| lang="{{lc:<br />
{{#if: {{{lt|}}}|{{{lt}}}|art-x-<br />
{{#ifeq: {{{xl|}}}|1|{{{l|<br />
{{red|No l specified!}}}}}|{{{xl}}}}}|}}}}"}}{{#if: {{{tl|}}} | title="{{{tl}}}"|}}>{{{1}}}</{{{tag|em}}}> {{#if: {{{pr|}}} |<br />
<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-pronunciation">{{{pr}}}</span>|{{#if: {{{ipa|}}} |<br />
{{IPA|{{{ipa}}}}} |}} }}<br />
{{#if: {{{gl|}}} |<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-gloss">'{{{gl}}}'</span>| }}<br />
{{#if: {{{ety|}}} |<br />
&#x20;<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-etymology"{{#if: {{{elt|{{{exl|}}}}}}| lang="{{lc:{{#if: {{{elt|}}}|{{{elt}}}|art-x-{{#ifeq: {{{exl|}}}|1|{{{el|{{red|No el specified!}}}}}|{{{exl}}}}}|}}}}"}}>&lt;&#x20;{{#if: {{{el|}}} |<br />
<span class="etym-lang-tid">{{{el}}}</span> |}}{{{ety}}}{{#if: {{{eg|}}}|<br />
<span class="etym-gloss">'{{{eg}}}'</span> |}}</span>|}}</span></div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Template:Obj&diff=158581
Template:Obj
2023-11-21T18:52:58Z
<p>Melroch: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-language">{{#if: {{{l|}}}|<span class="lang-id">{{{l}}}</span>&#x20;<br />
|}}<{{{tag|em}}} class="{{{tid|obj}}}-term"{{#if: {{{lt|{{{xl|}}}}}}| lang="{{lc:<br />
{{#if: {{{lt|}}}|{{{lt}}}|art-x-<br />
{{#ifeq: {{{xl|}}}|1|{{{l|<br />
{{red|No l specified!}}}}}|{{{xl}}}}}|}}}}"}}{{#if: {{{tl|}}} | title="{{{tl}}}"|}}>{{{1}}}</{{{tag|em}}}> {{#if: {{{pr|}}} |<br />
<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-pronunciation">{{{pr}}}</span>|{{#if: {{{ipa|}}} |<br />
{{IPA|{{{ipa}}}}} |}} }}<br />
{{#if: {{{gl|}}} |<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-gloss">'{{{gl}}}'</span>| }}<br />
{{#if: {{{ety|}}} |<br />
<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-etymology"{{#if: {{{elt|{{{exl|}}}}}}| lang="{{lc:{{#if: {{{elt|}}}|{{{elt}}}|art-x-{{#ifeq: {{{exl|}}}|1|{{{el|{{red|No el specified!}}}}}|{{{exl}}}}}|}}}}"}}>{{#if: {{{el|}}} |<br />
<span class="etym-lang-tid">{{{el}}}</span> |}}{{{ety}}}{{#if: {{{eg|}}}|<br />
<span class="etym-gloss">'{{{eg}}}'</span> |}}</span>|}}</span></div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Template:Obj&diff=158579
Template:Obj
2023-11-21T18:49:54Z
<p>Melroch: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-language">{{#if: {{{l|}}}|<span class="lang-id">{{{l}}}</span><br />
|}}<{{{tag|em}}} class="{{{tid|obj}}}-term"{{#if: {{{lt|{{{xl|}}}}}}| lang="{{lc:<br />
{{#if: {{{lt|}}}|{{{lt}}}|art-x-<br />
{{#ifeq: {{{xl|}}}|1|{{{l|<br />
{{red|No l specified!}}}}}|{{{xl}}}}}|}}}}"}}{{#if: {{{tl|}}} | title="{{{tl}}}"|}}>{{{1}}}</{{{tag|em}}}> {{#if: {{{pr|}}} |<br />
<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-pronunciation">{{{pr}}}</span>|{{#if: {{{ipa|}}} |<br />
{{IPA|{{{ipa}}}}} |}} }}<br />
{{#if: {{{gl|}}} |<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-gloss">'{{{gl}}}'</span>| }}<br />
{{#if: {{{ety|}}} |<br />
<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-etymology"{{#if: {{{elt|{{{exl|}}}}}}| lang="{{lc:{{#if: {{{elt|}}}|{{{elt}}}|art-x-{{#ifeq: {{{exl|}}}|1|{{{el|{{red|No el specified!}}}}}|{{{exl}}}}}|}}}}"}}>{{#if: {{{el|}}} |<br />
<span class="etym-lang-tid">{{{el}}}</span> |}}{{{ety}}}{{#if: {{{eg|}}}|<br />
<span class="etym-gloss">'{{{eg}}}'</span> |}}</span>|}}</span></div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=User:Melroch/sandbox&diff=158578
User:Melroch/sandbox
2023-11-21T18:42:10Z
<p>Melroch: /* Templates Obj etc. */</p>
<hr />
<div>== My subpages ==<br />
<DPL><br />
createdby=Melroch<br />
titlematch=%/%<br />
</DPL><br />
<br />
__NEWSECTIONLINK__<br />
== Paramtest ==<br />
<br />
cf [[Template:paramtest]]<br />
<nowiki><br />
{{paramtest|<br />
|t = tim<br />
|t_d = þam<br />
|t_- = com<br />
}}<br />
</nowiki><br />
<br />
<br />
{{paramtest|<br />
|t = tim<br />
|t_d = þam<br />
|t_- = com<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>{{paramtest|t=t|t_d=þ|t_-=c}}</nowiki><br />
<br />
{{paramtest|t=t|t_d=þ|t_-=c}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>{{Paramtest|t=t|t_d=þ}}</nowiki><br />
<br />
{{Paramtest|t=t|t_d=þ}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>{{Paramtest|caption=0|t=t}}</nowiki><br />
<br />
{{Paramtest|caption=0|t=t}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>{{Paramtest|t_-=c}}</nowiki><br />
<br />
{{Paramtest|t_-=c}}<br />
<br />
== Template==<br />
<br />
{{Voweltable|caption=Swedish dialect vowel spellings|i=i|y=y|I=î ''or'' ê|e=e|2=ö|8\= &mdash; u|u\=(u)|8=û|E=ä|&=(â)|a=â|&\=(ô)|3\=ô|u=o|o=å|Q=a|A=(a)|@=(e)}}<br />
<br />
== Table ==<br />
{| class="gridtable voweltable" style="width: {{{width|60%}}};" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"<br />
|+{{{caption}}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;"| Front<br />
! colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;"| Central<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;"| Back<br />
|-<br />
! class="small" | Unrounded<br />
! class="small" | Rounded<br />
! class="small" colspan="2" | Unrounded<br />
! class="small" | Rounded<br />
! class="small" | Unrounded<br />
! class="small" | Rounded<br />
|-<br />
! Closed<br />
| {{{i}}} || {{{y}}} || colspan="2" | {{{i\}}} || {{{u\}}} || {{{M}}} || {{{u}}}<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
| {{{I}}} || {{{Y}}} || colspan="2" | {{{I\}}} <br />
| {{{U\}}} || {{{M_}}} || {{{U}}}<br />
|-<br />
! Half-closed<br />
| {{{e}}} || {{{2}}} {{{8\}}} || colspan="1" | {{{@\}}} <br />
| rowspan="2" | {{{@}}} || {{{8}}} || {{{7}}} || {{{o}}}<br />
|-<br />
! Half-open<br />
| {{{E}}} || {{{9}}} || colspan="1" | {{{3}}} || {{{3\}}} <br />
| {{{V}}} || {{{O}}}<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
| {{{&}}} || {{{&\}}} || colspan="2" | {{{6}}} <br />
| {{{3\_}}} || {{{V_}}} || {{{O_}}}<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| {{{a}}} || {{{&\_}}} || colspan="2" | {{{a_}}} <br />
| {{{Q_x}}} || {{{A}}} || {{{Q}}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Stuff ==<br />
<br />
{{paramtest|A_x=â|8_+_w=û}}<br />
<br />
Sohlob '''ä ö ü''': {{Sohlob|ä ö ü}}<br />
<br />
Vowel length{{Hnote|1|Vowel length}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{BIGIPA|[ɛɪ]}} {{big|{{IPA|aɪ}}}}<br />
<br />
'''Sohlob''' is spelled<span class="graphemic">hhohlob</span>in Sohlob script.<br />
<br />
'''Sohlob''' is spelled&lang;hhohlob&rang;in Sohlob script.<br />
<br />
{{sc|Benct}} cŭ́m sī́t quā́rē ''cŭ́m sī́t quā́rē''<br />
<br />
Without joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆ <br />
With zero-width joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆ <br />
With zero-width non-joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆<br />
<br />
''Without joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆ ''<br />
''With zero-width joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆ ''<br />
''With zero-width non-joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆''<br />
<br />
''ę̄ę̆ǭǫ̆į̄į̆ẹ̄ẹ̆ọ̄ọ̆ị̄ị̆''<br />
''į̄ị̆''<br />
''&#x012B;&#x0328;&#x012D;&#x0323;''<br />
<br />
p{{Small|D}}o{{small|O}}a{{Small|A}} {{Small|D}}I{{small|GNVS}}<br />
<br />
{| class="gridtable"<br />
!<br />
!align="left"|INCLUSION <br />
!align="left"|CONTACT <br />
!align="left"|PROXIMITY<br />
|-<br />
!align="left"|LOCATIVE <br />
|align="left"|in <br />
|align="left"|on <br />
|align="left"|at<br />
|-<br />
!align="left"|SEPARATIVE <br />
|align="left"|out of <br />
|align="left"|off <br />
|align="left"|from<br />
|-<br />
!align="left"|TRANSLATIVE <br />
|align="left"|through <br />
|align="left"|over <br />
|align="left"|along<br />
|-<br />
!align="left"|INGRESSIVE <br />
|align="left"|towards <br />
|align="left"|against (for)<br />
|align="left"|to<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== (1) Vowel length ====<br />
<br />
== Abandoned infobox ==<br />
<br />
{{Abandoned}}<br />
{{Abandoned|username=Melroch}}<br />
{{Abandoned|username=Melroch|date=January}}<br />
{{Abandoned|username=Melroch|realname=BPJ|date=January}}<br />
{{Abandoned|username=Melroch|talk=(Leave a note!)|date=January}}<br />
{{Abandoned|username=Melroch|realname=BPJ|talk=(Leave a note!)|date=January}}<br />
<br />
(Based on what [[User:Muke|Muke]] made at [[Latin Pinyin]].)<br />
<br />
== deflist ==<br />
<br />
;Benct <br />
:;Philip :Jonsson<br />
;Melroch <br />
:;Melarocco :Aestan <br />
:Aistano<br />
<br />
<pre><nowiki><br />
;Benct <br />
:;Philip :Jonsson<br />
;Melroch <br />
:;Melarocco :Aestan <br />
:Aistano<br />
</nowiki></pre><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Kijeb syllabary ==<br />
<br />
The rightmost columns and lowest rows get cut off. May it be due to some file size limitation setting?<br />
<br />
Cf. the [http://www.melroch.se/conlang/misc/kijebsyllabary.svg external copy on my own webspace!]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Kijebsyllabary.svg|thumb|300px|right|The Kijeb syllabary. Click in the image to see it enlarged.]]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Kijebsyllabary.svg]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 00:14, 15 January 2007 (PST)<br />
<br />
== Bordertable ==<br />
<br />
{| class="bordertable"<br />
! Benedictus || Philippus || Gothus<br />
|-<br />
| Benct || Philip || Jonsson<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== smallcaps ==<br />
<br />
{{SC|foo}}<br />
<span class="morpho-label">foo</span><br />
{{morpho-label|foo}}<br />
{{sc|foo}}<br />
{{Sc|foo}}<br />
<br />
== [[Template:Scroll box]] test ==<br />
<br />
{{scroll box<br />
|width=75%<br />
|height=10em<br />
|content=<br />
<dpl><br />
namespace= Help<br />
</dpl><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Faking ɛɩ ligature ==<br />
<br />
<div style="font-size: xx-large;"><br />
l<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45ex;">ɛ</span>ɩn<br />
L<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45ex;">Ɛ</span>ƖN<br />
f<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45ex;">c</span>ɩþr<br />
F<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45ex;">C</span>ƖÞR<br />
F<span style="font-size: 133%;">ɑ</span>ÞR<br />
</div><br />
<br />
{{Capital EI ligature}} {{EI}} <br />
<br />
{{Small ei ligature}} {{ei}}<br />
<br />
== Table styles ==<br />
<br />
{{testtable}}<br />
----<br />
{{testtable|class= bordertable}}<br />
----<br />
{{testtable|class=gridtable}}<br />
----<br />
{{testtable|class=bluetable}}<br />
----<br />
{{testtable|class=graytable}}<br />
----<br />
{{testtable|style=background: lightsteelblue;}}<br />
<br />
== If test ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{iftest}} : all undefined<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{iftest|i = i}} I i defined<br />
<br />
== [[Template:Voweltemplate]] ==<br />
<br />
{{Voweltable| <br />
|caption = <br />
| i = <br />
| y = <br />
| i\ = <br />
| u\ = <br />
| M = <br />
| u = <br />
<br />
| I = <br />
| Y = <br />
| I\ = <br />
| U\ = <br />
| M_o = <br />
| U = <br />
<br />
| e = <br />
| 2 = <br />
| 8\ = <br />
| @\ = <br />
| @ = <br />
| 8 = <br />
| 7 = <br />
| o = <br />
<br />
| E = <br />
| 9 = <br />
| 3 = <br />
| 3\ = <br />
| V = <br />
| O = <br />
<br />
| & = <br />
| &\ = <br />
| 6 = <br />
| 3\_o = <br />
| V_o = <br />
| O_o = <br />
<br />
| a = <br />
| &\_o = <br />
| a_x = <br />
| Q_x = <br />
| A = <br />
| Q = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Switch test ==<br />
<br />
{{Switchtest}}<br />
{{Switchtest|0}}<br />
{{Switchtest|1}}<br />
<br />
== User page transclusion [[User:Melroch/charinsert]] ==<br />
<br />
{{CURRENTUSER}}<br />
<br />
{{:User:{{CURRENTUSER}}/charinsert}}<br />
<br />
<p class="insertchar"><charinsert>{{{chars|{{{characters|benct}}}}}}</charinsert><p><br />
<br />
<p class="insertchar">'''Benct''': <charinsert>B e n c t</charinsert><p><br />
<br />
== Magic word parserfunction ==<br />
<br />
{{magic word}}<br />
<br />
== Subpage DPL ==<br />
<br />
<DPL> namespace= <br />
titlematch=Main Page/% <br />
</DPL><br />
<br />
== Gloss ==<br />
<br />
{{gloss|note|use}}<br />
<br />
== Nested lists to simulate a family tree ==<br />
<br />
<pre><nowiki><br />
<br />
=== Source ===<br />
<br />
: [[Foo]] - by conlanger A<br />
:: [[Fee]] - by conlanger A and conlanger B<br />
::: [[He]] - by conlanger B<br />
:: [[Fie]]<br />
:::[[Vie]]<br />
::::[[Wy]]<br />
:: [[Foe]]<br />
: [[Bar]]<br />
:: [[Bor]]<br />
::: [[Baw]]<br />
:::: [[Bah]]<br />
: [[Baz]]<br />
:: [[Bass]]<br />
:: [[Baehz]]<br />
::: [[Beez]]<br />
<br />
Notice how the number of colons corresponds to the node's level is the tree<br />
</nowiki></pre><br />
<br />
=== Output ===<br />
<br />
: [[Foo]] - by conlanger A<br />
:: [[Fee]] - by conlanger A and conlanger B<br />
::: [[He]] - by conlanger B<br />
:: [[Fie]]<br />
:::[[Vie]]<br />
::::[[Wy]]<br />
:: [[Foe]]<br />
: [[Bar]]<br />
:: [[Bor]]<br />
::: [[Baw]]<br />
:::: [[Bah]]<br />
: [[Baz]]<br />
:: [[Bass]]<br />
:: [[Baehz]]<br />
::: [[Beez]]<br />
<br />
Notice how the amount of indentation corresponds to the node's level is the tree<br />
<br />
== Subpage list again ==<br />
<dpl><br />
category=Kijeb<br />
replaceintitle=#([^/]+?)$#,\1|\1<br />
mode=userformat<br />
listseparators=,\n* [[%TITLE%]],,<br />
</dpl><br />
<br />
<dpl><br />
category=Kijeb<br />
replaceintitle=#([^/]+?)$#,\1|\1<br />
mode=userformat<br />
listseparators=,\n* [[%TITLE%]],,<br />
</dpl><br />
<br />
{{#dpl:<br />
|category=Kijeb<br />
|replaceintitle=#^{{{3}}}(.+?)$#,\1<br />
|mode=userformat<br />
|listseparators=,\n* [[%PAGE%{{!}}%TITLE%]],,<br />
|namespace=<br />
|resultsheader=«pre»«nowiki»<br />
|resultsfooter=«/nowiki»«/pre»<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{:List of conlangs on FrathWiki}}<br />
<br />
== DPL from category ==<br />
<br />
{{DPL from category|<br />
| category=Lucus<br />
| exclude category=Conlangs based on English<br />
| exclude category 1=Romance conlangs<br />
| exclude category 2=Germanic conlangs<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Oh those collapsing margins! ==<br />
<br />
<div class="outerpadding">{{Infomessage|foo}}</div><br />
<br />
== Ref/note ==<br />
Actually an illustration says more than a thousand words.<br />
<br />
This Wikicode:<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
<nowiki>{{ref|1|2|3|4}}<br />
<br />
{{ref label|1|2|3|4}}<br />
<br />
{{ref harvard|1|2|3|4}}<br />
<br />
{{ref harv|1|2|3|4}}<br />
<br />
{{note|1|2|3|4}}<br />
<br />
{{note label|1|2|3|4|5}}<br />
</nowiki></pre><br />
<br />
Produces this HTML:<br />
<br />
&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot; id=&quot;ref_1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#endnote_1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br />
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;ref_13&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#endnote_13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br />
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;ref_13&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#endnote_13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br />
&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;ref_13&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#endnote_13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br />
&lt;p&gt;&lt;cite id=&quot;endnote_1&quot; style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#ref_1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;^2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br />
&lt;p&gt;&lt;cite id=&quot;endnote_13&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#ref_13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;4&lt;/cite&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br />
<br />
== Templates Obj etc. ==<br />
<br />
{{obj|Bendetx|ipa=[benˈdetʃ]|gl=Benedict|l=rhodrese|xl=1}}<br />
<br />
{{lemma|Bendetx|gl=Benedict|xl=rhodrese|ety=Benedictus|el=Lat.}}<br />
<br />
{{cobj|Bendetx|Rhodrese}}</div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Template:Obj&diff=158577
Template:Obj
2023-11-21T18:41:24Z
<p>Melroch: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-language">{{#if: {{{l|}}}|<span class="lang-id">{{{l}}}</span> |}}<{{{tag|em}}} class="{{{tid|obj}}}-term"{{#if: {{{lt|{{{xl|}}}}}}| lang="{{lc:<br />
{{#if: {{{lt|}}}|{{{lt}}}|art-x-<br />
{{#ifeq: {{{xl|}}}|1|{{{l|<br />
{{red|No l specified!}}}}}|{{{xl}}}}}|}}}}"}}{{#if: {{{tl|}}} | title="{{{tl}}}"|}}>{{{1}}}</{{{tag|em}}}><br />
{{#if: {{{pr|}}} |<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-pronunciation">{{{pr}}}</span>|<br />
{{#if: {{{ipa|}}} |<br />
{{IPA|{{{ipa}}}}} |}} }}<br />
{{#if: {{{gl|}}} |<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-gloss">'{{{gl}}}'</span>| }}<br />
{{#if: {{{ety|}}} | <span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-etymology"{{#if: {{{elt|{{{exl|}}}}}}| lang="{{lc:{{#if: {{{elt|}}}|{{{elt}}}|art-x-{{#ifeq: {{{exl|}}}|1|{{{el|{{red|No el specified!}}}}}|{{{exl}}}}}|}}}}"}}>{{#if: {{{el|}}} |<span class="etym-lang-tid">{{{el}}}</span> |}}{{{ety}}}{{#if: {{{eg|}}}|<br />
<span class="etym-gloss">'{{{eg}}}'</span> |}}</span>|}}</span></div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Template:Obj&diff=158570
Template:Obj
2023-11-21T18:25:44Z
<p>Melroch: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-language">{{#if: {{{li|}}}|<span class="lang-tid">{{#ifeq: {{{li|}}}|1|{{ucfirst:{{{l|{{red|No l specified!}}}}}}}|{{{li}}}}}</span> |}}<{{{tag|em}}} class="{{{tid|obj}}}-term"{{#if: {{{lt|{{{xl|}}}}}}| lang="{{lc:<br />
{{#if: {{{lt|}}}|{{{lt}}}|art-x-<br />
{{#ifeq: {{{xl|}}}|1|{{{l|<br />
{{red|No l specified!}}}}}|{{{xl}}}}}|}}}}"}}{{#if: {{{tl|}}} | title="{{{tl}}}"|}}>{{{1}}}</{{{tag|em}}}><br />
{{#if: {{{pr|}}} |<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-pronunciation">{{{pr}}}</span>|<br />
{{#if: {{{ipa|}}} |<br />
{{IPA|{{{ipa}}}}} |}} }}<br />
{{#if: {{{gl|}}} |<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-gloss">'{{{gl}}}'</span>| }}<br />
{{#if: {{{ety|}}} | <span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-etymology"{{#if: {{{elt|{{{exl|}}}}}}| lang="{{lc:{{#if: {{{elt|}}}|{{{elt}}}|art-x-{{#ifeq: {{{exl|}}}|1|{{{ei|{{red|No ei specified!}}}}}|{{{exl}}}}}|}}}}"}}>{{#if: {{{ei|}}} |<span class="etym-lang-tid">{{{ei}}}</span> |}}{{{ety}}}{{#if: {{{eg|}}}|<br />
<span class="etym-gloss">'{{{eg}}}'</span> |}}</span>|}}</span></div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=User:Melroch/sandbox&diff=158566
User:Melroch/sandbox
2023-11-21T17:26:58Z
<p>Melroch: /* Templates Obj etc. */</p>
<hr />
<div>== My subpages ==<br />
<DPL><br />
createdby=Melroch<br />
titlematch=%/%<br />
</DPL><br />
<br />
__NEWSECTIONLINK__<br />
== Paramtest ==<br />
<br />
cf [[Template:paramtest]]<br />
<nowiki><br />
{{paramtest|<br />
|t = tim<br />
|t_d = þam<br />
|t_- = com<br />
}}<br />
</nowiki><br />
<br />
<br />
{{paramtest|<br />
|t = tim<br />
|t_d = þam<br />
|t_- = com<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>{{paramtest|t=t|t_d=þ|t_-=c}}</nowiki><br />
<br />
{{paramtest|t=t|t_d=þ|t_-=c}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>{{Paramtest|t=t|t_d=þ}}</nowiki><br />
<br />
{{Paramtest|t=t|t_d=þ}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>{{Paramtest|caption=0|t=t}}</nowiki><br />
<br />
{{Paramtest|caption=0|t=t}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>{{Paramtest|t_-=c}}</nowiki><br />
<br />
{{Paramtest|t_-=c}}<br />
<br />
== Template==<br />
<br />
{{Voweltable|caption=Swedish dialect vowel spellings|i=i|y=y|I=î ''or'' ê|e=e|2=ö|8\= &mdash; u|u\=(u)|8=û|E=ä|&=(â)|a=â|&\=(ô)|3\=ô|u=o|o=å|Q=a|A=(a)|@=(e)}}<br />
<br />
== Table ==<br />
{| class="gridtable voweltable" style="width: {{{width|60%}}};" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"<br />
|+{{{caption}}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;"| Front<br />
! colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;"| Central<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;"| Back<br />
|-<br />
! class="small" | Unrounded<br />
! class="small" | Rounded<br />
! class="small" colspan="2" | Unrounded<br />
! class="small" | Rounded<br />
! class="small" | Unrounded<br />
! class="small" | Rounded<br />
|-<br />
! Closed<br />
| {{{i}}} || {{{y}}} || colspan="2" | {{{i\}}} || {{{u\}}} || {{{M}}} || {{{u}}}<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
| {{{I}}} || {{{Y}}} || colspan="2" | {{{I\}}} <br />
| {{{U\}}} || {{{M_}}} || {{{U}}}<br />
|-<br />
! Half-closed<br />
| {{{e}}} || {{{2}}} {{{8\}}} || colspan="1" | {{{@\}}} <br />
| rowspan="2" | {{{@}}} || {{{8}}} || {{{7}}} || {{{o}}}<br />
|-<br />
! Half-open<br />
| {{{E}}} || {{{9}}} || colspan="1" | {{{3}}} || {{{3\}}} <br />
| {{{V}}} || {{{O}}}<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
| {{{&}}} || {{{&\}}} || colspan="2" | {{{6}}} <br />
| {{{3\_}}} || {{{V_}}} || {{{O_}}}<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| {{{a}}} || {{{&\_}}} || colspan="2" | {{{a_}}} <br />
| {{{Q_x}}} || {{{A}}} || {{{Q}}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Stuff ==<br />
<br />
{{paramtest|A_x=â|8_+_w=û}}<br />
<br />
Sohlob '''ä ö ü''': {{Sohlob|ä ö ü}}<br />
<br />
Vowel length{{Hnote|1|Vowel length}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{BIGIPA|[ɛɪ]}} {{big|{{IPA|aɪ}}}}<br />
<br />
'''Sohlob''' is spelled<span class="graphemic">hhohlob</span>in Sohlob script.<br />
<br />
'''Sohlob''' is spelled&lang;hhohlob&rang;in Sohlob script.<br />
<br />
{{sc|Benct}} cŭ́m sī́t quā́rē ''cŭ́m sī́t quā́rē''<br />
<br />
Without joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆ <br />
With zero-width joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆ <br />
With zero-width non-joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆<br />
<br />
''Without joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆ ''<br />
''With zero-width joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆ ''<br />
''With zero-width non-joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆''<br />
<br />
''ę̄ę̆ǭǫ̆į̄į̆ẹ̄ẹ̆ọ̄ọ̆ị̄ị̆''<br />
''į̄ị̆''<br />
''&#x012B;&#x0328;&#x012D;&#x0323;''<br />
<br />
p{{Small|D}}o{{small|O}}a{{Small|A}} {{Small|D}}I{{small|GNVS}}<br />
<br />
{| class="gridtable"<br />
!<br />
!align="left"|INCLUSION <br />
!align="left"|CONTACT <br />
!align="left"|PROXIMITY<br />
|-<br />
!align="left"|LOCATIVE <br />
|align="left"|in <br />
|align="left"|on <br />
|align="left"|at<br />
|-<br />
!align="left"|SEPARATIVE <br />
|align="left"|out of <br />
|align="left"|off <br />
|align="left"|from<br />
|-<br />
!align="left"|TRANSLATIVE <br />
|align="left"|through <br />
|align="left"|over <br />
|align="left"|along<br />
|-<br />
!align="left"|INGRESSIVE <br />
|align="left"|towards <br />
|align="left"|against (for)<br />
|align="left"|to<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== (1) Vowel length ====<br />
<br />
== Abandoned infobox ==<br />
<br />
{{Abandoned}}<br />
{{Abandoned|username=Melroch}}<br />
{{Abandoned|username=Melroch|date=January}}<br />
{{Abandoned|username=Melroch|realname=BPJ|date=January}}<br />
{{Abandoned|username=Melroch|talk=(Leave a note!)|date=January}}<br />
{{Abandoned|username=Melroch|realname=BPJ|talk=(Leave a note!)|date=January}}<br />
<br />
(Based on what [[User:Muke|Muke]] made at [[Latin Pinyin]].)<br />
<br />
== deflist ==<br />
<br />
;Benct <br />
:;Philip :Jonsson<br />
;Melroch <br />
:;Melarocco :Aestan <br />
:Aistano<br />
<br />
<pre><nowiki><br />
;Benct <br />
:;Philip :Jonsson<br />
;Melroch <br />
:;Melarocco :Aestan <br />
:Aistano<br />
</nowiki></pre><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Kijeb syllabary ==<br />
<br />
The rightmost columns and lowest rows get cut off. May it be due to some file size limitation setting?<br />
<br />
Cf. the [http://www.melroch.se/conlang/misc/kijebsyllabary.svg external copy on my own webspace!]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Kijebsyllabary.svg|thumb|300px|right|The Kijeb syllabary. Click in the image to see it enlarged.]]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Kijebsyllabary.svg]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 00:14, 15 January 2007 (PST)<br />
<br />
== Bordertable ==<br />
<br />
{| class="bordertable"<br />
! Benedictus || Philippus || Gothus<br />
|-<br />
| Benct || Philip || Jonsson<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== smallcaps ==<br />
<br />
{{SC|foo}}<br />
<span class="morpho-label">foo</span><br />
{{morpho-label|foo}}<br />
{{sc|foo}}<br />
{{Sc|foo}}<br />
<br />
== [[Template:Scroll box]] test ==<br />
<br />
{{scroll box<br />
|width=75%<br />
|height=10em<br />
|content=<br />
<dpl><br />
namespace= Help<br />
</dpl><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Faking ɛɩ ligature ==<br />
<br />
<div style="font-size: xx-large;"><br />
l<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45ex;">ɛ</span>ɩn<br />
L<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45ex;">Ɛ</span>ƖN<br />
f<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45ex;">c</span>ɩþr<br />
F<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45ex;">C</span>ƖÞR<br />
F<span style="font-size: 133%;">ɑ</span>ÞR<br />
</div><br />
<br />
{{Capital EI ligature}} {{EI}} <br />
<br />
{{Small ei ligature}} {{ei}}<br />
<br />
== Table styles ==<br />
<br />
{{testtable}}<br />
----<br />
{{testtable|class= bordertable}}<br />
----<br />
{{testtable|class=gridtable}}<br />
----<br />
{{testtable|class=bluetable}}<br />
----<br />
{{testtable|class=graytable}}<br />
----<br />
{{testtable|style=background: lightsteelblue;}}<br />
<br />
== If test ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{iftest}} : all undefined<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{iftest|i = i}} I i defined<br />
<br />
== [[Template:Voweltemplate]] ==<br />
<br />
{{Voweltable| <br />
|caption = <br />
| i = <br />
| y = <br />
| i\ = <br />
| u\ = <br />
| M = <br />
| u = <br />
<br />
| I = <br />
| Y = <br />
| I\ = <br />
| U\ = <br />
| M_o = <br />
| U = <br />
<br />
| e = <br />
| 2 = <br />
| 8\ = <br />
| @\ = <br />
| @ = <br />
| 8 = <br />
| 7 = <br />
| o = <br />
<br />
| E = <br />
| 9 = <br />
| 3 = <br />
| 3\ = <br />
| V = <br />
| O = <br />
<br />
| & = <br />
| &\ = <br />
| 6 = <br />
| 3\_o = <br />
| V_o = <br />
| O_o = <br />
<br />
| a = <br />
| &\_o = <br />
| a_x = <br />
| Q_x = <br />
| A = <br />
| Q = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Switch test ==<br />
<br />
{{Switchtest}}<br />
{{Switchtest|0}}<br />
{{Switchtest|1}}<br />
<br />
== User page transclusion [[User:Melroch/charinsert]] ==<br />
<br />
{{CURRENTUSER}}<br />
<br />
{{:User:{{CURRENTUSER}}/charinsert}}<br />
<br />
<p class="insertchar"><charinsert>{{{chars|{{{characters|benct}}}}}}</charinsert><p><br />
<br />
<p class="insertchar">'''Benct''': <charinsert>B e n c t</charinsert><p><br />
<br />
== Magic word parserfunction ==<br />
<br />
{{magic word}}<br />
<br />
== Subpage DPL ==<br />
<br />
<DPL> namespace= <br />
titlematch=Main Page/% <br />
</DPL><br />
<br />
== Gloss ==<br />
<br />
{{gloss|note|use}}<br />
<br />
== Nested lists to simulate a family tree ==<br />
<br />
<pre><nowiki><br />
<br />
=== Source ===<br />
<br />
: [[Foo]] - by conlanger A<br />
:: [[Fee]] - by conlanger A and conlanger B<br />
::: [[He]] - by conlanger B<br />
:: [[Fie]]<br />
:::[[Vie]]<br />
::::[[Wy]]<br />
:: [[Foe]]<br />
: [[Bar]]<br />
:: [[Bor]]<br />
::: [[Baw]]<br />
:::: [[Bah]]<br />
: [[Baz]]<br />
:: [[Bass]]<br />
:: [[Baehz]]<br />
::: [[Beez]]<br />
<br />
Notice how the number of colons corresponds to the node's level is the tree<br />
</nowiki></pre><br />
<br />
=== Output ===<br />
<br />
: [[Foo]] - by conlanger A<br />
:: [[Fee]] - by conlanger A and conlanger B<br />
::: [[He]] - by conlanger B<br />
:: [[Fie]]<br />
:::[[Vie]]<br />
::::[[Wy]]<br />
:: [[Foe]]<br />
: [[Bar]]<br />
:: [[Bor]]<br />
::: [[Baw]]<br />
:::: [[Bah]]<br />
: [[Baz]]<br />
:: [[Bass]]<br />
:: [[Baehz]]<br />
::: [[Beez]]<br />
<br />
Notice how the amount of indentation corresponds to the node's level is the tree<br />
<br />
== Subpage list again ==<br />
<dpl><br />
category=Kijeb<br />
replaceintitle=#([^/]+?)$#,\1|\1<br />
mode=userformat<br />
listseparators=,\n* [[%TITLE%]],,<br />
</dpl><br />
<br />
<dpl><br />
category=Kijeb<br />
replaceintitle=#([^/]+?)$#,\1|\1<br />
mode=userformat<br />
listseparators=,\n* [[%TITLE%]],,<br />
</dpl><br />
<br />
{{#dpl:<br />
|category=Kijeb<br />
|replaceintitle=#^{{{3}}}(.+?)$#,\1<br />
|mode=userformat<br />
|listseparators=,\n* [[%PAGE%{{!}}%TITLE%]],,<br />
|namespace=<br />
|resultsheader=«pre»«nowiki»<br />
|resultsfooter=«/nowiki»«/pre»<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{:List of conlangs on FrathWiki}}<br />
<br />
== DPL from category ==<br />
<br />
{{DPL from category|<br />
| category=Lucus<br />
| exclude category=Conlangs based on English<br />
| exclude category 1=Romance conlangs<br />
| exclude category 2=Germanic conlangs<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Oh those collapsing margins! ==<br />
<br />
<div class="outerpadding">{{Infomessage|foo}}</div><br />
<br />
== Ref/note ==<br />
Actually an illustration says more than a thousand words.<br />
<br />
This Wikicode:<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
<nowiki>{{ref|1|2|3|4}}<br />
<br />
{{ref label|1|2|3|4}}<br />
<br />
{{ref harvard|1|2|3|4}}<br />
<br />
{{ref harv|1|2|3|4}}<br />
<br />
{{note|1|2|3|4}}<br />
<br />
{{note label|1|2|3|4|5}}<br />
</nowiki></pre><br />
<br />
Produces this HTML:<br />
<br />
&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot; id=&quot;ref_1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#endnote_1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br />
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;ref_13&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#endnote_13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br />
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;ref_13&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#endnote_13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br />
&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;ref_13&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#endnote_13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br />
&lt;p&gt;&lt;cite id=&quot;endnote_1&quot; style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#ref_1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;^2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br />
&lt;p&gt;&lt;cite id=&quot;endnote_13&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#ref_13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;4&lt;/cite&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br />
<br />
== Templates Obj etc. ==<br />
<br />
{{obj|Bendetx|ipa=[benˈdetʃ]|gl=Benedict|xl=rhodrese|li=1}}<br />
<br />
{{lemma|Bendetx|gl=Benedict|xl=rhodrese|ety=Benedictus|el=Lat.}}<br />
<br />
{{cobj|Bendetx|Rhodrese}}</div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Template:Obj&diff=158565
Template:Obj
2023-11-21T17:25:22Z
<p>Melroch: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-language"><br />
{{#if: {{{li|}}}|<span class="lang-tid">{{#ifeq: {{{li|}}}|1|{{ucfirst:{{{l}}}}}|{{{li}}}|}}</span><br />
|}}<{{{tag|em}}} class="{{{tid|obj}}}-term"{{#if: {{{l|{{{xl|}}}}}}| lang="{{lc:{{#if: {{{l|}}}|{{{l}}}|art-x-{{{xl}}} }}}}"}}{{#if: {{{tl|}}} | title="{{{tl}}}"|}}>{{{1}}}</{{{tag|em}}}><br />
{{#if: {{{pr|}}} |<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-pronunciation">{{{pr}}}</span>|{{#if: {{{ipa|}}} |{{IPA|{{{ipa}}}}} |}} }}<br />
{{#if: {{{gl|}}} |<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-gloss">'{{{gl}}}'</span>| }}<br />
{{#if: {{{ety|}}} | <span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-etymology"{{#if: {{{el|{{{exl|}}}}}} | lang="{{lc:{{#if: {{{el|}}} |{{{el}}}|art-x-{{{exl}}} }}}}"|}}>{{#if: {{{ei|}}} |<span class="etym-lang-tid">{{{ei}}}</span> |}}{{{ety}}}{{#if: {{{eg|}}}|<span class="etym-gloss">'{{{eg}}}'</span> |}}</span>|}}</span></div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=User:Melroch/sandbox&diff=158564
User:Melroch/sandbox
2023-11-21T17:17:41Z
<p>Melroch: /* Templates Obj etc. */</p>
<hr />
<div>== My subpages ==<br />
<DPL><br />
createdby=Melroch<br />
titlematch=%/%<br />
</DPL><br />
<br />
__NEWSECTIONLINK__<br />
== Paramtest ==<br />
<br />
cf [[Template:paramtest]]<br />
<nowiki><br />
{{paramtest|<br />
|t = tim<br />
|t_d = þam<br />
|t_- = com<br />
}}<br />
</nowiki><br />
<br />
<br />
{{paramtest|<br />
|t = tim<br />
|t_d = þam<br />
|t_- = com<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>{{paramtest|t=t|t_d=þ|t_-=c}}</nowiki><br />
<br />
{{paramtest|t=t|t_d=þ|t_-=c}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>{{Paramtest|t=t|t_d=þ}}</nowiki><br />
<br />
{{Paramtest|t=t|t_d=þ}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>{{Paramtest|caption=0|t=t}}</nowiki><br />
<br />
{{Paramtest|caption=0|t=t}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>{{Paramtest|t_-=c}}</nowiki><br />
<br />
{{Paramtest|t_-=c}}<br />
<br />
== Template==<br />
<br />
{{Voweltable|caption=Swedish dialect vowel spellings|i=i|y=y|I=î ''or'' ê|e=e|2=ö|8\= &mdash; u|u\=(u)|8=û|E=ä|&=(â)|a=â|&\=(ô)|3\=ô|u=o|o=å|Q=a|A=(a)|@=(e)}}<br />
<br />
== Table ==<br />
{| class="gridtable voweltable" style="width: {{{width|60%}}};" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"<br />
|+{{{caption}}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;"| Front<br />
! colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;"| Central<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;"| Back<br />
|-<br />
! class="small" | Unrounded<br />
! class="small" | Rounded<br />
! class="small" colspan="2" | Unrounded<br />
! class="small" | Rounded<br />
! class="small" | Unrounded<br />
! class="small" | Rounded<br />
|-<br />
! Closed<br />
| {{{i}}} || {{{y}}} || colspan="2" | {{{i\}}} || {{{u\}}} || {{{M}}} || {{{u}}}<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
| {{{I}}} || {{{Y}}} || colspan="2" | {{{I\}}} <br />
| {{{U\}}} || {{{M_}}} || {{{U}}}<br />
|-<br />
! Half-closed<br />
| {{{e}}} || {{{2}}} {{{8\}}} || colspan="1" | {{{@\}}} <br />
| rowspan="2" | {{{@}}} || {{{8}}} || {{{7}}} || {{{o}}}<br />
|-<br />
! Half-open<br />
| {{{E}}} || {{{9}}} || colspan="1" | {{{3}}} || {{{3\}}} <br />
| {{{V}}} || {{{O}}}<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
| {{{&}}} || {{{&\}}} || colspan="2" | {{{6}}} <br />
| {{{3\_}}} || {{{V_}}} || {{{O_}}}<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| {{{a}}} || {{{&\_}}} || colspan="2" | {{{a_}}} <br />
| {{{Q_x}}} || {{{A}}} || {{{Q}}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Stuff ==<br />
<br />
{{paramtest|A_x=â|8_+_w=û}}<br />
<br />
Sohlob '''ä ö ü''': {{Sohlob|ä ö ü}}<br />
<br />
Vowel length{{Hnote|1|Vowel length}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{BIGIPA|[ɛɪ]}} {{big|{{IPA|aɪ}}}}<br />
<br />
'''Sohlob''' is spelled<span class="graphemic">hhohlob</span>in Sohlob script.<br />
<br />
'''Sohlob''' is spelled&lang;hhohlob&rang;in Sohlob script.<br />
<br />
{{sc|Benct}} cŭ́m sī́t quā́rē ''cŭ́m sī́t quā́rē''<br />
<br />
Without joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆ <br />
With zero-width joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆ <br />
With zero-width non-joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆<br />
<br />
''Without joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆ ''<br />
''With zero-width joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆ ''<br />
''With zero-width non-joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆''<br />
<br />
''ę̄ę̆ǭǫ̆į̄į̆ẹ̄ẹ̆ọ̄ọ̆ị̄ị̆''<br />
''į̄ị̆''<br />
''&#x012B;&#x0328;&#x012D;&#x0323;''<br />
<br />
p{{Small|D}}o{{small|O}}a{{Small|A}} {{Small|D}}I{{small|GNVS}}<br />
<br />
{| class="gridtable"<br />
!<br />
!align="left"|INCLUSION <br />
!align="left"|CONTACT <br />
!align="left"|PROXIMITY<br />
|-<br />
!align="left"|LOCATIVE <br />
|align="left"|in <br />
|align="left"|on <br />
|align="left"|at<br />
|-<br />
!align="left"|SEPARATIVE <br />
|align="left"|out of <br />
|align="left"|off <br />
|align="left"|from<br />
|-<br />
!align="left"|TRANSLATIVE <br />
|align="left"|through <br />
|align="left"|over <br />
|align="left"|along<br />
|-<br />
!align="left"|INGRESSIVE <br />
|align="left"|towards <br />
|align="left"|against (for)<br />
|align="left"|to<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== (1) Vowel length ====<br />
<br />
== Abandoned infobox ==<br />
<br />
{{Abandoned}}<br />
{{Abandoned|username=Melroch}}<br />
{{Abandoned|username=Melroch|date=January}}<br />
{{Abandoned|username=Melroch|realname=BPJ|date=January}}<br />
{{Abandoned|username=Melroch|talk=(Leave a note!)|date=January}}<br />
{{Abandoned|username=Melroch|realname=BPJ|talk=(Leave a note!)|date=January}}<br />
<br />
(Based on what [[User:Muke|Muke]] made at [[Latin Pinyin]].)<br />
<br />
== deflist ==<br />
<br />
;Benct <br />
:;Philip :Jonsson<br />
;Melroch <br />
:;Melarocco :Aestan <br />
:Aistano<br />
<br />
<pre><nowiki><br />
;Benct <br />
:;Philip :Jonsson<br />
;Melroch <br />
:;Melarocco :Aestan <br />
:Aistano<br />
</nowiki></pre><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Kijeb syllabary ==<br />
<br />
The rightmost columns and lowest rows get cut off. May it be due to some file size limitation setting?<br />
<br />
Cf. the [http://www.melroch.se/conlang/misc/kijebsyllabary.svg external copy on my own webspace!]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Kijebsyllabary.svg|thumb|300px|right|The Kijeb syllabary. Click in the image to see it enlarged.]]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Kijebsyllabary.svg]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 00:14, 15 January 2007 (PST)<br />
<br />
== Bordertable ==<br />
<br />
{| class="bordertable"<br />
! Benedictus || Philippus || Gothus<br />
|-<br />
| Benct || Philip || Jonsson<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== smallcaps ==<br />
<br />
{{SC|foo}}<br />
<span class="morpho-label">foo</span><br />
{{morpho-label|foo}}<br />
{{sc|foo}}<br />
{{Sc|foo}}<br />
<br />
== [[Template:Scroll box]] test ==<br />
<br />
{{scroll box<br />
|width=75%<br />
|height=10em<br />
|content=<br />
<dpl><br />
namespace= Help<br />
</dpl><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Faking ɛɩ ligature ==<br />
<br />
<div style="font-size: xx-large;"><br />
l<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45ex;">ɛ</span>ɩn<br />
L<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45ex;">Ɛ</span>ƖN<br />
f<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45ex;">c</span>ɩþr<br />
F<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45ex;">C</span>ƖÞR<br />
F<span style="font-size: 133%;">ɑ</span>ÞR<br />
</div><br />
<br />
{{Capital EI ligature}} {{EI}} <br />
<br />
{{Small ei ligature}} {{ei}}<br />
<br />
== Table styles ==<br />
<br />
{{testtable}}<br />
----<br />
{{testtable|class= bordertable}}<br />
----<br />
{{testtable|class=gridtable}}<br />
----<br />
{{testtable|class=bluetable}}<br />
----<br />
{{testtable|class=graytable}}<br />
----<br />
{{testtable|style=background: lightsteelblue;}}<br />
<br />
== If test ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{iftest}} : all undefined<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{iftest|i = i}} I i defined<br />
<br />
== [[Template:Voweltemplate]] ==<br />
<br />
{{Voweltable| <br />
|caption = <br />
| i = <br />
| y = <br />
| i\ = <br />
| u\ = <br />
| M = <br />
| u = <br />
<br />
| I = <br />
| Y = <br />
| I\ = <br />
| U\ = <br />
| M_o = <br />
| U = <br />
<br />
| e = <br />
| 2 = <br />
| 8\ = <br />
| @\ = <br />
| @ = <br />
| 8 = <br />
| 7 = <br />
| o = <br />
<br />
| E = <br />
| 9 = <br />
| 3 = <br />
| 3\ = <br />
| V = <br />
| O = <br />
<br />
| & = <br />
| &\ = <br />
| 6 = <br />
| 3\_o = <br />
| V_o = <br />
| O_o = <br />
<br />
| a = <br />
| &\_o = <br />
| a_x = <br />
| Q_x = <br />
| A = <br />
| Q = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Switch test ==<br />
<br />
{{Switchtest}}<br />
{{Switchtest|0}}<br />
{{Switchtest|1}}<br />
<br />
== User page transclusion [[User:Melroch/charinsert]] ==<br />
<br />
{{CURRENTUSER}}<br />
<br />
{{:User:{{CURRENTUSER}}/charinsert}}<br />
<br />
<p class="insertchar"><charinsert>{{{chars|{{{characters|benct}}}}}}</charinsert><p><br />
<br />
<p class="insertchar">'''Benct''': <charinsert>B e n c t</charinsert><p><br />
<br />
== Magic word parserfunction ==<br />
<br />
{{magic word}}<br />
<br />
== Subpage DPL ==<br />
<br />
<DPL> namespace= <br />
titlematch=Main Page/% <br />
</DPL><br />
<br />
== Gloss ==<br />
<br />
{{gloss|note|use}}<br />
<br />
== Nested lists to simulate a family tree ==<br />
<br />
<pre><nowiki><br />
<br />
=== Source ===<br />
<br />
: [[Foo]] - by conlanger A<br />
:: [[Fee]] - by conlanger A and conlanger B<br />
::: [[He]] - by conlanger B<br />
:: [[Fie]]<br />
:::[[Vie]]<br />
::::[[Wy]]<br />
:: [[Foe]]<br />
: [[Bar]]<br />
:: [[Bor]]<br />
::: [[Baw]]<br />
:::: [[Bah]]<br />
: [[Baz]]<br />
:: [[Bass]]<br />
:: [[Baehz]]<br />
::: [[Beez]]<br />
<br />
Notice how the number of colons corresponds to the node's level is the tree<br />
</nowiki></pre><br />
<br />
=== Output ===<br />
<br />
: [[Foo]] - by conlanger A<br />
:: [[Fee]] - by conlanger A and conlanger B<br />
::: [[He]] - by conlanger B<br />
:: [[Fie]]<br />
:::[[Vie]]<br />
::::[[Wy]]<br />
:: [[Foe]]<br />
: [[Bar]]<br />
:: [[Bor]]<br />
::: [[Baw]]<br />
:::: [[Bah]]<br />
: [[Baz]]<br />
:: [[Bass]]<br />
:: [[Baehz]]<br />
::: [[Beez]]<br />
<br />
Notice how the amount of indentation corresponds to the node's level is the tree<br />
<br />
== Subpage list again ==<br />
<dpl><br />
category=Kijeb<br />
replaceintitle=#([^/]+?)$#,\1|\1<br />
mode=userformat<br />
listseparators=,\n* [[%TITLE%]],,<br />
</dpl><br />
<br />
<dpl><br />
category=Kijeb<br />
replaceintitle=#([^/]+?)$#,\1|\1<br />
mode=userformat<br />
listseparators=,\n* [[%TITLE%]],,<br />
</dpl><br />
<br />
{{#dpl:<br />
|category=Kijeb<br />
|replaceintitle=#^{{{3}}}(.+?)$#,\1<br />
|mode=userformat<br />
|listseparators=,\n* [[%PAGE%{{!}}%TITLE%]],,<br />
|namespace=<br />
|resultsheader=«pre»«nowiki»<br />
|resultsfooter=«/nowiki»«/pre»<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{:List of conlangs on FrathWiki}}<br />
<br />
== DPL from category ==<br />
<br />
{{DPL from category|<br />
| category=Lucus<br />
| exclude category=Conlangs based on English<br />
| exclude category 1=Romance conlangs<br />
| exclude category 2=Germanic conlangs<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Oh those collapsing margins! ==<br />
<br />
<div class="outerpadding">{{Infomessage|foo}}</div><br />
<br />
== Ref/note ==<br />
Actually an illustration says more than a thousand words.<br />
<br />
This Wikicode:<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
<nowiki>{{ref|1|2|3|4}}<br />
<br />
{{ref label|1|2|3|4}}<br />
<br />
{{ref harvard|1|2|3|4}}<br />
<br />
{{ref harv|1|2|3|4}}<br />
<br />
{{note|1|2|3|4}}<br />
<br />
{{note label|1|2|3|4|5}}<br />
</nowiki></pre><br />
<br />
Produces this HTML:<br />
<br />
&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot; id=&quot;ref_1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#endnote_1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br />
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;ref_13&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#endnote_13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br />
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;ref_13&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#endnote_13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br />
&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;ref_13&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#endnote_13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br />
&lt;p&gt;&lt;cite id=&quot;endnote_1&quot; style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#ref_1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;^2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br />
&lt;p&gt;&lt;cite id=&quot;endnote_13&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#ref_13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;4&lt;/cite&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br />
<br />
== Templates Obj etc. ==<br />
<br />
{{obj|Bendetx|ipa=[benˈdetʃ]|gl=Benedict|xl=rhodrese|li=1}}<br />
<br />
{{lemma|Bendetx|gl=Benedict|xl=rhodrese|ety=Benedictus|ela=Lat.}}<br />
<br />
{{cobj|Bendetx|Rhodrese}}</div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Template:Obj&diff=158563
Template:Obj
2023-11-21T17:15:06Z
<p>Melroch: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-language"><br />
{{#if: {{{li}}}|<span class="lang-tid">{{#ifeq: {{{li}}}|1|{{ucfirst:{{{l}}}}}|{{{li}}}|}}</span><br />
|}}<{{{tag|em}}} class="{{{tid|obj}}}-term"{{#if: {{{xl}}}| lang="{{lc:{{#if: {{{l}}}|{{{l}}}|art-x-{{{xl}}} }}}}"}}{{#if: {{{tl}}} | title="{{{tl}}}"}}>{{{1}}}</{{{tag|em}}}><br />
{{#if: {{{pr}}} |<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-pronunciation">{{{pr}}}</span>|{{#if: {{{ipa}}} |{{IPA|{{{ipa}}}}} |}} |}}<br />
{{#if: {{{gl}}} |<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-gloss">'{{{gl}}}'</span>|<br />
}}<br />
{{#if: {{{ety}}} | <span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-etymology"{{#if: {{{exl}}} | lang="{{lc:{{#if: {{{el}}} |{{{el}}}|art-x-{{{exl}}} }}}}"|}}>{{#if: {{{ei}}} |<span class="etym-lang-tid">{{{ei}}}</span> |}}{{{ety}}}{{#if: {{{eg}}}|<span class="etym-gloss">'{{{eg}}}'</span> |}}</span>|}}</span></div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Template:Obj&diff=158562
Template:Obj
2023-11-21T17:11:01Z
<p>Melroch: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-language"><br />
{{#if: {{{li}}}|<span class="lang-tid">{{#ifeq: {{{li}}}|1|{{ucfirst:{{{l}}}}}|{{{li}}}|}}</span><br />
|}}<{{{tag|em}}} class="{{{tid|obj}}}-term"{{#if: {{{xl}}}| lang="{{lc:{{#if: {{{l}}}|{{{l}}}|art-x-{{{xl}}} }}}}"}}{{#if: {{{tl}}} | title="{{{tl}}}"}}>{{{1}}}</{{{tag|em}}}><br />
{{#if: {{{pr}}} |<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-pronunciation">{{{pr}}}</span>|{{#if: {{{ipa}}} |{{IPA|{{{ipa}}}}} |}} }}<br />
{{#if: {{{gl}}} |<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-gloss">'{{{gl}}}'</span>| }}<br />
{{#if: {{{ety}}} | <span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-etymology"{{#if: {{{exl}}} | lang="{{lc:{{#if: {{{el}}} |{{{el}}}|art-x-{{{exl}}} }}}}"|}}>{{#if: {{{ei}}} |<span class="etym-lang-tid">{{{ei}}}</span> |}}{{{ety}}}{{#if: {{{eg}}}|<span class="etym-gloss">'{{{eg}}}'</span> |}}</span>|}}</span></div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Template:Obj&diff=158561
Template:Obj
2023-11-21T17:05:14Z
<p>Melroch: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-language"><br />
{{#if: {{{li}}}|<span class="lang-tid">{{#ifeq: {{{li}}}|1|{{ucfirst:{{{l}}}}}|{{{li}}}|}}</span><br />
}}<{{{tag|em}}} class="{{{tid|obj}}}-term"{{#if: {{{xl}}}| lang="{{lc:{{#if: {{{l}}}|{{{l}}}|art-x-{{{xl}}} }}}}"}}{{#if: {{{tl}}} | title="{{{tl}}}"}}>{{{1}}}</{{{tag|em}}}><br />
{{#if: {{{pr}}} |<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-pronunciation">{{{pr}}}</span>|{{#if: {{{ipa}}} |{{IPA|{{{ipa}}}}} }} }}<br />
{{#if: {{{gl}}} |<span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-gloss">'{{{gl}}}'</span>}}<br />
{{#if: {{{ety}}} | <span class="{{{tid|obj}}}-etymology"{{#if: {{{exl}}} | lang="{{lc:{{#if: {{{el}}} |{{{el}}}|art-x-{{{exl}}} }}}}"}}>{{#if: {{{ei}}} |<span class="etym-lang-tid">{{{ei}}}</span> }}{{{ety}}}{{#if: {{{eg}}}|<span class="etym-gloss">'{{{eg}}}'</span> }}</span>}}</span></div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Template:Obj&diff=158560
Template:Obj
2023-11-21T16:58:19Z
<p>Melroch: </p>
<hr />
<div><span class="{{{id|obj}}}-language"><br />
{{#if: {{{li}}}|<span class="lang-id">{{#ifeq: {{{li}}}|1|{{ucfirst:{{{l}}}}}|{{{li}}}|}}</span><br />
}}<{{{tag|em}}} class="{{{id|obj}}}-term"{{#if: {{{xl}}}| lang="{{lc:{{#if: {{{l}}}|{{{l}}}|art-x-{{{xl}}} }}}}"}}{{#if: {{{tl}}} | title="{{{tl}}}"}}>{{{1}}}</{{{tag|em}}}><br />
{{#if: {{{pr}}}|<span class="{{{id|obj}}}-pronunciation">{{{pr}}}</span>|{{#if: {{{ipa}}} |{{IPA|{{{ipa}}}}}|{{#if: {{{ipm}}}|{{IPA|/{{{ipm}}}/}}|{{#if: {{{ipt}}} |{{IPA|[{{{ipt}}}]}} }} }} }} }}<br />
{{#if: {{{gl}}} |<span class="{{{id|obj}}}-gloss">'{{{gl}}}'</span>}}<br />
{{#if: {{{ety}}} | <span class="{{{id}}}-etymology"{{#if: {{{exl}}} | lang="{{lc:{{#if: {{{el}}} |{{{el}}}|art-x-{{{exl}}} }}}}"}}>{{#if: {{{ei}}} |<span class="etym-lang-id">{{{ei}}}</span> }}{{{ety}}}{{#if: {{{eg}}}|<span class="etym-gloss">'{{{eg}}}'</span> }}</span>}}</span></div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Template:Obj&diff=158557
Template:Obj
2023-11-21T16:37:23Z
<p>Melroch: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<span class="{{{id|obj}}}-language"><br />
{{#if: {{{li}}} |<span class="lang-id">{{#ifeq: {{{li}}} |1|{{ucfirst:{{{l}}}}}|{{{li}}}}}</span><br />
}}<{{{tag|em}}} class="{{{id|obj}}}-term"{{#if: {{{xl}}}| lang="{{lc:{{#if: {{{l}}} |{{{l}}}|art-x-{{{xl}}} }}}}"}}{{#if: {{{tl}}} | title="{{{tl}}}"}}>{{{1}}}</{{{tag|em}}}><br />
{{#if: {{{ipa}}} |{{IPA|{{{IPA}}} }}|{{#if: {{{pm}}}<br />
|{{IPA|/{{{pm}}}/}}|{{#if: {{{pt}}} |{{IPA|[{{{pt}}}]}} }} }} }}<br />
{{#if: {{{gl}}} |<span class="{{{id|obj}}}-gloss">'{{{gl}}}'</span>}}<br />
{{#if: {{{ety}}} | <span class="{{{id}}}-etymology"{{#if: {{{exl}}} | lang="{{lc:{{#if: {{{el}}} |{{{el}}}|art-x-{{{exl}}} }}}}"}}>{{#if: {{{ei}}} |<span class="etym-lang-id">{{{ei}}}</span> }}{{{ety}}}{{#if: {{{eg}}}|<span class="etym-gloss">'{{{eg}}}'</span> }}</span>}}</span></div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Template:Obj&diff=158555
Template:Obj
2023-11-21T16:32:57Z
<p>Melroch: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<span class="{{{id|obj}}}-language"><br />
{{#if: {{{li}}} |<span class="lang-id">{{#ifeq: {{{li}}} |1|{{ucfirst:{{{l}}}}}|{{{li}}}}}</span><br />
}}<{{{tag|em}}} class="{{{id|obj}}}-term"{{#if: {{{xl}}}| lang="{{lc:{{#if: {{{l}}} |{{{l}}}|art-x-{{{xl}}} }}}}"}}{{#if: {{{tl}}} | title="{{{tl}}}"}}>{{{1}}}</{{{tag|em}}}><br />
{{#if: {{{ipa}}} |{{IPA|{{{IPA}}} }}|{{#if: {{{pm}}}<br />
|{{IPA|/{{{pm}}}/}}|{{#if: {{{pt}}} |{{IPA|[{{{pt}}}]}} }} }} }}<br />
{{#if: {{{gl}}} |<span class="{{{id|obj}}}-gloss">'{{{gl}}}'</span><br />
{{#if: {{{ety}}} | <span class="{{{id}}}-etymology"{{#if: {{{exl}}} | lang="{{lc:{{#if: {{{el}}} |{{{el}}}|art-x-{{{exl}}} }}}}"}}>{{#if: {{{ei}}} |<span class="etym-lang-id">{{{ei}}}</span> }}{{{ety}}}{{#if: {{{eg}}}|<span class="etym-gloss">'{{{eg}}}'</span> }}</span></span></div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Template:Obj&diff=158551
Template:Obj
2023-11-21T16:25:38Z
<p>Melroch: Creating page: still experimenting!</p>
<hr />
<div><span class="{{{id|obj}}}-language"><br />
{{#if: {{{li}}} |<span class="lang-id">{{#ifeq: {{{li}}} |1|{{ucfirst:{{{l}}}}}}|{{{li}}}}}</span><br />
}} <{{{tag|em}}} class="{{{id|obj}}}-term"{{#if: {{{xl}}}| lang="{{lc:{{#if: {{{l}}} |{{{l}}}|art-x-{{{xl}}} }}}}"}}{{#if: {{{tl}}} | title="{{{tl}}}"}}>{{{1}}}</{{{tag|em}}}><br />
{{#if: {{{ipa}}} |{{IPA|{{{IPA}}} }}|{{#if: {{{pm}}}<br />
|{{IPA|/{{{pm}}}/}}|{{#if: {{{pt}}} |{{IPA|[{{{pt}}}]}} }} }} }}<br />
{{#if: {{{gl}}} |<span class="{{{id|obj}}}-gloss">'{{{gl}}}'</span><br />
{{#if: {{{ety}}} | <span class="{{{id}}}-etymology"{{#if: {{{exl}}} | lang="{{lc:{{#if: {{{el}}} |{{{el}}}|art-x-{{{exl}}} }}}}"}}>{{#if: {{{ei}}} |<span class="etym-lang-id">{{{ei}}} </span> }}{{{ety}}}{{#if: {{{eg}}}|<span class="etym-gloss">'{{{eg}}}'</span> }}</span></span></div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=User:Melroch/sandbox&diff=158543
User:Melroch/sandbox
2023-11-21T11:42:59Z
<p>Melroch: Created Templates Obj etc.</p>
<hr />
<div>== My subpages ==<br />
<DPL><br />
createdby=Melroch<br />
titlematch=%/%<br />
</DPL><br />
<br />
__NEWSECTIONLINK__<br />
== Paramtest ==<br />
<br />
cf [[Template:paramtest]]<br />
<nowiki><br />
{{paramtest|<br />
|t = tim<br />
|t_d = þam<br />
|t_- = com<br />
}}<br />
</nowiki><br />
<br />
<br />
{{paramtest|<br />
|t = tim<br />
|t_d = þam<br />
|t_- = com<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>{{paramtest|t=t|t_d=þ|t_-=c}}</nowiki><br />
<br />
{{paramtest|t=t|t_d=þ|t_-=c}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>{{Paramtest|t=t|t_d=þ}}</nowiki><br />
<br />
{{Paramtest|t=t|t_d=þ}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>{{Paramtest|caption=0|t=t}}</nowiki><br />
<br />
{{Paramtest|caption=0|t=t}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>{{Paramtest|t_-=c}}</nowiki><br />
<br />
{{Paramtest|t_-=c}}<br />
<br />
== Template==<br />
<br />
{{Voweltable|caption=Swedish dialect vowel spellings|i=i|y=y|I=î ''or'' ê|e=e|2=ö|8\= &mdash; u|u\=(u)|8=û|E=ä|&=(â)|a=â|&\=(ô)|3\=ô|u=o|o=å|Q=a|A=(a)|@=(e)}}<br />
<br />
== Table ==<br />
{| class="gridtable voweltable" style="width: {{{width|60%}}};" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"<br />
|+{{{caption}}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;"| Front<br />
! colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;"| Central<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;"| Back<br />
|-<br />
! class="small" | Unrounded<br />
! class="small" | Rounded<br />
! class="small" colspan="2" | Unrounded<br />
! class="small" | Rounded<br />
! class="small" | Unrounded<br />
! class="small" | Rounded<br />
|-<br />
! Closed<br />
| {{{i}}} || {{{y}}} || colspan="2" | {{{i\}}} || {{{u\}}} || {{{M}}} || {{{u}}}<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
| {{{I}}} || {{{Y}}} || colspan="2" | {{{I\}}} <br />
| {{{U\}}} || {{{M_}}} || {{{U}}}<br />
|-<br />
! Half-closed<br />
| {{{e}}} || {{{2}}} {{{8\}}} || colspan="1" | {{{@\}}} <br />
| rowspan="2" | {{{@}}} || {{{8}}} || {{{7}}} || {{{o}}}<br />
|-<br />
! Half-open<br />
| {{{E}}} || {{{9}}} || colspan="1" | {{{3}}} || {{{3\}}} <br />
| {{{V}}} || {{{O}}}<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
| {{{&}}} || {{{&\}}} || colspan="2" | {{{6}}} <br />
| {{{3\_}}} || {{{V_}}} || {{{O_}}}<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| {{{a}}} || {{{&\_}}} || colspan="2" | {{{a_}}} <br />
| {{{Q_x}}} || {{{A}}} || {{{Q}}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Stuff ==<br />
<br />
{{paramtest|A_x=â|8_+_w=û}}<br />
<br />
Sohlob '''ä ö ü''': {{Sohlob|ä ö ü}}<br />
<br />
Vowel length{{Hnote|1|Vowel length}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{BIGIPA|[ɛɪ]}} {{big|{{IPA|aɪ}}}}<br />
<br />
'''Sohlob''' is spelled<span class="graphemic">hhohlob</span>in Sohlob script.<br />
<br />
'''Sohlob''' is spelled&lang;hhohlob&rang;in Sohlob script.<br />
<br />
{{sc|Benct}} cŭ́m sī́t quā́rē ''cŭ́m sī́t quā́rē''<br />
<br />
Without joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆ <br />
With zero-width joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆ <br />
With zero-width non-joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆<br />
<br />
''Without joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆ ''<br />
''With zero-width joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆ ''<br />
''With zero-width non-joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆''<br />
<br />
''ę̄ę̆ǭǫ̆į̄į̆ẹ̄ẹ̆ọ̄ọ̆ị̄ị̆''<br />
''į̄ị̆''<br />
''&#x012B;&#x0328;&#x012D;&#x0323;''<br />
<br />
p{{Small|D}}o{{small|O}}a{{Small|A}} {{Small|D}}I{{small|GNVS}}<br />
<br />
{| class="gridtable"<br />
!<br />
!align="left"|INCLUSION <br />
!align="left"|CONTACT <br />
!align="left"|PROXIMITY<br />
|-<br />
!align="left"|LOCATIVE <br />
|align="left"|in <br />
|align="left"|on <br />
|align="left"|at<br />
|-<br />
!align="left"|SEPARATIVE <br />
|align="left"|out of <br />
|align="left"|off <br />
|align="left"|from<br />
|-<br />
!align="left"|TRANSLATIVE <br />
|align="left"|through <br />
|align="left"|over <br />
|align="left"|along<br />
|-<br />
!align="left"|INGRESSIVE <br />
|align="left"|towards <br />
|align="left"|against (for)<br />
|align="left"|to<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== (1) Vowel length ====<br />
<br />
== Abandoned infobox ==<br />
<br />
{{Abandoned}}<br />
{{Abandoned|username=Melroch}}<br />
{{Abandoned|username=Melroch|date=January}}<br />
{{Abandoned|username=Melroch|realname=BPJ|date=January}}<br />
{{Abandoned|username=Melroch|talk=(Leave a note!)|date=January}}<br />
{{Abandoned|username=Melroch|realname=BPJ|talk=(Leave a note!)|date=January}}<br />
<br />
(Based on what [[User:Muke|Muke]] made at [[Latin Pinyin]].)<br />
<br />
== deflist ==<br />
<br />
;Benct <br />
:;Philip :Jonsson<br />
;Melroch <br />
:;Melarocco :Aestan <br />
:Aistano<br />
<br />
<pre><nowiki><br />
;Benct <br />
:;Philip :Jonsson<br />
;Melroch <br />
:;Melarocco :Aestan <br />
:Aistano<br />
</nowiki></pre><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Kijeb syllabary ==<br />
<br />
The rightmost columns and lowest rows get cut off. May it be due to some file size limitation setting?<br />
<br />
Cf. the [http://www.melroch.se/conlang/misc/kijebsyllabary.svg external copy on my own webspace!]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Kijebsyllabary.svg|thumb|300px|right|The Kijeb syllabary. Click in the image to see it enlarged.]]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Kijebsyllabary.svg]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 00:14, 15 January 2007 (PST)<br />
<br />
== Bordertable ==<br />
<br />
{| class="bordertable"<br />
! Benedictus || Philippus || Gothus<br />
|-<br />
| Benct || Philip || Jonsson<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== smallcaps ==<br />
<br />
{{SC|foo}}<br />
<span class="morpho-label">foo</span><br />
{{morpho-label|foo}}<br />
{{sc|foo}}<br />
{{Sc|foo}}<br />
<br />
== [[Template:Scroll box]] test ==<br />
<br />
{{scroll box<br />
|width=75%<br />
|height=10em<br />
|content=<br />
<dpl><br />
namespace= Help<br />
</dpl><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Faking ɛɩ ligature ==<br />
<br />
<div style="font-size: xx-large;"><br />
l<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45ex;">ɛ</span>ɩn<br />
L<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45ex;">Ɛ</span>ƖN<br />
f<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45ex;">c</span>ɩþr<br />
F<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45ex;">C</span>ƖÞR<br />
F<span style="font-size: 133%;">ɑ</span>ÞR<br />
</div><br />
<br />
{{Capital EI ligature}} {{EI}} <br />
<br />
{{Small ei ligature}} {{ei}}<br />
<br />
== Table styles ==<br />
<br />
{{testtable}}<br />
----<br />
{{testtable|class= bordertable}}<br />
----<br />
{{testtable|class=gridtable}}<br />
----<br />
{{testtable|class=bluetable}}<br />
----<br />
{{testtable|class=graytable}}<br />
----<br />
{{testtable|style=background: lightsteelblue;}}<br />
<br />
== If test ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{iftest}} : all undefined<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{iftest|i = i}} I i defined<br />
<br />
== [[Template:Voweltemplate]] ==<br />
<br />
{{Voweltable| <br />
|caption = <br />
| i = <br />
| y = <br />
| i\ = <br />
| u\ = <br />
| M = <br />
| u = <br />
<br />
| I = <br />
| Y = <br />
| I\ = <br />
| U\ = <br />
| M_o = <br />
| U = <br />
<br />
| e = <br />
| 2 = <br />
| 8\ = <br />
| @\ = <br />
| @ = <br />
| 8 = <br />
| 7 = <br />
| o = <br />
<br />
| E = <br />
| 9 = <br />
| 3 = <br />
| 3\ = <br />
| V = <br />
| O = <br />
<br />
| & = <br />
| &\ = <br />
| 6 = <br />
| 3\_o = <br />
| V_o = <br />
| O_o = <br />
<br />
| a = <br />
| &\_o = <br />
| a_x = <br />
| Q_x = <br />
| A = <br />
| Q = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Switch test ==<br />
<br />
{{Switchtest}}<br />
{{Switchtest|0}}<br />
{{Switchtest|1}}<br />
<br />
== User page transclusion [[User:Melroch/charinsert]] ==<br />
<br />
{{CURRENTUSER}}<br />
<br />
{{:User:{{CURRENTUSER}}/charinsert}}<br />
<br />
<p class="insertchar"><charinsert>{{{chars|{{{characters|benct}}}}}}</charinsert><p><br />
<br />
<p class="insertchar">'''Benct''': <charinsert>B e n c t</charinsert><p><br />
<br />
== Magic word parserfunction ==<br />
<br />
{{magic word}}<br />
<br />
== Subpage DPL ==<br />
<br />
<DPL> namespace= <br />
titlematch=Main Page/% <br />
</DPL><br />
<br />
== Gloss ==<br />
<br />
{{gloss|note|use}}<br />
<br />
== Nested lists to simulate a family tree ==<br />
<br />
<pre><nowiki><br />
<br />
=== Source ===<br />
<br />
: [[Foo]] - by conlanger A<br />
:: [[Fee]] - by conlanger A and conlanger B<br />
::: [[He]] - by conlanger B<br />
:: [[Fie]]<br />
:::[[Vie]]<br />
::::[[Wy]]<br />
:: [[Foe]]<br />
: [[Bar]]<br />
:: [[Bor]]<br />
::: [[Baw]]<br />
:::: [[Bah]]<br />
: [[Baz]]<br />
:: [[Bass]]<br />
:: [[Baehz]]<br />
::: [[Beez]]<br />
<br />
Notice how the number of colons corresponds to the node's level is the tree<br />
</nowiki></pre><br />
<br />
=== Output ===<br />
<br />
: [[Foo]] - by conlanger A<br />
:: [[Fee]] - by conlanger A and conlanger B<br />
::: [[He]] - by conlanger B<br />
:: [[Fie]]<br />
:::[[Vie]]<br />
::::[[Wy]]<br />
:: [[Foe]]<br />
: [[Bar]]<br />
:: [[Bor]]<br />
::: [[Baw]]<br />
:::: [[Bah]]<br />
: [[Baz]]<br />
:: [[Bass]]<br />
:: [[Baehz]]<br />
::: [[Beez]]<br />
<br />
Notice how the amount of indentation corresponds to the node's level is the tree<br />
<br />
== Subpage list again ==<br />
<dpl><br />
category=Kijeb<br />
replaceintitle=#([^/]+?)$#,\1|\1<br />
mode=userformat<br />
listseparators=,\n* [[%TITLE%]],,<br />
</dpl><br />
<br />
<dpl><br />
category=Kijeb<br />
replaceintitle=#([^/]+?)$#,\1|\1<br />
mode=userformat<br />
listseparators=,\n* [[%TITLE%]],,<br />
</dpl><br />
<br />
{{#dpl:<br />
|category=Kijeb<br />
|replaceintitle=#^{{{3}}}(.+?)$#,\1<br />
|mode=userformat<br />
|listseparators=,\n* [[%PAGE%{{!}}%TITLE%]],,<br />
|namespace=<br />
|resultsheader=«pre»«nowiki»<br />
|resultsfooter=«/nowiki»«/pre»<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{:List of conlangs on FrathWiki}}<br />
<br />
== DPL from category ==<br />
<br />
{{DPL from category|<br />
| category=Lucus<br />
| exclude category=Conlangs based on English<br />
| exclude category 1=Romance conlangs<br />
| exclude category 2=Germanic conlangs<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Oh those collapsing margins! ==<br />
<br />
<div class="outerpadding">{{Infomessage|foo}}</div><br />
<br />
== Ref/note ==<br />
Actually an illustration says more than a thousand words.<br />
<br />
This Wikicode:<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
<nowiki>{{ref|1|2|3|4}}<br />
<br />
{{ref label|1|2|3|4}}<br />
<br />
{{ref harvard|1|2|3|4}}<br />
<br />
{{ref harv|1|2|3|4}}<br />
<br />
{{note|1|2|3|4}}<br />
<br />
{{note label|1|2|3|4|5}}<br />
</nowiki></pre><br />
<br />
Produces this HTML:<br />
<br />
&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot; id=&quot;ref_1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#endnote_1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br />
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;ref_13&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#endnote_13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br />
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;ref_13&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#endnote_13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br />
&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;ref_13&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#endnote_13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br />
&lt;p&gt;&lt;cite id=&quot;endnote_1&quot; style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#ref_1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;^2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br />
&lt;p&gt;&lt;cite id=&quot;endnote_13&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#ref_13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;4&lt;/cite&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;<br />
<br />
== Templates Obj etc. ==<br />
<br />
{{obj|Bendetx|ipa=[benˈdetʃ]|gl=Benedict|xl=rhodrese}}<br />
<br />
{{lemma|Bendetx|gl=Benedict|xl=rhodrese|ety=Benedictus|ela=Lat.}}<br />
<br />
{{cobj|Bendetx|Rhodrese}}</div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=User:Melroch/monobook.css&diff=147209
User:Melroch/monobook.css
2022-03-10T08:41:55Z
<p>Melroch: line-height</p>
<hr />
<div>/* <pre> */<br />
body { font-family: "Noto Serif", "Noto Sans", "DejaVu Serif", "Free Serif", "Charis SIL", "DejaVu Sans", "Arial Unicode MS", Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Code2000, "Microsoft Sans Serif","Lucida Sans Unicode", serif !important;<br />
font-size: 10pt;<br />
line-height: 150%<br />
/* text-align: justify; */<br />
}<br />
<br />
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, h7 { <br />
font-family: "Noto Serif", "Noto Sans", "DejaVu Serif", "Free Serif", "Charis SIL", "DejaVu Sans", "Arial Unicode MS", Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Code2000, "Microsoft Sans Serif","Lucida Sans Unicode", serif !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*@media print { h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, h7 { font-family: "Noto Sans", "DejaVu Sans" !important; } }*/<br />
<br />
@media print {<br />
span.gloss:after { <br />
content: "(" attr(title) ")";<br />
vertical-align: text-top !important;<br />
font-size: 70% !important;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
<br />
@media handheld {<br />
span.gloss:after { <br />
content: "(" attr(title) ")";<br />
}<br />
}<br />
<br />
sup { <br />
vertical-align: text-top !important;<br />
font-size: 70% !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
sub { <br />
vertical-align: text-bottom !important;<br />
font-size: 70% !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
a:link, a:visited, a:active, a:hover {<br />
text-decoration: underline ! important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
a:visited { color: #a00 }<br />
<br />
a.new, #p-personal a.new {<br />
color: #FF9900;<br />
}<br />
a.new:visited, #p-personal a.new:visited {<br />
color: #FF33FF;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
th { font-family: "Noto Sans", "DejaVu Sans", "Arial Unicode MS", "Microsoft Sans Serif", sans-serif; <br />
text-align: left;<br />
}<br />
<br />
caption { font-family: "Noto Sans", "DejaVu Sans", "Arial Unicode MS", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "DejaVu Sans Mono", sans-serif;<br />
/* font-weight: bold; */<br />
font-size: 10pt ! important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
textarea#wpTextbox1 { font-family: "Noto Sans", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", Junicode; <br />
font-size: 11pt ! important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
textarea, input { font-family: "Noto Sans", "Bitstream Vera Sans", "DejaVu sans", Junicode; <br />
font-size: 8pt ! important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
div.editsection { font-size: smaller; }<br />
<br />
.IPA { font-family: "Noto Serif", "Noto Sans", "DejaVu Serif", "DejaVu Sans", "Charis SIL", "Arial Unicode MS", Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Code2000, "Microsoft Sans Serif","Lucida Sans Unicode";<br />
}<br />
<br />
.Unicode { font-family: "Noto Serif", "Noto Sans", "Charis SIL"; font-size: 12pt ! important; }<br />
<br />
.MUFI { font-family: Junicode, Cardo;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.sans { font-family: "Noto Sans", "DejaVu Sans", "Arial Unicode MS", "Microsoft Sans Serif", sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.red {color: #E41B17;}<br />
<br />
.smallcaps {font-variant: small-caps;}<br />
<br />
table.gridtable, table.gridtable th, table.gridtable td {<br />
border-color: #aaa;<br />
}<br />
/* save ink and paper with very small fonts */<br />
@media print {<br />
#footer,<br />
#content,<br />
body { font-size: 8pt !important;<br />
margin 1in;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.IPA { font-family: "Noto Serif", "Charis SIL"; <br />
font-size: 8pt !important; <br />
}<br />
<br />
h1 { font-size: 16pt;<br />
page-break-after: avoid;<br />
}<br />
h2 { font-size: 14pt;<br />
page-break-after: avoid;<br />
}<br />
h3 { font-size: 12pt;<br />
page-break-after: avoid;<br />
}<br />
h4 { font-size: 10pt;<br />
page-break-after: avoid;<br />
}<br />
h5 { font-size: 8pt;<br />
page-break-after: avoid;<br />
}<br />
h6 { <br />
font-size: 8pt;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
page-break-after: avoid;<br />
}<br />
.toc {display: none}<br />
a:link, a:visited, a:active, a:hover {<br />
text-decoration: underline ! important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
}<br />
/* </pre> */</div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=User:Melroch/monobook.css&diff=147208
User:Melroch/monobook.css
2022-03-10T08:37:32Z
<p>Melroch: Modernize the font stacks somewhat!</p>
<hr />
<div>/* <pre> */<br />
body { font-family: "Noto Serif", "Noto Sans", "DejaVu Serif", "Free Serif", "Charis SIL", "DejaVu Sans", "Arial Unicode MS", Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Code2000, "Microsoft Sans Serif","Lucida Sans Unicode", serif !important;<br />
font-size: 10pt;<br />
/* text-align: justify; */<br />
}<br />
<br />
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, h7 { <br />
font-family: "Noto Serif", "Noto Sans", "DejaVu Serif", "Free Serif", "Charis SIL", "DejaVu Sans", "Arial Unicode MS", Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Code2000, "Microsoft Sans Serif","Lucida Sans Unicode", serif !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*@media print { h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, h7 { font-family: "Noto Sans", "DejaVu Sans" !important; } }*/<br />
<br />
@media print {<br />
span.gloss:after { <br />
content: "(" attr(title) ")";<br />
vertical-align: text-top !important;<br />
font-size: 70% !important;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
<br />
@media handheld {<br />
span.gloss:after { <br />
content: "(" attr(title) ")";<br />
}<br />
}<br />
<br />
sup { <br />
vertical-align: text-top !important;<br />
font-size: 70% !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
sub { <br />
vertical-align: text-bottom !important;<br />
font-size: 70% !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
a:link, a:visited, a:active, a:hover {<br />
text-decoration: underline ! important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
a:visited { color: #a00 }<br />
<br />
a.new, #p-personal a.new {<br />
color: #FF9900;<br />
}<br />
a.new:visited, #p-personal a.new:visited {<br />
color: #FF33FF;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
th { font-family: "Noto Sans", "DejaVu Sans", "Arial Unicode MS", "Microsoft Sans Serif", sans-serif; <br />
text-align: left;<br />
}<br />
<br />
caption { font-family: "Noto Sans", "DejaVu Sans", "Arial Unicode MS", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "DejaVu Sans Mono", sans-serif;<br />
/* font-weight: bold; */<br />
font-size: 10pt ! important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
textarea#wpTextbox1 { font-family: "Noto Sans", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", Junicode; <br />
font-size: 11pt ! important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
textarea, input { font-family: "Noto Sans", "Bitstream Vera Sans", "DejaVu sans", Junicode; <br />
font-size: 8pt ! important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
div.editsection { font-size: smaller; }<br />
<br />
.IPA { font-family: "Noto Serif", "Noto Sans", "DejaVu Serif", "DejaVu Sans", "Charis SIL", "Arial Unicode MS", Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Code2000, "Microsoft Sans Serif","Lucida Sans Unicode";<br />
}<br />
<br />
.Unicode { font-family: "Noto Serif", "Noto Sans", "Charis SIL"; font-size: 12pt ! important; }<br />
<br />
.MUFI { font-family: Junicode, Cardo;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.sans { font-family: "Noto Sans", "DejaVu Sans", "Arial Unicode MS", "Microsoft Sans Serif", sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.red {color: #E41B17;}<br />
<br />
.smallcaps {font-variant: small-caps;}<br />
<br />
table.gridtable, table.gridtable th, table.gridtable td {<br />
border-color: #aaa;<br />
}<br />
/* save ink and paper with very small fonts */<br />
@media print {<br />
#footer,<br />
#content,<br />
body { font-size: 8pt !important;<br />
margin 1in;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.IPA { font-family: "Noto Serif", "Charis SIL"; <br />
font-size: 8pt !important; <br />
}<br />
<br />
h1 { font-size: 16pt;<br />
page-break-after: avoid;<br />
}<br />
h2 { font-size: 14pt;<br />
page-break-after: avoid;<br />
}<br />
h3 { font-size: 12pt;<br />
page-break-after: avoid;<br />
}<br />
h4 { font-size: 10pt;<br />
page-break-after: avoid;<br />
}<br />
h5 { font-size: 8pt;<br />
page-break-after: avoid;<br />
}<br />
h6 { <br />
font-size: 8pt;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
page-break-after: avoid;<br />
}<br />
.toc {display: none}<br />
a:link, a:visited, a:active, a:hover {<br />
text-decoration: underline ! important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
}<br />
/* </pre> */</div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=The_Monstrous_Magyaroid_All-ASCII_Digraph_Device&diff=147207
The Monstrous Magyaroid All-ASCII Digraph Device
2022-03-10T08:21:42Z
<p>Melroch: /* The oh so smart Hungarian digraphs */ "parsimoniousness" --> "parsimony"</p>
<hr />
<div>== The oh so smart Hungarian digraphs ==<br />
<br />
I'm a great fan of the Hungarian digraphs where the first letter indicates manner of articulation and the second place of articulation, and have been known to play with such schemes, (or the reverse, POA+MOA):<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr class="header"><br />
<th align="left">Graphy</th><br />
<th align="left">Manner</th><br />
<th align="left">Place</th><br />
<th align="left">IPA</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<td align="left">z</td><br />
<td align="left">voiced sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">alveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[z]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<td align="left">s</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">postalveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[ʃ]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<td align="left">sz</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">alveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[s]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<td align="left">zs</td><br />
<td align="left">voiced sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">postalveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[ʒ]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<td align="left">c(z)</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless affricate</td><br />
<td align="left">alveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[ts]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<td align="left">cs</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless affricate</td><br />
<td align="left">postalveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[tʃ]</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
The ''z'' in ''cz'' has been dropped in modern Hungarian orthography, so that the voiceless alveolar affricate is now ''c''.<br />
<br />
This is all the more amazing as it did '''not''', probably, originate with someone with an unusual phonological acumen for the middle ages getting a great idea, but by sheer accident: it just so happened that Old High German, the language of those the Hungarians learned the Latin alphabet from, differentiated between an apical voiceless alveolar sibilant /s̺/, spelled ''s'' and a laminal voiceless alveolar sibilant /s̻/ spelled ''zz''. Old High German did not yet have any [ʃ] sound, but of the two OHG sounds the apical sibilant ''s'' was perceived as being most similar to Hungarian /ʃ/ — probably because [ʃ] is usually apical —, and the laminal sibilant ''zz'' was perceived as being more similar to Hungarian /s/ — probably because the latter was laminal. Thus ''s'' became the preferred spelling for Hungarian /ʃ/ and /ʒ/, and ''z'' became the preferred spelling for Hungarian /s/ and /z/. Voiced and voiceless sibilants weren't distinguished, probably because OHG didn't have any voiced sibilants. (Incidentally the Hungarians downgraded the written representation of their language, since they already had [[WP:Old Hungarian script|a phonologically adequate writing system]], which however was not regarded as proper for writing Christian texts on parchment.) By the time Hungarian writers felt a need to differentiate voiced and voiceless sibilants in a consistent manner they chose to use ''sz'' for /s/, probably again because of German influence: in the meantime ''sz'' (or rather ''ſz'', usually written as a ligature) had become the preferred spelling for the sound written ''zz'' in OHG. So ''z'' remained the spelling for /z/ by default. The 'choice' of ''s'' for /ʃ/ was probably simply because that was the usual value of that letter, since /ʃ/ is by far the most frequent of the Hungarian sibilants, while /ʒ/ is the least frequent. The choice of the spelling ''zs'' for /ʒ/ was thus probably by default: they already had the spellings ''sz, z, s'' assigned to three of the sibilants for the reasons stated, and so there was probably not a lot of reasoning behind the choice of ''zs'' for the fourth sibilant, just analogy and parsimony.<br />
<br />
== Taking it as far as you can ==<br />
<br />
One obvious 'defect' of Hungarian spelling is that voiced affricates are written just as ''dz, dzs''. So my first obvious 'improvement' was to assign ''x'' to [dʒ] and ''xz'' to [dz], or the reverse ''x'' = [dz], ''xs'' = [dʒ] (''x'' = [dz] incidentally agreeing with the Albanian mapping for ''x'')!<br />
<br />
But I got more ambitious than that (incidentally dropping the ''x''-for-voiced affricate mapping in the process):<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr class="header"><br />
<th align="center"></th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiceless<br />fricative</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiced<br />fricative</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiceless<br />stop</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiced<br />stop</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiceless<br />affricate</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiced<br />affricate</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Nasal<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Lateral<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Tap / flap<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Trill<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Approximant<br />(voiced)</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Bilabial</th><br />
<td align="center">fw</td><br />
<td align="center">bw</td><br />
<td align="center">p</td><br />
<td align="center">b</td><br />
<td align="center">pfw</td><br />
<td align="center">bfw</td><br />
<td align="center">mw</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rw</td><br />
<td align="center">w</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Labiodental</th><br />
<td align="center">f</td><br />
<td align="center">fv</td><br />
<td align="center">pv</td><br />
<td align="center">bv</td><br />
<td align="center">pf</td><br />
<td align="center">bf</td><br />
<td align="center">m</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">xv</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">v</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Dental</th><br />
<td align="center">sz</td><br />
<td align="center">z</td><br />
<td align="center">td</td><br />
<td align="center">d</td><br />
<td align="center">cz</td><br />
<td align="center">jz</td><br />
<td align="center">nz</td><br />
<td align="center">lz</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rz</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Apicoalveolar</th><br />
<td align="center">s</td><br />
<td align="center">zs</td><br />
<td align="center">t</td><br />
<td align="center">dt</td><br />
<td align="center">cs</td><br />
<td align="center">js</td><br />
<td align="center">nr</td><br />
<td align="center">lr</td><br />
<td align="center">xr xlr</td><br />
<td align="center">rr</td><br />
<td align="center">r</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Laminoalveolar</th><br />
<td align="center">sc</td><br />
<td align="center">zc</td><br />
<td align="center">tc</td><br />
<td align="center">dc</td><br />
<td align="center">c</td><br />
<td align="center">jc</td><br />
<td align="center">n</td><br />
<td align="center">l</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rl</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Palatoalveolar</th><br />
<td align="center">sj</td><br />
<td align="center">zj</td><br />
<td align="center">tj</td><br />
<td align="center">dj</td><br />
<td align="center">cj</td><br />
<td align="center">j</td><br />
<td align="center">nj</td><br />
<td align="center">lj</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rj</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Alveopalatal</th><br />
<td align="center">sy</td><br />
<td align="center">zy</td><br />
<td align="center">ty</td><br />
<td align="center">dy</td><br />
<td align="center">cy</td><br />
<td align="center">jy</td><br />
<td align="center">ny</td><br />
<td align="center">ly</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">ry</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Retroflex</th><br />
<td align="center">sx</td><br />
<td align="center">zx</td><br />
<td align="center">tx</td><br />
<td align="center">dx</td><br />
<td align="center">cx</td><br />
<td align="center">jx</td><br />
<td align="center">nx</td><br />
<td align="center">lx</td><br />
<td align="center">x xl</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rx</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Palatal</th><br />
<td align="center">hy</td><br />
<td align="center">qy</td><br />
<td align="center">ky</td><br />
<td align="center">gy</td><br />
<td align="center">khy</td><br />
<td align="center">gqy</td><br />
<td align="center">ngy</td><br />
<td align="center">lgy</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">y</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Velar</th><br />
<td align="center">hk</td><br />
<td align="center">qg</td><br />
<td align="center">k</td><br />
<td align="center">g</td><br />
<td align="center">khk</td><br />
<td align="center">gqg</td><br />
<td align="center">ng</td><br />
<td align="center">lg</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">yg</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Uvular</th><br />
<td align="center">hq</td><br />
<td align="center">q</td><br />
<td align="center">kq</td><br />
<td align="center">gq</td><br />
<td align="center">khq</td><br />
<td align="center">gqq</td><br />
<td align="center">nq</td><br />
<td align="center">lq</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rq</td><br />
<td align="center">yq</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Pharyngeal</th><br />
<td align="center">hh</td><br />
<td align="center">yh</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Glottal</th><br />
<td align="center">h</td><br />
<td align="center">qh</td><br />
<td align="center">kh</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
<br />
It's a lot trickier to do a similar scheme with only five vowel letters ''a, e, i, o, u'' (since I already had to use ''y, w'' as consonants...). However, the five single vowels + all possible combinations of two of them gives 5<sup>2</sup> = 25 different vowel graphies, which should be enough qualitative distinctions for most languages. So I had a go at distributing those graphies over the vowel space, pretending that the holes in the IPA official vowel chart are really justified, and trying to give the digraphs sensible 'intermediate' values between the single-letter vowels. It's not entirely consistent: I let ''e'' and ''ea'' swap places so that [ə] would get a single-letter graphy, then based the values of ''eu'' and ''ae'' on the [ə] value for ''e''...<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr class="header"><br />
<th align="left"></th><br />
<th align="left">Front<br />unrounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Front<br />rounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Central<br />unrounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Central<br />rounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Back<br />unrounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Back<br />rounded</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">High</th><br />
<td align="center">i</td><br />
<td align="center">ui</td><br />
<td align="center">ia</td><br />
<td align="center">ua</td><br />
<td align="center">iu</td><br />
<td align="center">u</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Lower high</th><br />
<td align="center">ie</td><br />
<td align="center">ue</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">uo</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">High mid</th><br />
<td align="center">ei</td><br />
<td align="center">oi</td><br />
<td align="center">e</td><br />
<td align="center">eu</td><br />
<td align="center">io</td><br />
<td align="center">ou</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Low mid</th><br />
<td align="center">ea</td><br />
<td align="center">oe</td><br />
<td align="center">ae</td><br />
<td align="center">oa</td><br />
<td align="center">eo</td><br />
<td align="center">o</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Low</th><br />
<td align="center">ai [æ]</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">a [a]</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">ao</td><br />
<td align="center">au</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
One will probably have to tweak values to fit specific languages, but that shauld be OK as long as one picks the nearest suitable graphy.<br />
<br />
That may of course be done to cut down on digraphs with consonants also!<br />
<br />
== Disabiguating ==<br />
<br />
Clearly this scheme needs some means to disambiguate e.g. [lz] from [l̪]. There is a really simple solution: wherever two adjacent letters which could be a digraph belong to different graphies you put a period/full stop between them: ''lz'' is [l̪], but [lz] is ''l.z''; ''kh'' is /ʔ/, but [kʰ] is ''k.h''. This works because the punctuation character ''.'' (the period/full stop) is usually followed by whitespace, another punctuation character or the end-of-text; a period between two letters is then a pretty safe digraph-breaker! Moreover you can, when you are not ''really'' restricted to ASCII, use the mid dot (''·'' U+00B7 or decimal 183, thus in Latin-1 and usable even on Yahoo groups... [Yeah, the first version of this page was written '''that''' long ago! :-)]) instead of the low period, as Catalan does to distinguish ''ll'' [ʎ] from ''l·l'' [ll].<br />
<br />
== Secondary articulations ==<br />
<br />
This also comes in handy to provide a means of symbolizing secondary articulations: you can e.g. use ''an'' for [ã] but ''a.n'' (or ''a·n'') for [an]. <br />
<br />
Similarly lateral fricatives may be written by putting an ''l'' after the graphy for a fricative: ''sl'' [ɬ], ˈˈs.l/s·lˈˈ [sl], ''zsl'' [ɮ], ''zs.l/zs·l'' [zl].<br />
<br />
=== Syllabification, diphthongs and hiatus — and quotes ===<br />
<br />
Unfortunately you also need to distinguish not only diphthongs from vowel digraphs, but also diphthongs from vowels in hiatus. A reasonable solution is to use an apostrophe for hiatus: ''hi'atus'' is the Latin pronunciation of &quot;hiatus&quot;, ''hi.atus'' (or ''hi·atus'') is [hi͡atus] with a diphthong, and ''hiatus'' is [hɨtus]!<br />
<br />
This can come in handy with consonants too: ''sy'' is [ɕ], ''s.y'' (or ''s·y'') is [sʲ] and ''s'y'' is [sj] — if one really needs to distinguish all three.<br />
<br />
A good thing I refrained from using the apostrophe as a letter! ;-)<br />
<br />
==== Syllabification and stress ====<br />
<br />
<!-- Maybe it's better to define apostrophe after a vowel as a stress mark? --><br />
I'm inclined to believe that the difference, if any, between a hiatus and a diphthong always has to do with the relation between prosody and syllabification of a particular language. If there really is a need to distinguish hiatus and stress you can use ''`'' (backtick/grave) after the vowel or syllable ''ka`k, kak` '', replaced with letters with grave or acute accents ''à, á'' when available, for stress, increasing the number of backticks for increased levels of stress.<br />
<br />
=====Abusing Accents=====<br />
<br />
Alternatively you can use my scheme for indicating length and stress with acute and grave accent marks. It employs the three most common [[Wikipedia:Diacritic|accent marks]], the [[Wikipedia:acute accent|acute]] (&nbsp;{{Big|ˊ}}&nbsp;), the [[Wikipedia:Grave accent|grave]] (&nbsp;{{Big|ˋ}}&nbsp;) and the [[Wikipedia:circumflex|circumflex]] (&nbsp;{{Big|ˆ}}&nbsp;) according to the following pattern (exemplified on the letter '''a'''):<br />
<br />
{{Bordertable|#fff}}<br />
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 align=center valign=middle |<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" rowspan=1 colspan=2 | Length<br />
|-<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | Short<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | Long<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Stress<br />
| Unstressed<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | {{Big|a}}<br />
| align="center" valign="middle" width="100px" | {{Big|á}}<br />
|-<br />
| Stressed<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | {{Big|à}}<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | {{Big|â}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
The impetus for the system comes from the fact that the circumflex graphically looks like a combination of the acute and the grave:<br />
<br />
{|align="center" width="300px"<br />
|align="center"| {{Big|/}}<br />
|align="center"| +<br />
|align="center"| {{Big|\}}<br />
|align="center"| <nowiki>=</nowiki><br />
|align="center"| {{Big|/\}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
When really restricted to ASCII you can use the ASCII apostrophe, backtick and circumflex after the vowel. You may then use a colon '':'' as hiatus mark and a double colon ''::'' for an actual colon.<br />
<br />
====Tone and pitch====<br />
<br />
For tone I recommend using [[WP:Tone_numbers|Tone_numbers]], either arbitrary language specific ones or [[WP:Tone Letters|Yuen Ren Chao]]-style ones where numbers ''1—5'' indicate relative pitch levels, contours are indicated with juxtaposed digits, and lack of tone is indicated with ''0''. The numbers should be written after the syllable or word with no intervening space or punctuation, superscript or subscript (to distinguish from footnote markers). If you feel the need to distinguish actual numbers use the hiatus marker before the latter.<br />
<br />
====Apostrophes and quotes====<br />
<br />
Actual apostrophes may be preceded with a dot or doubled. You may want to use single ''"'' and double ''""'' double quotes to indicate two levels of quotes.<br />
<br />
== Length indication ==<br />
<br />
This is simple: just double the ''first'' letter of the digraph: ''seei'' is &quot;se&quot; [seː], the Swedish word for 'see', ''akkya'' is [acca], and ''addta'' is [ad̺d̺a].<br />
<br />
== Voiceless sonorants ==<br />
<br />
Voiceless sonorants are written by putting an ''h'' before the graphy for the voiced counterpart: ''hw, hv, hl, hr, hn, hng'' etc.<br />
<br />
It's probably a good idea to use ''hl, hlz'' etc. for voiceless lateral ''fricatives'', as<br />
voiceless lateral approximants probably never are phonemic in the wild.<br />
<br />
Also I decided to use ''hy'' rather than ''hky'' for [ç], as a distinction between voiceless palatal fricative and voiceless palatal approximant probably doesn't occur in the wild. The trigraph fricative spelling is of course there if you really need it.<br />
<br />
== Assume homorganicness ==<br />
<br />
Nasals and maybe also laterals may probably be assumed to be homorganic with a following obstruent unless otherwise indicated. Thus ''nt, n.j, nty, n.g'' etc. may safely be used instead of ''nrt, njj, nyty, ngg'' etc. (although your preferences may vary as to which of ''njj/n.j''_ and ''ngg/n.g'' is better!) To mark a nasal as explicitly laminoalveolar one can use ''nl''. Since the difference between [nˡ] and [lⁿ] is probably philosophical, ''ln'' can be used for a nasal lateral/lateral nasal alike.<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
That's all for now... --[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 11:18, 23 September 2011 (PDT)</div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=The_Monstrous_Magyaroid_All-ASCII_Digraph_Device&diff=147206
The Monstrous Magyaroid All-ASCII Digraph Device
2022-03-10T08:19:03Z
<p>Melroch: /* Apostrophes and quotes */ Clarification</p>
<hr />
<div>== The oh so smart Hungarian digraphs ==<br />
<br />
I'm a great fan of the Hungarian digraphs where the first letter indicates manner of articulation and the second place of articulation, and have been known to play with such schemes, (or the reverse, POA+MOA):<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr class="header"><br />
<th align="left">Graphy</th><br />
<th align="left">Manner</th><br />
<th align="left">Place</th><br />
<th align="left">IPA</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<td align="left">z</td><br />
<td align="left">voiced sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">alveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[z]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<td align="left">s</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">postalveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[ʃ]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<td align="left">sz</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">alveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[s]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<td align="left">zs</td><br />
<td align="left">voiced sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">postalveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[ʒ]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<td align="left">c(z)</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless affricate</td><br />
<td align="left">alveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[ts]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<td align="left">cs</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless affricate</td><br />
<td align="left">postalveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[tʃ]</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
The ''z'' in ''cz'' has been dropped in modern Hungarian orthography, so that the voiceless alveolar affricate is now ''c''.<br />
<br />
This is all the more amazing as it did '''not''', probably, originate with someone with an unusual phonological acumen for the middle ages getting a great idea, but by sheer accident: it just so happened that Old High German, the language of those the Hungarians learned the Latin alphabet from, differentiated between an apical voiceless alveolar sibilant /s̺/, spelled ''s'' and a laminal voiceless alveolar sibilant /s̻/ spelled ''zz''. Old High German did not yet have any [ʃ] sound, but of the two OHG sounds the apical sibilant ''s'' was perceived as being most similar to Hungarian /ʃ/ — probably because [ʃ] is usually apical —, and the laminal sibilant ''zz'' was perceived as being more similar to Hungarian /s/ — probably because the latter was laminal. Thus ''s'' became the preferred spelling for Hungarian /ʃ/ and /ʒ/, and ''z'' became the preferred spelling for Hungarian /s/ and /z/. Voiced and voiceless sibilants weren't distinguished, probably because OHG didn't have any voiced sibilants. (Incidentally the Hungarians downgraded the written representation of their language, since they already had [[WP:Old Hungarian script|a phonologically adequate writing system]], which however was not regarded as proper for writing Christian texts on parchment.) By the time Hungarian writers felt a need to differentiate voiced and voiceless sibilants in a consistent manner they chose to use ''sz'' for /s/, probably again because of German influence: in the meantime ''sz'' (or rather ''ſz'', usually written as a ligature) had become the preferred spelling for the sound written ''zz'' in OHG. So ''z'' remained the spelling for /z/ by default. The 'choice' of ''s'' for /ʃ/ was probably simply because that was the usual value of that letter, since /ʃ/ is by far the most frequent of the Hungarian sibilants, while /ʒ/ is the least frequent. The choice of the spelling ''zs'' for /ʒ/ was thus probably by default: they already had the spellings ''sz, z, s'' assigned to three of the sibilants for the reasons stated, and so there was probably not a lot of reasoning behind the choice of ''zs'' for the fourth sibilant, just analogy and parsimoniousness.<br />
<br />
== Taking it as far as you can ==<br />
<br />
One obvious 'defect' of Hungarian spelling is that voiced affricates are written just as ''dz, dzs''. So my first obvious 'improvement' was to assign ''x'' to [dʒ] and ''xz'' to [dz], or the reverse ''x'' = [dz], ''xs'' = [dʒ] (''x'' = [dz] incidentally agreeing with the Albanian mapping for ''x'')!<br />
<br />
But I got more ambitious than that (incidentally dropping the ''x''-for-voiced affricate mapping in the process):<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr class="header"><br />
<th align="center"></th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiceless<br />fricative</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiced<br />fricative</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiceless<br />stop</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiced<br />stop</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiceless<br />affricate</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiced<br />affricate</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Nasal<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Lateral<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Tap / flap<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Trill<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Approximant<br />(voiced)</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Bilabial</th><br />
<td align="center">fw</td><br />
<td align="center">bw</td><br />
<td align="center">p</td><br />
<td align="center">b</td><br />
<td align="center">pfw</td><br />
<td align="center">bfw</td><br />
<td align="center">mw</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rw</td><br />
<td align="center">w</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Labiodental</th><br />
<td align="center">f</td><br />
<td align="center">fv</td><br />
<td align="center">pv</td><br />
<td align="center">bv</td><br />
<td align="center">pf</td><br />
<td align="center">bf</td><br />
<td align="center">m</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">xv</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">v</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Dental</th><br />
<td align="center">sz</td><br />
<td align="center">z</td><br />
<td align="center">td</td><br />
<td align="center">d</td><br />
<td align="center">cz</td><br />
<td align="center">jz</td><br />
<td align="center">nz</td><br />
<td align="center">lz</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rz</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Apicoalveolar</th><br />
<td align="center">s</td><br />
<td align="center">zs</td><br />
<td align="center">t</td><br />
<td align="center">dt</td><br />
<td align="center">cs</td><br />
<td align="center">js</td><br />
<td align="center">nr</td><br />
<td align="center">lr</td><br />
<td align="center">xr xlr</td><br />
<td align="center">rr</td><br />
<td align="center">r</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Laminoalveolar</th><br />
<td align="center">sc</td><br />
<td align="center">zc</td><br />
<td align="center">tc</td><br />
<td align="center">dc</td><br />
<td align="center">c</td><br />
<td align="center">jc</td><br />
<td align="center">n</td><br />
<td align="center">l</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rl</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Palatoalveolar</th><br />
<td align="center">sj</td><br />
<td align="center">zj</td><br />
<td align="center">tj</td><br />
<td align="center">dj</td><br />
<td align="center">cj</td><br />
<td align="center">j</td><br />
<td align="center">nj</td><br />
<td align="center">lj</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rj</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Alveopalatal</th><br />
<td align="center">sy</td><br />
<td align="center">zy</td><br />
<td align="center">ty</td><br />
<td align="center">dy</td><br />
<td align="center">cy</td><br />
<td align="center">jy</td><br />
<td align="center">ny</td><br />
<td align="center">ly</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">ry</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Retroflex</th><br />
<td align="center">sx</td><br />
<td align="center">zx</td><br />
<td align="center">tx</td><br />
<td align="center">dx</td><br />
<td align="center">cx</td><br />
<td align="center">jx</td><br />
<td align="center">nx</td><br />
<td align="center">lx</td><br />
<td align="center">x xl</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rx</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Palatal</th><br />
<td align="center">hy</td><br />
<td align="center">qy</td><br />
<td align="center">ky</td><br />
<td align="center">gy</td><br />
<td align="center">khy</td><br />
<td align="center">gqy</td><br />
<td align="center">ngy</td><br />
<td align="center">lgy</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">y</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Velar</th><br />
<td align="center">hk</td><br />
<td align="center">qg</td><br />
<td align="center">k</td><br />
<td align="center">g</td><br />
<td align="center">khk</td><br />
<td align="center">gqg</td><br />
<td align="center">ng</td><br />
<td align="center">lg</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">yg</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Uvular</th><br />
<td align="center">hq</td><br />
<td align="center">q</td><br />
<td align="center">kq</td><br />
<td align="center">gq</td><br />
<td align="center">khq</td><br />
<td align="center">gqq</td><br />
<td align="center">nq</td><br />
<td align="center">lq</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rq</td><br />
<td align="center">yq</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Pharyngeal</th><br />
<td align="center">hh</td><br />
<td align="center">yh</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Glottal</th><br />
<td align="center">h</td><br />
<td align="center">qh</td><br />
<td align="center">kh</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
<br />
It's a lot trickier to do a similar scheme with only five vowel letters ''a, e, i, o, u'' (since I already had to use ''y, w'' as consonants...). However, the five single vowels + all possible combinations of two of them gives 5<sup>2</sup> = 25 different vowel graphies, which should be enough qualitative distinctions for most languages. So I had a go at distributing those graphies over the vowel space, pretending that the holes in the IPA official vowel chart are really justified, and trying to give the digraphs sensible 'intermediate' values between the single-letter vowels. It's not entirely consistent: I let ''e'' and ''ea'' swap places so that [ə] would get a single-letter graphy, then based the values of ''eu'' and ''ae'' on the [ə] value for ''e''...<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr class="header"><br />
<th align="left"></th><br />
<th align="left">Front<br />unrounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Front<br />rounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Central<br />unrounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Central<br />rounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Back<br />unrounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Back<br />rounded</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">High</th><br />
<td align="center">i</td><br />
<td align="center">ui</td><br />
<td align="center">ia</td><br />
<td align="center">ua</td><br />
<td align="center">iu</td><br />
<td align="center">u</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Lower high</th><br />
<td align="center">ie</td><br />
<td align="center">ue</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">uo</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">High mid</th><br />
<td align="center">ei</td><br />
<td align="center">oi</td><br />
<td align="center">e</td><br />
<td align="center">eu</td><br />
<td align="center">io</td><br />
<td align="center">ou</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Low mid</th><br />
<td align="center">ea</td><br />
<td align="center">oe</td><br />
<td align="center">ae</td><br />
<td align="center">oa</td><br />
<td align="center">eo</td><br />
<td align="center">o</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Low</th><br />
<td align="center">ai [æ]</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">a [a]</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">ao</td><br />
<td align="center">au</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
One will probably have to tweak values to fit specific languages, but that shauld be OK as long as one picks the nearest suitable graphy.<br />
<br />
That may of course be done to cut down on digraphs with consonants also!<br />
<br />
== Disabiguating ==<br />
<br />
Clearly this scheme needs some means to disambiguate e.g. [lz] from [l̪]. There is a really simple solution: wherever two adjacent letters which could be a digraph belong to different graphies you put a period/full stop between them: ''lz'' is [l̪], but [lz] is ''l.z''; ''kh'' is /ʔ/, but [kʰ] is ''k.h''. This works because the punctuation character ''.'' (the period/full stop) is usually followed by whitespace, another punctuation character or the end-of-text; a period between two letters is then a pretty safe digraph-breaker! Moreover you can, when you are not ''really'' restricted to ASCII, use the mid dot (''·'' U+00B7 or decimal 183, thus in Latin-1 and usable even on Yahoo groups... [Yeah, the first version of this page was written '''that''' long ago! :-)]) instead of the low period, as Catalan does to distinguish ''ll'' [ʎ] from ''l·l'' [ll].<br />
<br />
== Secondary articulations ==<br />
<br />
This also comes in handy to provide a means of symbolizing secondary articulations: you can e.g. use ''an'' for [ã] but ''a.n'' (or ''a·n'') for [an]. <br />
<br />
Similarly lateral fricatives may be written by putting an ''l'' after the graphy for a fricative: ''sl'' [ɬ], ˈˈs.l/s·lˈˈ [sl], ''zsl'' [ɮ], ''zs.l/zs·l'' [zl].<br />
<br />
=== Syllabification, diphthongs and hiatus — and quotes ===<br />
<br />
Unfortunately you also need to distinguish not only diphthongs from vowel digraphs, but also diphthongs from vowels in hiatus. A reasonable solution is to use an apostrophe for hiatus: ''hi'atus'' is the Latin pronunciation of &quot;hiatus&quot;, ''hi.atus'' (or ''hi·atus'') is [hi͡atus] with a diphthong, and ''hiatus'' is [hɨtus]!<br />
<br />
This can come in handy with consonants too: ''sy'' is [ɕ], ''s.y'' (or ''s·y'') is [sʲ] and ''s'y'' is [sj] — if one really needs to distinguish all three.<br />
<br />
A good thing I refrained from using the apostrophe as a letter! ;-)<br />
<br />
==== Syllabification and stress ====<br />
<br />
<!-- Maybe it's better to define apostrophe after a vowel as a stress mark? --><br />
I'm inclined to believe that the difference, if any, between a hiatus and a diphthong always has to do with the relation between prosody and syllabification of a particular language. If there really is a need to distinguish hiatus and stress you can use ''`'' (backtick/grave) after the vowel or syllable ''ka`k, kak` '', replaced with letters with grave or acute accents ''à, á'' when available, for stress, increasing the number of backticks for increased levels of stress.<br />
<br />
=====Abusing Accents=====<br />
<br />
Alternatively you can use my scheme for indicating length and stress with acute and grave accent marks. It employs the three most common [[Wikipedia:Diacritic|accent marks]], the [[Wikipedia:acute accent|acute]] (&nbsp;{{Big|ˊ}}&nbsp;), the [[Wikipedia:Grave accent|grave]] (&nbsp;{{Big|ˋ}}&nbsp;) and the [[Wikipedia:circumflex|circumflex]] (&nbsp;{{Big|ˆ}}&nbsp;) according to the following pattern (exemplified on the letter '''a'''):<br />
<br />
{{Bordertable|#fff}}<br />
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 align=center valign=middle |<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" rowspan=1 colspan=2 | Length<br />
|-<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | Short<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | Long<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Stress<br />
| Unstressed<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | {{Big|a}}<br />
| align="center" valign="middle" width="100px" | {{Big|á}}<br />
|-<br />
| Stressed<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | {{Big|à}}<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | {{Big|â}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
The impetus for the system comes from the fact that the circumflex graphically looks like a combination of the acute and the grave:<br />
<br />
{|align="center" width="300px"<br />
|align="center"| {{Big|/}}<br />
|align="center"| +<br />
|align="center"| {{Big|\}}<br />
|align="center"| <nowiki>=</nowiki><br />
|align="center"| {{Big|/\}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
When really restricted to ASCII you can use the ASCII apostrophe, backtick and circumflex after the vowel. You may then use a colon '':'' as hiatus mark and a double colon ''::'' for an actual colon.<br />
<br />
====Tone and pitch====<br />
<br />
For tone I recommend using [[WP:Tone_numbers|Tone_numbers]], either arbitrary language specific ones or [[WP:Tone Letters|Yuen Ren Chao]]-style ones where numbers ''1—5'' indicate relative pitch levels, contours are indicated with juxtaposed digits, and lack of tone is indicated with ''0''. The numbers should be written after the syllable or word with no intervening space or punctuation, superscript or subscript (to distinguish from footnote markers). If you feel the need to distinguish actual numbers use the hiatus marker before the latter.<br />
<br />
====Apostrophes and quotes====<br />
<br />
Actual apostrophes may be preceded with a dot or doubled. You may want to use single ''"'' and double ''""'' double quotes to indicate two levels of quotes.<br />
<br />
== Length indication ==<br />
<br />
This is simple: just double the ''first'' letter of the digraph: ''seei'' is &quot;se&quot; [seː], the Swedish word for 'see', ''akkya'' is [acca], and ''addta'' is [ad̺d̺a].<br />
<br />
== Voiceless sonorants ==<br />
<br />
Voiceless sonorants are written by putting an ''h'' before the graphy for the voiced counterpart: ''hw, hv, hl, hr, hn, hng'' etc.<br />
<br />
It's probably a good idea to use ''hl, hlz'' etc. for voiceless lateral ''fricatives'', as<br />
voiceless lateral approximants probably never are phonemic in the wild.<br />
<br />
Also I decided to use ''hy'' rather than ''hky'' for [ç], as a distinction between voiceless palatal fricative and voiceless palatal approximant probably doesn't occur in the wild. The trigraph fricative spelling is of course there if you really need it.<br />
<br />
== Assume homorganicness ==<br />
<br />
Nasals and maybe also laterals may probably be assumed to be homorganic with a following obstruent unless otherwise indicated. Thus ''nt, n.j, nty, n.g'' etc. may safely be used instead of ''nrt, njj, nyty, ngg'' etc. (although your preferences may vary as to which of ''njj/n.j''_ and ''ngg/n.g'' is better!) To mark a nasal as explicitly laminoalveolar one can use ''nl''. Since the difference between [nˡ] and [lⁿ] is probably philosophical, ''ln'' can be used for a nasal lateral/lateral nasal alike.<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
That's all for now... --[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 11:18, 23 September 2011 (PDT)</div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=The_Monstrous_Magyaroid_All-ASCII_Digraph_Device&diff=147205
The Monstrous Magyaroid All-ASCII Digraph Device
2022-03-10T08:17:01Z
<p>Melroch: /* Syllabification and stress */ Typo</p>
<hr />
<div>== The oh so smart Hungarian digraphs ==<br />
<br />
I'm a great fan of the Hungarian digraphs where the first letter indicates manner of articulation and the second place of articulation, and have been known to play with such schemes, (or the reverse, POA+MOA):<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr class="header"><br />
<th align="left">Graphy</th><br />
<th align="left">Manner</th><br />
<th align="left">Place</th><br />
<th align="left">IPA</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<td align="left">z</td><br />
<td align="left">voiced sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">alveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[z]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<td align="left">s</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">postalveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[ʃ]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<td align="left">sz</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">alveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[s]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<td align="left">zs</td><br />
<td align="left">voiced sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">postalveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[ʒ]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<td align="left">c(z)</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless affricate</td><br />
<td align="left">alveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[ts]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<td align="left">cs</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless affricate</td><br />
<td align="left">postalveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[tʃ]</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
The ''z'' in ''cz'' has been dropped in modern Hungarian orthography, so that the voiceless alveolar affricate is now ''c''.<br />
<br />
This is all the more amazing as it did '''not''', probably, originate with someone with an unusual phonological acumen for the middle ages getting a great idea, but by sheer accident: it just so happened that Old High German, the language of those the Hungarians learned the Latin alphabet from, differentiated between an apical voiceless alveolar sibilant /s̺/, spelled ''s'' and a laminal voiceless alveolar sibilant /s̻/ spelled ''zz''. Old High German did not yet have any [ʃ] sound, but of the two OHG sounds the apical sibilant ''s'' was perceived as being most similar to Hungarian /ʃ/ — probably because [ʃ] is usually apical —, and the laminal sibilant ''zz'' was perceived as being more similar to Hungarian /s/ — probably because the latter was laminal. Thus ''s'' became the preferred spelling for Hungarian /ʃ/ and /ʒ/, and ''z'' became the preferred spelling for Hungarian /s/ and /z/. Voiced and voiceless sibilants weren't distinguished, probably because OHG didn't have any voiced sibilants. (Incidentally the Hungarians downgraded the written representation of their language, since they already had [[WP:Old Hungarian script|a phonologically adequate writing system]], which however was not regarded as proper for writing Christian texts on parchment.) By the time Hungarian writers felt a need to differentiate voiced and voiceless sibilants in a consistent manner they chose to use ''sz'' for /s/, probably again because of German influence: in the meantime ''sz'' (or rather ''ſz'', usually written as a ligature) had become the preferred spelling for the sound written ''zz'' in OHG. So ''z'' remained the spelling for /z/ by default. The 'choice' of ''s'' for /ʃ/ was probably simply because that was the usual value of that letter, since /ʃ/ is by far the most frequent of the Hungarian sibilants, while /ʒ/ is the least frequent. The choice of the spelling ''zs'' for /ʒ/ was thus probably by default: they already had the spellings ''sz, z, s'' assigned to three of the sibilants for the reasons stated, and so there was probably not a lot of reasoning behind the choice of ''zs'' for the fourth sibilant, just analogy and parsimoniousness.<br />
<br />
== Taking it as far as you can ==<br />
<br />
One obvious 'defect' of Hungarian spelling is that voiced affricates are written just as ''dz, dzs''. So my first obvious 'improvement' was to assign ''x'' to [dʒ] and ''xz'' to [dz], or the reverse ''x'' = [dz], ''xs'' = [dʒ] (''x'' = [dz] incidentally agreeing with the Albanian mapping for ''x'')!<br />
<br />
But I got more ambitious than that (incidentally dropping the ''x''-for-voiced affricate mapping in the process):<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr class="header"><br />
<th align="center"></th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiceless<br />fricative</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiced<br />fricative</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiceless<br />stop</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiced<br />stop</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiceless<br />affricate</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiced<br />affricate</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Nasal<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Lateral<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Tap / flap<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Trill<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Approximant<br />(voiced)</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Bilabial</th><br />
<td align="center">fw</td><br />
<td align="center">bw</td><br />
<td align="center">p</td><br />
<td align="center">b</td><br />
<td align="center">pfw</td><br />
<td align="center">bfw</td><br />
<td align="center">mw</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rw</td><br />
<td align="center">w</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Labiodental</th><br />
<td align="center">f</td><br />
<td align="center">fv</td><br />
<td align="center">pv</td><br />
<td align="center">bv</td><br />
<td align="center">pf</td><br />
<td align="center">bf</td><br />
<td align="center">m</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">xv</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">v</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Dental</th><br />
<td align="center">sz</td><br />
<td align="center">z</td><br />
<td align="center">td</td><br />
<td align="center">d</td><br />
<td align="center">cz</td><br />
<td align="center">jz</td><br />
<td align="center">nz</td><br />
<td align="center">lz</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rz</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Apicoalveolar</th><br />
<td align="center">s</td><br />
<td align="center">zs</td><br />
<td align="center">t</td><br />
<td align="center">dt</td><br />
<td align="center">cs</td><br />
<td align="center">js</td><br />
<td align="center">nr</td><br />
<td align="center">lr</td><br />
<td align="center">xr xlr</td><br />
<td align="center">rr</td><br />
<td align="center">r</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Laminoalveolar</th><br />
<td align="center">sc</td><br />
<td align="center">zc</td><br />
<td align="center">tc</td><br />
<td align="center">dc</td><br />
<td align="center">c</td><br />
<td align="center">jc</td><br />
<td align="center">n</td><br />
<td align="center">l</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rl</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Palatoalveolar</th><br />
<td align="center">sj</td><br />
<td align="center">zj</td><br />
<td align="center">tj</td><br />
<td align="center">dj</td><br />
<td align="center">cj</td><br />
<td align="center">j</td><br />
<td align="center">nj</td><br />
<td align="center">lj</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rj</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Alveopalatal</th><br />
<td align="center">sy</td><br />
<td align="center">zy</td><br />
<td align="center">ty</td><br />
<td align="center">dy</td><br />
<td align="center">cy</td><br />
<td align="center">jy</td><br />
<td align="center">ny</td><br />
<td align="center">ly</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">ry</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Retroflex</th><br />
<td align="center">sx</td><br />
<td align="center">zx</td><br />
<td align="center">tx</td><br />
<td align="center">dx</td><br />
<td align="center">cx</td><br />
<td align="center">jx</td><br />
<td align="center">nx</td><br />
<td align="center">lx</td><br />
<td align="center">x xl</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rx</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Palatal</th><br />
<td align="center">hy</td><br />
<td align="center">qy</td><br />
<td align="center">ky</td><br />
<td align="center">gy</td><br />
<td align="center">khy</td><br />
<td align="center">gqy</td><br />
<td align="center">ngy</td><br />
<td align="center">lgy</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">y</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Velar</th><br />
<td align="center">hk</td><br />
<td align="center">qg</td><br />
<td align="center">k</td><br />
<td align="center">g</td><br />
<td align="center">khk</td><br />
<td align="center">gqg</td><br />
<td align="center">ng</td><br />
<td align="center">lg</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">yg</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Uvular</th><br />
<td align="center">hq</td><br />
<td align="center">q</td><br />
<td align="center">kq</td><br />
<td align="center">gq</td><br />
<td align="center">khq</td><br />
<td align="center">gqq</td><br />
<td align="center">nq</td><br />
<td align="center">lq</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rq</td><br />
<td align="center">yq</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Pharyngeal</th><br />
<td align="center">hh</td><br />
<td align="center">yh</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Glottal</th><br />
<td align="center">h</td><br />
<td align="center">qh</td><br />
<td align="center">kh</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
<br />
It's a lot trickier to do a similar scheme with only five vowel letters ''a, e, i, o, u'' (since I already had to use ''y, w'' as consonants...). However, the five single vowels + all possible combinations of two of them gives 5<sup>2</sup> = 25 different vowel graphies, which should be enough qualitative distinctions for most languages. So I had a go at distributing those graphies over the vowel space, pretending that the holes in the IPA official vowel chart are really justified, and trying to give the digraphs sensible 'intermediate' values between the single-letter vowels. It's not entirely consistent: I let ''e'' and ''ea'' swap places so that [ə] would get a single-letter graphy, then based the values of ''eu'' and ''ae'' on the [ə] value for ''e''...<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr class="header"><br />
<th align="left"></th><br />
<th align="left">Front<br />unrounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Front<br />rounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Central<br />unrounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Central<br />rounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Back<br />unrounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Back<br />rounded</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">High</th><br />
<td align="center">i</td><br />
<td align="center">ui</td><br />
<td align="center">ia</td><br />
<td align="center">ua</td><br />
<td align="center">iu</td><br />
<td align="center">u</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Lower high</th><br />
<td align="center">ie</td><br />
<td align="center">ue</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">uo</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">High mid</th><br />
<td align="center">ei</td><br />
<td align="center">oi</td><br />
<td align="center">e</td><br />
<td align="center">eu</td><br />
<td align="center">io</td><br />
<td align="center">ou</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Low mid</th><br />
<td align="center">ea</td><br />
<td align="center">oe</td><br />
<td align="center">ae</td><br />
<td align="center">oa</td><br />
<td align="center">eo</td><br />
<td align="center">o</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Low</th><br />
<td align="center">ai [æ]</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">a [a]</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">ao</td><br />
<td align="center">au</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
One will probably have to tweak values to fit specific languages, but that shauld be OK as long as one picks the nearest suitable graphy.<br />
<br />
That may of course be done to cut down on digraphs with consonants also!<br />
<br />
== Disabiguating ==<br />
<br />
Clearly this scheme needs some means to disambiguate e.g. [lz] from [l̪]. There is a really simple solution: wherever two adjacent letters which could be a digraph belong to different graphies you put a period/full stop between them: ''lz'' is [l̪], but [lz] is ''l.z''; ''kh'' is /ʔ/, but [kʰ] is ''k.h''. This works because the punctuation character ''.'' (the period/full stop) is usually followed by whitespace, another punctuation character or the end-of-text; a period between two letters is then a pretty safe digraph-breaker! Moreover you can, when you are not ''really'' restricted to ASCII, use the mid dot (''·'' U+00B7 or decimal 183, thus in Latin-1 and usable even on Yahoo groups... [Yeah, the first version of this page was written '''that''' long ago! :-)]) instead of the low period, as Catalan does to distinguish ''ll'' [ʎ] from ''l·l'' [ll].<br />
<br />
== Secondary articulations ==<br />
<br />
This also comes in handy to provide a means of symbolizing secondary articulations: you can e.g. use ''an'' for [ã] but ''a.n'' (or ''a·n'') for [an]. <br />
<br />
Similarly lateral fricatives may be written by putting an ''l'' after the graphy for a fricative: ''sl'' [ɬ], ˈˈs.l/s·lˈˈ [sl], ''zsl'' [ɮ], ''zs.l/zs·l'' [zl].<br />
<br />
=== Syllabification, diphthongs and hiatus — and quotes ===<br />
<br />
Unfortunately you also need to distinguish not only diphthongs from vowel digraphs, but also diphthongs from vowels in hiatus. A reasonable solution is to use an apostrophe for hiatus: ''hi'atus'' is the Latin pronunciation of &quot;hiatus&quot;, ''hi.atus'' (or ''hi·atus'') is [hi͡atus] with a diphthong, and ''hiatus'' is [hɨtus]!<br />
<br />
This can come in handy with consonants too: ''sy'' is [ɕ], ''s.y'' (or ''s·y'') is [sʲ] and ''s'y'' is [sj] — if one really needs to distinguish all three.<br />
<br />
A good thing I refrained from using the apostrophe as a letter! ;-)<br />
<br />
==== Syllabification and stress ====<br />
<br />
<!-- Maybe it's better to define apostrophe after a vowel as a stress mark? --><br />
I'm inclined to believe that the difference, if any, between a hiatus and a diphthong always has to do with the relation between prosody and syllabification of a particular language. If there really is a need to distinguish hiatus and stress you can use ''`'' (backtick/grave) after the vowel or syllable ''ka`k, kak` '', replaced with letters with grave or acute accents ''à, á'' when available, for stress, increasing the number of backticks for increased levels of stress.<br />
<br />
=====Abusing Accents=====<br />
<br />
Alternatively you can use my scheme for indicating length and stress with acute and grave accent marks. It employs the three most common [[Wikipedia:Diacritic|accent marks]], the [[Wikipedia:acute accent|acute]] (&nbsp;{{Big|ˊ}}&nbsp;), the [[Wikipedia:Grave accent|grave]] (&nbsp;{{Big|ˋ}}&nbsp;) and the [[Wikipedia:circumflex|circumflex]] (&nbsp;{{Big|ˆ}}&nbsp;) according to the following pattern (exemplified on the letter '''a'''):<br />
<br />
{{Bordertable|#fff}}<br />
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 align=center valign=middle |<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" rowspan=1 colspan=2 | Length<br />
|-<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | Short<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | Long<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Stress<br />
| Unstressed<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | {{Big|a}}<br />
| align="center" valign="middle" width="100px" | {{Big|á}}<br />
|-<br />
| Stressed<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | {{Big|à}}<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | {{Big|â}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
The impetus for the system comes from the fact that the circumflex graphically looks like a combination of the acute and the grave:<br />
<br />
{|align="center" width="300px"<br />
|align="center"| {{Big|/}}<br />
|align="center"| +<br />
|align="center"| {{Big|\}}<br />
|align="center"| <nowiki>=</nowiki><br />
|align="center"| {{Big|/\}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
When really restricted to ASCII you can use the ASCII apostrophe, backtick and circumflex after the vowel. You may then use a colon '':'' as hiatus mark and a double colon ''::'' for an actual colon.<br />
<br />
====Tone and pitch====<br />
<br />
For tone I recommend using [[WP:Tone_numbers|Tone_numbers]], either arbitrary language specific ones or [[WP:Tone Letters|Yuen Ren Chao]]-style ones where numbers ''1—5'' indicate relative pitch levels, contours are indicated with juxtaposed digits, and lack of tone is indicated with ''0''. The numbers should be written after the syllable or word with no intervening space or punctuation, superscript or subscript (to distinguish from footnote markers). If you feel the need to distinguish actual numbers use the hiatus marker before the latter.<br />
<br />
====Apostrophes and quotes====<br />
<br />
Actual apostrophes may be preceded with a dot or doubled. You may want to use single and double double quotes ''"'' to indicate two levels of quotes.<br />
<br />
== Length indication ==<br />
<br />
This is simple: just double the ''first'' letter of the digraph: ''seei'' is &quot;se&quot; [seː], the Swedish word for 'see', ''akkya'' is [acca], and ''addta'' is [ad̺d̺a].<br />
<br />
== Voiceless sonorants ==<br />
<br />
Voiceless sonorants are written by putting an ''h'' before the graphy for the voiced counterpart: ''hw, hv, hl, hr, hn, hng'' etc.<br />
<br />
It's probably a good idea to use ''hl, hlz'' etc. for voiceless lateral ''fricatives'', as<br />
voiceless lateral approximants probably never are phonemic in the wild.<br />
<br />
Also I decided to use ''hy'' rather than ''hky'' for [ç], as a distinction between voiceless palatal fricative and voiceless palatal approximant probably doesn't occur in the wild. The trigraph fricative spelling is of course there if you really need it.<br />
<br />
== Assume homorganicness ==<br />
<br />
Nasals and maybe also laterals may probably be assumed to be homorganic with a following obstruent unless otherwise indicated. Thus ''nt, n.j, nty, n.g'' etc. may safely be used instead of ''nrt, njj, nyty, ngg'' etc. (although your preferences may vary as to which of ''njj/n.j''_ and ''ngg/n.g'' is better!) To mark a nasal as explicitly laminoalveolar one can use ''nl''. Since the difference between [nˡ] and [lⁿ] is probably philosophical, ''ln'' can be used for a nasal lateral/lateral nasal alike.<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
That's all for now... --[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 11:18, 23 September 2011 (PDT)</div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=The_Monstrous_Magyaroid_All-ASCII_Digraph_Device&diff=147204
The Monstrous Magyaroid All-ASCII Digraph Device
2022-03-10T08:13:31Z
<p>Melroch: /* Disabiguating */ Clarifications</p>
<hr />
<div>== The oh so smart Hungarian digraphs ==<br />
<br />
I'm a great fan of the Hungarian digraphs where the first letter indicates manner of articulation and the second place of articulation, and have been known to play with such schemes, (or the reverse, POA+MOA):<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr class="header"><br />
<th align="left">Graphy</th><br />
<th align="left">Manner</th><br />
<th align="left">Place</th><br />
<th align="left">IPA</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<td align="left">z</td><br />
<td align="left">voiced sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">alveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[z]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<td align="left">s</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">postalveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[ʃ]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<td align="left">sz</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">alveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[s]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<td align="left">zs</td><br />
<td align="left">voiced sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">postalveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[ʒ]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<td align="left">c(z)</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless affricate</td><br />
<td align="left">alveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[ts]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<td align="left">cs</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless affricate</td><br />
<td align="left">postalveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[tʃ]</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
The ''z'' in ''cz'' has been dropped in modern Hungarian orthography, so that the voiceless alveolar affricate is now ''c''.<br />
<br />
This is all the more amazing as it did '''not''', probably, originate with someone with an unusual phonological acumen for the middle ages getting a great idea, but by sheer accident: it just so happened that Old High German, the language of those the Hungarians learned the Latin alphabet from, differentiated between an apical voiceless alveolar sibilant /s̺/, spelled ''s'' and a laminal voiceless alveolar sibilant /s̻/ spelled ''zz''. Old High German did not yet have any [ʃ] sound, but of the two OHG sounds the apical sibilant ''s'' was perceived as being most similar to Hungarian /ʃ/ — probably because [ʃ] is usually apical —, and the laminal sibilant ''zz'' was perceived as being more similar to Hungarian /s/ — probably because the latter was laminal. Thus ''s'' became the preferred spelling for Hungarian /ʃ/ and /ʒ/, and ''z'' became the preferred spelling for Hungarian /s/ and /z/. Voiced and voiceless sibilants weren't distinguished, probably because OHG didn't have any voiced sibilants. (Incidentally the Hungarians downgraded the written representation of their language, since they already had [[WP:Old Hungarian script|a phonologically adequate writing system]], which however was not regarded as proper for writing Christian texts on parchment.) By the time Hungarian writers felt a need to differentiate voiced and voiceless sibilants in a consistent manner they chose to use ''sz'' for /s/, probably again because of German influence: in the meantime ''sz'' (or rather ''ſz'', usually written as a ligature) had become the preferred spelling for the sound written ''zz'' in OHG. So ''z'' remained the spelling for /z/ by default. The 'choice' of ''s'' for /ʃ/ was probably simply because that was the usual value of that letter, since /ʃ/ is by far the most frequent of the Hungarian sibilants, while /ʒ/ is the least frequent. The choice of the spelling ''zs'' for /ʒ/ was thus probably by default: they already had the spellings ''sz, z, s'' assigned to three of the sibilants for the reasons stated, and so there was probably not a lot of reasoning behind the choice of ''zs'' for the fourth sibilant, just analogy and parsimoniousness.<br />
<br />
== Taking it as far as you can ==<br />
<br />
One obvious 'defect' of Hungarian spelling is that voiced affricates are written just as ''dz, dzs''. So my first obvious 'improvement' was to assign ''x'' to [dʒ] and ''xz'' to [dz], or the reverse ''x'' = [dz], ''xs'' = [dʒ] (''x'' = [dz] incidentally agreeing with the Albanian mapping for ''x'')!<br />
<br />
But I got more ambitious than that (incidentally dropping the ''x''-for-voiced affricate mapping in the process):<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr class="header"><br />
<th align="center"></th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiceless<br />fricative</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiced<br />fricative</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiceless<br />stop</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiced<br />stop</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiceless<br />affricate</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiced<br />affricate</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Nasal<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Lateral<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Tap / flap<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Trill<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Approximant<br />(voiced)</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Bilabial</th><br />
<td align="center">fw</td><br />
<td align="center">bw</td><br />
<td align="center">p</td><br />
<td align="center">b</td><br />
<td align="center">pfw</td><br />
<td align="center">bfw</td><br />
<td align="center">mw</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rw</td><br />
<td align="center">w</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Labiodental</th><br />
<td align="center">f</td><br />
<td align="center">fv</td><br />
<td align="center">pv</td><br />
<td align="center">bv</td><br />
<td align="center">pf</td><br />
<td align="center">bf</td><br />
<td align="center">m</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">xv</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">v</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Dental</th><br />
<td align="center">sz</td><br />
<td align="center">z</td><br />
<td align="center">td</td><br />
<td align="center">d</td><br />
<td align="center">cz</td><br />
<td align="center">jz</td><br />
<td align="center">nz</td><br />
<td align="center">lz</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rz</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Apicoalveolar</th><br />
<td align="center">s</td><br />
<td align="center">zs</td><br />
<td align="center">t</td><br />
<td align="center">dt</td><br />
<td align="center">cs</td><br />
<td align="center">js</td><br />
<td align="center">nr</td><br />
<td align="center">lr</td><br />
<td align="center">xr xlr</td><br />
<td align="center">rr</td><br />
<td align="center">r</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Laminoalveolar</th><br />
<td align="center">sc</td><br />
<td align="center">zc</td><br />
<td align="center">tc</td><br />
<td align="center">dc</td><br />
<td align="center">c</td><br />
<td align="center">jc</td><br />
<td align="center">n</td><br />
<td align="center">l</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rl</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Palatoalveolar</th><br />
<td align="center">sj</td><br />
<td align="center">zj</td><br />
<td align="center">tj</td><br />
<td align="center">dj</td><br />
<td align="center">cj</td><br />
<td align="center">j</td><br />
<td align="center">nj</td><br />
<td align="center">lj</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rj</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Alveopalatal</th><br />
<td align="center">sy</td><br />
<td align="center">zy</td><br />
<td align="center">ty</td><br />
<td align="center">dy</td><br />
<td align="center">cy</td><br />
<td align="center">jy</td><br />
<td align="center">ny</td><br />
<td align="center">ly</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">ry</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Retroflex</th><br />
<td align="center">sx</td><br />
<td align="center">zx</td><br />
<td align="center">tx</td><br />
<td align="center">dx</td><br />
<td align="center">cx</td><br />
<td align="center">jx</td><br />
<td align="center">nx</td><br />
<td align="center">lx</td><br />
<td align="center">x xl</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rx</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Palatal</th><br />
<td align="center">hy</td><br />
<td align="center">qy</td><br />
<td align="center">ky</td><br />
<td align="center">gy</td><br />
<td align="center">khy</td><br />
<td align="center">gqy</td><br />
<td align="center">ngy</td><br />
<td align="center">lgy</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">y</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Velar</th><br />
<td align="center">hk</td><br />
<td align="center">qg</td><br />
<td align="center">k</td><br />
<td align="center">g</td><br />
<td align="center">khk</td><br />
<td align="center">gqg</td><br />
<td align="center">ng</td><br />
<td align="center">lg</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">yg</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Uvular</th><br />
<td align="center">hq</td><br />
<td align="center">q</td><br />
<td align="center">kq</td><br />
<td align="center">gq</td><br />
<td align="center">khq</td><br />
<td align="center">gqq</td><br />
<td align="center">nq</td><br />
<td align="center">lq</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rq</td><br />
<td align="center">yq</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Pharyngeal</th><br />
<td align="center">hh</td><br />
<td align="center">yh</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Glottal</th><br />
<td align="center">h</td><br />
<td align="center">qh</td><br />
<td align="center">kh</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
<br />
It's a lot trickier to do a similar scheme with only five vowel letters ''a, e, i, o, u'' (since I already had to use ''y, w'' as consonants...). However, the five single vowels + all possible combinations of two of them gives 5<sup>2</sup> = 25 different vowel graphies, which should be enough qualitative distinctions for most languages. So I had a go at distributing those graphies over the vowel space, pretending that the holes in the IPA official vowel chart are really justified, and trying to give the digraphs sensible 'intermediate' values between the single-letter vowels. It's not entirely consistent: I let ''e'' and ''ea'' swap places so that [ə] would get a single-letter graphy, then based the values of ''eu'' and ''ae'' on the [ə] value for ''e''...<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr class="header"><br />
<th align="left"></th><br />
<th align="left">Front<br />unrounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Front<br />rounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Central<br />unrounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Central<br />rounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Back<br />unrounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Back<br />rounded</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">High</th><br />
<td align="center">i</td><br />
<td align="center">ui</td><br />
<td align="center">ia</td><br />
<td align="center">ua</td><br />
<td align="center">iu</td><br />
<td align="center">u</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Lower high</th><br />
<td align="center">ie</td><br />
<td align="center">ue</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">uo</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">High mid</th><br />
<td align="center">ei</td><br />
<td align="center">oi</td><br />
<td align="center">e</td><br />
<td align="center">eu</td><br />
<td align="center">io</td><br />
<td align="center">ou</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Low mid</th><br />
<td align="center">ea</td><br />
<td align="center">oe</td><br />
<td align="center">ae</td><br />
<td align="center">oa</td><br />
<td align="center">eo</td><br />
<td align="center">o</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Low</th><br />
<td align="center">ai [æ]</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">a [a]</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">ao</td><br />
<td align="center">au</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
One will probably have to tweak values to fit specific languages, but that shauld be OK as long as one picks the nearest suitable graphy.<br />
<br />
That may of course be done to cut down on digraphs with consonants also!<br />
<br />
== Disabiguating ==<br />
<br />
Clearly this scheme needs some means to disambiguate e.g. [lz] from [l̪]. There is a really simple solution: wherever two adjacent letters which could be a digraph belong to different graphies you put a period/full stop between them: ''lz'' is [l̪], but [lz] is ''l.z''; ''kh'' is /ʔ/, but [kʰ] is ''k.h''. This works because the punctuation character ''.'' (the period/full stop) is usually followed by whitespace, another punctuation character or the end-of-text; a period between two letters is then a pretty safe digraph-breaker! Moreover you can, when you are not ''really'' restricted to ASCII, use the mid dot (''·'' U+00B7 or decimal 183, thus in Latin-1 and usable even on Yahoo groups... [Yeah, the first version of this page was written '''that''' long ago! :-)]) instead of the low period, as Catalan does to distinguish ''ll'' [ʎ] from ''l·l'' [ll].<br />
<br />
== Secondary articulations ==<br />
<br />
This also comes in handy to provide a means of symbolizing secondary articulations: you can e.g. use ''an'' for [ã] but ''a.n'' (or ''a·n'') for [an]. <br />
<br />
Similarly lateral fricatives may be written by putting an ''l'' after the graphy for a fricative: ''sl'' [ɬ], ˈˈs.l/s·lˈˈ [sl], ''zsl'' [ɮ], ''zs.l/zs·l'' [zl].<br />
<br />
=== Syllabification, diphthongs and hiatus — and quotes ===<br />
<br />
Unfortunately you also need to distinguish not only diphthongs from vowel digraphs, but also diphthongs from vowels in hiatus. A reasonable solution is to use an apostrophe for hiatus: ''hi'atus'' is the Latin pronunciation of &quot;hiatus&quot;, ''hi.atus'' (or ''hi·atus'') is [hi͡atus] with a diphthong, and ''hiatus'' is [hɨtus]!<br />
<br />
This can come in handy with consonants too: ''sy'' is [ɕ], ''s.y'' (or ''s·y'') is [sʲ] and ''s'y'' is [sj] — if one really needs to distinguish all three.<br />
<br />
A good thing I refrained from using the apostrophe as a letter! ;-)<br />
<br />
==== Syllabification and stress ====<br />
<br />
<!-- Maybe it's better to define apostrophe after a vowel as a stress mark? --><br />
I'm inclined to believe that the difference, if any, between a hiatus and a diphthong always has to do with the relation between prosody and syllabification of a particular language. If there really is a need to distinguish hiatus and stress you can use ''`'' (backtick/grave) after the vowel or syllable ''ka`k, kak` '', replaced with letters with grave or acute accents ''à, á'' when available, for stress, increasing the number of backticks increased for levels of stress.<br />
<br />
=====Abusing Accents=====<br />
<br />
Alternatively you can use my scheme for indicating length and stress with acute and grave accent marks. It employs the three most common [[Wikipedia:Diacritic|accent marks]], the [[Wikipedia:acute accent|acute]] (&nbsp;{{Big|ˊ}}&nbsp;), the [[Wikipedia:Grave accent|grave]] (&nbsp;{{Big|ˋ}}&nbsp;) and the [[Wikipedia:circumflex|circumflex]] (&nbsp;{{Big|ˆ}}&nbsp;) according to the following pattern (exemplified on the letter '''a'''):<br />
<br />
{{Bordertable|#fff}}<br />
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 align=center valign=middle |<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" rowspan=1 colspan=2 | Length<br />
|-<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | Short<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | Long<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Stress<br />
| Unstressed<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | {{Big|a}}<br />
| align="center" valign="middle" width="100px" | {{Big|á}}<br />
|-<br />
| Stressed<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | {{Big|à}}<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | {{Big|â}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
The impetus for the system comes from the fact that the circumflex graphically looks like a combination of the acute and the grave:<br />
<br />
{|align="center" width="300px"<br />
|align="center"| {{Big|/}}<br />
|align="center"| +<br />
|align="center"| {{Big|\}}<br />
|align="center"| <nowiki>=</nowiki><br />
|align="center"| {{Big|/\}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
When really restricted to ASCII you can use the ASCII apostrophe, backtick and circumflex after the vowel. You may then use a colon '':'' as hiatus mark and a double colon ''::'' for an actual colon.<br />
<br />
====Tone and pitch====<br />
<br />
For tone I recommend using [[WP:Tone_numbers|Tone_numbers]], either arbitrary language specific ones or [[WP:Tone Letters|Yuen Ren Chao]]-style ones where numbers ''1—5'' indicate relative pitch levels, contours are indicated with juxtaposed digits, and lack of tone is indicated with ''0''. The numbers should be written after the syllable or word with no intervening space or punctuation, superscript or subscript (to distinguish from footnote markers). If you feel the need to distinguish actual numbers use the hiatus marker before the latter.<br />
<br />
====Apostrophes and quotes====<br />
<br />
Actual apostrophes may be preceded with a dot or doubled. You may want to use single and double double quotes ''"'' to indicate two levels of quotes.<br />
<br />
== Length indication ==<br />
<br />
This is simple: just double the ''first'' letter of the digraph: ''seei'' is &quot;se&quot; [seː], the Swedish word for 'see', ''akkya'' is [acca], and ''addta'' is [ad̺d̺a].<br />
<br />
== Voiceless sonorants ==<br />
<br />
Voiceless sonorants are written by putting an ''h'' before the graphy for the voiced counterpart: ''hw, hv, hl, hr, hn, hng'' etc.<br />
<br />
It's probably a good idea to use ''hl, hlz'' etc. for voiceless lateral ''fricatives'', as<br />
voiceless lateral approximants probably never are phonemic in the wild.<br />
<br />
Also I decided to use ''hy'' rather than ''hky'' for [ç], as a distinction between voiceless palatal fricative and voiceless palatal approximant probably doesn't occur in the wild. The trigraph fricative spelling is of course there if you really need it.<br />
<br />
== Assume homorganicness ==<br />
<br />
Nasals and maybe also laterals may probably be assumed to be homorganic with a following obstruent unless otherwise indicated. Thus ''nt, n.j, nty, n.g'' etc. may safely be used instead of ''nrt, njj, nyty, ngg'' etc. (although your preferences may vary as to which of ''njj/n.j''_ and ''ngg/n.g'' is better!) To mark a nasal as explicitly laminoalveolar one can use ''nl''. Since the difference between [nˡ] and [lⁿ] is probably philosophical, ''ln'' can be used for a nasal lateral/lateral nasal alike.<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
That's all for now... --[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 11:18, 23 September 2011 (PDT)</div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=The_Monstrous_Magyaroid_All-ASCII_Digraph_Device&diff=147203
The Monstrous Magyaroid All-ASCII Digraph Device
2022-03-10T08:07:30Z
<p>Melroch: /* Taking it as far as you can */ Typo in previous edit</p>
<hr />
<div>== The oh so smart Hungarian digraphs ==<br />
<br />
I'm a great fan of the Hungarian digraphs where the first letter indicates manner of articulation and the second place of articulation, and have been known to play with such schemes, (or the reverse, POA+MOA):<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr class="header"><br />
<th align="left">Graphy</th><br />
<th align="left">Manner</th><br />
<th align="left">Place</th><br />
<th align="left">IPA</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<td align="left">z</td><br />
<td align="left">voiced sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">alveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[z]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<td align="left">s</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">postalveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[ʃ]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<td align="left">sz</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">alveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[s]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<td align="left">zs</td><br />
<td align="left">voiced sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">postalveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[ʒ]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<td align="left">c(z)</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless affricate</td><br />
<td align="left">alveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[ts]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<td align="left">cs</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless affricate</td><br />
<td align="left">postalveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[tʃ]</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
The ''z'' in ''cz'' has been dropped in modern Hungarian orthography, so that the voiceless alveolar affricate is now ''c''.<br />
<br />
This is all the more amazing as it did '''not''', probably, originate with someone with an unusual phonological acumen for the middle ages getting a great idea, but by sheer accident: it just so happened that Old High German, the language of those the Hungarians learned the Latin alphabet from, differentiated between an apical voiceless alveolar sibilant /s̺/, spelled ''s'' and a laminal voiceless alveolar sibilant /s̻/ spelled ''zz''. Old High German did not yet have any [ʃ] sound, but of the two OHG sounds the apical sibilant ''s'' was perceived as being most similar to Hungarian /ʃ/ — probably because [ʃ] is usually apical —, and the laminal sibilant ''zz'' was perceived as being more similar to Hungarian /s/ — probably because the latter was laminal. Thus ''s'' became the preferred spelling for Hungarian /ʃ/ and /ʒ/, and ''z'' became the preferred spelling for Hungarian /s/ and /z/. Voiced and voiceless sibilants weren't distinguished, probably because OHG didn't have any voiced sibilants. (Incidentally the Hungarians downgraded the written representation of their language, since they already had [[WP:Old Hungarian script|a phonologically adequate writing system]], which however was not regarded as proper for writing Christian texts on parchment.) By the time Hungarian writers felt a need to differentiate voiced and voiceless sibilants in a consistent manner they chose to use ''sz'' for /s/, probably again because of German influence: in the meantime ''sz'' (or rather ''ſz'', usually written as a ligature) had become the preferred spelling for the sound written ''zz'' in OHG. So ''z'' remained the spelling for /z/ by default. The 'choice' of ''s'' for /ʃ/ was probably simply because that was the usual value of that letter, since /ʃ/ is by far the most frequent of the Hungarian sibilants, while /ʒ/ is the least frequent. The choice of the spelling ''zs'' for /ʒ/ was thus probably by default: they already had the spellings ''sz, z, s'' assigned to three of the sibilants for the reasons stated, and so there was probably not a lot of reasoning behind the choice of ''zs'' for the fourth sibilant, just analogy and parsimoniousness.<br />
<br />
== Taking it as far as you can ==<br />
<br />
One obvious 'defect' of Hungarian spelling is that voiced affricates are written just as ''dz, dzs''. So my first obvious 'improvement' was to assign ''x'' to [dʒ] and ''xz'' to [dz], or the reverse ''x'' = [dz], ''xs'' = [dʒ] (''x'' = [dz] incidentally agreeing with the Albanian mapping for ''x'')!<br />
<br />
But I got more ambitious than that (incidentally dropping the ''x''-for-voiced affricate mapping in the process):<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr class="header"><br />
<th align="center"></th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiceless<br />fricative</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiced<br />fricative</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiceless<br />stop</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiced<br />stop</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiceless<br />affricate</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiced<br />affricate</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Nasal<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Lateral<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Tap / flap<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Trill<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Approximant<br />(voiced)</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Bilabial</th><br />
<td align="center">fw</td><br />
<td align="center">bw</td><br />
<td align="center">p</td><br />
<td align="center">b</td><br />
<td align="center">pfw</td><br />
<td align="center">bfw</td><br />
<td align="center">mw</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rw</td><br />
<td align="center">w</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Labiodental</th><br />
<td align="center">f</td><br />
<td align="center">fv</td><br />
<td align="center">pv</td><br />
<td align="center">bv</td><br />
<td align="center">pf</td><br />
<td align="center">bf</td><br />
<td align="center">m</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">xv</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">v</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Dental</th><br />
<td align="center">sz</td><br />
<td align="center">z</td><br />
<td align="center">td</td><br />
<td align="center">d</td><br />
<td align="center">cz</td><br />
<td align="center">jz</td><br />
<td align="center">nz</td><br />
<td align="center">lz</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rz</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Apicoalveolar</th><br />
<td align="center">s</td><br />
<td align="center">zs</td><br />
<td align="center">t</td><br />
<td align="center">dt</td><br />
<td align="center">cs</td><br />
<td align="center">js</td><br />
<td align="center">nr</td><br />
<td align="center">lr</td><br />
<td align="center">xr xlr</td><br />
<td align="center">rr</td><br />
<td align="center">r</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Laminoalveolar</th><br />
<td align="center">sc</td><br />
<td align="center">zc</td><br />
<td align="center">tc</td><br />
<td align="center">dc</td><br />
<td align="center">c</td><br />
<td align="center">jc</td><br />
<td align="center">n</td><br />
<td align="center">l</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rl</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Palatoalveolar</th><br />
<td align="center">sj</td><br />
<td align="center">zj</td><br />
<td align="center">tj</td><br />
<td align="center">dj</td><br />
<td align="center">cj</td><br />
<td align="center">j</td><br />
<td align="center">nj</td><br />
<td align="center">lj</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rj</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Alveopalatal</th><br />
<td align="center">sy</td><br />
<td align="center">zy</td><br />
<td align="center">ty</td><br />
<td align="center">dy</td><br />
<td align="center">cy</td><br />
<td align="center">jy</td><br />
<td align="center">ny</td><br />
<td align="center">ly</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">ry</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Retroflex</th><br />
<td align="center">sx</td><br />
<td align="center">zx</td><br />
<td align="center">tx</td><br />
<td align="center">dx</td><br />
<td align="center">cx</td><br />
<td align="center">jx</td><br />
<td align="center">nx</td><br />
<td align="center">lx</td><br />
<td align="center">x xl</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rx</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Palatal</th><br />
<td align="center">hy</td><br />
<td align="center">qy</td><br />
<td align="center">ky</td><br />
<td align="center">gy</td><br />
<td align="center">khy</td><br />
<td align="center">gqy</td><br />
<td align="center">ngy</td><br />
<td align="center">lgy</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">y</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Velar</th><br />
<td align="center">hk</td><br />
<td align="center">qg</td><br />
<td align="center">k</td><br />
<td align="center">g</td><br />
<td align="center">khk</td><br />
<td align="center">gqg</td><br />
<td align="center">ng</td><br />
<td align="center">lg</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">yg</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Uvular</th><br />
<td align="center">hq</td><br />
<td align="center">q</td><br />
<td align="center">kq</td><br />
<td align="center">gq</td><br />
<td align="center">khq</td><br />
<td align="center">gqq</td><br />
<td align="center">nq</td><br />
<td align="center">lq</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rq</td><br />
<td align="center">yq</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Pharyngeal</th><br />
<td align="center">hh</td><br />
<td align="center">yh</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Glottal</th><br />
<td align="center">h</td><br />
<td align="center">qh</td><br />
<td align="center">kh</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
<br />
It's a lot trickier to do a similar scheme with only five vowel letters ''a, e, i, o, u'' (since I already had to use ''y, w'' as consonants...). However, the five single vowels + all possible combinations of two of them gives 5<sup>2</sup> = 25 different vowel graphies, which should be enough qualitative distinctions for most languages. So I had a go at distributing those graphies over the vowel space, pretending that the holes in the IPA official vowel chart are really justified, and trying to give the digraphs sensible 'intermediate' values between the single-letter vowels. It's not entirely consistent: I let ''e'' and ''ea'' swap places so that [ə] would get a single-letter graphy, then based the values of ''eu'' and ''ae'' on the [ə] value for ''e''...<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr class="header"><br />
<th align="left"></th><br />
<th align="left">Front<br />unrounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Front<br />rounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Central<br />unrounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Central<br />rounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Back<br />unrounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Back<br />rounded</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">High</th><br />
<td align="center">i</td><br />
<td align="center">ui</td><br />
<td align="center">ia</td><br />
<td align="center">ua</td><br />
<td align="center">iu</td><br />
<td align="center">u</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Lower high</th><br />
<td align="center">ie</td><br />
<td align="center">ue</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">uo</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">High mid</th><br />
<td align="center">ei</td><br />
<td align="center">oi</td><br />
<td align="center">e</td><br />
<td align="center">eu</td><br />
<td align="center">io</td><br />
<td align="center">ou</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Low mid</th><br />
<td align="center">ea</td><br />
<td align="center">oe</td><br />
<td align="center">ae</td><br />
<td align="center">oa</td><br />
<td align="center">eo</td><br />
<td align="center">o</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Low</th><br />
<td align="center">ai [æ]</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">a [a]</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">ao</td><br />
<td align="center">au</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
One will probably have to tweak values to fit specific languages, but that shauld be OK as long as one picks the nearest suitable graphy.<br />
<br />
That may of course be done to cut down on digraphs with consonants also!<br />
<br />
== Disabiguating ==<br />
<br />
Clearly this scheme needs some means to disambiguate e.g. [lz] from [l̪]. There is a really simple solution: wherever two adjacent letters which could be a digraph belong to different graphies you put a period between them: ''lz'' is [l̪], but [lz] is ''l.z''; ''kh'' is /ʔ/, but [kʰ] is ''k.h''. This works because the punctuation character ''.'' (the period/full stop) is usually followed by whitespace, another punctuation character or the end-of-text; a period between two letters is then a pretty safe digraph-breaker! Moreover you can, when you are not ''really'' restricted to ASCII, use the mid dot (''·'' U+00B7 or decimal 183, thus in Latin-1 and usable even on Yahoo groups...) instead of the low period, as Catalan does to distinguish ''ll'' [ʎ] from ''l·l'' [ll].<br />
<br />
== Secondary articulations ==<br />
<br />
This also comes in handy to provide a means of symbolizing secondary articulations: you can e.g. use ''an'' for [ã] but ''a.n'' (or ''a·n'') for [an]. <br />
<br />
Similarly lateral fricatives may be written by putting an ''l'' after the graphy for a fricative: ''sl'' [ɬ], ˈˈs.l/s·lˈˈ [sl], ''zsl'' [ɮ], ''zs.l/zs·l'' [zl].<br />
<br />
=== Syllabification, diphthongs and hiatus — and quotes ===<br />
<br />
Unfortunately you also need to distinguish not only diphthongs from vowel digraphs, but also diphthongs from vowels in hiatus. A reasonable solution is to use an apostrophe for hiatus: ''hi'atus'' is the Latin pronunciation of &quot;hiatus&quot;, ''hi.atus'' (or ''hi·atus'') is [hi͡atus] with a diphthong, and ''hiatus'' is [hɨtus]!<br />
<br />
This can come in handy with consonants too: ''sy'' is [ɕ], ''s.y'' (or ''s·y'') is [sʲ] and ''s'y'' is [sj] — if one really needs to distinguish all three.<br />
<br />
A good thing I refrained from using the apostrophe as a letter! ;-)<br />
<br />
==== Syllabification and stress ====<br />
<br />
<!-- Maybe it's better to define apostrophe after a vowel as a stress mark? --><br />
I'm inclined to believe that the difference, if any, between a hiatus and a diphthong always has to do with the relation between prosody and syllabification of a particular language. If there really is a need to distinguish hiatus and stress you can use ''`'' (backtick/grave) after the vowel or syllable ''ka`k, kak` '', replaced with letters with grave or acute accents ''à, á'' when available, for stress, increasing the number of backticks increased for levels of stress.<br />
<br />
=====Abusing Accents=====<br />
<br />
Alternatively you can use my scheme for indicating length and stress with acute and grave accent marks. It employs the three most common [[Wikipedia:Diacritic|accent marks]], the [[Wikipedia:acute accent|acute]] (&nbsp;{{Big|ˊ}}&nbsp;), the [[Wikipedia:Grave accent|grave]] (&nbsp;{{Big|ˋ}}&nbsp;) and the [[Wikipedia:circumflex|circumflex]] (&nbsp;{{Big|ˆ}}&nbsp;) according to the following pattern (exemplified on the letter '''a'''):<br />
<br />
{{Bordertable|#fff}}<br />
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 align=center valign=middle |<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" rowspan=1 colspan=2 | Length<br />
|-<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | Short<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | Long<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Stress<br />
| Unstressed<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | {{Big|a}}<br />
| align="center" valign="middle" width="100px" | {{Big|á}}<br />
|-<br />
| Stressed<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | {{Big|à}}<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | {{Big|â}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
The impetus for the system comes from the fact that the circumflex graphically looks like a combination of the acute and the grave:<br />
<br />
{|align="center" width="300px"<br />
|align="center"| {{Big|/}}<br />
|align="center"| +<br />
|align="center"| {{Big|\}}<br />
|align="center"| <nowiki>=</nowiki><br />
|align="center"| {{Big|/\}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
When really restricted to ASCII you can use the ASCII apostrophe, backtick and circumflex after the vowel. You may then use a colon '':'' as hiatus mark and a double colon ''::'' for an actual colon.<br />
<br />
====Tone and pitch====<br />
<br />
For tone I recommend using [[WP:Tone_numbers|Tone_numbers]], either arbitrary language specific ones or [[WP:Tone Letters|Yuen Ren Chao]]-style ones where numbers ''1—5'' indicate relative pitch levels, contours are indicated with juxtaposed digits, and lack of tone is indicated with ''0''. The numbers should be written after the syllable or word with no intervening space or punctuation, superscript or subscript (to distinguish from footnote markers). If you feel the need to distinguish actual numbers use the hiatus marker before the latter.<br />
<br />
====Apostrophes and quotes====<br />
<br />
Actual apostrophes may be preceded with a dot or doubled. You may want to use single and double double quotes ''"'' to indicate two levels of quotes.<br />
<br />
== Length indication ==<br />
<br />
This is simple: just double the ''first'' letter of the digraph: ''seei'' is &quot;se&quot; [seː], the Swedish word for 'see', ''akkya'' is [acca], and ''addta'' is [ad̺d̺a].<br />
<br />
== Voiceless sonorants ==<br />
<br />
Voiceless sonorants are written by putting an ''h'' before the graphy for the voiced counterpart: ''hw, hv, hl, hr, hn, hng'' etc.<br />
<br />
It's probably a good idea to use ''hl, hlz'' etc. for voiceless lateral ''fricatives'', as<br />
voiceless lateral approximants probably never are phonemic in the wild.<br />
<br />
Also I decided to use ''hy'' rather than ''hky'' for [ç], as a distinction between voiceless palatal fricative and voiceless palatal approximant probably doesn't occur in the wild. The trigraph fricative spelling is of course there if you really need it.<br />
<br />
== Assume homorganicness ==<br />
<br />
Nasals and maybe also laterals may probably be assumed to be homorganic with a following obstruent unless otherwise indicated. Thus ''nt, n.j, nty, n.g'' etc. may safely be used instead of ''nrt, njj, nyty, ngg'' etc. (although your preferences may vary as to which of ''njj/n.j''_ and ''ngg/n.g'' is better!) To mark a nasal as explicitly laminoalveolar one can use ''nl''. Since the difference between [nˡ] and [lⁿ] is probably philosophical, ''ln'' can be used for a nasal lateral/lateral nasal alike.<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
That's all for now... --[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 11:18, 23 September 2011 (PDT)</div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=The_Monstrous_Magyaroid_All-ASCII_Digraph_Device&diff=147202
The Monstrous Magyaroid All-ASCII Digraph Device
2022-03-10T08:06:08Z
<p>Melroch: /* Taking it as far as you can */ Clarifications</p>
<hr />
<div>== The oh so smart Hungarian digraphs ==<br />
<br />
I'm a great fan of the Hungarian digraphs where the first letter indicates manner of articulation and the second place of articulation, and have been known to play with such schemes, (or the reverse, POA+MOA):<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr class="header"><br />
<th align="left">Graphy</th><br />
<th align="left">Manner</th><br />
<th align="left">Place</th><br />
<th align="left">IPA</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<td align="left">z</td><br />
<td align="left">voiced sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">alveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[z]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<td align="left">s</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">postalveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[ʃ]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<td align="left">sz</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">alveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[s]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<td align="left">zs</td><br />
<td align="left">voiced sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">postalveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[ʒ]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<td align="left">c(z)</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless affricate</td><br />
<td align="left">alveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[ts]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<td align="left">cs</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless affricate</td><br />
<td align="left">postalveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[tʃ]</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
The ''z'' in ''cz'' has been dropped in modern Hungarian orthography, so that the voiceless alveolar affricate is now ''c''.<br />
<br />
This is all the more amazing as it did '''not''', probably, originate with someone with an unusual phonological acumen for the middle ages getting a great idea, but by sheer accident: it just so happened that Old High German, the language of those the Hungarians learned the Latin alphabet from, differentiated between an apical voiceless alveolar sibilant /s̺/, spelled ''s'' and a laminal voiceless alveolar sibilant /s̻/ spelled ''zz''. Old High German did not yet have any [ʃ] sound, but of the two OHG sounds the apical sibilant ''s'' was perceived as being most similar to Hungarian /ʃ/ — probably because [ʃ] is usually apical —, and the laminal sibilant ''zz'' was perceived as being more similar to Hungarian /s/ — probably because the latter was laminal. Thus ''s'' became the preferred spelling for Hungarian /ʃ/ and /ʒ/, and ''z'' became the preferred spelling for Hungarian /s/ and /z/. Voiced and voiceless sibilants weren't distinguished, probably because OHG didn't have any voiced sibilants. (Incidentally the Hungarians downgraded the written representation of their language, since they already had [[WP:Old Hungarian script|a phonologically adequate writing system]], which however was not regarded as proper for writing Christian texts on parchment.) By the time Hungarian writers felt a need to differentiate voiced and voiceless sibilants in a consistent manner they chose to use ''sz'' for /s/, probably again because of German influence: in the meantime ''sz'' (or rather ''ſz'', usually written as a ligature) had become the preferred spelling for the sound written ''zz'' in OHG. So ''z'' remained the spelling for /z/ by default. The 'choice' of ''s'' for /ʃ/ was probably simply because that was the usual value of that letter, since /ʃ/ is by far the most frequent of the Hungarian sibilants, while /ʒ/ is the least frequent. The choice of the spelling ''zs'' for /ʒ/ was thus probably by default: they already had the spellings ''sz, z, s'' assigned to three of the sibilants for the reasons stated, and so there was probably not a lot of reasoning behind the choice of ''zs'' for the fourth sibilant, just analogy and parsimoniousness.<br />
<br />
== Taking it as far as you can ==<br />
<br />
One obvious 'defect' of Hungarian spelling is that voiced affricates are written just as ''dz, dzs''. So my first obvious 'improvement' was to assign ''x'' to [dʒ] and ''xz'' to [dz], or the reverse ''x'' = [dz], ''xs'' = [dʒ] (''x'' = [dz] incidentally agreeing with the Albanian mapping for ''x'')!<br />
<br />
But I got more ambitious than that (incidentally dropping the '`x`'-for-voiced affricate mapping in the process):<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr class="header"><br />
<th align="center"></th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiceless<br />fricative</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiced<br />fricative</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiceless<br />stop</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiced<br />stop</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiceless<br />affricate</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiced<br />affricate</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Nasal<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Lateral<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Tap / flap<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Trill<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Approximant<br />(voiced)</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Bilabial</th><br />
<td align="center">fw</td><br />
<td align="center">bw</td><br />
<td align="center">p</td><br />
<td align="center">b</td><br />
<td align="center">pfw</td><br />
<td align="center">bfw</td><br />
<td align="center">mw</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rw</td><br />
<td align="center">w</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Labiodental</th><br />
<td align="center">f</td><br />
<td align="center">fv</td><br />
<td align="center">pv</td><br />
<td align="center">bv</td><br />
<td align="center">pf</td><br />
<td align="center">bf</td><br />
<td align="center">m</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">xv</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">v</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Dental</th><br />
<td align="center">sz</td><br />
<td align="center">z</td><br />
<td align="center">td</td><br />
<td align="center">d</td><br />
<td align="center">cz</td><br />
<td align="center">jz</td><br />
<td align="center">nz</td><br />
<td align="center">lz</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rz</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Apicoalveolar</th><br />
<td align="center">s</td><br />
<td align="center">zs</td><br />
<td align="center">t</td><br />
<td align="center">dt</td><br />
<td align="center">cs</td><br />
<td align="center">js</td><br />
<td align="center">nr</td><br />
<td align="center">lr</td><br />
<td align="center">xr xlr</td><br />
<td align="center">rr</td><br />
<td align="center">r</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Laminoalveolar</th><br />
<td align="center">sc</td><br />
<td align="center">zc</td><br />
<td align="center">tc</td><br />
<td align="center">dc</td><br />
<td align="center">c</td><br />
<td align="center">jc</td><br />
<td align="center">n</td><br />
<td align="center">l</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rl</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Palatoalveolar</th><br />
<td align="center">sj</td><br />
<td align="center">zj</td><br />
<td align="center">tj</td><br />
<td align="center">dj</td><br />
<td align="center">cj</td><br />
<td align="center">j</td><br />
<td align="center">nj</td><br />
<td align="center">lj</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rj</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Alveopalatal</th><br />
<td align="center">sy</td><br />
<td align="center">zy</td><br />
<td align="center">ty</td><br />
<td align="center">dy</td><br />
<td align="center">cy</td><br />
<td align="center">jy</td><br />
<td align="center">ny</td><br />
<td align="center">ly</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">ry</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Retroflex</th><br />
<td align="center">sx</td><br />
<td align="center">zx</td><br />
<td align="center">tx</td><br />
<td align="center">dx</td><br />
<td align="center">cx</td><br />
<td align="center">jx</td><br />
<td align="center">nx</td><br />
<td align="center">lx</td><br />
<td align="center">x xl</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rx</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Palatal</th><br />
<td align="center">hy</td><br />
<td align="center">qy</td><br />
<td align="center">ky</td><br />
<td align="center">gy</td><br />
<td align="center">khy</td><br />
<td align="center">gqy</td><br />
<td align="center">ngy</td><br />
<td align="center">lgy</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">y</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Velar</th><br />
<td align="center">hk</td><br />
<td align="center">qg</td><br />
<td align="center">k</td><br />
<td align="center">g</td><br />
<td align="center">khk</td><br />
<td align="center">gqg</td><br />
<td align="center">ng</td><br />
<td align="center">lg</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">yg</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Uvular</th><br />
<td align="center">hq</td><br />
<td align="center">q</td><br />
<td align="center">kq</td><br />
<td align="center">gq</td><br />
<td align="center">khq</td><br />
<td align="center">gqq</td><br />
<td align="center">nq</td><br />
<td align="center">lq</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rq</td><br />
<td align="center">yq</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Pharyngeal</th><br />
<td align="center">hh</td><br />
<td align="center">yh</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Glottal</th><br />
<td align="center">h</td><br />
<td align="center">qh</td><br />
<td align="center">kh</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
<br />
It's a lot trickier to do a similar scheme with only five vowel letters ''a, e, i, o, u'' (since I already had to use ''y, w'' as consonants...). However, the five single vowels + all possible combinations of two of them gives 5<sup>2</sup> = 25 different vowel graphies, which should be enough qualitative distinctions for most languages. So I had a go at distributing those graphies over the vowel space, pretending that the holes in the IPA official vowel chart are really justified, and trying to give the digraphs sensible 'intermediate' values between the single-letter vowels. It's not entirely consistent: I let ''e'' and ''ea'' swap places so that [ə] would get a single-letter graphy, then based the values of ''eu'' and ''ae'' on the [ə] value for ''e''...<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr class="header"><br />
<th align="left"></th><br />
<th align="left">Front<br />unrounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Front<br />rounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Central<br />unrounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Central<br />rounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Back<br />unrounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Back<br />rounded</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">High</th><br />
<td align="center">i</td><br />
<td align="center">ui</td><br />
<td align="center">ia</td><br />
<td align="center">ua</td><br />
<td align="center">iu</td><br />
<td align="center">u</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Lower high</th><br />
<td align="center">ie</td><br />
<td align="center">ue</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">uo</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">High mid</th><br />
<td align="center">ei</td><br />
<td align="center">oi</td><br />
<td align="center">e</td><br />
<td align="center">eu</td><br />
<td align="center">io</td><br />
<td align="center">ou</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Low mid</th><br />
<td align="center">ea</td><br />
<td align="center">oe</td><br />
<td align="center">ae</td><br />
<td align="center">oa</td><br />
<td align="center">eo</td><br />
<td align="center">o</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Low</th><br />
<td align="center">ai [æ]</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">a [a]</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">ao</td><br />
<td align="center">au</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
One will probably have to tweak values to fit specific languages, but that shauld be OK as long as one picks the nearest suitable graphy.<br />
<br />
That may of course be done to cut down on digraphs with consonants also!<br />
<br />
== Disabiguating ==<br />
<br />
Clearly this scheme needs some means to disambiguate e.g. [lz] from [l̪]. There is a really simple solution: wherever two adjacent letters which could be a digraph belong to different graphies you put a period between them: ''lz'' is [l̪], but [lz] is ''l.z''; ''kh'' is /ʔ/, but [kʰ] is ''k.h''. This works because the punctuation character ''.'' (the period/full stop) is usually followed by whitespace, another punctuation character or the end-of-text; a period between two letters is then a pretty safe digraph-breaker! Moreover you can, when you are not ''really'' restricted to ASCII, use the mid dot (''·'' U+00B7 or decimal 183, thus in Latin-1 and usable even on Yahoo groups...) instead of the low period, as Catalan does to distinguish ''ll'' [ʎ] from ''l·l'' [ll].<br />
<br />
== Secondary articulations ==<br />
<br />
This also comes in handy to provide a means of symbolizing secondary articulations: you can e.g. use ''an'' for [ã] but ''a.n'' (or ''a·n'') for [an]. <br />
<br />
Similarly lateral fricatives may be written by putting an ''l'' after the graphy for a fricative: ''sl'' [ɬ], ˈˈs.l/s·lˈˈ [sl], ''zsl'' [ɮ], ''zs.l/zs·l'' [zl].<br />
<br />
=== Syllabification, diphthongs and hiatus — and quotes ===<br />
<br />
Unfortunately you also need to distinguish not only diphthongs from vowel digraphs, but also diphthongs from vowels in hiatus. A reasonable solution is to use an apostrophe for hiatus: ''hi'atus'' is the Latin pronunciation of &quot;hiatus&quot;, ''hi.atus'' (or ''hi·atus'') is [hi͡atus] with a diphthong, and ''hiatus'' is [hɨtus]!<br />
<br />
This can come in handy with consonants too: ''sy'' is [ɕ], ''s.y'' (or ''s·y'') is [sʲ] and ''s'y'' is [sj] — if one really needs to distinguish all three.<br />
<br />
A good thing I refrained from using the apostrophe as a letter! ;-)<br />
<br />
==== Syllabification and stress ====<br />
<br />
<!-- Maybe it's better to define apostrophe after a vowel as a stress mark? --><br />
I'm inclined to believe that the difference, if any, between a hiatus and a diphthong always has to do with the relation between prosody and syllabification of a particular language. If there really is a need to distinguish hiatus and stress you can use ''`'' (backtick/grave) after the vowel or syllable ''ka`k, kak` '', replaced with letters with grave or acute accents ''à, á'' when available, for stress, increasing the number of backticks increased for levels of stress.<br />
<br />
=====Abusing Accents=====<br />
<br />
Alternatively you can use my scheme for indicating length and stress with acute and grave accent marks. It employs the three most common [[Wikipedia:Diacritic|accent marks]], the [[Wikipedia:acute accent|acute]] (&nbsp;{{Big|ˊ}}&nbsp;), the [[Wikipedia:Grave accent|grave]] (&nbsp;{{Big|ˋ}}&nbsp;) and the [[Wikipedia:circumflex|circumflex]] (&nbsp;{{Big|ˆ}}&nbsp;) according to the following pattern (exemplified on the letter '''a'''):<br />
<br />
{{Bordertable|#fff}}<br />
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 align=center valign=middle |<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" rowspan=1 colspan=2 | Length<br />
|-<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | Short<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | Long<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Stress<br />
| Unstressed<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | {{Big|a}}<br />
| align="center" valign="middle" width="100px" | {{Big|á}}<br />
|-<br />
| Stressed<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | {{Big|à}}<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | {{Big|â}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
The impetus for the system comes from the fact that the circumflex graphically looks like a combination of the acute and the grave:<br />
<br />
{|align="center" width="300px"<br />
|align="center"| {{Big|/}}<br />
|align="center"| +<br />
|align="center"| {{Big|\}}<br />
|align="center"| <nowiki>=</nowiki><br />
|align="center"| {{Big|/\}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
When really restricted to ASCII you can use the ASCII apostrophe, backtick and circumflex after the vowel. You may then use a colon '':'' as hiatus mark and a double colon ''::'' for an actual colon.<br />
<br />
====Tone and pitch====<br />
<br />
For tone I recommend using [[WP:Tone_numbers|Tone_numbers]], either arbitrary language specific ones or [[WP:Tone Letters|Yuen Ren Chao]]-style ones where numbers ''1—5'' indicate relative pitch levels, contours are indicated with juxtaposed digits, and lack of tone is indicated with ''0''. The numbers should be written after the syllable or word with no intervening space or punctuation, superscript or subscript (to distinguish from footnote markers). If you feel the need to distinguish actual numbers use the hiatus marker before the latter.<br />
<br />
====Apostrophes and quotes====<br />
<br />
Actual apostrophes may be preceded with a dot or doubled. You may want to use single and double double quotes ''"'' to indicate two levels of quotes.<br />
<br />
== Length indication ==<br />
<br />
This is simple: just double the ''first'' letter of the digraph: ''seei'' is &quot;se&quot; [seː], the Swedish word for 'see', ''akkya'' is [acca], and ''addta'' is [ad̺d̺a].<br />
<br />
== Voiceless sonorants ==<br />
<br />
Voiceless sonorants are written by putting an ''h'' before the graphy for the voiced counterpart: ''hw, hv, hl, hr, hn, hng'' etc.<br />
<br />
It's probably a good idea to use ''hl, hlz'' etc. for voiceless lateral ''fricatives'', as<br />
voiceless lateral approximants probably never are phonemic in the wild.<br />
<br />
Also I decided to use ''hy'' rather than ''hky'' for [ç], as a distinction between voiceless palatal fricative and voiceless palatal approximant probably doesn't occur in the wild. The trigraph fricative spelling is of course there if you really need it.<br />
<br />
== Assume homorganicness ==<br />
<br />
Nasals and maybe also laterals may probably be assumed to be homorganic with a following obstruent unless otherwise indicated. Thus ''nt, n.j, nty, n.g'' etc. may safely be used instead of ''nrt, njj, nyty, ngg'' etc. (although your preferences may vary as to which of ''njj/n.j''_ and ''ngg/n.g'' is better!) To mark a nasal as explicitly laminoalveolar one can use ''nl''. Since the difference between [nˡ] and [lⁿ] is probably philosophical, ''ln'' can be used for a nasal lateral/lateral nasal alike.<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
That's all for now... --[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 11:18, 23 September 2011 (PDT)</div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=The_Monstrous_Magyaroid_All-ASCII_Digraph_Device&diff=147201
The Monstrous Magyaroid All-ASCII Digraph Device
2022-03-10T07:59:44Z
<p>Melroch: /* The oh so smart Hungarian digraphs */ Typo</p>
<hr />
<div>== The oh so smart Hungarian digraphs ==<br />
<br />
I'm a great fan of the Hungarian digraphs where the first letter indicates manner of articulation and the second place of articulation, and have been known to play with such schemes, (or the reverse, POA+MOA):<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr class="header"><br />
<th align="left">Graphy</th><br />
<th align="left">Manner</th><br />
<th align="left">Place</th><br />
<th align="left">IPA</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<td align="left">z</td><br />
<td align="left">voiced sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">alveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[z]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<td align="left">s</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">postalveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[ʃ]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<td align="left">sz</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">alveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[s]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<td align="left">zs</td><br />
<td align="left">voiced sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">postalveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[ʒ]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<td align="left">c(z)</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless affricate</td><br />
<td align="left">alveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[ts]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<td align="left">cs</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless affricate</td><br />
<td align="left">postalveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[tʃ]</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
The ''z'' in ''cz'' has been dropped in modern Hungarian orthography, so that the voiceless alveolar affricate is now ''c''.<br />
<br />
This is all the more amazing as it did '''not''', probably, originate with someone with an unusual phonological acumen for the middle ages getting a great idea, but by sheer accident: it just so happened that Old High German, the language of those the Hungarians learned the Latin alphabet from, differentiated between an apical voiceless alveolar sibilant /s̺/, spelled ''s'' and a laminal voiceless alveolar sibilant /s̻/ spelled ''zz''. Old High German did not yet have any [ʃ] sound, but of the two OHG sounds the apical sibilant ''s'' was perceived as being most similar to Hungarian /ʃ/ — probably because [ʃ] is usually apical —, and the laminal sibilant ''zz'' was perceived as being more similar to Hungarian /s/ — probably because the latter was laminal. Thus ''s'' became the preferred spelling for Hungarian /ʃ/ and /ʒ/, and ''z'' became the preferred spelling for Hungarian /s/ and /z/. Voiced and voiceless sibilants weren't distinguished, probably because OHG didn't have any voiced sibilants. (Incidentally the Hungarians downgraded the written representation of their language, since they already had [[WP:Old Hungarian script|a phonologically adequate writing system]], which however was not regarded as proper for writing Christian texts on parchment.) By the time Hungarian writers felt a need to differentiate voiced and voiceless sibilants in a consistent manner they chose to use ''sz'' for /s/, probably again because of German influence: in the meantime ''sz'' (or rather ''ſz'', usually written as a ligature) had become the preferred spelling for the sound written ''zz'' in OHG. So ''z'' remained the spelling for /z/ by default. The 'choice' of ''s'' for /ʃ/ was probably simply because that was the usual value of that letter, since /ʃ/ is by far the most frequent of the Hungarian sibilants, while /ʒ/ is the least frequent. The choice of the spelling ''zs'' for /ʒ/ was thus probably by default: they already had the spellings ''sz, z, s'' assigned to three of the sibilants for the reasons stated, and so there was probably not a lot of reasoning behind the choice of ''zs'' for the fourth sibilant, just analogy and parsimoniousness.<br />
<br />
== Taking it as far as you can ==<br />
<br />
One obvious 'defect' of Hungarian spelling is that voiced affricates are written just as ''dz, dzs''. So my first obvious 'improvement' was to assign ''x'' to [dʒ] and ''xz'' to [dz], or the reverse ''x'' = [dz], ''xs'' = [dʒ]!<br />
<br />
But I got more ambitious than that:<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr class="header"><br />
<th align="center"></th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiceless<br />fricative</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiced<br />fricative</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiceless<br />stop</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiced<br />stop</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiceless<br />affricate</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiced<br />affricate</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Nasal<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Lateral<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Tap / flap<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Trill<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Approximant<br />(voiced)</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Bilabial</th><br />
<td align="center">fw</td><br />
<td align="center">bw</td><br />
<td align="center">p</td><br />
<td align="center">b</td><br />
<td align="center">pfw</td><br />
<td align="center">bfw</td><br />
<td align="center">mw</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rw</td><br />
<td align="center">w</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Labiodental</th><br />
<td align="center">f</td><br />
<td align="center">fv</td><br />
<td align="center">pv</td><br />
<td align="center">bv</td><br />
<td align="center">pf</td><br />
<td align="center">bf</td><br />
<td align="center">m</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">xv</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">v</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Dental</th><br />
<td align="center">sz</td><br />
<td align="center">z</td><br />
<td align="center">td</td><br />
<td align="center">d</td><br />
<td align="center">cz</td><br />
<td align="center">jz</td><br />
<td align="center">nz</td><br />
<td align="center">lz</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rz</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Apicoalveolar</th><br />
<td align="center">s</td><br />
<td align="center">zs</td><br />
<td align="center">t</td><br />
<td align="center">dt</td><br />
<td align="center">cs</td><br />
<td align="center">js</td><br />
<td align="center">nr</td><br />
<td align="center">lr</td><br />
<td align="center">xr xlr</td><br />
<td align="center">rr</td><br />
<td align="center">r</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Laminoalveolar</th><br />
<td align="center">sc</td><br />
<td align="center">zc</td><br />
<td align="center">tc</td><br />
<td align="center">dc</td><br />
<td align="center">c</td><br />
<td align="center">jc</td><br />
<td align="center">n</td><br />
<td align="center">l</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rl</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Palatoalveolar</th><br />
<td align="center">sj</td><br />
<td align="center">zj</td><br />
<td align="center">tj</td><br />
<td align="center">dj</td><br />
<td align="center">cj</td><br />
<td align="center">j</td><br />
<td align="center">nj</td><br />
<td align="center">lj</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rj</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Alveopalatal</th><br />
<td align="center">sy</td><br />
<td align="center">zy</td><br />
<td align="center">ty</td><br />
<td align="center">dy</td><br />
<td align="center">cy</td><br />
<td align="center">jy</td><br />
<td align="center">ny</td><br />
<td align="center">ly</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">ry</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Retroflex</th><br />
<td align="center">sx</td><br />
<td align="center">zx</td><br />
<td align="center">tx</td><br />
<td align="center">dx</td><br />
<td align="center">cx</td><br />
<td align="center">jx</td><br />
<td align="center">nx</td><br />
<td align="center">lx</td><br />
<td align="center">x xl</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rx</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Palatal</th><br />
<td align="center">hy</td><br />
<td align="center">qy</td><br />
<td align="center">ky</td><br />
<td align="center">gy</td><br />
<td align="center">khy</td><br />
<td align="center">gqy</td><br />
<td align="center">ngy</td><br />
<td align="center">lgy</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">y</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Velar</th><br />
<td align="center">hk</td><br />
<td align="center">qg</td><br />
<td align="center">k</td><br />
<td align="center">g</td><br />
<td align="center">khk</td><br />
<td align="center">gqg</td><br />
<td align="center">ng</td><br />
<td align="center">lg</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">yg</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Uvular</th><br />
<td align="center">hq</td><br />
<td align="center">q</td><br />
<td align="center">kq</td><br />
<td align="center">gq</td><br />
<td align="center">khq</td><br />
<td align="center">gqq</td><br />
<td align="center">nq</td><br />
<td align="center">lq</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rq</td><br />
<td align="center">yq</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Pharyngeal</th><br />
<td align="center">hh</td><br />
<td align="center">yh</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Glottal</th><br />
<td align="center">h</td><br />
<td align="center">qh</td><br />
<td align="center">kh</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
<br />
It's a lot trickier to do a similar scheme with only five vowel letters ''a, e, i, o, u'' (since I already had to use ''y, w'' as consonants...). However, the five single vowels + all possible combinations of two of them gives 5<sup>2</sup> = 25 different vowel graphies, which should be enough qualitative distinctions for most languages. So I had a go at distributing those graphies over the vowel space, pretending that the holes in the IPA official vowel chart are really justified, and trying to give the digraphs sensible 'intermediate' values between the single-letter vowels. It's not entirely consistent: I let ''e'' and ''ea'' swap places so that [ə] would get a single-letter graphy, then based the values of ''eu'' and ''ae'' on the [ə] value for ''e''...<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr class="header"><br />
<th align="left"></th><br />
<th align="left">Front<br />unrounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Front<br />rounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Central<br />unrounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Central<br />rounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Back<br />unrounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Back<br />rounded</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">High</th><br />
<td align="center">i</td><br />
<td align="center">ui</td><br />
<td align="center">ia</td><br />
<td align="center">ua</td><br />
<td align="center">iu</td><br />
<td align="center">u</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Lower high</th><br />
<td align="center">ie</td><br />
<td align="center">ue</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">uo</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">High mid</th><br />
<td align="center">ei</td><br />
<td align="center">oi</td><br />
<td align="center">e</td><br />
<td align="center">eu</td><br />
<td align="center">io</td><br />
<td align="center">ou</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Low mid</th><br />
<td align="center">ea</td><br />
<td align="center">oe</td><br />
<td align="center">ae</td><br />
<td align="center">oa</td><br />
<td align="center">eo</td><br />
<td align="center">o</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Low</th><br />
<td align="center">ai [æ]</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">a [a]</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">ao</td><br />
<td align="center">au</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
One will probably have to tweak values to fit specific languages, but that shauld be OK as long as one picks the nearest suitable graphy.<br />
<br />
That may of course be done to cut down on digraphs with consonants also!<br />
<br />
== Disabiguating ==<br />
<br />
Clearly this scheme needs some means to disambiguate e.g. [lz] from [l̪]. There is a really simple solution: wherever two adjacent letters which could be a digraph belong to different graphies you put a period between them: ''lz'' is [l̪], but [lz] is ''l.z''; ''kh'' is /ʔ/, but [kʰ] is ''k.h''. This works because the punctuation character ''.'' (the period/full stop) is usually followed by whitespace, another punctuation character or the end-of-text; a period between two letters is then a pretty safe digraph-breaker! Moreover you can, when you are not ''really'' restricted to ASCII, use the mid dot (''·'' U+00B7 or decimal 183, thus in Latin-1 and usable even on Yahoo groups...) instead of the low period, as Catalan does to distinguish ''ll'' [ʎ] from ''l·l'' [ll].<br />
<br />
== Secondary articulations ==<br />
<br />
This also comes in handy to provide a means of symbolizing secondary articulations: you can e.g. use ''an'' for [ã] but ''a.n'' (or ''a·n'') for [an]. <br />
<br />
Similarly lateral fricatives may be written by putting an ''l'' after the graphy for a fricative: ''sl'' [ɬ], ˈˈs.l/s·lˈˈ [sl], ''zsl'' [ɮ], ''zs.l/zs·l'' [zl].<br />
<br />
=== Syllabification, diphthongs and hiatus — and quotes ===<br />
<br />
Unfortunately you also need to distinguish not only diphthongs from vowel digraphs, but also diphthongs from vowels in hiatus. A reasonable solution is to use an apostrophe for hiatus: ''hi'atus'' is the Latin pronunciation of &quot;hiatus&quot;, ''hi.atus'' (or ''hi·atus'') is [hi͡atus] with a diphthong, and ''hiatus'' is [hɨtus]!<br />
<br />
This can come in handy with consonants too: ''sy'' is [ɕ], ''s.y'' (or ''s·y'') is [sʲ] and ''s'y'' is [sj] — if one really needs to distinguish all three.<br />
<br />
A good thing I refrained from using the apostrophe as a letter! ;-)<br />
<br />
==== Syllabification and stress ====<br />
<br />
<!-- Maybe it's better to define apostrophe after a vowel as a stress mark? --><br />
I'm inclined to believe that the difference, if any, between a hiatus and a diphthong always has to do with the relation between prosody and syllabification of a particular language. If there really is a need to distinguish hiatus and stress you can use ''`'' (backtick/grave) after the vowel or syllable ''ka`k, kak` '', replaced with letters with grave or acute accents ''à, á'' when available, for stress, increasing the number of backticks increased for levels of stress.<br />
<br />
=====Abusing Accents=====<br />
<br />
Alternatively you can use my scheme for indicating length and stress with acute and grave accent marks. It employs the three most common [[Wikipedia:Diacritic|accent marks]], the [[Wikipedia:acute accent|acute]] (&nbsp;{{Big|ˊ}}&nbsp;), the [[Wikipedia:Grave accent|grave]] (&nbsp;{{Big|ˋ}}&nbsp;) and the [[Wikipedia:circumflex|circumflex]] (&nbsp;{{Big|ˆ}}&nbsp;) according to the following pattern (exemplified on the letter '''a'''):<br />
<br />
{{Bordertable|#fff}}<br />
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 align=center valign=middle |<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" rowspan=1 colspan=2 | Length<br />
|-<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | Short<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | Long<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Stress<br />
| Unstressed<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | {{Big|a}}<br />
| align="center" valign="middle" width="100px" | {{Big|á}}<br />
|-<br />
| Stressed<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | {{Big|à}}<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | {{Big|â}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
The impetus for the system comes from the fact that the circumflex graphically looks like a combination of the acute and the grave:<br />
<br />
{|align="center" width="300px"<br />
|align="center"| {{Big|/}}<br />
|align="center"| +<br />
|align="center"| {{Big|\}}<br />
|align="center"| <nowiki>=</nowiki><br />
|align="center"| {{Big|/\}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
When really restricted to ASCII you can use the ASCII apostrophe, backtick and circumflex after the vowel. You may then use a colon '':'' as hiatus mark and a double colon ''::'' for an actual colon.<br />
<br />
====Tone and pitch====<br />
<br />
For tone I recommend using [[WP:Tone_numbers|Tone_numbers]], either arbitrary language specific ones or [[WP:Tone Letters|Yuen Ren Chao]]-style ones where numbers ''1—5'' indicate relative pitch levels, contours are indicated with juxtaposed digits, and lack of tone is indicated with ''0''. The numbers should be written after the syllable or word with no intervening space or punctuation, superscript or subscript (to distinguish from footnote markers). If you feel the need to distinguish actual numbers use the hiatus marker before the latter.<br />
<br />
====Apostrophes and quotes====<br />
<br />
Actual apostrophes may be preceded with a dot or doubled. You may want to use single and double double quotes ''"'' to indicate two levels of quotes.<br />
<br />
== Length indication ==<br />
<br />
This is simple: just double the ''first'' letter of the digraph: ''seei'' is &quot;se&quot; [seː], the Swedish word for 'see', ''akkya'' is [acca], and ''addta'' is [ad̺d̺a].<br />
<br />
== Voiceless sonorants ==<br />
<br />
Voiceless sonorants are written by putting an ''h'' before the graphy for the voiced counterpart: ''hw, hv, hl, hr, hn, hng'' etc.<br />
<br />
It's probably a good idea to use ''hl, hlz'' etc. for voiceless lateral ''fricatives'', as<br />
voiceless lateral approximants probably never are phonemic in the wild.<br />
<br />
Also I decided to use ''hy'' rather than ''hky'' for [ç], as a distinction between voiceless palatal fricative and voiceless palatal approximant probably doesn't occur in the wild. The trigraph fricative spelling is of course there if you really need it.<br />
<br />
== Assume homorganicness ==<br />
<br />
Nasals and maybe also laterals may probably be assumed to be homorganic with a following obstruent unless otherwise indicated. Thus ''nt, n.j, nty, n.g'' etc. may safely be used instead of ''nrt, njj, nyty, ngg'' etc. (although your preferences may vary as to which of ''njj/n.j''_ and ''ngg/n.g'' is better!) To mark a nasal as explicitly laminoalveolar one can use ''nl''. Since the difference between [nˡ] and [lⁿ] is probably philosophical, ''ln'' can be used for a nasal lateral/lateral nasal alike.<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
That's all for now... --[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 11:18, 23 September 2011 (PDT)</div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=MMAADD&diff=147200
MMAADD
2022-03-10T07:55:16Z
<p>Melroch: Redirected page to The Monstrous Magyaroid All-ASCII Digraph Device</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[The Monstrous Magyaroid All-ASCII Digraph Device]]</div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=The_Monstrous_Magyaroid_All-ASCII_Digraph_Device&diff=107840
The Monstrous Magyaroid All-ASCII Digraph Device
2017-08-05T12:32:53Z
<p>Melroch: /* Diphthongs and hiatus */ Added alternatives, tone and quotes</p>
<hr />
<div>== The oh so smart Hungarian digraphs ==<br />
<br />
I'm a great fan of the Hungarian digraphs where the first letter indicates manner of articulation and the second place of articulation, and have been known to play with such schemes, (or the reverse, POA+MOA):<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr class="header"><br />
<th align="left">Graphy</th><br />
<th align="left">Manner</th><br />
<th align="left">Place</th><br />
<th align="left">IPA</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<td align="left">z</td><br />
<td align="left">voiced sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">alveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[z]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<td align="left">s</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">postalveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[ʃ]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<td align="left">sz</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">alveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[s]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<td align="left">zs</td><br />
<td align="left">voiced sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">postalveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[ʒ]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<td align="left">c(z)</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless affricate</td><br />
<td align="left">alveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[ts]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<td align="left">cs</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless affricate</td><br />
<td align="left">postalveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[tʃ]</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
The ''z'' in ''cz'' has been dropped in modern Hungarian orthography, so that the voiceless alveolar affricate is now ''c''.<br />
<br />
This is all the more amazing as it did '''not''', probably, originate with someone with an unusual phonological acumen for the middle ages getting a great idea, but by sheer accident: it just so happened that Old High German, the language of those the Hungarians learned the Latin alphabet from, differentiated between an apical voiceless alveolar sibilant /s̺/, spelled ''s'' and a laminal voiceless alveolar sibilant /s̻/ spelled ''zz''. Old High German did not yet have any [ʃ] sound, but of the two OHG sounds the apical sibilant ''s'' was perceived as being most similar to Hungarian /ʃ/ — probably because [ʃ] is usually apical —, and the laminal sibilant ''zz'' was perceived as being more similar to Hungarian /s/ — probably because the latter was laminal. Thus ''s'' became the preferred spelling for Hungarian /ʃ/ and /ʒ/, and ''z'' became the preferred spelling for Hungarian /s/ and /z/. Voiced and voiceless sibilants weren't distinguished, probably because OHG didn't have any voiced sibilants. (Incidentally the Hungarians downgraded the written representation of their language, since they already had [[WP:Old Hungarian script|a phonologically adequate writing system]], which however was not regarded as proper for writing Christian texts on parchment.) By the time Hungarian writers felt a need to differentiate voiced and voiceless sibilants in a consistent matter they chose to use ''sz'' for /s/, probably again because of German influence: in the meantime ''sz'' (or rather ''ſz'', usually written as a ligature) had become the preferred spelling for the sound written ''zz'' in OHG. So ''z'' remained the spelling for /z/ by default. The 'choice' of ''s'' for /ʃ/ was probably simply because that was the usual value of that letter, since /ʃ/ is by far the most frequent of the Hungarian sibilants, while /ʒ/ is the least frequent. The choice of the spelling ''zs'' for /ʒ/ was thus probably by default: they already had the spellings ''sz, z, s'' assigned to three of the sibilants for the reasons stated, and so there was probably not a lot of reasoning behind the choice of ''zs'' for the fourth sibilant, just analogy and parsimoniousness.<br />
<br />
== Taking it as far as you can ==<br />
<br />
One obvious 'defect' of Hungarian spelling is that voiced affricates are written just as ''dz, dzs''. So my first obvious 'improvement' was to assign ''x'' to [dʒ] and ''xz'' to [dz], or the reverse ''x'' = [dz], ''xs'' = [dʒ]!<br />
<br />
But I got more ambitious than that:<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr class="header"><br />
<th align="center"></th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiceless<br />fricative</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiced<br />fricative</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiceless<br />stop</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiced<br />stop</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiceless<br />affricate</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiced<br />affricate</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Nasal<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Lateral<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Tap / flap<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Trill<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Approximant<br />(voiced)</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Bilabial</th><br />
<td align="center">fw</td><br />
<td align="center">bw</td><br />
<td align="center">p</td><br />
<td align="center">b</td><br />
<td align="center">pfw</td><br />
<td align="center">bfw</td><br />
<td align="center">mw</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rw</td><br />
<td align="center">w</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Labiodental</th><br />
<td align="center">f</td><br />
<td align="center">fv</td><br />
<td align="center">pv</td><br />
<td align="center">bv</td><br />
<td align="center">pf</td><br />
<td align="center">bf</td><br />
<td align="center">m</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">xv</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">v</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Dental</th><br />
<td align="center">sz</td><br />
<td align="center">z</td><br />
<td align="center">td</td><br />
<td align="center">d</td><br />
<td align="center">cz</td><br />
<td align="center">jz</td><br />
<td align="center">nz</td><br />
<td align="center">lz</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rz</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Apicoalveolar</th><br />
<td align="center">s</td><br />
<td align="center">zs</td><br />
<td align="center">t</td><br />
<td align="center">dt</td><br />
<td align="center">cs</td><br />
<td align="center">js</td><br />
<td align="center">nr</td><br />
<td align="center">lr</td><br />
<td align="center">xr xlr</td><br />
<td align="center">rr</td><br />
<td align="center">r</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Laminoalveolar</th><br />
<td align="center">sc</td><br />
<td align="center">zc</td><br />
<td align="center">tc</td><br />
<td align="center">dc</td><br />
<td align="center">c</td><br />
<td align="center">jc</td><br />
<td align="center">n</td><br />
<td align="center">l</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rl</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Palatoalveolar</th><br />
<td align="center">sj</td><br />
<td align="center">zj</td><br />
<td align="center">tj</td><br />
<td align="center">dj</td><br />
<td align="center">cj</td><br />
<td align="center">j</td><br />
<td align="center">nj</td><br />
<td align="center">lj</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rj</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Alveopalatal</th><br />
<td align="center">sy</td><br />
<td align="center">zy</td><br />
<td align="center">ty</td><br />
<td align="center">dy</td><br />
<td align="center">cy</td><br />
<td align="center">jy</td><br />
<td align="center">ny</td><br />
<td align="center">ly</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">ry</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Retroflex</th><br />
<td align="center">sx</td><br />
<td align="center">zx</td><br />
<td align="center">tx</td><br />
<td align="center">dx</td><br />
<td align="center">cx</td><br />
<td align="center">jx</td><br />
<td align="center">nx</td><br />
<td align="center">lx</td><br />
<td align="center">x xl</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rx</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Palatal</th><br />
<td align="center">hy</td><br />
<td align="center">qy</td><br />
<td align="center">ky</td><br />
<td align="center">gy</td><br />
<td align="center">khy</td><br />
<td align="center">gqy</td><br />
<td align="center">ngy</td><br />
<td align="center">lgy</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">y</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Velar</th><br />
<td align="center">hk</td><br />
<td align="center">qg</td><br />
<td align="center">k</td><br />
<td align="center">g</td><br />
<td align="center">khk</td><br />
<td align="center">gqg</td><br />
<td align="center">ng</td><br />
<td align="center">lg</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">yg</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Uvular</th><br />
<td align="center">hq</td><br />
<td align="center">q</td><br />
<td align="center">kq</td><br />
<td align="center">gq</td><br />
<td align="center">khq</td><br />
<td align="center">gqq</td><br />
<td align="center">nq</td><br />
<td align="center">lq</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rq</td><br />
<td align="center">yq</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Pharyngeal</th><br />
<td align="center">hh</td><br />
<td align="center">yh</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Glottal</th><br />
<td align="center">h</td><br />
<td align="center">qh</td><br />
<td align="center">kh</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
<br />
It's a lot trickier to do a similar scheme with only five vowel letters ''a, e, i, o, u'' (since I already had to use ''y, w'' as consonants...). However, the five single vowels + all possible combinations of two of them gives 5<sup>2</sup> = 25 different vowel graphies, which should be enough qualitative distinctions for most languages. So I had a go at distributing those graphies over the vowel space, pretending that the holes in the IPA official vowel chart are really justified, and trying to give the digraphs sensible 'intermediate' values between the single-letter vowels. It's not entirely consistent: I let ''e'' and ''ea'' swap places so that [ə] would get a single-letter graphy, then based the values of ''eu'' and ''ae'' on the [ə] value for ''e''...<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr class="header"><br />
<th align="left"></th><br />
<th align="left">Front<br />unrounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Front<br />rounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Central<br />unrounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Central<br />rounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Back<br />unrounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Back<br />rounded</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">High</th><br />
<td align="center">i</td><br />
<td align="center">ui</td><br />
<td align="center">ia</td><br />
<td align="center">ua</td><br />
<td align="center">iu</td><br />
<td align="center">u</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Lower high</th><br />
<td align="center">ie</td><br />
<td align="center">ue</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">uo</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">High mid</th><br />
<td align="center">ei</td><br />
<td align="center">oi</td><br />
<td align="center">e</td><br />
<td align="center">eu</td><br />
<td align="center">io</td><br />
<td align="center">ou</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Low mid</th><br />
<td align="center">ea</td><br />
<td align="center">oe</td><br />
<td align="center">ae</td><br />
<td align="center">oa</td><br />
<td align="center">eo</td><br />
<td align="center">o</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Low</th><br />
<td align="center">ai [æ]</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">a [a]</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">ao</td><br />
<td align="center">au</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
One will probably have to tweak values to fit specific languages, but that shauld be OK as long as one picks the nearest suitable graphy.<br />
<br />
That may of course be done to cut down on digraphs with consonants also!<br />
<br />
== Disabiguating ==<br />
<br />
Clearly this scheme needs some means to disambiguate e.g. [lz] from [l̪]. There is a really simple solution: wherever two adjacent letters which could be a digraph belong to different graphies you put a period between them: ''lz'' is [l̪], but [lz] is ''l.z''; ''kh'' is /ʔ/, but [kʰ] is ''k.h''. This works because the punctuation character ''.'' (the period/full stop) is usually followed by whitespace, another punctuation character or the end-of-text; a period between two letters is then a pretty safe digraph-breaker! Moreover you can, when you are not ''really'' restricted to ASCII, use the mid dot (''·'' U+00B7 or decimal 183, thus in Latin-1 and usable even on Yahoo groups...) instead of the low period, as Catalan does to distinguish ''ll'' [ʎ] from ''l·l'' [ll].<br />
<br />
== Secondary articulations ==<br />
<br />
This also comes in handy to provide a means of symbolizing secondary articulations: you can e.g. use ''an'' for [ã] but ''a.n'' (or ''a·n'') for [an]. <br />
<br />
Similarly lateral fricatives may be written by putting an ''l'' after the graphy for a fricative: ''sl'' [ɬ], ˈˈs.l/s·lˈˈ [sl], ''zsl'' [ɮ], ''zs.l/zs·l'' [zl].<br />
<br />
=== Syllabification, diphthongs and hiatus — and quotes ===<br />
<br />
Unfortunately you also need to distinguish not only diphthongs from vowel digraphs, but also diphthongs from vowels in hiatus. A reasonable solution is to use an apostrophe for hiatus: ''hi'atus'' is the Latin pronunciation of &quot;hiatus&quot;, ''hi.atus'' (or ''hi·atus'') is [hi͡atus] with a diphthong, and ''hiatus'' is [hɨtus]!<br />
<br />
This can come in handy with consonants too: ''sy'' is [ɕ], ''s.y'' (or ''s·y'') is [sʲ] and ''s'y'' is [sj] — if one really needs to distinguish all three.<br />
<br />
A good thing I refrained from using the apostrophe as a letter! ;-)<br />
<br />
==== Syllabification and stress ====<br />
<br />
<!-- Maybe it's better to define apostrophe after a vowel as a stress mark? --><br />
I'm inclined to believe that the difference, if any, between a hiatus and a diphthong always has to do with the relation between prosody and syllabification of a particular language. If there really is a need to distinguish hiatus and stress you can use ''`'' (backtick/grave) after the vowel or syllable ''ka`k, kak` '', replaced with letters with grave or acute accents ''à, á'' when available, for stress, increasing the number of backticks increased for levels of stress.<br />
<br />
=====Abusing Accents=====<br />
<br />
Alternatively you can use my scheme for indicating length and stress with acute and grave accent marks. It employs the three most common [[Wikipedia:Diacritic|accent marks]], the [[Wikipedia:acute accent|acute]] (&nbsp;{{Big|ˊ}}&nbsp;), the [[Wikipedia:Grave accent|grave]] (&nbsp;{{Big|ˋ}}&nbsp;) and the [[Wikipedia:circumflex|circumflex]] (&nbsp;{{Big|ˆ}}&nbsp;) according to the following pattern (exemplified on the letter '''a'''):<br />
<br />
{{Bordertable|#fff}}<br />
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 align=center valign=middle |<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" rowspan=1 colspan=2 | Length<br />
|-<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | Short<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | Long<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Stress<br />
| Unstressed<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | {{Big|a}}<br />
| align="center" valign="middle" width="100px" | {{Big|á}}<br />
|-<br />
| Stressed<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | {{Big|à}}<br />
| valign="middle" align="center" width="100px" | {{Big|â}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
The impetus for the system comes from the fact that the circumflex graphically looks like a combination of the acute and the grave:<br />
<br />
{|align="center" width="300px"<br />
|align="center"| {{Big|/}}<br />
|align="center"| +<br />
|align="center"| {{Big|\}}<br />
|align="center"| <nowiki>=</nowiki><br />
|align="center"| {{Big|/\}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
When really restricted to ASCII you can use the ASCII apostrophe, backtick and circumflex after the vowel. You may then use a colon '':'' as hiatus mark and a double colon ''::'' for an actual colon.<br />
<br />
====Tone and pitch====<br />
<br />
For tone I recommend using [[WP:Tone_numbers|Tone_numbers]], either arbitrary language specific ones or [[WP:Tone Letters|Yuen Ren Chao]]-style ones where numbers ''1—5'' indicate relative pitch levels, contours are indicated with juxtaposed digits, and lack of tone is indicated with ''0''. The numbers should be written after the syllable or word with no intervening space or punctuation, superscript or subscript (to distinguish from footnote markers). If you feel the need to distinguish actual numbers use the hiatus marker before the latter.<br />
<br />
====Apostrophes and quotes====<br />
<br />
Actual apostrophes may be preceded with a dot or doubled. You may want to use single and double double quotes ''"'' to indicate two levels of quotes.<br />
<br />
== Length indication ==<br />
<br />
This is simple: just double the ''first'' letter of the digraph: ''seei'' is &quot;se&quot; [seː], the Swedish word for 'see', ''akkya'' is [acca], and ''addta'' is [ad̺d̺a].<br />
<br />
== Voiceless sonorants ==<br />
<br />
Voiceless sonorants are written by putting an ''h'' before the graphy for the voiced counterpart: ''hw, hv, hl, hr, hn, hng'' etc.<br />
<br />
It's probably a good idea to use ''hl, hlz'' etc. for voiceless lateral ''fricatives'', as<br />
voiceless lateral approximants probably never are phonemic in the wild.<br />
<br />
Also I decided to use ''hy'' rather than ''hky'' for [ç], as a distinction between voiceless palatal fricative and voiceless palatal approximant probably doesn't occur in the wild. The trigraph fricative spelling is of course there if you really need it.<br />
<br />
== Assume homorganicness ==<br />
<br />
Nasals and maybe also laterals may probably be assumed to be homorganic with a following obstruent unless otherwise indicated. Thus ''nt, n.j, nty, n.g'' etc. may safely be used instead of ''nrt, njj, nyty, ngg'' etc. (although your preferences may vary as to which of ''njj/n.j''_ and ''ngg/n.g'' is better!) To mark a nasal as explicitly laminoalveolar one can use ''nl''. Since the difference between [nˡ] and [lⁿ] is probably philosophical, ''ln'' can be used for a nasal lateral/lateral nasal alike.<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
That's all for now... --[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 11:18, 23 September 2011 (PDT)</div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=The_Monstrous_Magyaroid_All-ASCII_Digraph_Device&diff=107839
The Monstrous Magyaroid All-ASCII Digraph Device
2017-08-05T10:45:01Z
<p>Melroch: /* Voiceless sonorants */ Clarification</p>
<hr />
<div>== The oh so smart Hungarian digraphs ==<br />
<br />
I'm a great fan of the Hungarian digraphs where the first letter indicates manner of articulation and the second place of articulation, and have been known to play with such schemes, (or the reverse, POA+MOA):<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr class="header"><br />
<th align="left">Graphy</th><br />
<th align="left">Manner</th><br />
<th align="left">Place</th><br />
<th align="left">IPA</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<td align="left">z</td><br />
<td align="left">voiced sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">alveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[z]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<td align="left">s</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">postalveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[ʃ]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<td align="left">sz</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">alveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[s]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<td align="left">zs</td><br />
<td align="left">voiced sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">postalveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[ʒ]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<td align="left">c(z)</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless affricate</td><br />
<td align="left">alveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[ts]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<td align="left">cs</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless affricate</td><br />
<td align="left">postalveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[tʃ]</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
The ''z'' in ''cz'' has been dropped in modern Hungarian orthography, so that the voiceless alveolar affricate is now ''c''.<br />
<br />
This is all the more amazing as it did '''not''', probably, originate with someone with an unusual phonological acumen for the middle ages getting a great idea, but by sheer accident: it just so happened that Old High German, the language of those the Hungarians learned the Latin alphabet from, differentiated between an apical voiceless alveolar sibilant /s̺/, spelled ''s'' and a laminal voiceless alveolar sibilant /s̻/ spelled ''zz''. Old High German did not yet have any [ʃ] sound, but of the two OHG sounds the apical sibilant ''s'' was perceived as being most similar to Hungarian /ʃ/ — probably because [ʃ] is usually apical —, and the laminal sibilant ''zz'' was perceived as being more similar to Hungarian /s/ — probably because the latter was laminal. Thus ''s'' became the preferred spelling for Hungarian /ʃ/ and /ʒ/, and ''z'' became the preferred spelling for Hungarian /s/ and /z/. Voiced and voiceless sibilants weren't distinguished, probably because OHG didn't have any voiced sibilants. (Incidentally the Hungarians downgraded the written representation of their language, since they already had [[WP:Old Hungarian script|a phonologically adequate writing system]], which however was not regarded as proper for writing Christian texts on parchment.) By the time Hungarian writers felt a need to differentiate voiced and voiceless sibilants in a consistent matter they chose to use ''sz'' for /s/, probably again because of German influence: in the meantime ''sz'' (or rather ''ſz'', usually written as a ligature) had become the preferred spelling for the sound written ''zz'' in OHG. So ''z'' remained the spelling for /z/ by default. The 'choice' of ''s'' for /ʃ/ was probably simply because that was the usual value of that letter, since /ʃ/ is by far the most frequent of the Hungarian sibilants, while /ʒ/ is the least frequent. The choice of the spelling ''zs'' for /ʒ/ was thus probably by default: they already had the spellings ''sz, z, s'' assigned to three of the sibilants for the reasons stated, and so there was probably not a lot of reasoning behind the choice of ''zs'' for the fourth sibilant, just analogy and parsimoniousness.<br />
<br />
== Taking it as far as you can ==<br />
<br />
One obvious 'defect' of Hungarian spelling is that voiced affricates are written just as ''dz, dzs''. So my first obvious 'improvement' was to assign ''x'' to [dʒ] and ''xz'' to [dz], or the reverse ''x'' = [dz], ''xs'' = [dʒ]!<br />
<br />
But I got more ambitious than that:<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr class="header"><br />
<th align="center"></th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiceless<br />fricative</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiced<br />fricative</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiceless<br />stop</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiced<br />stop</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiceless<br />affricate</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiced<br />affricate</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Nasal<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Lateral<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Tap / flap<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Trill<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Approximant<br />(voiced)</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Bilabial</th><br />
<td align="center">fw</td><br />
<td align="center">bw</td><br />
<td align="center">p</td><br />
<td align="center">b</td><br />
<td align="center">pfw</td><br />
<td align="center">bfw</td><br />
<td align="center">mw</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rw</td><br />
<td align="center">w</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Labiodental</th><br />
<td align="center">f</td><br />
<td align="center">fv</td><br />
<td align="center">pv</td><br />
<td align="center">bv</td><br />
<td align="center">pf</td><br />
<td align="center">bf</td><br />
<td align="center">m</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">xv</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">v</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Dental</th><br />
<td align="center">sz</td><br />
<td align="center">z</td><br />
<td align="center">td</td><br />
<td align="center">d</td><br />
<td align="center">cz</td><br />
<td align="center">jz</td><br />
<td align="center">nz</td><br />
<td align="center">lz</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rz</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Apicoalveolar</th><br />
<td align="center">s</td><br />
<td align="center">zs</td><br />
<td align="center">t</td><br />
<td align="center">dt</td><br />
<td align="center">cs</td><br />
<td align="center">js</td><br />
<td align="center">nr</td><br />
<td align="center">lr</td><br />
<td align="center">xr xlr</td><br />
<td align="center">rr</td><br />
<td align="center">r</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Laminoalveolar</th><br />
<td align="center">sc</td><br />
<td align="center">zc</td><br />
<td align="center">tc</td><br />
<td align="center">dc</td><br />
<td align="center">c</td><br />
<td align="center">jc</td><br />
<td align="center">n</td><br />
<td align="center">l</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rl</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Palatoalveolar</th><br />
<td align="center">sj</td><br />
<td align="center">zj</td><br />
<td align="center">tj</td><br />
<td align="center">dj</td><br />
<td align="center">cj</td><br />
<td align="center">j</td><br />
<td align="center">nj</td><br />
<td align="center">lj</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rj</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Alveopalatal</th><br />
<td align="center">sy</td><br />
<td align="center">zy</td><br />
<td align="center">ty</td><br />
<td align="center">dy</td><br />
<td align="center">cy</td><br />
<td align="center">jy</td><br />
<td align="center">ny</td><br />
<td align="center">ly</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">ry</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Retroflex</th><br />
<td align="center">sx</td><br />
<td align="center">zx</td><br />
<td align="center">tx</td><br />
<td align="center">dx</td><br />
<td align="center">cx</td><br />
<td align="center">jx</td><br />
<td align="center">nx</td><br />
<td align="center">lx</td><br />
<td align="center">x xl</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rx</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Palatal</th><br />
<td align="center">hy</td><br />
<td align="center">qy</td><br />
<td align="center">ky</td><br />
<td align="center">gy</td><br />
<td align="center">khy</td><br />
<td align="center">gqy</td><br />
<td align="center">ngy</td><br />
<td align="center">lgy</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">y</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Velar</th><br />
<td align="center">hk</td><br />
<td align="center">qg</td><br />
<td align="center">k</td><br />
<td align="center">g</td><br />
<td align="center">khk</td><br />
<td align="center">gqg</td><br />
<td align="center">ng</td><br />
<td align="center">lg</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">yg</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Uvular</th><br />
<td align="center">hq</td><br />
<td align="center">q</td><br />
<td align="center">kq</td><br />
<td align="center">gq</td><br />
<td align="center">khq</td><br />
<td align="center">gqq</td><br />
<td align="center">nq</td><br />
<td align="center">lq</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rq</td><br />
<td align="center">yq</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Pharyngeal</th><br />
<td align="center">hh</td><br />
<td align="center">yh</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Glottal</th><br />
<td align="center">h</td><br />
<td align="center">qh</td><br />
<td align="center">kh</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
<br />
It's a lot trickier to do a similar scheme with only five vowel letters ''a, e, i, o, u'' (since I already had to use ''y, w'' as consonants...). However, the five single vowels + all possible combinations of two of them gives 5<sup>2</sup> = 25 different vowel graphies, which should be enough qualitative distinctions for most languages. So I had a go at distributing those graphies over the vowel space, pretending that the holes in the IPA official vowel chart are really justified, and trying to give the digraphs sensible 'intermediate' values between the single-letter vowels. It's not entirely consistent: I let ''e'' and ''ea'' swap places so that [ə] would get a single-letter graphy, then based the values of ''eu'' and ''ae'' on the [ə] value for ''e''...<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr class="header"><br />
<th align="left"></th><br />
<th align="left">Front<br />unrounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Front<br />rounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Central<br />unrounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Central<br />rounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Back<br />unrounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Back<br />rounded</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">High</th><br />
<td align="center">i</td><br />
<td align="center">ui</td><br />
<td align="center">ia</td><br />
<td align="center">ua</td><br />
<td align="center">iu</td><br />
<td align="center">u</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Lower high</th><br />
<td align="center">ie</td><br />
<td align="center">ue</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">uo</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">High mid</th><br />
<td align="center">ei</td><br />
<td align="center">oi</td><br />
<td align="center">e</td><br />
<td align="center">eu</td><br />
<td align="center">io</td><br />
<td align="center">ou</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Low mid</th><br />
<td align="center">ea</td><br />
<td align="center">oe</td><br />
<td align="center">ae</td><br />
<td align="center">oa</td><br />
<td align="center">eo</td><br />
<td align="center">o</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Low</th><br />
<td align="center">ai [æ]</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">a [a]</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">ao</td><br />
<td align="center">au</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
One will probably have to tweak values to fit specific languages, but that shauld be OK as long as one picks the nearest suitable graphy.<br />
<br />
That may of course be done to cut down on digraphs with consonants also!<br />
<br />
== Disabiguating ==<br />
<br />
Clearly this scheme needs some means to disambiguate e.g. [lz] from [l̪]. There is a really simple solution: wherever two adjacent letters which could be a digraph belong to different graphies you put a period between them: ''lz'' is [l̪], but [lz] is ''l.z''; ''kh'' is /ʔ/, but [kʰ] is ''k.h''. This works because the punctuation character ''.'' (the period/full stop) is usually followed by whitespace, another punctuation character or the end-of-text; a period between two letters is then a pretty safe digraph-breaker! Moreover you can, when you are not ''really'' restricted to ASCII, use the mid dot (''·'' U+00B7 or decimal 183, thus in Latin-1 and usable even on Yahoo groups...) instead of the low period, as Catalan does to distinguish ''ll'' [ʎ] from ''l·l'' [ll].<br />
<br />
== Secondary articulations ==<br />
<br />
This also comes in handy to provide a means of symbolizing secondary articulations: you can e.g. use ''an'' for [ã] but ''a.n'' (or ''a·n'') for [an]. <br />
<br />
Similarly lateral fricatives may be written by putting an ''l'' after the graphy for a fricative: ''sl'' [ɬ], ˈˈs.l/s·lˈˈ [sl], ''zsl'' [ɮ], ''zs.l/zs·l'' [zl].<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs and hiatus ===<br />
<br />
Unfortunately you also need to distinguish not only diphthongs from vowel digraphs, but also diphthongs from vowels in hiatus. A reasonable solution is to use an apostrophe for hiatus: ''hi'atus'' is the Latin pronunciation of &quot;hiatus&quot;, ''hi.atus'' (or ''hi·atus'') is [hi͡atus] with a diphthong, and ''hiatus'' is [hɨtus]!<br />
<br />
This can come in handy with consonants too: ''sy'' is [ɕ], ''s.y'' (or ''s·y'') is [sʲ] and ''s'y'' is [sj] — if one really needs to distinguish all three.<br />
<br />
A good thing I refrained from using the apostrophe as a letter! ;-)<br />
<br />
;A thought<br />
:Maybe it's better to define apostrophe after a vowel as a stress mark? I'm inclined to believe that the difference, if any, between a hiatus and a diphthong always has to do with the relation between prosody and syllabification of a particular language.<br />
<br />
== Length indication ==<br />
<br />
This is simple: just double the ''first'' letter of the digraph: ''seei'' is &quot;se&quot; [seː], the Swedish word for 'see', ''akkya'' is [acca], and ''addta'' is [ad̺d̺a].<br />
<br />
== Voiceless sonorants ==<br />
<br />
Voiceless sonorants are written by putting an ''h'' before the graphy for the voiced counterpart: ''hw, hv, hl, hr, hn, hng'' etc.<br />
<br />
It's probably a good idea to use ''hl, hlz'' etc. for voiceless lateral ''fricatives'', as<br />
voiceless lateral approximants probably never are phonemic in the wild.<br />
<br />
Also I decided to use ''hy'' rather than ''hky'' for [ç], as a distinction between voiceless palatal fricative and voiceless palatal approximant probably doesn't occur in the wild. The trigraph fricative spelling is of course there if you really need it.<br />
<br />
== Assume homorganicness ==<br />
<br />
Nasals and maybe also laterals may probably be assumed to be homorganic with a following obstruent unless otherwise indicated. Thus ''nt, n.j, nty, n.g'' etc. may safely be used instead of ''nrt, njj, nyty, ngg'' etc. (although your preferences may vary as to which of ''njj/n.j''_ and ''ngg/n.g'' is better!) To mark a nasal as explicitly laminoalveolar one can use ''nl''. Since the difference between [nˡ] and [lⁿ] is probably philosophical, ''ln'' can be used for a nasal lateral/lateral nasal alike.<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
That's all for now... --[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 11:18, 23 September 2011 (PDT)</div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=The_Monstrous_Magyaroid_All-ASCII_Digraph_Device&diff=107837
The Monstrous Magyaroid All-ASCII Digraph Device
2017-08-05T10:20:24Z
<p>Melroch: Melroch moved page The All-ASCII Monstruous Magyaroid Digraph Device to The Monstrous Magyaroid All-ASCII Digraph Device: The proper name for a doubly mad thing (MMAADD)</p>
<hr />
<div>== The oh so smart Hungarian digraphs ==<br />
<br />
I'm a great fan of the Hungarian digraphs where the first letter indicates manner of articulation and the second place of articulation, and have been known to play with such schemes, (or the reverse, POA+MOA):<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr class="header"><br />
<th align="left">Graphy</th><br />
<th align="left">Manner</th><br />
<th align="left">Place</th><br />
<th align="left">IPA</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<td align="left">z</td><br />
<td align="left">voiced sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">alveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[z]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<td align="left">s</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">postalveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[ʃ]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<td align="left">sz</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">alveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[s]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<td align="left">zs</td><br />
<td align="left">voiced sibilant</td><br />
<td align="left">postalveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[ʒ]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<td align="left">c(z)</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless affricate</td><br />
<td align="left">alveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[ts]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<td align="left">cs</td><br />
<td align="left">voiceless affricate</td><br />
<td align="left">postalveolar</td><br />
<td align="left">[tʃ]</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
The ''z'' in ''cz'' has been dropped in modern Hungarian orthography, so that the voiceless alveolar affricate is now ''c''.<br />
<br />
This is all the more amazing as it did '''not''', probably, originate with someone with an unusual phonological acumen for the middle ages getting a great idea, but by sheer accident: it just so happened that Old High German, the language of those the Hungarians learned the Latin alphabet from, differentiated between an apical voiceless alveolar sibilant /s̺/, spelled ''s'' and a laminal voiceless alveolar sibilant /s̻/ spelled ''zz''. Old High German did not yet have any [ʃ] sound, but of the two OHG sounds the apical sibilant ''s'' was perceived as being most similar to Hungarian /ʃ/ — probably because [ʃ] is usually apical —, and the laminal sibilant ''zz'' was perceived as being more similar to Hungarian /s/ — probably because the latter was laminal. Thus ''s'' became the preferred spelling for Hungarian /ʃ/ and /ʒ/, and ''z'' became the preferred spelling for Hungarian /s/ and /z/. Voiced and voiceless sibilants weren't distinguished, probably because OHG didn't have any voiced sibilants. (Incidentally the Hungarians downgraded the written representation of their language, since they already had [[WP:Old Hungarian script|a phonologically adequate writing system]], which however was not regarded as proper for writing Christian texts on parchment.) By the time Hungarian writers felt a need to differentiate voiced and voiceless sibilants in a consistent matter they chose to use ''sz'' for /s/, probably again because of German influence: in the meantime ''sz'' (or rather ''ſz'', usually written as a ligature) had become the preferred spelling for the sound written ''zz'' in OHG. So ''z'' remained the spelling for /z/ by default. The 'choice' of ''s'' for /ʃ/ was probably simply because that was the usual value of that letter, since /ʃ/ is by far the most frequent of the Hungarian sibilants, while /ʒ/ is the least frequent. The choice of the spelling ''zs'' for /ʒ/ was thus probably by default: they already had the spellings ''sz, z, s'' assigned to three of the sibilants for the reasons stated, and so there was probably not a lot of reasoning behind the choice of ''zs'' for the fourth sibilant, just analogy and parsimoniousness.<br />
<br />
== Taking it as far as you can ==<br />
<br />
One obvious 'defect' of Hungarian spelling is that voiced affricates are written just as ''dz, dzs''. So my first obvious 'improvement' was to assign ''x'' to [dʒ] and ''xz'' to [dz], or the reverse ''x'' = [dz], ''xs'' = [dʒ]!<br />
<br />
But I got more ambitious than that:<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr class="header"><br />
<th align="center"></th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiceless<br />fricative</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiced<br />fricative</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiceless<br />stop</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiced<br />stop</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiceless<br />affricate</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Voiced<br />affricate</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Nasal<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Lateral<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Tap / flap<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Trill<br />(voiced)</th><br />
<th valign="top" align="center">Approximant<br />(voiced)</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Bilabial</th><br />
<td align="center">fw</td><br />
<td align="center">bw</td><br />
<td align="center">p</td><br />
<td align="center">b</td><br />
<td align="center">pfw</td><br />
<td align="center">bfw</td><br />
<td align="center">mw</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rw</td><br />
<td align="center">w</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Labiodental</th><br />
<td align="center">f</td><br />
<td align="center">fv</td><br />
<td align="center">pv</td><br />
<td align="center">bv</td><br />
<td align="center">pf</td><br />
<td align="center">bf</td><br />
<td align="center">m</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">xv</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">v</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Dental</th><br />
<td align="center">sz</td><br />
<td align="center">z</td><br />
<td align="center">td</td><br />
<td align="center">d</td><br />
<td align="center">cz</td><br />
<td align="center">jz</td><br />
<td align="center">nz</td><br />
<td align="center">lz</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rz</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Apicoalveolar</th><br />
<td align="center">s</td><br />
<td align="center">zs</td><br />
<td align="center">t</td><br />
<td align="center">dt</td><br />
<td align="center">cs</td><br />
<td align="center">js</td><br />
<td align="center">nr</td><br />
<td align="center">lr</td><br />
<td align="center">xr xlr</td><br />
<td align="center">rr</td><br />
<td align="center">r</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Laminoalveolar</th><br />
<td align="center">sc</td><br />
<td align="center">zc</td><br />
<td align="center">tc</td><br />
<td align="center">dc</td><br />
<td align="center">c</td><br />
<td align="center">jc</td><br />
<td align="center">n</td><br />
<td align="center">l</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rl</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Palatoalveolar</th><br />
<td align="center">sj</td><br />
<td align="center">zj</td><br />
<td align="center">tj</td><br />
<td align="center">dj</td><br />
<td align="center">cj</td><br />
<td align="center">j</td><br />
<td align="center">nj</td><br />
<td align="center">lj</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rj</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Alveopalatal</th><br />
<td align="center">sy</td><br />
<td align="center">zy</td><br />
<td align="center">ty</td><br />
<td align="center">dy</td><br />
<td align="center">cy</td><br />
<td align="center">jy</td><br />
<td align="center">ny</td><br />
<td align="center">ly</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">ry</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Retroflex</th><br />
<td align="center">sx</td><br />
<td align="center">zx</td><br />
<td align="center">tx</td><br />
<td align="center">dx</td><br />
<td align="center">cx</td><br />
<td align="center">jx</td><br />
<td align="center">nx</td><br />
<td align="center">lx</td><br />
<td align="center">x xl</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rx</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Palatal</th><br />
<td align="center">hy</td><br />
<td align="center">qy</td><br />
<td align="center">ky</td><br />
<td align="center">gy</td><br />
<td align="center">khy</td><br />
<td align="center">gqy</td><br />
<td align="center">ngy</td><br />
<td align="center">lgy</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">y</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Velar</th><br />
<td align="center">hk</td><br />
<td align="center">qg</td><br />
<td align="center">k</td><br />
<td align="center">g</td><br />
<td align="center">khk</td><br />
<td align="center">gqg</td><br />
<td align="center">ng</td><br />
<td align="center">lg</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">yg</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Uvular</th><br />
<td align="center">hq</td><br />
<td align="center">q</td><br />
<td align="center">kq</td><br />
<td align="center">gq</td><br />
<td align="center">khq</td><br />
<td align="center">gqq</td><br />
<td align="center">nq</td><br />
<td align="center">lq</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">rq</td><br />
<td align="center">yq</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Pharyngeal</th><br />
<td align="center">hh</td><br />
<td align="center">yh</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Glottal</th><br />
<td align="center">h</td><br />
<td align="center">qh</td><br />
<td align="center">kh</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
<br />
It's a lot trickier to do a similar scheme with only five vowel letters ''a, e, i, o, u'' (since I already had to use ''y, w'' as consonants...). However, the five single vowels + all possible combinations of two of them gives 5<sup>2</sup> = 25 different vowel graphies, which should be enough qualitative distinctions for most languages. So I had a go at distributing those graphies over the vowel space, pretending that the holes in the IPA official vowel chart are really justified, and trying to give the digraphs sensible 'intermediate' values between the single-letter vowels. It's not entirely consistent: I let ''e'' and ''ea'' swap places so that [ə] would get a single-letter graphy, then based the values of ''eu'' and ''ae'' on the [ə] value for ''e''...<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr class="header"><br />
<th align="left"></th><br />
<th align="left">Front<br />unrounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Front<br />rounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Central<br />unrounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Central<br />rounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Back<br />unrounded</th><br />
<th align="left">Back<br />rounded</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">High</th><br />
<td align="center">i</td><br />
<td align="center">ui</td><br />
<td align="center">ia</td><br />
<td align="center">ua</td><br />
<td align="center">iu</td><br />
<td align="center">u</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Lower high</th><br />
<td align="center">ie</td><br />
<td align="center">ue</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">uo</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">High mid</th><br />
<td align="center">ei</td><br />
<td align="center">oi</td><br />
<td align="center">e</td><br />
<td align="center">eu</td><br />
<td align="center">io</td><br />
<td align="center">ou</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="even"><br />
<th align="left">Low mid</th><br />
<td align="center">ea</td><br />
<td align="center">oe</td><br />
<td align="center">ae</td><br />
<td align="center">oa</td><br />
<td align="center">eo</td><br />
<td align="center">o</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr class="odd"><br />
<th align="left">Low</th><br />
<td align="center">ai [æ]</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">a [a]</td><br />
<td align="center"></td><br />
<td align="center">ao</td><br />
<td align="center">au</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
One will probably have to tweak values to fit specific languages, but that shauld be OK as long as one picks the nearest suitable graphy.<br />
<br />
That may of course be done to cut down on digraphs with consonants also!<br />
<br />
== Disabiguating ==<br />
<br />
Clearly this scheme needs some means to disambiguate e.g. [lz] from [l̪]. There is a really simple solution: wherever two adjacent letters which could be a digraph belong to different graphies you put a period between them: ''lz'' is [l̪], but [lz] is ''l.z''; ''kh'' is /ʔ/, but [kʰ] is ''k.h''. This works because the punctuation character ''.'' (the period/full stop) is usually followed by whitespace, another punctuation character or the end-of-text; a period between two letters is then a pretty safe digraph-breaker! Moreover you can, when you are not ''really'' restricted to ASCII, use the mid dot (''·'' U+00B7 or decimal 183, thus in Latin-1 and usable even on Yahoo groups...) instead of the low period, as Catalan does to distinguish ''ll'' [ʎ] from ''l·l'' [ll].<br />
<br />
== Secondary articulations ==<br />
<br />
This also comes in handy to provide a means of symbolizing secondary articulations: you can e.g. use ''an'' for [ã] but ''a.n'' (or ''a·n'') for [an]. <br />
<br />
Similarly lateral fricatives may be written by putting an ''l'' after the graphy for a fricative: ''sl'' [ɬ], ˈˈs.l/s·lˈˈ [sl], ''zsl'' [ɮ], ''zs.l/zs·l'' [zl].<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs and hiatus ===<br />
<br />
Unfortunately you also need to distinguish not only diphthongs from vowel digraphs, but also diphthongs from vowels in hiatus. A reasonable solution is to use an apostrophe for hiatus: ''hi'atus'' is the Latin pronunciation of &quot;hiatus&quot;, ''hi.atus'' (or ''hi·atus'') is [hi͡atus] with a diphthong, and ''hiatus'' is [hɨtus]!<br />
<br />
This can come in handy with consonants too: ''sy'' is [ɕ], ''s.y'' (or ''s·y'') is [sʲ] and ''s'y'' is [sj] — if one really needs to distinguish all three.<br />
<br />
A good thing I refrained from using the apostrophe as a letter! ;-)<br />
<br />
;A thought<br />
:Maybe it's better to define apostrophe after a vowel as a stress mark? I'm inclined to believe that the difference, if any, between a hiatus and a diphthong always has to do with the relation between prosody and syllabification of a particular language.<br />
<br />
== Length indication ==<br />
<br />
This is simple: just double the ''first'' letter of the digraph: ''seei'' is &quot;se&quot; [seː], the Swedish word for 'see', ''akkya'' is [acca], and ''addta'' is [ad̺d̺a].<br />
<br />
== Voiceless sonorants ==<br />
<br />
Voiceless sonorants are written by putting an ''h'' before the graphy for the voiced counterpart: ''hw, hv, hl, hr, hn, hng'' etc.<br />
<br />
It's probably a good idea to use ''hl, hlz'' etc. for voiceless lateral ''fricatives'', as<br />
voiceless lateral approximants probably never are phonemic in the wild.<br />
<br />
Also I decided to use ''hy'' for [ç], as a distinction between voiceless palatal fricative and voiceless palatal approximant probably doesn't occur in the wild.<br />
<br />
== Assume homorganicness ==<br />
<br />
Nasals and maybe also laterals may probably be assumed to be homorganic with a following obstruent unless otherwise indicated. Thus ''nt, n.j, nty, n.g'' etc. may safely be used instead of ''nrt, njj, nyty, ngg'' etc. (although your preferences may vary as to which of ''njj/n.j''_ and ''ngg/n.g'' is better!) To mark a nasal as explicitly laminoalveolar one can use ''nl''. Since the difference between [nˡ] and [lⁿ] is probably philosophical, ''ln'' can be used for a nasal lateral/lateral nasal alike.<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
That's all for now... --[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 11:18, 23 September 2011 (PDT)</div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=The_All-ASCII_Monstruous_Magyaroid_Digraph_Device&diff=107838
The All-ASCII Monstruous Magyaroid Digraph Device
2017-08-05T10:20:24Z
<p>Melroch: Melroch moved page The All-ASCII Monstruous Magyaroid Digraph Device to The Monstrous Magyaroid All-ASCII Digraph Device: The proper name for a doubly mad thing (MMAADD)</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[The Monstrous Magyaroid All-ASCII Digraph Device]]</div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=MMAADD&diff=107835
MMAADD
2017-08-05T10:17:54Z
<p>Melroch: Melroch moved page AAMMDD to MMAADD: The proper acronym for a doubly mad thing</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[The All-ASCII Monstruous Magyaroid Digraph Device]]</div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=AAMMDD&diff=107836
AAMMDD
2017-08-05T10:17:54Z
<p>Melroch: Melroch moved page AAMMDD to MMAADD: The proper acronym for a doubly mad thing</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[MMAADD]]</div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Template:Tt&diff=105006
Template:Tt
2017-03-21T12:19:50Z
<p>Melroch: Reverted edits by Cedh audmanh (talk) to last revision by Zhen Lin</p>
<hr />
<div><span class="explain" title="{{{2}}}">{{{1}}}</span></div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Software_tools_for_conlanging&diff=102367
Software tools for conlanging
2016-11-30T12:14:46Z
<p>Melroch: /* Free Unicode fonts */</p>
<hr />
<div>Many ingenious people have created software tools for conlanging. In addition to this, a number of programs not originally intended for conlanging can be put to great use when creating languages. This article aims to become a comprehensive list of useful '''conlanging software''' available on the internet.<br />
<br />
== General guides to conlanging ==<br />
* [http://www.zompist.com/kit.html Language Construction Kit] by Zompist (Mark Rosenfelder)<br />
* [http://www.angelfire.com/scifi2/nyh/how__all.html How to Create a Language] by Pablo David Flores<br />
* [http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Conlang Conlang] - textbook on Wikimedia Laboratories ''(incomplete)''<br />
<br />
== All-purpose software ==<br />
* [http://www.sil.org/computing/catalog/show_software.asp?id=89 SIL FieldWorks] - a software suite for professional linguists<br />
* [https://github.com/DraqueT/PolyGlot/releases PolyGlot] by Draque ''(Conlang creation software with dictionary, auto conjugation functionality, grammar guide, and recordable sound examples)''<br />
* [http://faiuwle.pbworks.com/Programming Conlang Dictionary] by faiuwle ''(usable, but many features are still to come)''<br />
* [http://colconcrepro.pbwiki.com Computerized Conlang Creator Project] by (mainly) Praesidium and Jotomicron ''(probably a dead project?)''<br />
<br />
== Word generators ==<br />
=== Online ===<br />
* [http://akana.conlang.org/tools/awkwords awkwords] by Imploder<br />
* [http://000024.org/cgi-bin/gleb.cgi Gleb] (random phonology generator) by Alex Fink<br />
* [http://wordgenerator.wakayos.com/Default.aspx Wordo Word Generator] by Matthew Martin (web-based version of [http://whee.dk/?page_id=65 WordBuilder])<br />
* [http://www.zompist.com/gen.html Gen] by Mark Rosenfelder<br />
<br />
=== Downloadable to run offline ===<br />
* [http://whee.dk/?page_id=65 WordBuilder] by Alfar<br />
* [http://lingweenie.org/conlang/lexifer.html Lexifer] by William Annis<br />
* [https://github.com/conlang-software-dev/Logopoeist/ Logopoeist] by Logan Kearsley<br />
* [https://github.com/alexfink/random_language/tree/master/phonology Instructions and downloadable version of Gleb] by Alex Fink<br />
* [http://jimhenry.conlang.org/conlang/conlang.htm#scripts Boris] by John Fisher and Jim Henry (also includes a meta-generator, which generates random phonologies and mutates them via genetic algorithm)<br />
* [http://jimhenry.conlang.org/conlang/conlang.htm#scripts everyword.pl] by John Cowan and Jim Henry<br />
* [http://jimhenry.conlang.org/conlang/redundancy.htm Scripts to generate phonologically redundant vocabulary] by Jim Henry<br />
<br />
=== Documents describing techniques ===<br />
* [http://archives.conlang.info/jhu/suervhua/qaulkenvhuen.html A method of generating "flavoured" words] ''(not really a generator, but still interesting)''<br />
<br />
== Sound change appliers ==<br />
* [http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~sgmccabe/ASCA ASCA] by TheGoatMan<br />
* [http://members.home.nl/par/vsca/vsca.htm Versatile Sound Change Applier (VSCA)] by MUBA<br />
* [http://akana.conlang.org/tools/gsca0.5/ Geoff's SCA Version 0.5] by bricka (Geoff Eddy)<br />
* [http://akana.conlang.org/tools/gsca0.8/ Geoff's SCA Version 0.8] by bricka (Geoff Eddy)<br />
* [https://github.com/samanthamccabe/toolbox-sca/releases Haedus Toolbox SCA] by Samantha McCabe<br />
* [http://zounds.artefact.org.nz IPA Zounds]<br />
* [http://phonix.googlecode.com Phonix]<br />
* [http://000024.org/rsca.html Reversible Sound Change Applier (RSCA)]<br />
* [http://www.zompist.com/sounds.htm Sounds] - Zompist's SCA<br />
* [http://www.zompist.com/sca2.html SCA²] - Zompist's SCA, Version 2 (can be used online)<br />
<br />
== Vocabulary managers ==<br />
* [http://www.sil.org/computing/catalog/show_software.asp?id=79 The Field Linguist's Toolbox]<br />
* [http://www.lexiquepro.com Lexique Pro]<br />
<br />
== Syntax tools ==<br />
* [http://yohasebe.com/rsyntaxtree/ RSyntaxTree]<br />
<br />
== Corpus analyzers ==<br />
* [http://jimhenry.conlang.org/conlang/conlang.htm#scripts frequencies.pl] by Jim Henry -- finds frequency of words and phrases in one or more text files<br />
* [http://akana.conlang.org/tools/frequentizer.html The Frequentizer] by Jan Strasser -- finds frequency of phonemes in a text corpus <br />
<br />
== Translation exercises ==<br />
* [http://www.arthaey.com/conlang/translationex.html Arthaey Angosii's collection of translation exercises]<br />
* [http://www.potterpcs.net/gsfa Graded Sentences for Analysis]<br />
* [http://www.fiziwig.com/conlang/syntax_tests.html Sentences to Test Conlang Syntax] ''(a selected subset of the above)''<br />
<br />
== Free Unicode fonts ==<br />
* [http://www.sil.org/computing/catalog/show_software_catalog.asp?by=cat&name=Font SIL Font page]. Recommended: ''Gentium'', ''Charis SIL'', ''Doulos SIL''<br />
<br />
* [http://scripts.sil.org/ttw/fonts2go.cgi SIL TypeTuner Web Fonts2Go]. Customizable versions of SIL Unicode fonts with glyph variants and more, e.g. if you want a wedge-shaped caron on ''d, l, t'' or a different glyph for uppercase ''Ŋ''. Most (all?) of these variants are available as [[wp:OpenType|OpenType]] or [[wp:Graphite (SIL)|Graphite]] features e.g. with [[wp:XeTeX|XeLaTeX]] but a custom font is easier to work with and can be used anywhere.<br />
<br />
== Keyboard Layout editors ==<br />
* [http://www.sil.org/computing/catalog/show_software.asp?id=20 Tavultesoft Keyman] for Windows<br />
* [http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/results.aspx?pocId=&freetext=Keyboard%20Layout%20Creator&DisplayLang=en Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator] (MSKLC)<br />
* [http://scripts.sil.org/ukelele Ukelele] for Mac OS X<br />
* [http://www.symbolchoosersoftware.com SymbolChooser conlang word processor] for Windows<br />
<br />
== Font editors ==<br />
* [http://fontforge.sourceforge.net FontForge] (works well together with [http://www.inkscape.org Inkscape])<br />
* [http://www.high-logic.com/fontcreator.html High Logic's ''FontCreator''] (30 days' evaluation, unless you afford those 80 USAnian bucks)<br />
<br />
== Other ==<br />
* [http://library.conlang.org/web The Conlanger's Library Web Resources Page] <br />
* [http://www.conlang.org Language Creation Society]<br />
* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conlang Conlang Mailing List archive]<br />
* [http://www.theiling.de/cgi/cxs-ipa.cgi CXS/XSAMPA <-> IPA converter] by Henrik Theiling<br />
* [http://akana.conlang.org/tools/derivizer.html The Derivizer] by Jan Strasser -- assists in coming up with derivations and compounds<br />
* [http://jimhenry.conlang.org/conlang/conlang.htm#scripts relay-scheduler.pl] by Mark Reed and Jim Henry -- tool for finding optimal sequences for conlang translation relays, based on people's preferences about what conlang to follow/precede. Needs work to find optimal dates based on when people are available, as well.<br />
* [http://jimhenry.conlang.org/gzb/gzb.htm#scripts Scripts to turn formatted text files into interlinear gloss or hyperlinked gloss HTML files] by Jim Henry; need tweaking to work with other conlangs than gzb<br />
* [http://cals.conlang.org Conlang Atlas of Language Structures]<br />
* [http://g3n.in Dictionary Center (for conlangs)]<br />
* [http://www.lingojam.com LingoJam] create an online translator for your language<br />
<br />
{{Conlangculture}}<br />
[[Category:Source material]]</div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Mills_Basic_Vocabulary&diff=102365
Mills Basic Vocabulary
2016-11-29T17:17:07Z
<p>Melroch: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Lexica]]<br />
[[Category:Source material]]<br />
[[Category:Defining Vocabulary]]<br />
<br />
{{Infomessage|content=<br />
'''NOTE''' Roger Mills passed away ripe in years in 2015 so no more questions can be directed to him. As of November 2016 his website is still around. It is well worth a visit! -- [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] ([[User talk:Melroch|talk]]) 09:17, 29 November 2016 (PST)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
This wordlist was originally devised by [http://cinduworld.tripod.com/contents.htm Roger Mills] for comparative research in Indonesia. Any questions may be addressed to Roger by [mailto:&#114;&#102;&#109;&#32;&#105;&#108;&#108;&#121;&#64;&#109;&#115;&#110;&#46;&#99;&#111;&#109; email].<br />
<br />
It was digitalized by [[User:Melroch|Benct Philip Jonsson]]. Questions about the English-only version should be addressed to him.<br />
<br />
A plaintext version is [[Basic Vocabulary/plaintext|here]].<br />
<br />
If you want a more modern vocabulary you may want to have a look at the [[Longman Defining Vocabulary]].<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
{| id="toc"<br />
| '''Table of contents'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Basic Vocabulary#I. Numbers|I. Numbers]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Basic Vocabulary#II. Body parts|II. Body parts]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Basic Vocabulary#III. Kinship terms|III. Kinship terms]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Basic Vocabulary#IV. Animals|IV. Animals]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Basic Vocabulary#V. Nature|V. Nature]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Basic Vocabulary#VI. Everyday life|VI. Everyday life]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Basic Vocabulary#VII. Verbs|VII. Verbs]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Basic Vocabulary#VIII. Adjectives|VIII. Adjectives]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Basic Vocabulary#IX. Pronouns etc.|IX. Pronouns etc.]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== The Vocabulary ==<br />
<br />
=== I. Numbers ===<br />
:1. one<br />
:2. two<br />
:3. three<br />
:4. four<br />
:5. five<br />
:6. six<br />
:7. seven<br />
:8. eight<br />
:9. nine<br />
:10. ten<br />
:11. eleven<br />
:12. twelve<br />
:13. twenty<br />
:14. thirty<br />
:15. forty<br />
:16. fifty<br />
:17. sixty<br />
:18. seventy<br />
:19. eighty<br />
:20. ninety<br />
:21. one hundred<br />
:22. two hundred<br />
:23. one thousand<br />
:24. two thousand<br />
:25. ten thousand<br />
:26. first<br />
:27. second<br />
:28. third<br />
:29. once<br />
:30. twice<br />
:31. single<br />
:32. many<br />
:33. few<br />
:34. big<br />
:35. little<br />
:36. more<br />
:37. less<br />
:38. each<br />
:39. every<br />
:40. half<br />
:41. middle<br />
:42. all<br />
:43. some<br />
:44. several<br />
:45. another<br />
:46. enough<br />
:47. even<br />
:48. odd<br />
<br />
<span class="plainlinks">[http://wiki.frath.net/Basic_Vocabulary &#91;Up&#93;]</span><br />
<br />
=== II. Body parts ===<br />
:49. skull<br />
:50. head<br />
:51. brain<br />
:52. hair<br />
:53. bald<br />
:54. grey-haired<br />
:55. forehead<br />
:56. eye<br />
:57. eyebrow<br />
:58. nose<br />
:59. ear<br />
:60. cheek<br />
:61. mouth<br />
:62. lips<br />
:63. chin<br />
:64. tongue<br />
:65. tooth<br />
:66. beard<br />
:67. voice<br />
:68. neck<br />
:69. shoulder<br />
:70. chest<br />
:71. breast<br />
:72. waist<br />
:73. stomach<br />
:74. navel<br />
:75. ribs<br />
:76. arm<br />
:77. hand<br />
:78. left (hand)<br />
:79. right (hand)<br />
:80. fathom<br />
:81. fist<br />
:82. elbow<br />
:83. finger<br />
:84. fingernail<br />
:85. palm of hand<br />
:86. leg<br />
:87. foot<br />
:88. thigh<br />
:89. knee<br />
:90. calf<br />
:91. back<br />
:92. buttocks<br />
:93. body<br />
:94. skin<br />
:95. naked<br />
:96. body-hair<br />
:97. bone<br />
:98. lap<br />
:99. heart<br />
:100. guts<br />
:101. liver<br />
:102. gall<br />
:103. bile<br />
:104. womb<br />
:105. blood<br />
:106. vein<br />
:107. excrement<br />
:108. urine<br />
:109. corpse<br />
:110. soul<br />
:111. breath<br />
:112. life<br />
:113. ghost<br />
:114. pain (head or body)<br />
:115. dirt on the skin<br />
:116. fester<br />
:117. sore<br />
:118. boil<br />
:119. wound<br />
:120. pus<br />
:121. sprain<br />
:122. swollen<br />
:123. dropsy<br />
:124. bruise<br />
:125. penis<br />
:126. scrotum<br />
:127. vulva<br />
:128. circumcized<br />
:129. uncircumcized<br />
:130. flatulence<br />
:131. dysentery<br />
<br />
<span class="plainlinks">[http://wiki.frath.net/Basic_Vocabulary &#91;Up&#93;]</span><br />
<br />
=== III. Kinship terms ===<br />
:132. person<br />
:133. man<br />
:134. husband<br />
:135. woman<br />
:136. wife<br />
:137. father<br />
:138. mother<br />
:139. name<br />
:140. child<br />
:141. son<br />
:142. daughter<br />
:143. uncle<br />
:144. aunt<br />
:145. cousin<br />
:146. nephew<br />
:147. niece<br />
:148. grandfather<br />
:149. grandmother<br />
:150. grandchild<br />
:151. brother<br />
:152. sister<br />
:153. younger brother<br />
:154. older brother<br />
:155. young girl<br />
:156. virgin<br />
:157. family<br />
:158. friend<br />
:159. associate<br />
:160. partner<br />
:161. enemy<br />
:162. twins<br />
:163. widow<br />
:164. parents-in-law<br />
:165. son-in-law<br />
:166. brother-in-law<br />
:167. king<br />
:168. nobility<br />
:169. common people<br />
<br />
<span class="plainlinks">[http://wiki.frath.net/Basic_Vocabulary &#91;Up&#93;]</span><br />
<br />
=== IV. Animals ===<br />
:170. animal<br />
:171. horse<br />
:172. pig<br />
:173. cow<br />
:174. buffalo<br />
:175. goat<br />
:176. deer<br />
:177. hide<br />
:178. horn<br />
:179. snout<br />
:180. tail<br />
:181. dog<br />
:182. cat<br />
:183. mouse<br />
:184. rat<br />
:185. bird<br />
:186. chicken<br />
:187. wing<br />
:188. cockfight<br />
:189. cock's spur<br />
:190. feather<br />
:191. rice-bird<br />
:192. sparrow<br />
:193. pigeon<br />
:194. dove<br />
:195. duck<br />
:196. fish<br />
:197. scales<br />
:198. oyster<br />
:199. shrimp<br />
:200. octopus<br />
:201. squid<br />
:202. crab. kepiting<br />
:203. shark<br />
:204. ray<br />
:205. crocodile<br />
:206. bat<br />
:207. small lizzard<br />
:208. snake<br />
:209. sea-turtle<br />
:210. land-turtle<br />
:211. insect<br />
:212. ant<br />
:213. termite<br />
:214. wasp<br />
:215. bee<br />
:216. worm<br />
:217. snail<br />
:218. millipede<br />
:219. butterfly<br />
:220. spider<br />
:221. louse<br />
:222. fly<br />
:223. mosquito<br />
:224. firefly<br />
:225. plant<br />
:226. rice<br />
:227. seed-rice<br />
:228. ear (of grain)<br />
:229. grain<br />
:230. hulled rice<br />
:231. rice-straw<br />
:232. tree<br />
:233. wood kayu<br />
:234. sap<br />
:235. leaf<br />
:236. branch<br />
:237. tree-trunk<br />
:238. root<br />
:239. bare<br />
:240. stick<br />
:241. plank<br />
:242. board<br />
:243. shell<br />
:244. coconut<br />
:245. banyan tree<br />
:246. ficus<br />
:247. sago palm<br />
:248. pandanus<br />
:249. sago<br />
:250. palm-wine<br />
:251. bamboo<br />
:252. grass<br />
:253. moss<br />
:254. thorn<br />
:255. nettle<br />
:256. fish poison<br />
:257. poison<br />
:258. banana<br />
:259. bunch (of fruits)<br />
:260. onion<br />
:261. cucumber<br />
:262. tuber<br />
:263. fruit<br />
:264. sugarcane<br />
:265. pineapple<br />
:266. eggplant<br />
:267. pumpkin<br />
:268. corn<br />
:269. flower<br />
<br />
<span class="plainlinks">[http://wiki.frath.net/Basic_Vocabulary &#91;Up&#93;]</span><br />
<br />
=== V. Nature ===<br />
:270. land<br />
:271. water<br />
:272. fire<br />
:273. wind<br />
:274. mud<br />
:275. dust<br />
:276. stone<br />
:277. mountain<br />
:278. cave<br />
:279. hill<br />
:280. inland<br />
:281. interior<br />
:282. surface<br />
:283. flat<br />
:284. plain<br />
:285. field<br />
:286. ditch<br />
:287. garden<br />
:288. earthquake<br />
:289. wet ricefield<br />
:290. dry ricefield<br />
:291. desert<br />
:292. woods<br />
:293. clearing in the forest<br />
:294. village<br />
:295. gold<br />
:296. silver<br />
:297. iron<br />
:298. copper<br />
:299. sea<br />
:300. shore<br />
:301. beach<br />
:302. sand<br />
:303. gravel<br />
:304. wave<br />
:305. foam<br />
:306. fluid<br />
:307. liquid<br />
:308. straits<br />
:309. cape<br />
:310. tip<br />
:311. island<br />
:312. coral<br />
:313. bay<br />
:314. river mouth<br />
:315. lake<br />
:316. river<br />
:317. stream<br />
:318. channel saluran<br />
:319. irrigation canal<br />
:320. flood<br />
:321. current<br />
:322. north<br />
:323. south<br />
:324. east<br />
:325. west<br />
:326. smoke<br />
:327. flame<br />
:328. glowing coals<br />
:329. spark<br />
:330. ashes<br />
:331. charcoal<br />
:332. sky<br />
:333. sun<br />
:334. light<br />
:335. moon<br />
:336. star<br />
:337. full moon<br />
:338. shadow<br />
:339. shade<br />
:340. cloud<br />
:341. rain<br />
:342. drizzle<br />
:343. thunder<br />
:344. noise<br />
:345. sound<br />
:346. lightning<br />
:347. storm<br />
:348. tempest<br />
:349. fog<br />
:350. mist<br />
:351. haze<br />
:352. dew<br />
:353. whirlwind<br />
:354. typhoon<br />
:355. year<br />
:356. day<br />
:357. morning<br />
:358. midday<br />
:359. afternoon<br />
:360. dusk<br />
:361. night<br />
:362. late night<br />
:363. yesterday<br />
:364. yesterday -1<br />
:365. tomorrow<br />
:366. tomorrow +1<br />
:367. today<br />
<br />
<span class="plainlinks">[http://wiki.frath.net/Basic_Vocabulary &#91;Up&#93;]</span><br />
<br />
=== VI. Everyday life ===<br />
:368. village<br />
:369. road<br />
:370. bridge<br />
:371. crossroads<br />
:372. house<br />
:373. wall<br />
:374. a hole in the wall<br />
:375. ceiling<br />
:376. floor<br />
:377. window<br />
:378. glass<br />
:379. door<br />
:380. hinge<br />
:381. hook<br />
:382. ladder (to the house)<br />
:383. ladder (in general)<br />
:384. roof<br />
:385. thatch<br />
:386. split bamboo<br />
:387. fence<br />
:388. stable<br />
:389. room<br />
:390. bed<br />
:391. toilet<br />
:392. garbage heap<br />
:393. kitchen<br />
:394. stove<br />
:395. pan<br />
:396. pot<br />
:397. (water)jar<br />
:398. (cooking)pot<br />
:399. cooking vessel<br />
:400. rice-pounder<br />
:401. rice-mortar<br />
:402. basket<br />
:403. spoon<br />
:404. scoop<br />
:405. ladle<br />
:406. knife<br />
:407. funnel<br />
:408. plate<br />
:409. cup<br />
:410. bowl<br />
:411. dipper<br />
:412. scissors<br />
:413. needle<br />
:414. thread<br />
:415. color<br />
:416. shirt<br />
:417. shoes<br />
:418. sarong<br />
:419. loincloth<br />
:420. fringe<br />
:421. scarf<br />
:422. plant fiber<br />
:423. cotton<br />
:424. bark cloth<br />
:425. loom<br />
:426. loom part<br />
:427. the woof<br />
:428. the warp<br />
:429. ring<br />
:430. bracelet<br />
:431. umbrella<br />
:432. earring<br />
:433. ornament<br />
:434. brush<br />
:435. comb<br />
:436. table<br />
:437. chair<br />
:438. pillow<br />
:439. blanket<br />
:440. mosquito net<br />
:441. curtain<br />
:442. rafters<br />
:443. house-poles<br />
:444. roof-peak<br />
:445. leak<br />
:446. whitewash<br />
:447. morter<br />
:448. chalk<br />
:449. paint<br />
:450. lamp<br />
:451. torch<br />
:452. wick<br />
:453. oil<br />
:454. coconut oil<br />
:455. egg<br />
:456. meat<br />
:457. sauce<br />
:458. gravy<br />
:459. spices<br />
:460. side-dishes<br />
:461. porrige<br />
:462. mush<br />
:463. salt<br />
:464. dregs<br />
:465. remains<br />
:466. smell<br />
:467. honey<br />
:468. sugar<br />
:469. vinegar<br />
:470. pepper<br />
:471. red pepper<br />
:472. bamboo shot<br />
:473. heart-of-palm<br />
:474. caraway<br />
:475. cumin<br />
:476. ginger<br />
:477. turmeric<br />
:478. sesame<br />
:479. boat<br />
:480. canoe<br />
:481. paddle<br />
:482. oar<br />
:483. mast<br />
:484. sail<br />
:485. rudder<br />
:486. outrigger<br />
:487. fishing net<br />
:488. fish-trap<br />
:489. fish-hook<br />
:490. keris<br />
:491. dagger<br />
:492. machete<br />
:493. gun<br />
:494. archer's bow<br />
:495. arrow<br />
:496. hunting net<br />
:497. sharp bamboo stakes<br />
:498. saw<br />
:499. hammer<br />
:500. nail<br />
:501. peg<br />
:502. axe<br />
:503. hatchet<br />
:504. wedge<br />
:505. chisel<br />
:506. carpenter's plane<br />
:507. rope<br />
:508. string<br />
:509. skewer<br />
:510. wire<br />
:511. chain<br />
:512. solder<br />
:513. lathe<br />
:514. hoe<br />
:515. bucket<br />
:516. work<br />
:517. job<br />
:518. extra work<br />
:519. second job<br />
:520. profit<br />
:521. loss<br />
:522. edge<br />
:523. space between<br />
:524. interval<br />
:525. side<br />
:526. line<br />
:527. sheath<br />
<br />
<span class="plainlinks">[http://wiki.frath.net/Basic_Vocabulary &#91;Up&#93;]</span><br />
<br />
=== VII. Verbs ===<br />
:528. be born<br />
:529. die<br />
:530. live<br />
:531. kill<br />
:532. grow<br />
:533. inherit<br />
:534. hit<br />
:535. fight<br />
:536. kick<br />
:537. stab<br />
:538. jerk<br />
:539. jump<br />
:540. rub<br />
:541. massage<br />
:542. scratch<br />
:543. rasp<br />
:544. scrape<br />
:545. drill<br />
:546. file<br />
:547. sharpen<br />
:548. cut<br />
:549. chop<br />
:550. cut open<br />
:551. cut into<br />
:552. prune<br />
:553. trim<br />
:554. cut off<br />
:555. amputate<br />
:556. rip<br />
:557. tear<br />
:558. break off<br />
:559. slice<br />
:560. hack<br />
:561. cut unevenly<br />
:562. cut up<br />
:563. shave<br />
:564. slash<br />
:565. split<br />
:566. carve<br />
:567. inlay<br />
:568. move<br />
:569. change<br />
:570. substitute<br />
:571. exchange<br />
:572. move something<br />
:573. walk<br />
:574. run<br />
:575. go<br />
:576. come<br />
:577. arrive<br />
:578. approach<br />
:579. depart<br />
:580. enter<br />
:581. go out<br />
:582. return<br />
:583. return something<br />
:584. turn around<br />
:585. return home<br />
:586. trip<br />
:587. step in a hole<br />
:588. sink in the mud<br />
:589. push<br />
:590. pull<br />
:591. point<br />
:592. accuse<br />
:593. throw<br />
:594. meet<br />
:595. pick up<br />
:596. appear<br />
:597. disappear<br />
:598. stop by<br />
:599. visit<br />
:600. move something away<br />
:601. move something closer<br />
:602. to face<br />
:603. send<br />
:604. receive<br />
:605. swim<br />
:606. dive<br />
:607. sink<br />
:608. drown<br />
:609. shake<br />
:610. drift<br />
:611. float<br />
:612. flow<br />
:613. go sail along the coast<br />
:614. think<br />
:615. know<br />
:616. know (a person)<br />
:617. feel<br />
:618. suffer<br />
:619. regret<br />
:620. say<br />
:621. speak<br />
:622. sing<br />
:623. chant<br />
:624. recite<br />
:625. laugh<br />
:626. shout<br />
:627. cry out<br />
:628. call<br />
:629. teach<br />
:630. study<br />
:631. learn<br />
:632. praise<br />
:633. inform<br />
:634. communicate<br />
:635. tell<br />
:636. narrate<br />
:637. read<br />
:638. write<br />
:639. compose<br />
:640. arrange<br />
:641. hear<br />
:642. see<br />
:643. wink<br />
:644. blink<br />
:645. look up<br />
:646. look at<br />
:647. stare<br />
:648. feel something<br />
:649. touch<br />
:650. handle<br />
:651. taste<br />
:652. drink<br />
:653. sip<br />
:654. suck<br />
:655. suckle<br />
:656. bite (into something)<br />
:657. bite (of animals)<br />
:658. chew<br />
:659. swallow<br />
:660. eat<br />
:661. feed<br />
:662. lick<br />
:663. hiccough<br />
:664. cry<br />
:665. cry over<br />
:666. lament<br />
:667. cough<br />
:668. sneeze<br />
0 smell<br />
:669. smell something<br />
:670. breathe<br />
:671. gasp<br />
:672. pant<br />
:673. wheeze<br />
:674. hold the breath<br />
:675. to blow<br />
:676. squeeze<br />
:677. press<br />
:678. press out<br />
:679. choke (on food)<br />
:680. vomit<br />
:681. spit<br />
:682. love<br />
:683. hate<br />
:684. kiss<br />
:685. leer<br />
:686. ogle<br />
:687. have sexual intercourse<br />
:688. mate<br />
:689. itch<br />
:690. kill by squashing<br />
:691. embrace<br />
:692. dance<br />
:693. sleep<br />
:694. close the eyes<br />
:695. deny<br />
:696. remember<br />
:697. forget<br />
:698. help<br />
:699. pity<br />
:700. console<br />
:701. promise<br />
:702. endure<br />
:703. trust<br />
:704. believe<br />
:705. ask<br />
:706. answer<br />
:707. repay<br />
:708. requite<br />
:709. order<br />
:710. command<br />
:711. like<br />
:712. tell a lie<br />
:713. win<br />
:714. defeat<br />
:715. defeated<br />
:716. hope<br />
:717. make<br />
:718. dig<br />
:719. scatter<br />
:720. sow<br />
:721. build<br />
:722. clear land<br />
:723. hunt<br />
:724. chase<br />
:725. shoot a gun<br />
:726. peel<br />
:727. flay<br />
:728. strip (leaves)<br />
:729. slaughter<br />
:730. plow<br />
:731. harrow<br />
:732. pull out<br />
:733. uproot<br />
:734. draw a sword<br />
:735. side by side<br />
:736. next to<br />
:737. in a row/line<br />
:738. lean on<br />
:739. lean something against<br />
:740. sit with legs crossed<br />
:741. squat<br />
:742. sit with legs stretched out<br />
:743. stretch out<br />
:744. fall down<br />
:745. collapse<br />
:746. break<br />
:747. break open<br />
:748. burst<br />
:749. to pry<br />
:750. gouge<br />
:751. mix<br />
:752. assemble<br />
:753. poke<br />
:754. gather (things) together<br />
:755. measure<br />
:756. knock<br />
:757. heat<br />
:758. cook<br />
:759. fry<br />
:760. roast<br />
:761. bake<br />
:762. burn<br />
:763. boil<br />
:764. steam<br />
:765. spatter<br />
:766. settle<br />
:767. stir<br />
:768. remove pot from the fire<br />
:769. divide into portions<br />
:770. drip<br />
:771. winnow<br />
:772. filter<br />
:773. weigh<br />
:774. pour<br />
:775. spill<br />
:776. polish. mengupam<br />
:777. chop fine<br />
:778. knead<br />
:779. wash<br />
:780. wash clothes ... mis.pakaian<br />
:781. wash dishes ... mis.piring2<br />
:782. bathe<br />
:783. spray<br />
:784. rinse<br />
:785. wipe<br />
:786. sweep<br />
:787. cross<br />
:788. deviate<br />
:789. go to the side<br />
:790. turn<br />
:791. "tack"<br />
:792. sail into the wind<br />
:793. rotate<br />
:794. revolve<br />
:795. twist<br />
:796. wind/roll up<br />
:797. wrap<br />
:798. tie<br />
:799. make nets<br />
:800. splice<br />
:801. stretch<br />
:802. extend<br />
:803. tighten<br />
:804. wind up<br />
:805. bandage<br />
:806. wrap (a corpse)<br />
:807. sway<br />
:808. unsteady<br />
:809. place<br />
:810. bet<br />
:811. carry<br />
:812. bring<br />
:813. hang<br />
:814. take<br />
:815. steal<br />
:816. use<br />
:817. wear<br />
:818. deliver<br />
:819. carry on the shoulder<br />
:820. buy<br />
:821. sell<br />
:822. rent<br />
:823. give<br />
:824. borrow<br />
:825. lend<br />
:826. owe<br />
:827. pay<br />
:828. bargain<br />
:829. choose<br />
:830. get<br />
:831. obtain<br />
:832. restore<br />
:833. there is<br />
:834. there is not<br />
:835. have<br />
:836. want<br />
:837. wish<br />
:838. will<br />
:839. not yet<br />
:840. already<br />
:841. all gone<br />
:842. yes<br />
:843. no<br />
:844. do not...<br />
:845. be ...ing<br />
:846. be<br />
:847. become<br />
:848. have to<br />
:849. must<br />
:850. can<br />
:851. may<br />
:852. permit<br />
:853. allow<br />
:854. forbid<br />
:855. forbidden<br />
:856. ever<br />
:857. never<br />
:858. formerly<br />
:859. before<br />
:860. happen<br />
:861. cause<br />
:862. count<br />
:863. add<br />
:864. divide<br />
:865. reduce<br />
:866. increase<br />
:867. make smaller<br />
:868. sew<br />
:869. weave<br />
:870. decorate<br />
:871. embroider<br />
:872. repair<br />
:873. fade<br />
:874. dream<br />
:875. daydream<br />
:876. wake up<br />
:877. get up (from bed)<br />
:878. sit<br />
:879. get up (from sitting)<br />
:880. rise (sun)<br />
:881. sit side by side<br />
:882. sit next to<br />
:883. stand<br />
:884. kneel<br />
:885. fall<br />
:886. rise up<br />
:887. go up<br />
:888. raise<br />
:889. climb<br />
:890. climb a mountain<br />
:891. stay<br />
:892. descend<br />
:893. lower<br />
:894. let down (rope)<br />
:895. pay out rope<br />
:896. recede<br />
:897. open<br />
:898. bloom<br />
:899. cover<br />
:900. spread out<br />
:901. separate<br />
:902. pile up<br />
:903. close<br />
:904. hide<br />
:905. hold<br />
:906. shelter<br />
:907. slip<br />
:908. slide<br />
:909. carry - hand. menjinjing<br />
:910. carry - head<br />
:911. carry - hip<br />
:912. play<br />
:913. bark (dog)<br />
<br />
<span class="plainlinks">[http://wiki.frath.net/Basic_Vocabulary &#91;Up&#93;]</span><br />
<br />
=== VIII. Adjectives ===<br />
:914. white<br />
:915. black<br />
:916. red<br />
:917. yellow<br />
:918. green<br />
:919. blue<br />
:920. grey<br />
:921. spotted<br />
:922. tall<br />
:923. short<br />
:924. long<br />
:925. high<br />
:926. low<br />
:927. great<br />
:928. small<br />
:929. round<br />
:930. smooth<br />
:931. jagged<br />
:932. hard (especially of wood)<br />
:933. hard<br />
:934. soft<br />
:935. ripe<br />
:936. unripe<br />
:937. hot<br />
:938. cold<br />
:939. sharp<br />
:940. dull<br />
:941. sweet<br />
:942. sour<br />
:943. bitter<br />
:944. salty<br />
:945. spicy hot<br />
:946. tasteless<br />
:947. old<br />
:948. young<br />
:949. new<br />
:950. heavy<br />
:951. light<br />
:952. bright<br />
:953. shiny<br />
:954. glittering<br />
:955. dark<br />
:956. clear<br />
:957. vague<br />
:958. narrow<br />
:959. wide<br />
:960. full<br />
:961. empty<br />
:962. tight<br />
:963. loose<br />
:964. sleepy<br />
:965. tired<br />
:966. deep<br />
:967. shallow<br />
:968. wet<br />
:969. dry<br />
:970. far<br />
:971. near<br />
:972. downstream<br />
:973. upstream<br />
:974. good<br />
:975. bad<br />
:976. true<br />
:977. false<br />
:978. certain<br />
:979. beautiful<br />
:980. ugly<br />
:981. good tasting<br />
:982. bad tasting<br />
:983. fresh<br />
:984. rotten<br />
:985. difficult. susah<br />
:986. easy<br />
:987. expensive<br />
:988. cheap<br />
:989. coarse<br />
:990. fine<br />
:991. invulnerable<br />
:992. rich<br />
:993. poor<br />
:994. stingy<br />
:995. greedy<br />
:996. thin<br />
:997. thick<br />
:998. fat<br />
:999. viscous<br />
:1000. sick<br />
:1001. well<br />
:1002. hungry<br />
:1003. sated<br />
:1004. thirsty<br />
:1005. pregnant<br />
:1006. barren<br />
:1007. strong<br />
:1008. weak<br />
:1009. brave<br />
:1010. afraid<br />
:1011. ashamed<br />
:1012. painful<br />
:1013. smarting<br />
:1014. dirty<br />
:1015. mouldy<br />
:1016. muddy<br />
:1017. clean<br />
:1018. straight<br />
:1019. direct<br />
:1020. askew<br />
:1021. curving<br />
:1022. sloping<br />
:1023. athwart<br />
:1024. transverse<br />
:1025. across<br />
:1026. curly (hair)<br />
:1027. urine smell<br />
:1028. rancid smell<br />
:1029. burnt smell<br />
:1030. fragrant<br />
:1031. noisy<br />
:1032. quiet<br />
:1033. lonely<br />
:1034. peaceful<br />
:1035. calm (water)<br />
:1036. clear (water)<br />
:1037. wild<br />
:1038. tame<br />
:1039. free<br />
:1040. loud<br />
:1041. hard (blow)<br />
:1042. hoarse<br />
:1043. crazy<br />
:1044. confused<br />
:1045. dizzy<br />
:1046. nervous<br />
:1047. angry<br />
:1048. happy<br />
:1049. sad<br />
:1050. disappointed<br />
:1051. crippled<br />
:1052. blind<br />
:1053. deaf<br />
:1054. stupid<br />
:1055. clever<br />
:1056. capable<br />
:1057. willing<br />
:1058. fast<br />
:1059. slow<br />
:1060. broken<br />
:1061. damaged<br />
:1062. torn<br />
:1063. perfect<br />
:1064. very<br />
:1065. rare<br />
:1066. usual<br />
:1067. common<br />
:1068. everyday<br />
:1069. popular<br />
:1070. slippery<br />
:1071. sticky<br />
:1072. excessively decorated<br />
<br />
<span class="plainlinks">[http://wiki.frath.net/Basic_Vocabulary &#91;Up&#93;]</span><br />
<br />
=== IX. PRONOUNS ETC. ===<br />
:1073. me - I<br />
:1074. you sg. (thou)<br />
:1075. he<br />
:1076. she<br />
:1077. we excl.<br />
:1078. we incl.<br />
:1079. you pl.<br />
:1080. they<br />
:1081. my<br />
:1082. your (thy)<br />
:1083. his<br />
:1084. her<br />
:1085. our excl.<br />
:1086. our incl.<br />
:1087. your<br />
:1088. their<br />
:1089. mine<br />
:1090. yours<br />
:1091. his<br />
:1092. ours<br />
:1093. theirs<br />
:1094. who? siapa<br />
:1095. what? apa<br />
:1096. how much/many? berapa<br />
:1097. when? kapan<br />
:1098. which? yg.mana<br />
:1099. where? dimana<br />
:1100. why?<br />
:1101. self (reflexive)<br />
:1102. -self (intensifier)<br />
:1103. each other<br />
:1104. respectively<br />
:1105. thing<br />
:1106. indefinite<br />
:1107. any<br />
:1108. goods<br />
:1109. this<br />
:1110. that (nearby)<br />
:1111. that (far)<br />
:1112. here<br />
:1113. there (near)<br />
:1114. there (far)<br />
:1115. now<br />
:1116. often<br />
:1117. just in case<br />
:1118. at<br />
:1119. in<br />
:1120. from<br />
:1121. to<br />
:1122. inside<br />
:1123. on top<br />
:1124. under<br />
:1125. outside<br />
:1126. with<br />
:1127. by means of<br />
:1128. and<br />
:1129. or<br />
:1130. but<br />
:1131. if<br />
:1132. when<br />
:1133. because<br />
:1134. perhaps<br />
:1135. although<br />
:1136. before<br />
:1137. after<br />
:1138. during<br />
:1139. since<br />
:1140. in vain<br />
:1141. pretending<br />
:1142. in front<br />
:1143. in back<br />
:1144. how?</div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Basic_Vocabulary/plaintext&diff=102364
Basic Vocabulary/plaintext
2016-11-29T17:07:29Z
<p>Melroch: </p>
<hr />
<div> **NOTE** Roger Mills passed away ripe in years in 2015 <br />
so no more questions can be directed to him.<br />
As of November 2016 his website is still around.<br />
It is well worth a visit! --- bpj<br />
<br />
This wordlist was originally devised by Roger<br />
Mills <http://cinduworld.tripod.com/contents.htm><br />
for comparative research in Indonesia. Any<br />
questions may be addressed to Roger by email at<br />
<rfm+illy@msn.com>. It was digitalized by Benct<br />
Philip Jonsson <http://melroch.se>. Questions<br />
about the English-only version should be addressed<br />
to him at <melroch@melroch.se>.<br />
<br />
This file was formatted so that lines containing<br />
the actual words begin with an arabic numeral<br />
followed by a period followed by a tab followed by<br />
the word. If you want a list of just the words<br />
without the headings and numbers and have perl<br />
installed you may just copy the text of the page<br />
from the edit box to a text file and use the<br />
following oneliner to get a bare list of all the<br />
words:<br />
<br />
perl -nle 'if(/\d\.\s/){($n,$w) = split /\.\s/; print $w; }' rmills-basic-vocabulary >words.txt<br />
<br />
I. Numbers<br />
<br />
1. one<br />
2. two<br />
3. three<br />
4. four<br />
5. five<br />
6. six<br />
7. seven<br />
8. eight<br />
9. nine<br />
10. ten<br />
11. eleven<br />
12. twelve<br />
13. twenty<br />
14. thirty<br />
15. forty<br />
16. fifty<br />
17. sixty<br />
18. seventy<br />
19. eighty<br />
20. ninety<br />
21. one hundred<br />
22. two hundred<br />
23. one thousand<br />
24. two thousand<br />
25. ten thousand<br />
26. first<br />
27. second<br />
28. third<br />
29. once<br />
30. twice<br />
31. single<br />
32. many<br />
33. few<br />
34. big<br />
35. little<br />
36. more<br />
37. less<br />
38. each<br />
39. every<br />
40. half<br />
41. middle<br />
42. all<br />
43. some<br />
44. several<br />
45. another<br />
46. enough<br />
47. even<br />
48. odd<br />
<br />
II. Body parts<br />
<br />
49. skull<br />
50. head<br />
51. brain<br />
52. hair<br />
53. bald<br />
54. grey-haired<br />
55. forehead<br />
56. eye<br />
57. eyebrow<br />
58. nose<br />
59. ear<br />
60. cheek<br />
61. mouth<br />
62. lips<br />
63. chin<br />
64. tongue<br />
65. tooth<br />
66. beard<br />
67. voice<br />
68. neck<br />
69. shoulder<br />
70. chest<br />
71. breast<br />
72. waist<br />
73. stomach<br />
74. navel<br />
75. ribs<br />
76. arm<br />
77. hand<br />
78. left (hand)<br />
79. right (hand)<br />
80. fathom<br />
81. fist<br />
82. elbow<br />
83. finger<br />
84. fingernail<br />
85. palm of hand<br />
86. leg<br />
87. foot<br />
88. thigh<br />
89. knee<br />
90. calf<br />
91. back<br />
92. buttocks<br />
93. body<br />
94. skin<br />
95. naked<br />
96. body-hair<br />
97. bone<br />
98. lap<br />
99. heart<br />
100. guts<br />
101. liver<br />
102. gall<br />
103. bile<br />
104. womb<br />
105. blood<br />
106. vein<br />
107. excrement<br />
108. urine<br />
109. corpse<br />
110. soul<br />
111. breath<br />
112. life<br />
113. ghost<br />
114. pain (head or body)<br />
115. dirt on the skin<br />
116. fester<br />
117. sore<br />
118. boil<br />
119. wound<br />
120. pus<br />
121. sprain<br />
122. swollen<br />
123. dropsy<br />
124. bruise<br />
125. penis<br />
126. scrotum<br />
127. vulva<br />
128. circumcized<br />
129. uncircumcized<br />
130. flatulence<br />
131. dysentery<br />
<br />
III. Kinship terms<br />
<br />
132. person<br />
133. man<br />
134. husband<br />
135. woman<br />
136. wife<br />
137. father<br />
138. mother<br />
139. name<br />
140. child<br />
141. son<br />
142. daughter<br />
143. uncle<br />
144. aunt<br />
145. cousin<br />
146. nephew<br />
147. niece<br />
148. grandfather<br />
149. grandmother<br />
150. grandchild<br />
151. brother<br />
152. sister<br />
153. younger brother<br />
154. older brother<br />
155. young girl<br />
156. virgin<br />
157. family<br />
158. friend<br />
159. associate<br />
160. partner<br />
161. enemy<br />
162. twins<br />
163. widow<br />
164. parents-in-law<br />
165. son-in-law<br />
166. brother-in-law<br />
167. king<br />
168. nobility<br />
169. common people<br />
<br />
IV. Animals<br />
<br />
170. animal<br />
171. horse<br />
172. pig<br />
173. cow<br />
174. buffalo<br />
175. goat<br />
176. deer<br />
177. hide<br />
178. horn<br />
179. snout<br />
180. tail<br />
181. dog<br />
182. cat<br />
183. mouse<br />
184. rat<br />
185. bird<br />
186. chicken<br />
187. wing<br />
188. cockfight<br />
189. cock's spur<br />
190. feather<br />
191. rice-bird<br />
192. sparrow<br />
193. pigeon<br />
194. dove<br />
195. duck<br />
196. fish<br />
197. scales<br />
198. oyster<br />
199. shrimp<br />
200. octopus<br />
201. squid<br />
202. crab. kepiting<br />
203. shark<br />
204. ray<br />
205. crocodile<br />
206. bat<br />
207. small lizzard<br />
208. snake<br />
209. sea-turtle<br />
210. land-turtle<br />
211. insect<br />
212. ant<br />
213. termite<br />
214. wasp<br />
215. bee<br />
216. worm<br />
217. snail<br />
218. millipede<br />
219. butterfly<br />
220. spider<br />
221. louse<br />
222. fly<br />
223. mosquito<br />
224. firefly<br />
225. plant<br />
226. rice<br />
227. seed-rice<br />
228. ear (of grain)<br />
229. grain<br />
230. hulled rice<br />
231. rice-straw<br />
232. tree<br />
233. wood kayu<br />
234. sap<br />
235. leaf<br />
236. branch<br />
237. tree-trunk<br />
238. root<br />
239. bare<br />
240. stick<br />
241. plank<br />
242. board<br />
243. shell<br />
244. coconut<br />
245. banyan tree<br />
246. ficus<br />
247. sago palm<br />
248. pandanus<br />
249. sago<br />
250. palm-wine<br />
251. bamboo<br />
252. grass<br />
253. moss<br />
254. thorn<br />
255. nettle<br />
256. fish poison<br />
257. poison<br />
258. banana<br />
259. bunch (of fruits)<br />
260. onion<br />
261. cucumber<br />
262. tuber<br />
263. fruit<br />
264. sugarcane<br />
265. pineapple<br />
266. eggplant<br />
267. pumpkin<br />
268. corn<br />
269. flower<br />
<br />
V. Nature<br />
<br />
270. land<br />
271. water<br />
272. fire<br />
273. wind<br />
274. mud<br />
275. dust<br />
276. stone<br />
277. mountain<br />
278. cave<br />
279. hill<br />
280. inland<br />
281. interior<br />
282. surface<br />
283. flat<br />
284. plain<br />
285. field<br />
286. ditch<br />
287. garden<br />
288. earthquake<br />
289. wet ricefield<br />
290. dry ricefield<br />
291. desert<br />
292. woods<br />
293. clearing in the forest<br />
294. village<br />
295. gold<br />
296. silver<br />
297. iron<br />
298. copper<br />
299. sea<br />
300. shore<br />
301. beach<br />
302. sand<br />
303. gravel<br />
304. wave<br />
305. foam<br />
306. fluid<br />
307. liquid<br />
308. straits<br />
309. cape<br />
310. tip<br />
311. island<br />
312. coral<br />
313. bay<br />
314. river mouth<br />
315. lake<br />
316. river<br />
317. stream<br />
318. channel saluran<br />
319. irrigation canal<br />
320. flood<br />
321. current<br />
322. north<br />
323. south<br />
324. east<br />
325. west<br />
326. smoke<br />
327. flame<br />
328. glowing coals<br />
329. spark<br />
330. ashes<br />
331. charcoal<br />
332. sky<br />
333. sun<br />
334. light<br />
335. moon<br />
336. star<br />
337. full moon<br />
338. shadow<br />
339. shade<br />
340. cloud<br />
341. rain<br />
342. drizzle<br />
343. thunder<br />
344. noise<br />
345. sound<br />
346. lightning<br />
347. storm<br />
348. tempest<br />
349. fog<br />
350. mist<br />
351. haze<br />
352. dew<br />
353. whirlwind<br />
354. typhoon<br />
355. year<br />
356. day<br />
357. morning<br />
358. midday<br />
359. afternoon<br />
360. dusk<br />
361. night<br />
362. late night<br />
363. yesterday<br />
364. yesterday -1<br />
365. tomorrow<br />
366. tomorrow +1<br />
367. today<br />
<br />
VI. Everyday life<br />
<br />
368. village<br />
369. road<br />
370. bridge<br />
371. crossroads<br />
372. house<br />
373. wall<br />
374. a hole in the wall<br />
375. ceiling<br />
376. floor<br />
377. window<br />
378. glass<br />
379. door<br />
380. hinge<br />
381. hook<br />
382. ladder (to the house)<br />
383. ladder (in general)<br />
384. roof<br />
385. thatch<br />
386. split bamboo<br />
387. fence<br />
388. stable<br />
389. room<br />
390. bed<br />
391. toilet<br />
392. garbage heap<br />
393. kitchen<br />
394. stove<br />
395. pan<br />
396. pot<br />
397. (water)jar<br />
398. (cooking)pot<br />
399. cooking vessel<br />
400. rice-pounder<br />
401. rice-mortar<br />
402. basket<br />
403. spoon<br />
404. scoop<br />
405. ladle<br />
406. knife<br />
407. funnel<br />
408. plate<br />
409. cup<br />
410. bowl<br />
411. dipper<br />
412. scissors<br />
413. needle<br />
414. thread<br />
415. color<br />
416. shirt<br />
417. shoes<br />
418. sarong<br />
419. loincloth<br />
420. fringe<br />
421. scarf<br />
422. plant fiber<br />
423. cotton<br />
424. bark cloth<br />
425. loom<br />
426. loom part<br />
427. the woof<br />
428. the warp<br />
429. ring<br />
430. bracelet<br />
431. umbrella<br />
432. earring<br />
433. ornament<br />
434. brush<br />
435. comb<br />
436. table<br />
437. chair<br />
438. pillow<br />
439. blanket<br />
440. mosquito net<br />
441. curtain<br />
442. rafters<br />
443. house-poles<br />
444. roof-peak<br />
445. leak<br />
446. whitewash<br />
447. morter<br />
448. chalk<br />
449. paint<br />
450. lamp<br />
451. torch<br />
452. wick<br />
453. oil<br />
454. coconut oil<br />
455. egg<br />
456. meat<br />
457. sauce<br />
458. gravy<br />
459. spices<br />
460. side-dishes<br />
461. porrige<br />
462. mush<br />
463. salt<br />
464. dregs<br />
465. remains<br />
466. smell<br />
467. honey<br />
468. sugar<br />
469. vinegar<br />
470. pepper<br />
471. red pepper<br />
472. bamboo shot<br />
473. heart-of-palm<br />
474. caraway<br />
475. cumin<br />
476. ginger<br />
477. turmeric<br />
478. sesame<br />
479. boat<br />
480. canoe<br />
481. paddle<br />
482. oar<br />
483. mast<br />
484. sail<br />
485. rudder<br />
486. outrigger<br />
487. fishing net<br />
488. fish-trap<br />
489. fish-hook<br />
490. keris<br />
491. dagger<br />
492. machete<br />
493. gun<br />
494. archer's bow<br />
495. arrow<br />
496. hunting net<br />
497. sharp bamboo stakes<br />
498. saw<br />
499. hammer<br />
500. nail<br />
501. peg<br />
502. axe<br />
503. hatchet<br />
504. wedge<br />
505. chisel<br />
506. carpenter's plane<br />
507. rope<br />
508. string<br />
509. skewer<br />
510. wire<br />
511. chain<br />
512. solder<br />
513. lathe<br />
514. hoe<br />
515. bucket<br />
516. work<br />
517. job<br />
518. extra work<br />
519. second job<br />
520. profit<br />
521. loss<br />
522. edge<br />
523. space between<br />
524. interval<br />
525. side<br />
526. line<br />
527. sheath<br />
<br />
VII. Verbs<br />
<br />
528. be born<br />
529. die<br />
530. live<br />
531. kill<br />
532. grow<br />
533. inherit<br />
534. hit<br />
535. fight<br />
536. kick<br />
537. stab<br />
538. jerk<br />
539. jump<br />
540. rub<br />
541. massage<br />
542. scratch<br />
543. rasp<br />
544. scrape<br />
545. drill<br />
546. file<br />
547. sharpen<br />
548. cut<br />
549. chop<br />
550. cut open<br />
551. cut into<br />
552. prune<br />
553. trim<br />
554. cut off<br />
555. amputate<br />
556. rip<br />
557. tear<br />
558. break off<br />
559. slice<br />
560. hack<br />
561. cut unevenly<br />
562. cut up<br />
563. shave<br />
564. slash<br />
565. split<br />
566. carve<br />
567. inlay<br />
568. move<br />
569. change<br />
570. substitute<br />
571. exchange<br />
572. move something<br />
573. walk<br />
574. run<br />
575. go<br />
576. come<br />
577. arrive<br />
578. approach<br />
579. depart<br />
580. enter<br />
581. go out<br />
582. return<br />
583. return something<br />
584. turn around<br />
585. return home<br />
586. trip<br />
587. step in a hole<br />
588. sink in the mud<br />
589. push<br />
590. pull<br />
591. point<br />
592. accuse<br />
593. throw<br />
594. meet<br />
595. pick up<br />
596. appear<br />
597. disappear<br />
598. stop by<br />
599. visit<br />
600. move something away<br />
601. move something closer<br />
602. to face<br />
603. send<br />
604. receive<br />
605. swim<br />
606. dive<br />
607. sink<br />
608. drown<br />
609. shake<br />
610. drift<br />
611. float<br />
612. flow<br />
613. go sail along the coast<br />
614. think<br />
615. know<br />
616. know (a person)<br />
617. feel<br />
618. suffer<br />
619. regret<br />
620. say<br />
621. speak<br />
622. sing<br />
623. chant<br />
624. recite<br />
625. laugh<br />
626. shout<br />
627. cry out<br />
628. call<br />
629. teach<br />
630. study<br />
631. learn<br />
632. praise<br />
633. inform<br />
634. communicate<br />
635. tell<br />
636. narrate<br />
637. read<br />
638. write<br />
639. compose<br />
640. arrange<br />
641. hear<br />
642. see<br />
643. wink<br />
644. blink<br />
645. look up<br />
646. look at<br />
647. stare<br />
648. feel something<br />
649. touch<br />
650. handle<br />
651. taste<br />
652. drink<br />
653. sip<br />
654. suck<br />
655. suckle<br />
656. bite (into something)<br />
657. bite (of animals)<br />
658. chew<br />
659. swallow<br />
660. eat<br />
661. feed<br />
662. lick<br />
663. hiccough<br />
664. cry<br />
665. cry over<br />
666. lament<br />
667. cough<br />
668. sneeze<br />
669. smell something<br />
670. breathe<br />
671. gasp<br />
672. pant<br />
673. wheeze<br />
674. hold the breath<br />
675. to blow<br />
676. squeeze<br />
677. press<br />
678. press out<br />
679. choke (on food)<br />
680. vomit<br />
681. spit<br />
682. love<br />
683. hate<br />
684. kiss<br />
685. leer<br />
686. ogle<br />
687. have sexual intercourse<br />
688. mate<br />
689. itch<br />
690. kill by squashing<br />
691. embrace<br />
692. dance<br />
693. sleep<br />
694. close the eyes<br />
695. deny<br />
696. remember<br />
697. forget<br />
698. help<br />
699. pity<br />
700. console<br />
701. promise<br />
702. endure<br />
703. trust<br />
704. believe<br />
705. ask<br />
706. answer<br />
707. repay<br />
708. requite<br />
709. order<br />
710. command<br />
711. like<br />
712. tell a lie<br />
713. win<br />
714. defeat<br />
715. defeated<br />
716. hope<br />
717. make<br />
718. dig<br />
719. scatter<br />
720. sow<br />
721. build<br />
722. clear land<br />
723. hunt<br />
724. chase<br />
725. shoot a gun<br />
726. peel<br />
727. flay<br />
728. strip (leaves)<br />
729. slaughter<br />
730. plow<br />
731. harrow<br />
732. pull out<br />
733. uproot<br />
734. draw a sword<br />
735. side by side<br />
736. next to<br />
737. in a row/line<br />
738. lean on<br />
739. lean something against<br />
740. sit with legs crossed<br />
741. squat<br />
742. sit with legs stretched out<br />
743. stretch out<br />
744. fall down<br />
745. collapse<br />
746. break<br />
747. break open<br />
748. burst<br />
749. to pry<br />
750. gouge<br />
751. mix<br />
752. assemble<br />
753. poke<br />
754. gather (things) together<br />
755. measure<br />
756. knock<br />
757. heat<br />
758. cook<br />
759. fry<br />
760. roast<br />
761. bake<br />
762. burn<br />
763. boil<br />
764. steam<br />
765. spatter<br />
766. settle<br />
767. stir<br />
768. remove pot from the fire<br />
769. divide into portions<br />
770. drip<br />
771. winnow<br />
772. filter<br />
773. weigh<br />
774. pour<br />
775. spill<br />
776. polish. mengupam<br />
777. chop fine<br />
778. knead<br />
779. wash<br />
780. wash clothes ... mis.pakaian<br />
781. wash dishes ... mis.piring2<br />
782. bathe<br />
783. spray<br />
784. rinse<br />
785. wipe<br />
786. sweep<br />
787. cross<br />
788. deviate<br />
789. go to the side<br />
790. turn<br />
791. "tack"<br />
792. sail into the wind<br />
793. rotate<br />
794. revolve<br />
795. twist<br />
796. wind/roll up<br />
797. wrap<br />
798. tie<br />
799. make nets<br />
800. splice<br />
801. stretch<br />
802. extend<br />
803. tighten<br />
804. wind up<br />
805. bandage<br />
806. wrap (a corpse)<br />
807. sway<br />
808. unsteady<br />
809. place<br />
810. bet<br />
811. carry<br />
812. bring<br />
813. hang<br />
814. take<br />
815. steal<br />
816. use<br />
817. wear<br />
818. deliver<br />
819. carry on the shoulder<br />
820. buy<br />
821. sell<br />
822. rent<br />
823. give<br />
824. borrow<br />
825. lend<br />
826. owe<br />
827. pay<br />
828. bargain<br />
829. choose<br />
830. get<br />
831. obtain<br />
832. restore<br />
833. there is<br />
834. there is not<br />
835. have<br />
836. want<br />
837. wish<br />
838. will<br />
839. not yet<br />
840. already<br />
841. all gone<br />
842. yes<br />
843. no<br />
844. do not...<br />
845. be ...ing<br />
846. be<br />
847. become<br />
848. have to<br />
849. must<br />
850. can<br />
851. may<br />
852. permit<br />
853. allow<br />
854. forbid<br />
855. forbidden<br />
856. ever<br />
857. never<br />
858. formerly<br />
859. before<br />
860. happen<br />
861. cause<br />
862. count<br />
863. add<br />
864. divide<br />
865. reduce<br />
866. increase<br />
867. make smaller<br />
868. sew<br />
869. weave<br />
870. decorate<br />
871. embroider<br />
872. repair<br />
873. fade<br />
874. dream<br />
875. daydream<br />
876. wake up<br />
877. get up (from bed)<br />
878. sit<br />
879. get up (from sitting)<br />
880. rise (sun)<br />
881. sit side by side<br />
882. sit next to<br />
883. stand<br />
884. kneel<br />
885. fall<br />
886. rise up<br />
887. go up<br />
888. raise<br />
889. climb<br />
890. climb a mountain<br />
891. stay<br />
892. descend<br />
893. lower<br />
894. let down (rope)<br />
895. pay out rope<br />
896. recede<br />
897. open<br />
898. bloom<br />
899. cover<br />
900. spread out<br />
901. separate<br />
902. pile up<br />
903. close<br />
904. hide<br />
905. hold<br />
906. shelter<br />
907. slip<br />
908. slide<br />
909. carry - hand. menjinjing<br />
910. carry - head<br />
911. carry - hip<br />
912. play<br />
913. bark (dog)<br />
<br />
VIII. Adjectives<br />
<br />
914. white<br />
915. black<br />
916. red<br />
917. yellow<br />
918. green<br />
919. blue<br />
920. grey<br />
921. spotted<br />
922. tall<br />
923. short<br />
924. long<br />
925. high<br />
926. low<br />
927. great<br />
928. small<br />
929. round<br />
930. smooth<br />
931. jagged<br />
932. hard (especially of wood)<br />
933. hard<br />
934. soft<br />
935. ripe<br />
936. unripe<br />
937. hot<br />
938. cold<br />
939. sharp<br />
940. dull<br />
941. sweet<br />
942. sour<br />
943. bitter<br />
944. salty<br />
945. spicy hot<br />
946. tasteless<br />
947. old<br />
948. young<br />
949. new<br />
950. heavy<br />
951. light<br />
952. bright<br />
953. shiny<br />
954. glittering<br />
955. dark<br />
956. clear<br />
957. vague<br />
958. narrow<br />
959. wide<br />
960. full<br />
961. empty<br />
962. tight<br />
963. loose<br />
964. sleepy<br />
965. tired<br />
966. deep<br />
967. shallow<br />
968. wet<br />
969. dry<br />
970. far<br />
971. near<br />
972. downstream<br />
973. upstream<br />
974. good<br />
975. bad<br />
976. true<br />
977. false<br />
978. certain<br />
979. beautiful<br />
980. ugly<br />
981. good tasting<br />
982. bad tasting<br />
983. fresh<br />
984. rotten<br />
985. difficult. susah<br />
986. easy<br />
987. expensive<br />
988. cheap<br />
989. coarse<br />
990. fine<br />
991. invulnerable<br />
992. rich<br />
993. poor<br />
994. stingy<br />
995. greedy<br />
996. thin<br />
997. thick<br />
998. fat<br />
999. viscous<br />
1000. sick<br />
1001. well<br />
1002. hungry<br />
1003. sated<br />
1004. thirsty<br />
1005. pregnant<br />
1006. barren<br />
1007. strong<br />
1008. weak<br />
1009. brave<br />
1010. afraid<br />
1011. ashamed<br />
1012. painful<br />
1013. smarting<br />
1014. dirty<br />
1015. mouldy<br />
1016. muddy<br />
1017. clean<br />
1018. straight<br />
1019. direct<br />
1020. askew<br />
1021. curving<br />
1022. sloping<br />
1023. athwart<br />
1024. transverse<br />
1025. across<br />
1026. curly (hair)<br />
1027. urine smell<br />
1028. rancid smell<br />
1029. burnt smell<br />
1030. fragrant<br />
1031. noisy<br />
1032. quiet<br />
1033. lonely<br />
1034. peaceful<br />
1035. calm (water)<br />
1036. clear (water)<br />
1037. wild<br />
1038. tame<br />
1039. free<br />
1040. loud<br />
1041. hard (blow)<br />
1042. hoarse<br />
1043. crazy<br />
1044. confused<br />
1045. dizzy<br />
1046. nervous<br />
1047. angry<br />
1048. happy<br />
1049. sad<br />
1050. disappointed<br />
1051. crippled<br />
1052. blind<br />
1053. deaf<br />
1054. stupid<br />
1055. clever<br />
1056. capable<br />
1057. willing<br />
1058. fast<br />
1059. slow<br />
1060. broken<br />
1061. damaged<br />
1062. torn<br />
1063. perfect<br />
1064. very<br />
1065. rare<br />
1066. usual<br />
1067. common<br />
1068. everyday<br />
1069. popular<br />
1070. slippery<br />
1071. sticky<br />
1072. excessively decorated<br />
<br />
IX. PRONOUNS ETC.<br />
<br />
1073. me - I<br />
1074. you sg. (thou)<br />
1075. he<br />
1076. she<br />
1077. we excl.<br />
1078. we incl.<br />
1079. you pl.<br />
1080. they<br />
1081. my<br />
1082. your (thy)<br />
1083. his<br />
1084. her<br />
1085. our excl.<br />
1086. our incl.<br />
1087. your<br />
1088. their<br />
1089. mine<br />
1090. yours<br />
1091. his<br />
1092. ours<br />
1093. theirs<br />
1094. who? siapa<br />
1095. what? apa<br />
1096. how much/many? berapa<br />
1097. when? kapan<br />
1098. which? yg.mana<br />
1099. where? dimana<br />
1100. why?<br />
1101. self (reflexive)<br />
1102. -self (intensifier)<br />
1103. each other<br />
1104. respectively<br />
1105. thing<br />
1106. indefinite<br />
1107. any<br />
1108. goods<br />
1109. this<br />
1110. that (nearby)<br />
1111. that (far)<br />
1112. here<br />
1113. there (near)<br />
1114. there (far)<br />
1115. now<br />
1116. often<br />
1117. just in case<br />
1118. at<br />
1119. in<br />
1120. from<br />
1121. to<br />
1122. inside<br />
1123. on top<br />
1124. under<br />
1125. outside<br />
1126. with<br />
1127. by means of<br />
1128. and<br />
1129. or<br />
1130. but<br />
1131. if<br />
1132. when<br />
1133. because<br />
1134. perhaps<br />
1135. although<br />
1136. before<br />
1137. after<br />
1138. during<br />
1139. since<br />
1140. in vain<br />
1141. pretending<br />
1142. in front<br />
1143. in back<br />
1144. how?</div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Longman_Defining_Vocabulary/index&diff=102363
Longman Defining Vocabulary/index
2016-11-29T16:26:29Z
<p>Melroch: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Lexica]]<br />
[[Category:Defining Vocabulary]]<br />
[[Category:Longman Defining Vocabulary]]<br />
[[Category:Source material]]<br />
{{infomessage<br />
|content=<br />
The [[Longman Defining Vocabulary]] stuff is so big that it has been divided into several subpages which are linked [[:Category:Longman Defining Vocabulary|on the category page]].}}</div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Longman_Defining_Vocabulary&diff=102362
Longman Defining Vocabulary
2016-11-29T16:20:34Z
<p>Melroch: Cleaned up wonky DPL debris</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Longman Defining Vocabulary]]<br />
{{:Longman Defining Vocabulary/index}}<br />
<br />
{{:Longman Defining Vocabulary/about}}<br />
<br />
The actual vocabulary is linked [[:Category:Longman Defining Vocabulary|on the category page]].</div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Longman_Defining_Vocabulary/alphabetically&diff=102361
Longman Defining Vocabulary/alphabetically
2016-11-29T16:19:38Z
<p>Melroch: Cleaned up wonky DPL debris</p>
<hr />
<div>{{:Longman Defining Vocabulary/index}}<br />
<br />
== Defining Vocabulary ==<br />
<br />
# a<br />
# ability<br />
# about<br />
# above AvP<br />
# abroad<br />
# absence<br />
# absent A<br />
# accept<br />
# acceptable<br />
# accident<br />
# accordance<br />
# according<br />
# according to<br />
# account<br />
# ache<br />
# acid<br />
# across<br />
# act<br />
# action N<br />
# active A<br />
# activity<br />
# actor<br />
# actress<br />
# actual<br />
# add<br />
# addition<br />
# address<br />
# adjective<br />
# admiration<br />
# admire<br />
# admit<br />
# admittance<br />
# adult<br />
# advance NV<br />
# advantage<br />
# adventure N<br />
# adverb<br />
# advertise<br />
# advertisement<br />
# advice<br />
# advise<br />
# affair<br />
# afford<br />
# afraid<br />
# after AvCP<br />
# afternoon<br />
# afterwards<br />
# again<br />
# against<br />
# age N<br />
# ago<br />
# agree<br />
# agreement<br />
# ahead<br />
# aim<br />
# air N<br />
# aircraft<br />
# airforce<br />
# airport<br />
# alcohol<br />
# alike<br />
# alive<br />
# all AvDPdPn<br />
# allow<br />
# almost<br />
# alone<br />
# along<br />
# aloud<br />
# alphabet<br />
# already<br />
# also<br />
# although<br />
# altogether Av<br />
# always<br />
# among<br />
# amount N<br />
# amuse<br />
# amusement<br />
# amusing A<br />
# an<br />
# ancient A<br />
# and<br />
# anger N<br />
# angle N<br />
# angry<br />
# animal<br />
# ankle<br />
# annoy<br />
# annoyance<br />
# another<br />
# answer<br />
# ant<br />
# anxiety<br />
# anxious<br />
# any<br />
# anyhow<br />
# anyone<br />
# anything<br />
# anywhere<br />
# apart<br />
# apparatus<br />
# appear<br />
# appearance<br />
# apple<br />
# appoint<br />
# approval<br />
# approve<br />
# arch N<br />
# area<br />
# argue<br />
# argument<br />
# arm<br />
# armor N<br />
# arms<br />
# army<br />
# around<br />
# arrange<br />
# arrangement<br />
# arrival<br />
# arrive<br />
# art<br />
# article<br />
# artificial<br />
# as<br />
# ash<br />
# ashamed<br />
# aside Av<br />
# ask<br />
# asleep<br />
# association<br />
# at<br />
# atom<br />
# attack<br />
# attempt<br />
# attend<br />
# attendance<br />
# attention<br />
# attract<br />
# attractive<br />
# aunt<br />
# autumn<br />
# average AN<br />
# avoid<br />
# awake A<br />
# away Av<br />
# awkward<br />
# baby<br />
# back AAvN<br />
# background<br />
# backward Av<br />
# backwards Av<br />
# bacteria<br />
# bad A<br />
# bag N<br />
# bake<br />
# balance<br />
# ball N<br />
# banana<br />
# band N<br />
# bank N<br />
# bar NV<br />
# bare A<br />
# barrel<br />
# base NV<br />
# basket<br />
# bath N<br />
# bathe V<br />
# battle N<br />
# be<br />
# beak<br />
# beam N<br />
# bean<br />
# bear<br />
# beard N<br />
# beat<br />
# NV<br />
# beautiful<br />
# beauty<br />
# because<br />
# become<br />
# bed N<br />
# bee<br />
# beer<br />
# before<br />
# beg<br />
# begin<br />
# beginning<br />
# behave<br />
# behavior<br />
# behind AvP<br />
# belief<br />
# believe<br />
# bell<br />
# belong<br />
# below<br />
# AvP<br />
# belt N<br />
# bend<br />
# beneath<br />
# berry<br />
# beside<br />
# besides<br />
# best AAvN<br />
# better AAv<br />
# between<br />
# beyond AvP<br />
# bicycle N<br />
# big A<br />
# bill N<br />
# bind V<br />
# bird<br />
# birth<br />
# birthday<br />
# bit<br />
# bite<br />
# bitter A<br />
# black AN<br />
# blade<br />
# blame<br />
# bleed<br />
# bless<br />
# blind<br />
# block<br />
# blood<br />
# N<br />
# blow<br />
# blue<br />
# board N<br />
# boat N<br />
# body<br />
# boil V<br />
# bomb<br />
# bone N<br />
# book N<br />
# boot N<br />
# border<br />
# born<br />
# borrow<br />
# both<br />
# bottle N<br />
# bottom N<br />
# bowels<br />
# bowl<br />
# box<br />
# boy<br />
# brain N<br />
# branch<br />
# brass<br />
# brave A<br />
# bread<br />
# breadth<br />
# break V<br />
# breakfast N<br />
# breast N<br />
# breath<br />
# breathe<br />
# breed<br />
# brick N<br />
# bridge N<br />
# bright A<br />
# bring<br />
# broad A<br />
# broadcast<br />
# brother<br />
# brown AN<br />
# brush<br />
# bucket N<br />
# build V<br />
# building<br />
# bullet<br />
# bunch N<br />
# burial<br />
# burn<br />
# burst<br />
# bury<br />
# bus N<br />
# bush N<br />
# business<br />
# busy<br />
# but C<br />
# butter N<br />
# button N<br />
# buy V<br />
# by<br />
# cage N<br />
# cake N<br />
# calculate<br />
# calculator<br />
# call<br />
# calm A<br />
# camera<br />
# camp NV<br />
# can<br />
# NV<br />
# candle<br />
# cap N<br />
# capital N<br />
# captain N<br />
# car<br />
# card N<br />
# cardboard<br />
# care<br />
# careful<br />
# careless<br />
# carriage<br />
# carry<br />
# cart N<br />
# case N<br />
# castle N<br />
# cat<br />
# catch V<br />
# cattle<br />
# cause<br />
# cell<br />
# cement N<br />
# cent<br />
# center N<br />
# centimeter<br />
# central<br />
# century<br />
# ceremony<br />
# certain AD<br />
# chain<br />
# chair N<br />
# chairperson<br />
# chalk N<br />
# chance N<br />
# change<br />
# character<br />
# charge<br />
# charm<br />
# chase V<br />
# cheap<br />
# cheat<br />
# check [cheque]<br />
# cheek N<br />
# cheer<br />
# cheerful<br />
# cheese<br />
# chemical<br />
# chemistry<br />
# chest<br />
# chicken N<br />
# chief<br />
# child<br />
# childhood<br />
# children<br />
# chimney<br />
# chin<br />
# chocolate<br />
# choice N<br />
# choose<br />
# church N<br />
# cigarette<br />
# cinema<br />
# circle N<br />
# circular A<br />
# citizen<br />
# city<br />
# civilization<br />
# claim<br />
# class N<br />
# clay<br />
# clean AV<br />
# clear AV<br />
# clerk<br />
# clever<br />
# cliff<br />
# climb V<br />
# clock N<br />
# clockwork<br />
# close AAvV<br />
# cloth<br />
# clothes<br />
# clothing<br />
# cloud N<br />
# club N<br />
# coal<br />
# coast N<br />
# coat N<br />
# coffee<br />
# coin N<br />
# cold<br />
# collar N<br />
# collect V<br />
# college<br />
# color<br />
# comb<br />
# combination<br />
# combine V<br />
# come<br />
# comfort<br />
# comfortable<br />
# command<br />
# committee<br />
# common A<br />
# companion<br />
# company<br />
# compare V<br />
# comparison<br />
# compete<br />
# competition<br />
# competitor<br />
# complain<br />
# complaint<br />
# complete<br />
# compound N<br />
# computer<br />
# concern V<br />
# concerning<br />
# concert<br />
# condition N<br />
# confidence<br />
# confident<br />
# confuse<br />
# connect<br />
# conscience<br />
# conscious<br />
# consider<br />
# consist<br />
# consonant N<br />
# contain<br />
# contents N<br />
# continue<br />
# continuous<br />
# contract N<br />
# control<br />
# convenient<br />
# conversation<br />
# cook<br />
# cool A<br />
# copper<br />
# copy<br />
# cord N<br />
# corn<br />
# corner N<br />
# correct A<br />
# cost<br />
# cotton<br />
# cough<br />
# could<br />
# council<br />
# count V<br />
# country N<br />
# courage<br />
# course N<br />
# court N<br />
# cover<br />
# cow N<br />
# coward<br />
# cowardly<br />
# crack NV<br />
# crash NV<br />
# cream N<br />
# creature<br />
# creep V<br />
# cricket<br />
# crime<br />
# criminal<br />
# crop N<br />
# cross NV<br />
# crowd N<br />
# cruel<br />
# cruelty<br />
# crush V<br />
# cry<br />
# cultivate<br />
# cup N<br />
# cupboard<br />
# cure<br />
# curl<br />
# current<br />
# curse<br />
# curtain<br />
# curve<br />
# custom N<br />
# customer<br />
# cut<br />
# cycle V<br />
# daily AAv<br />
# damage<br />
# dance<br />
# danger<br />
# dangerous<br />
# dare V<br />
# daring<br />
# dark<br />
# date N<br />
# daughter<br />
# day<br />
# dead A<br />
# deal<br />
# dear A<br />
# death<br />
# debt<br />
# decay<br />
# deceit<br />
# deceive<br />
# decide<br />
# decimal<br />
# decision<br />
# declaration<br />
# declare<br />
# decorate<br />
# decoration<br />
# decrease<br />
# deep A<br />
# deer<br />
# defeat<br />
# defend<br />
# defense<br />
# degree<br />
# delay<br />
# delicate<br />
# delight<br />
# deliver<br />
# demand<br />
# department<br />
# depend<br />
# dependent<br />
# depth<br />
# descend<br />
# describe<br />
# description<br />
# descriptive<br />
# desert N<br />
# deserve<br />
# desirable<br />
# desire<br />
# desk<br />
# destroy<br />
# destruction<br />
# detail N<br />
# determination<br />
# determined<br />
# develop<br />
# devil N<br />
# diamond<br />
# dictionary<br />
# die V<br />
# difference<br />
# different<br />
# difficult<br />
# difficulty<br />
# dig V<br />
# dinner<br />
# dip V<br />
# direct<br />
# direction<br />
# dirt<br />
# dirty A<br />
# disappoint<br />
# discourage<br />
# discouragement<br />
# discover<br />
# discovery<br />
# dish N<br />
# dismiss<br />
# distance N<br />
# distant<br />
# ditch N<br />
# divide V<br />
# division<br />
# do V<br />
# doctor N<br />
# dog N<br />
# dollar<br />
# door<br />
# doorway<br />
# dot N<br />
# double AAvPdV<br />
# doubt<br />
# down AAvP<br />
# drag V<br />
# draw V<br />
# drawer<br />
# dream<br />
# dress NV<br />
# drink<br />
# drive V<br />
# drop<br />
# drown<br />
# drug N<br />
# drum N<br />
# drunk<br />
# dry<br />
# duck<br />
# N<br />
# dull A<br />
# during<br />
# dust N<br />
# duty<br />
# each<br />
# eager<br />
# ear<br />
# early<br />
# earn<br />
# earth N<br />
# east<br />
# eastern<br />
# easy<br />
# eat<br />
# edge N<br />
# educate<br />
# education<br />
# effect N<br />
# effective<br />
# effort<br />
# egg<br />
# N<br />
# eight<br />
# eighth<br />
# either<br />
# elastic<br />
# elbow N<br />
# elect V<br />
# election<br />
# electric<br />
# electricity<br />
# elephant<br />
# else<br />
# employ V<br />
# employer<br />
# employment<br />
# empty AV<br />
# enclose<br />
# enclosure<br />
# encourage<br />
# encouragement<br />
# end<br />
# enemy<br />
# engine<br />
# engineer N<br />
# English<br />
# enjoy<br />
# enjoyment<br />
# enough<br />
# enter<br />
# entertain<br />
# entertainment<br />
# entrance N<br />
# envelope<br />
# equal ANV<br />
# equality<br />
# escape<br />
# especially<br />
# establish<br />
# establishment<br />
# even AAv<br />
# evening<br />
# event<br />
# ever<br />
# every<br />
# everyone<br />
# everything<br />
# everywhere<br />
# evil<br />
# exact A<br />
# examination<br />
# examine<br />
# example<br />
# excellent<br />
# except CP<br />
# exchange<br />
# excite<br />
# excited<br />
# exciting<br />
# excuse<br />
# exercise<br />
# exist<br />
# existence<br />
# expect<br />
# expensive<br />
# experience<br />
# explain<br />
# explanation<br />
# explode<br />
# explosion<br />
# explosive<br />
# express V<br />
# expression<br />
# extreme<br />
# eye<br />
# eyelid<br />
# face<br />
# fact<br />
# factory<br />
# fail V<br />
# failure<br />
# faint AV<br />
# fair A<br />
# fairy<br />
# faith<br />
# faithful A<br />
# fall<br />
# false A<br />
# fame<br />
# familiar A<br />
# family<br />
# famous<br />
# fancy<br />
# A<br />
# far<br />
# farm<br />
# farmer<br />
# farmyard<br />
# fashion N<br />
# fashionable<br />
# fast AAv<br />
# fasten<br />
# fat<br />
# fate<br />
# father N<br />
# fault<br />
# favor N<br />
# favorable<br />
# favorite A<br />
# fear<br />
# feather N<br />
# feed V<br />
# feel V<br />
# feeling<br />
# feelings<br />
# fellow N<br />
# female<br />
# fence N<br />
# fever<br />
# few<br />
# field N<br />
# fierce<br />
# fifth<br />
# fight<br />
# figure N<br />
# fill V<br />
# film<br />
# find V<br />
# fine A<br />
# finger N<br />
# finish<br />
# fire<br />
# fireplace<br />
# firm AN<br />
# first AvD<br />
# fish<br />
# fisherman<br />
# fit AV<br />
# five<br />
# fix V<br />
# flag<br />
# N<br />
# flame<br />
# flash NV<br />
# flat<br />
# flesh<br />
# flight<br />
# float V<br />
# flood<br />
# floor N<br />
# flour<br />
# flow<br />
# flower N<br />
# fly NV<br />
# fold<br />
# follow<br />
# fond<br />
# food<br />
# fool N<br />
# foolish<br />
# foot N<br />
# football<br />
# footpath<br />
# footstep<br />
# for P<br />
# forbid<br />
# force<br />
# forehead<br />
# foreign<br />
# foreigner<br />
# forest<br />
# forget<br />
# forgive<br />
# fork N<br />
# form<br />
# formal<br />
# former<br />
# formerly<br />
# fort<br />
# fortunate<br />
# fortune<br />
# forward Av<br />
# forwards Av<br />
# four<br />
# fourth<br />
# fox N<br />
# frame N<br />
# free<br />
# freedom<br />
# freeze V<br />
# frequent A<br />
# fresh<br />
# friend<br />
# friendly<br />
# frighten<br />
# frightening<br />
# from<br />
# front AN<br />
# fruit N<br />
# fulfill<br />
# full A<br />
# fun<br />
# funeral<br />
# funny<br />
# fur N<br />
# furnish<br />
# furniture<br />
# further AAv<br />
# future<br />
# gain V<br />
# game N<br />
# garage N<br />
# garden<br />
# garment<br />
# gas<br />
# N<br />
# gasoline [petrol]<br />
# gate N<br />
# gather V<br />
# general<br />
# generous<br />
# gentle<br />
# gentleman<br />
# get<br />
# gift<br />
# girl<br />
# give V<br />
# glad<br />
# glass AN<br />
# glory N<br />
# glue<br />
# go V<br />
# goat<br />
# god<br />
# God<br />
# gold<br />
# golden<br />
# good<br />
# good-bye<br />
# goods<br />
# govern<br />
# government<br />
# grace<br />
# graceful<br />
# gradual<br />
# grain<br />
# gram<br />
# grammar<br />
# grand A<br />
# grandfather<br />
# grandmother<br />
# grass N<br />
# grateful<br />
# grave N<br />
# gray AN<br />
# great<br />
# green<br />
# greet<br />
# greeting<br />
# grief<br />
# grieve<br />
# ground<br />
# N<br />
# group N<br />
# grow<br />
# growth<br />
# guard<br />
# guess<br />
# guest<br />
# guidance<br />
# guide<br />
# guilt<br />
# gun N<br />
# habit<br />
# habitual<br />
# hair<br />
# hairy<br />
# half<br />
# hall<br />
# hammer N<br />
# hand<br />
# handkerchief<br />
# handle<br />
# hang V<br />
# happen V<br />
# happy<br />
# hard<br />
# harden<br />
# hardly<br />
# hardship<br />
# harm<br />
# harmful<br />
# harmless<br />
# hasty<br />
# hat<br />
# hate V<br />
# hatred<br />
# have<br />
# he<br />
# head AN<br />
# health<br />
# healthy<br />
# hear<br />
# heart<br />
# heat<br />
# heaven<br />
# heavy A<br />
# heel<br />
# height<br />
# help<br />
# helpful<br />
# hen<br />
# her<br />
# here<br />
# hers<br />
# herself<br />
# hide V<br />
# high AAv<br />
# hill<br />
# him<br />
# himself<br />
# hire<br />
# his<br />
# historical<br />
# history<br />
# hit<br />
# hold<br />
# holiday<br />
# hollow A<br />
# holy<br />
# home AvN<br />
# honest<br />
# honesty<br />
# honor N<br />
# honorable<br />
# hook N<br />
# hope<br />
# hopeful<br />
# hopeless<br />
# horizon<br />
# horn<br />
# horse N<br />
# hospital<br />
# host N<br />
# hot A<br />
# hotel<br />
# hour<br />
# hourly<br />
# house N<br />
# how Av<br />
# human<br />
# humor<br />
# humorous<br />
# hundred<br />
# hundredth<br />
# hunger N<br />
# hungry<br />
# hunt V<br />
# hurry<br />
# hurt V<br />
# husband N<br />
# hut<br />
# I<br />
# ice N<br />
# icy<br />
# idea<br />
# if<br />
# ill A<br />
# image<br />
# imaginary<br />
# imagination<br />
# imagine<br />
# importance<br />
# important<br />
# improve<br />
# improvement<br />
# in AvP<br />
# include<br />
# including<br />
# income<br />
# increase<br />
# indoor<br />
# indoors<br />
# industrial<br />
# industry<br />
# infect<br />
# infection<br />
# infectious<br />
# influence<br />
# influential<br />
# inform<br />
# information<br />
# ink N<br />
# inner<br />
# inquire<br />
# inquiry<br />
# insect<br />
# inside<br />
# instead<br />
# instruct<br />
# instruction<br />
# instrument<br />
# insurance<br />
# insure<br />
# intend<br />
# intention<br />
# interest<br />
# interesting<br />
# international A<br />
# interrupt<br />
# interruption<br />
# into<br />
# introduce<br />
# introduction<br />
# invent<br />
# invention<br />
# invitation<br />
# invite<br />
# inwards<br />
# iron AN<br />
# island<br />
# it Pn<br />
# its<br />
# itself<br />
# jaw N<br />
# jealous<br />
# jealousy<br />
# jelly<br />
# jewel<br />
# jewelry<br />
# job<br />
# join<br />
# joint<br />
# joke<br />
# journey N<br />
# joy<br />
# judge<br />
# judgment<br />
# juice<br />
# jump<br />
# just<br />
# justice<br />
# keen<br />
# keep V<br />
# key N<br />
# kick<br />
# kill V<br />
# kilo<br />
# kilogram<br />
# kilometer<br />
# kind<br />
# king<br />
# kingdom<br />
# kiss<br />
# kitchen<br />
# knee N<br />
# kneel<br />
# knife N<br />
# knock<br />
# knot<br />
# know V<br />
# knowledge<br />
# labor N<br />
# lack<br />
# ladder N<br />
# lady<br />
# lake<br />
# lamb<br />
# lamp<br />
# land<br />
# language<br />
# large<br />
# last AvDV<br />
# late<br />
# lately<br />
# laugh<br />
# laughter<br />
# law<br />
# lawyer<br />
# lay V<br />
# lazy<br />
# lead<br />
# N<br />
# lead V<br />
# leaf N<br />
# lean V<br />
# learn<br />
# least<br />
# leather<br />
# leave V<br />
# left<br />
# leg N<br />
# legal<br />
# lend<br />
# length<br />
# less AvDPn<br />
# lesson<br />
# let V<br />
# letter<br />
# level AAvN<br />
# library<br />
# lid<br />
# lie<br />
# life<br />
# lift<br />
# light<br />
# lightning<br />
# like PV<br />
# likely<br />
# limb<br />
# limit<br />
# line N<br />
# lion<br />
# lip<br />
# liquid<br />
# list N<br />
# listen V<br />
# liter<br />
# literature<br />
# little<br />
# live V<br />
# load<br />
# loaf N<br />
# local<br />
# A<br />
# lock<br />
# lodging<br />
# lodgings<br />
# log N<br />
# lonely<br />
# long AAv<br />
# look<br />
# loose A<br />
# lord N<br />
# lose<br />
# loss<br />
# lot<br />
# loud<br />
# love<br />
# low A<br />
# lower V<br />
# loyal<br />
# loyalty<br />
# luck N<br />
# lump N<br />
# lung<br />
# machine N<br />
# machinery<br />
# mad<br />
# magazine<br />
# magic<br />
# magician<br />
# mail<br />
# main A<br />
# make<br />
# V<br />
# male<br />
# man N<br />
# manage<br />
# manager<br />
# manner<br />
# many<br />
# map N<br />
# march<br />
# mark<br />
# market N<br />
# marriage<br />
# marry<br />
# mass N<br />
# master N<br />
# mat<br />
# match<br />
# material<br />
# matter<br />
# may V<br />
# me<br />
# meal<br />
# mean V<br />
# meaning N<br />
# means<br />
# measure<br />
# meat<br />
# medical A<br />
# medicine<br />
# meet V<br />
# meeting<br />
# melt<br />
# member<br />
# memory<br />
# mend V<br />
# mention V<br />
# merry<br />
# message<br />
# messenger<br />
# metal N<br />
# meter<br />
# method<br />
# metric<br />
# microscope<br />
# middle AN<br />
# might V<br />
# mile<br />
# military<br />
# A<br />
# milk<br />
# million<br />
# millionth<br />
# mind<br />
# mine NPn<br />
# mineral<br />
# minister N<br />
# minute N<br />
# mirror N<br />
# miss V<br />
# mist N<br />
# mistake<br />
# mix V<br />
# mixture<br />
# model N<br />
# modern A<br />
# moment<br />
# money<br />
# monkey N<br />
# month<br />
# monthly AAv<br />
# moon N<br />
# moral A<br />
# morals<br />
# more<br />
# morning<br />
# most<br />
# mother N<br />
# motor AN<br />
# mountain<br />
# mouse<br />
# mouth N<br />
# move V<br />
# much<br />
# mud<br />
# multiply<br />
# murder<br />
# muscle N<br />
# music<br />
# musician<br />
# must V<br />
# my<br />
# myself<br />
# mysterious<br />
# mystery<br />
# nail<br />
# name<br />
# narrow A<br />
# nasty<br />
# nation<br />
# national A<br />
# nature<br />
# naval<br />
# navy<br />
# near AAvP<br />
# nearly<br />
# neat<br />
# necessary<br />
# neck<br />
# need<br />
# needle N<br />
# neighbor<br />
# neighborhood<br />
# neither<br />
# nerve N<br />
# nervous<br />
# nest N<br />
# net N<br />
# network N<br />
# never<br />
# new<br />
# news<br />
# newspaper<br />
# next<br />
# AAv<br />
# nice<br />
# night<br />
# nine<br />
# ninth<br />
# no AvD<br />
# no one<br />
# noble A<br />
# nobleman<br />
# noise N<br />
# none<br />
# Pn<br />
# nonsense<br />
# nor<br />
# north<br />
# northern<br />
# nose N<br />
# not<br />
# nothing<br />
# notice<br />
# noun<br />
# now<br />
# nowhere<br />
# number N<br />
# nurse<br />
# nut<br />
# nylon<br />
# o'clock<br />
# obedience<br />
# obedient<br />
# obey<br />
# object<br />
# N<br />
# obtain<br />
# occasion N<br />
# ocean<br />
# odd<br />
# of<br />
# off AvP<br />
# offend<br />
# offense<br />
# offensive A<br />
# offer<br />
# office<br />
# officer<br />
# official<br />
# often<br />
# oil<br />
# old<br />
# old-fashioned<br />
# on AvP<br />
# once<br />
# Av<br />
# one<br />
# oneself<br />
# onion<br />
# only<br />
# open AV<br />
# operate<br />
# operation<br />
# opinion<br />
# opponent<br />
# oppose<br />
# opposite<br />
# opposition<br />
# or<br />
# orange<br />
# order<br />
# ordinary<br />
# organ<br />
# organization<br />
# origin<br />
# other<br />
# otherwise<br />
# ought<br />
# our<br />
# ours<br />
# ourselves<br />
# out AAv<br />
# outdoor<br />
# outdoors<br />
# outer<br />
# outside<br />
# over AvP<br />
# owe<br />
# owing to<br />
# own DPnV<br />
# oxygen<br />
# pack V<br />
# packet<br />
# page N<br />
# pain N<br />
# painful<br />
# paint<br />
# painting<br />
# pair N<br />
# palace<br />
# pale A<br />
# pan N<br />
# paper N<br />
# parallel AN<br />
# parcel N<br />
# parent N<br />
# park<br />
# parliament<br />
# part N<br />
# participle<br />
# particular A<br />
# partner N<br />
# party N<br />
# pass V<br />
# passage<br />
# passenger<br />
# past<br />
# pastry<br />
# path<br />
# patience<br />
# patient A<br />
# pattern N<br />
# pause<br />
# pay<br />
# payment<br />
# peace<br />
# peaceful<br />
# pen<br />
# N<br />
# pence<br />
# pencil N<br />
# people N<br />
# pepper N<br />
# per<br />
# perfect A<br />
# perform<br />
# perhaps<br />
# period<br />
# N<br />
# permission<br />
# permit V<br />
# person<br />
# personal<br />
# persuade<br />
# pet N<br />
# photograph<br />
# photography<br />
# phrase N<br />
# physical<br />
# piano N<br />
# pick V<br />
# picture N<br />
# piece N<br />
# pig N<br />
# pile<br />
# pilot<br />
# pin<br />
# pink AN<br />
# pipe N<br />
# pity<br />
# place<br />
# plain AN<br />
# plan<br />
# plane N<br />
# plant<br />
# plastic<br />
# plate N<br />
# play<br />
# pleasant<br />
# please<br />
# pleased<br />
# pleasure N<br />
# plenty Pn<br />
# plural<br />
# pocket N<br />
# poem<br />
# poet<br />
# poetry<br />
# point<br />
# pointed<br />
# poison<br />
# poisonous<br />
# pole N<br />
# police N<br />
# polish<br />
# polite<br />
# political<br />
# politician<br />
# politics<br />
# pool N<br />
# poor<br />
# popular<br />
# popularity<br />
# population<br />
# port N<br />
# position N<br />
# possess<br />
# possession<br />
# possibility<br />
# possible A<br />
# possibly<br />
# post<br />
# pot N<br />
# potato<br />
# pound N<br />
# pour<br />
# powder N<br />
# power N<br />
# powerful<br />
# practical<br />
# practice<br />
# praise<br />
# pray<br />
# prayer<br />
# precious A<br />
# preparation<br />
# prepare<br />
# presence<br />
# present AN<br />
# preserve V<br />
# president<br />
# press V<br />
# pressure N<br />
# pretend<br />
# pretty A<br />
# prevent<br />
# price N<br />
# prickly<br />
# pride N<br />
# priest<br />
# prince<br />
# principle<br />
# print<br />
# prison<br />
# prisoner<br />
# private A<br />
# prize N<br />
# probability<br />
# probable A<br />
# problem<br />
# process N<br />
# procession<br />
# produce V<br />
# product<br />
# production<br />
# profession<br />
# profit N<br />
# promise<br />
# pronounce<br />
# pronunciation<br />
# proof N<br />
# proper<br />
# property<br />
# protect<br />
# protection<br />
# protective<br />
# proud<br />
# prove<br />
# provide<br />
# provision<br />
# provisions<br />
# public<br />
# pull<br />
# pump<br />
# punish<br />
# punishment<br />
# pupil<br />
# pure<br />
# purple<br />
# purpose<br />
# N<br />
# push<br />
# put<br />
# quality<br />
# quantity<br />
# quarrel<br />
# quarter N<br />
# queen N<br />
# question<br />
# quick A<br />
# quiet AN<br />
# quite<br />
# rabbit N<br />
# race<br />
# radio N<br />
# railway<br />
# rain<br />
# raise V<br />
# range N<br />
# rank<br />
# N<br />
# rapid A<br />
# rare<br />
# rat N<br />
# rate N<br />
# rather<br />
# raw A<br />
# reach<br />
# read V<br />
# ready A<br />
# real<br />
# really<br />
# reason<br />
# reasonable<br />
# receive<br />
# recent<br />
# recently<br />
# recognition<br />
# recognize<br />
# record NV<br />
# red<br />
# reduce<br />
# reduction<br />
# refusal<br />
# refuse V<br />
# regard<br />
# regular A<br />
# related<br />
# relation<br />
# relative<br />
# religion<br />
# religious<br />
# remain<br />
# remark N<br />
# remember<br />
# remind<br />
# remove V<br />
# rent<br />
# repair<br />
# repeat V<br />
# reply<br />
# report<br />
# represent<br />
# representative<br />
# republic<br />
# request<br />
# respect<br />
# respectful<br />
# responsible<br />
# rest<br />
# restaurant<br />
# result<br />
# return NV<br />
# reward<br />
# rice<br />
# rich<br />
# rid<br />
# ride<br />
# right ANAv<br />
# ring<br />
# ripe<br />
# rise V<br />
# risk<br />
# river<br />
# road<br />
# rob<br />
# rock N<br />
# rod<br />
# roll V<br />
# roof N<br />
# room N<br />
# root N<br />
# rope N<br />
# rose<br />
# rough A<br />
# round AAvP<br />
# row NV<br />
# royal A<br />
# rub V<br />
# rubber<br />
# rude<br />
# ruin<br />
# rule<br />
# ruler<br />
# run<br />
# rush<br />
# sad<br />
# safe A<br />
# safety<br />
# sail<br />
# sale<br />
# salt AN<br />
# same<br />
# sand N<br />
# satisfaction<br />
# satisfactory<br />
# satisfy<br />
# save V<br />
# say V<br />
# scale N<br />
# scatter V<br />
# scene<br />
# scenery<br />
# school N<br />
# science<br />
# scientific<br />
# scientist<br />
# scissors<br />
# screw<br />
# sea<br />
# search<br />
# season N<br />
# seat<br />
# second AvDNPn<br />
# secrecy<br />
# secret<br />
# secretary<br />
# see V<br />
# seed<br />
# N<br />
# seem<br />
# seize<br />
# sell V<br />
# send<br />
# sensation<br />
# sense N<br />
# senseless<br />
# sensible<br />
# sensitive<br />
# sentence N<br />
# separate AV<br />
# serious<br />
# servant<br />
# serve<br />
# service N<br />
# set NV<br />
# settle V<br />
# seven<br />
# seventh<br />
# several<br />
# severe<br />
# sew<br />
# sex N<br />
# sexual<br />
# shade<br />
# shadow N<br />
# shake<br />
# shall<br />
# shame N<br />
# shape<br />
# share<br />
# sharp A<br />
# she<br />
# sheep<br />
# sheet<br />
# shelf<br />
# shell N<br />
# shelter<br />
# shield N<br />
# shine V<br />
# ship N<br />
# shirt<br />
# shock NV<br />
# shoe N<br />
# shoot V<br />
# shop<br />
# shopkeeper<br />
# shore N<br />
# short A<br />
# shot N<br />
# should<br />
# shoulder N<br />
# shout<br />
# show NV<br />
# shut<br />
# sick A<br />
# side AN<br />
# sideways<br />
# sight N<br />
# sign<br />
# signal<br />
# signature<br />
# silence N<br />
# silent<br />
# silk<br />
# silly A<br />
# silver<br />
# similar<br />
# similarity<br />
# simple<br />
# since<br />
# sincere<br />
# sing<br />
# single<br />
# A<br />
# singular<br />
# sink V<br />
# sister<br />
# sit<br />
# situation<br />
# six<br />
# sixth<br />
# size N<br />
# skill<br />
# skillful<br />
# skin N<br />
# skirt N<br />
# sky N<br />
# slave N<br />
# sleep<br />
# slide V<br />
# slight A<br />
# slip V<br />
# slippery<br />
# slope<br />
# slow<br />
# small<br />
# smell<br />
# smile<br />
# smoke<br />
# smooth A<br />
# snake N<br />
# snow<br />
# so<br />
# soap N<br />
# social A<br />
# society<br />
# sock N<br />
# soft<br />
# soil N<br />
# soldier N<br />
# solemn<br />
# solid<br />
# some<br />
# DPn<br />
# somehow<br />
# someone<br />
# something<br />
# sometimes<br />
# somewhere<br />
# son<br />
# song<br />
# soon<br />
# sore A<br />
# sorrow N<br />
# sorry<br />
# sort N<br />
# soul<br />
# sound NV<br />
# soup<br />
# sour A<br />
# south<br />
# southern<br />
# space N<br />
# spacecraft<br />
# spade<br />
# speak<br />
# spear N<br />
# special A<br />
# specialist<br />
# speech<br />
# speed N<br />
# spell<br />
# V<br />
# spend<br />
# spin V<br />
# spirit N<br />
# spite N<br />
# splendid<br />
# split V<br />
# spoil V<br />
# spoon N<br />
# sport<br />
# N<br />
# spot N<br />
# spread V<br />
# spring<br />
# square AN<br />
# stage N<br />
# stair<br />
# stamp<br />
# stand V<br />
# standard<br />
# star N<br />
# start<br />
# state<br />
# station N<br />
# stay<br />
# steady A<br />
# steal V<br />
# steam N<br />
# steel N<br />
# steep A<br />
# stem N<br />
# step<br />
# stick<br />
# sticky<br />
# stiff A<br />
# still AAv<br />
# sting<br />
# stitch<br />
# stomach N<br />
# stone N<br />
# stop<br />
# store<br />
# storm N<br />
# story<br />
# straight AAv<br />
# strange<br />
# stranger<br />
# stream N<br />
# street<br />
# strength<br />
# stretch<br />
# strike V<br />
# string N<br />
# stroke N<br />
# strong<br />
# structure N<br />
# struggle<br />
# student<br />
# study<br />
# stupid<br />
# style N<br />
# subject N<br />
# substance<br />
# subtract<br />
# succeed<br />
# success<br />
# successful<br />
# such<br />
# suck V<br />
# sudden<br />
# suffer<br />
# sugar N<br />
# suggest<br />
# suit<br />
# suitable<br />
# sum N<br />
# summer N<br />
# sun N<br />
# supper<br />
# supply NV<br />
# support<br />
# suppose<br />
# sure A<br />
# surface N<br />
# surprise<br />
# surround V<br />
# swallow V<br />
# swear<br />
# sweep V<br />
# sweet<br />
# swell V<br />
# swim<br />
# swing<br />
# sword<br />
# sympathetic<br />
# sympathy<br />
# system<br />
# table N<br />
# tail N<br />
# take V<br />
# talk<br />
# tall<br />
# taste<br />
# tax<br />
# taxi N<br />
# tea<br />
# teach<br />
# team N<br />
# tear V<br />
# tear N<br />
# telephone<br />
# television<br />
# tell<br />
# temper N<br />
# temperature<br />
# temple<br />
# tend<br />
# tendency<br />
# tender A<br />
# tennis<br />
# tense N<br />
# tent<br />
# terrible<br />
# terror<br />
# test<br />
# than<br />
# thank<br />
# that CDPn<br />
# the<br />
# theater<br />
# their<br />
# theirs<br />
# them<br />
# themselves<br />
# then Av<br />
# there<br />
# therefore<br />
# these<br />
# they<br />
# thick A<br />
# thief<br />
# thin A<br />
# thing<br />
# think V<br />
# third<br />
# thirst N<br />
# thirsty<br />
# this DPn<br />
# thorough<br />
# those<br />
# though<br />
# thought<br />
# thousand<br />
# thousandth<br />
# thread N<br />
# threat<br />
# threaten<br />
# three<br />
# throat<br />
# through AvP<br />
# throw<br />
# thumb N<br />
# thunder<br />
# thus<br />
# ticket N<br />
# tidy AV<br />
# tie<br />
# tiger<br />
# tight A<br />
# time N<br />
# timetable N<br />
# tin<br />
# tire<br />
# [tyre] N<br />
# tire V<br />
# title N<br />
# to<br />
# tobacco<br />
# today<br />
# toe N<br />
# together<br />
# tomorrow<br />
# tongue<br />
# tonight<br />
# too<br />
# tool N<br />
# tooth<br />
# top AN<br />
# total AN<br />
# touch<br />
# tour<br />
# tourist<br />
# towards<br />
# tower N<br />
# town<br />
# toy N<br />
# track<br />
# trade N<br />
# traffic N<br />
# train<br />
# translate<br />
# transparent<br />
# trap<br />
# travel<br />
# treat V<br />
# treatment<br />
# tree<br />
# tremble V<br />
# tribe<br />
# trick NV<br />
# trip N<br />
# tropical<br />
# trouble<br />
# trousers<br />
# true A<br />
# trunk<br />
# trust<br />
# truth<br />
# try V<br />
# tube<br />
# tune N<br />
# turn<br />
# twice<br />
# twist<br />
# type N<br />
# typical<br />
# ugly<br />
# uncle<br />
# under P<br />
# understand<br />
# undo<br />
# uniform N<br />
# union<br />
# unit<br />
# unite<br />
# universal<br />
# universe<br />
# university<br />
# until<br />
# up<br />
# AAvP<br />
# upper A<br />
# upright AAv<br />
# upset V<br />
# upside down<br />
# upstairs AAv<br />
# urge<br />
# urgent<br />
# us<br />
# use<br />
# useful<br />
# useless<br />
# usual<br />
# valley<br />
# valuable A<br />
# value N<br />
# variety<br />
# various<br />
# vary<br />
# vegetable<br />
# vehicle<br />
# verb<br />
# very Av<br />
# victory<br />
# view N<br />
# village<br />
# violence<br />
# violent<br />
# visit<br />
# voice N<br />
# vote<br />
# vowel<br />
# voyage N<br />
# wages<br />
# waist<br />
# wait V<br />
# waiter<br />
# wake V<br />
# walk<br />
# wall N<br />
# wander<br />
# want V<br />
# war N<br />
# warm AV<br />
# warmth<br />
# warn<br />
# wash<br />
# waste<br />
# watch<br />
# water<br />
# wave<br />
# way<br />
# we<br />
# weak<br />
# wealth<br />
# weapon<br />
# wear V<br />
# weather N<br />
# weave V<br />
# wedding<br />
# week<br />
# weekly AAv<br />
# weigh<br />
# weight N<br />
# welcome<br />
# well AAvN<br />
# west<br />
# western A<br />
# wet A<br />
# what<br />
# whatever<br />
# wheat<br />
# wheel N<br />
# when AvC<br />
# whenever<br />
# where<br />
# whether<br />
# which<br />
# whichever<br />
# while C<br />
# whip<br />
# whisper<br />
# whistle<br />
# white<br />
# who<br />
# whoever<br />
# whole<br />
# why<br />
# wicked<br />
# wide AAv<br />
# widespread<br />
# width<br />
# wife<br />
# wild AAv<br />
# will<br />
# willing<br />
# win V<br />
# wind V<br />
# wind N<br />
# window<br />
# wine N<br />
# wing N<br />
# winter N<br />
# wire N<br />
# wisdom<br />
# wise A<br />
# wish<br />
# with<br />
# within P<br />
# without P<br />
# witness N<br />
# woman<br />
# wonder NV<br />
# wood<br />
# wooden<br />
# wool<br />
# woolen<br />
# word N<br />
# work<br />
# world<br />
# worm N<br />
# worry<br />
# worse<br />
# worship<br />
# worst<br />
# worth<br />
# worthy<br />
# worthy of<br />
# would<br />
# wound<br />
# wrap V<br />
# wreck<br />
# wrist<br />
# write<br />
# wrong AAvN<br />
# wrongdoing<br />
# yard<br />
# year<br />
# yearly<br />
# yellow AN<br />
# yes<br />
# yesterday<br />
# yet<br />
# you<br />
# young<br />
# your<br />
# yours<br />
# yourself<br />
# youth<br />
# zero<br />
<br />
=== Prefixes ===<br />
<br />
# dis-<br />
# im-<br />
# in-<br />
# ir-<br />
# mid-<br />
# mis-<br />
# non-<br />
# re-<br />
# self-<br />
# un-.<br />
<br />
=== Suffixes ===<br />
<br />
# -able<br />
# -al<br />
# -an<br />
# -ance<br />
# -ar<br />
# -ate<br />
# -ation<br />
# -ed<br />
# -en<br />
# -ence<br />
# -er<br />
# -ery<br />
# -ess<br />
# -ful<br />
# -ible<br />
# -ic<br />
# -ical<br />
# -ing<br />
# -ion<br />
# -ish<br />
# -ist<br />
# -ity<br />
# -ive<br />
# -ization<br />
# -ize<br />
# -less<br />
# -like<br />
# -ly<br />
# -ment<br />
# -ness<br />
# -or<br />
# -ous<br />
# -ry<br />
# -ship<br />
# -th<br />
# -ward<br />
# -wards<br />
# -work<br />
# -y.</div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Longman_Defining_Vocabulary/index&diff=102360
Longman Defining Vocabulary/index
2016-11-29T16:08:00Z
<p>Melroch: Cleaned up wonky DPL debris</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Lexica]]<br />
[[Category:Defining Vocabulary]]<br />
[[Category:Longman Defining Vocabulary]]<br />
[[Category:Source material]]<br />
{{infomessage<br />
|content=<br />
This page is so long that it has been divided into several subpages which are linked [[:Category:Longman Defining Vocabulary|on the category page]].}}</div>
Melroch
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Longman_Defining_Vocabulary/about&diff=102359
Longman Defining Vocabulary/about
2016-11-29T15:57:15Z
<p>Melroch: </p>
<hr />
<div><noinclude>{{:Longman Defining Vocabulary/index}}</noinclude><br />
__TOC__<br />
<br />
== What is the Defining vocabulary anyway? ==<br />
<br />
'''The Longman Defining Vocabulary''', from ''Longman Dictionary'' (1988){{ref|ldoce}}. 2197 words, 10 prefixes, 39 suffixes.<br />
<br />
This is the set of words which the Longman English Dictionary uses to express all its definitions. As such, it may be a useful source of basic vocabulary for the designer of a conlang.<br />
<br />
This version of the list is based on the one that used to be found on Jeffrey Kennaway's conlang page. Since that page has now disappeared (I can't even find it on the [http://www.archive.org/ Internet Archive]!) I thought it may be a good idea to make it available to conlangers again.{{ref|Jeffrey}}<br />
<br />
Note that the American spellings of the original have been replaced with British spellings by Jeffrey.<br />
<br />
If you (as I expect! {{-)}}) want to copy the list in order to use it in your own vocabulary building you may want to look at the page sources, which contain less extraneous text, especially [[Longman Defining Vocabulary/alphabetically]]<br />
<br />
If you want a more 'primitive' vocabulary you may want to have a look at [[Mills Basic Vocabulary|Roger Mills' Basic Vocabulary]].<br />
<br />
----<br />
# {{note|ldoce}} The current incarnation of the ''Longman English dictionary'' is ''[http://www.longman.com/ldoce/ the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English]''. I don't know whether it still contains the Defining Vocabulary. There are several v ersions: ISBN 978-1405811262, ISBN 978-1405811279, ISBN 978-0582506640.<br />
# {{note|Jeffrey}} [http://www2.cmp.uea.ac.uk/~jrk/conlang Jeffrey's conlang page] (which he himself regards as obsolete) was apparently only temporary unavailable. The Defining vocabulary is [http://www2.cmp.uea.ac.uk/~jrk/conlang.dir/LongmanVocab.html here] but I hope this page may be a useful resource nevertheless.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
== Word Class Labels ==<br />
<br />
If a word has a specific word class label it is used in definitions only in the word class shown. Otherwise the word may be used in any of its usual word classes.<br />
<br />
A = Adjective<br><br />
Av = Adverb<br><br />
C = Conjunction<br><br />
D = Determiner<br><br />
P = Preposition<br><br />
Pd = Predeterminer<br><br />
Pn = Pronoun<br><br />
N = Noun<br><br />
V = Verb<br></div>
Melroch