Proto-Uralic/Ä
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→ Finnic *ä, Moksha ä, Mari *e, Mansi *ää, Khanty *ee (/ *öö next to a velar), Smy. *ä
Std. PU *ä_ə
> S. *ē_ɤ (ā_ō)
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Permic *o (_l when V₂ not lost early?!) | ||||||||||
| "to fill" | *täwci | - | - | *tić | *dol- | tel- | *tääɣəl | *teeL | *tärə | S. *teavtɤ ← F. |
| "rope" | *kewci | *kēvðɤ | - | - | *kol | - | *kʷääləɣ | *kööLəɣ | *kürə | Smy *äw > *ü ? Within F, cf. Võ käütämä "to fasten" with *ä retained. Mari *kəl ← P. |
| "sister-in-law" | *kälü | *kālōj | kel | - | U. kaľi ~ K. kel |
- | - | *kööLə | *kälü | Perhaps *kälü rather than *käləw. K. *-ëľ > el? |
| "joint" | *jäsen | - | jäźńä | Hi. ježəŋ ~ Me. jɤžəŋ |
*joz | iiz | - | - | - | Ma. *ə with Hi. *jə > je ?? |
| "to order" | *käske- | - | - | *küštə- | *kos | |||||
| "thigh" | *sääri | - | *śäjäŕ | - | K. ćɤr | - | - | - | - | *śäxərə better than *śäjərə; or *śäxärə?? |
| Permic *i (with a lost nonlabial medial?) | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| "hand" | *käci | *kētɤ | käď | *kit | *ki | keez : keze- |
*käätə | *kööt | - | |
| "power" | *väki | *vēkɤ | vij | *vi | *vi | vele- ? | *wääɣ | *wööɣ | - | Ma. *e > *i _# |
| "sap" | - | - | - | - | *li | - | - | - | Kam. lêji | *läŋə or *läjə; rather not *i. |
| Permic *ɨ (_R), Finnic *ee (_Ri) ≈ older PU *äx_i | ||||||||||
| "tongue" | *keeli | *kēlɤ | *käľ | - | *kɨl | - | *kääləmt- "inquire" |
*kööL | *käə- | Mari *kəl "string, handle" from *käwðə via P. |
| "broth" | *leemi | *lēmɤ | *ľäm | *lem | U. lɨm | lee : leve- |
*läämə | - | *jäm- | K. ľem "jelly" rather < *d₂ümä |
| "to bind; bundle" | *keer-- | *kērɤ- | kärks | *kerä- | ge/ɤrd, ke/ɤrt- |
kür-, küür- | *kʷäärək | *keerää | *kär- | OU 'to weave' not here (AASmy 2). P. *kär-tä-, or ← Sl-II *kert-. Cf. also F. *kääri-? |
| "side, pole" | *peeli | - | *päľ | *pel | - | feel | *päälə | - | - | cf. *pälä "half", *wärə "side"? |
| "mind" | *meeli | *mēlɤ | *mäľ | - | *mɨl | - | - | - | - | |
| "side" | *veeri | *vērɤ | *väŕə | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to swallo" | *neele- | *ńēlɤ- | *ńiľə- | *nelä- | *ńɨl(ɨ)- | ńel- | *ńääl- | *ńeeL- | *ńal- | Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables? |
| "to drink" | *seeme- | - | *śimə- | - | - | - | - | - | - | Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables? |
| "to drink" | - | - | *iŕəďə- | - | K. *ɨrɤš | - | - | - | - | Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables? Smy *ɤ-r- better < *jëxə- |
| "lung" | *tävvü | - | ťevlav | - | *tɨ | tüdöö | - | - | *täjwä ? | Cf. "to fill" |
| "air" | *sää | - | - | - | K. sɨnɤd | eeg : ege- |
- | - | - | *säŋə |
| "to enter" | - | - | - | *pŭre- | *pɨr- | feer- | - | - | - | Or *pura- with H irregular |
| "woodpecker" | *kärki | - | *käŕgä | *kerɣə | *kɨr | - | - | - | - | |
| "to press" | - | - | *ńäŕgə- | - | *nɨr- | - | - | *nööɣər- | - | (AA, p.c.) |
| "nose" | - | *nērɤ | *ńäŕ | *ner | *nɨr | - | - | *niir | *ńärə | |
| "breast" | - | *mēlkɤ | *mäľkɜ | *mel | U. mɨl | mell | *määɣəl | *mööɣəL | - | F. *mälvi "bird breast? |
| "voice" | *ääni, C. *hääli |
*jēnɤ | - | - | - | eenek | - | - | - | F. *ää > *ee blocked / #_ ? |
| "piece" | *pärek | - | - | - | *pɨrɨ | - | *päär | *per | - | and Es. peerg < *peere-kä? |
| "mare" | Liv. keev | *kēvɤ | - | |||||||
| Kh *ii₁ / _k? | ||||||||||
| "to depart" | *läkte- | *lēktɤ- | #ľixtə- | *lektä- | lɨ/okt- | - | - | *ɬii₁ɣət- | - | re P/Mo cf. *mäjäkä |
| "osprey; gull" | *sääksi | *čēkčɤ | - | - | K. ćikći | - | *siɣs | *sii₁ɣəs | - | some confusion w/ *čäkčij? two roots? |
| "to see" | *näke- | *nēkɤ- | näj- | - | U. naal- ? | neez- | *näɣəl-, *niiɣəl- |
*nii₁- | - | |
| "fog" | - | *cēkɤ | - | - | - | - | - | *čii₁ɣ | - | StUE4 |
| "hill" | *mäki | - | - | - | - | - | - | *mii₁ɣ | - | |
| Remainder (no regular Permic reflex??) | ||||||||||
| "ice" | *jää | *jēŋɤ | *jäŋ | *i | *jɤɤ | jeeg : jege- |
*jääŋkə | *jööŋk | *jaŋ- | *jäŋi. Ma. *e > *i / _# |
| "string" | *jänti | - | - | - | - | ideg | *jääntəɣ | *jöntəɣ | *jänti | |
| "to become cold" | *jäähty- | *jēŋsō- | jäkše- | *jükše- | - | - | - | *jöɣLi- | - | *jäŋ-(k)štə-; non-West *jükšə- ?? |
| "head, end" | *pää | - | pe | - | *pooŋ | fej : feje- |
*päŋk | - | #pa | better *e?? |
| "louse" | *täi | - | - | *ti | U. tej ~ K. toj | tetüü : tetve- |
*tääkmə | *tööɣtəm | - | S. *tīkɤ ← Gmc? Ma. *e > *i / _# |
| "bit, to cut" | *säŋki | *čēŋkɤ- | Er. śive- | - | *ćeeg- | seg- | *sääŋk- | *sööŋk- | - | Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables? |
| "cradle" | *kätküt | *kētkɤ- | - | - | U. kɤkɨ | - | - | - | *kätə- | |
| "near" | *lähe- | - | - | *lišnə | - | - | - | - | *jät- | Cf. *läkte- |
| "warm" | *lämpe- | - | *ľämbɜ | *liwə | - | - | - | *jämpə- | Smy. "clothes" | |
| "trace" | *jälki | - | - | - | - | jel | - | *jääɣəɭ | *jä | Smy. 'heel' |
| "lichen on trees" | - | *jēvjɤmē | - | - | - | - | - | *jeej | *jüjə | Smy *äw > *ü ? |
| "mild" | *leppedä | - | Mk. ľäpä | (*liwə) | - | - | - | *ɬeepət | - | F → SLu lehpagis? Ma. possibly better < 'warm' |
| "fish sp." | - | - | - | *müktə | K. mɨk | - | TJ mäwtək | *mööɣtəɣ | - | *mäwəktV? PMs *määɣtəɣ (not **mäɣ- > ˣmüw-) |
| "7" | *säjcen | *čēčɤm | *śiśəm | *sĭm | *śiźɨm | - | - | - | - | Core Finnic > *seicen; Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables? ← IE? |
| "heavy" | *läülV | *lēvlɤ | - | *lelə | - | - | - | - | - | Ms. *ľuuľ "weak", Kh. *ɬöL "cold" prob. don't belong |
| "a bird" | E. ähk | - | *šäkšəj | *ćećkem | K. čakčej | - | - | - | - | |
| "to suffer" | *kärsi- | *kērtɤ- | *kiŕďə- | *kerð/ta- | - | - | - | - | - | ← Gmc. *hardja- |
| "to hide" | *kätke- | - | *käkšə- | Cf. "cradle" | ||||||
| "to trust" | - | - | - | - | - | mer- | *määr- | - | - | |
| "to dive" | - | - | - | - | - | meriit- | *määrəkt- | *merət- | - | |
| "net" | - | - | - | - | - | meet | *määkt | *mööɣət | - | |
| "to fit" | - | - | - | - | - | meeltoo | - | *meeL- | - | |
| "warm" | - | - | - | - | - | meleg | *määli | *meeLək | - | |
| "to bind" | - | - | - | - | - | †ńeek | *neeɣ- | Kr. neewəj- | - | |
| "saddle" | - | - | - | - | - | ńerëg | *näɣər | E *nœœɣər | - | or *i with H irregular? |
| "to tear" | - | - | - | - | - | ńer- | *ńir(əmt)- | *ńer- | - | better *e? |
| "" | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Derivatives & such | ||||||||||
| "mound" | *mättäs | *mēktɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | *mäktə | Cf. *mäkə |
| "sun" | *päjvä | *peajvē | - | - | K. bi | - | - | - | *päjwä | possibly *päjə-wä. Permic CV ⇒ *i |
| "badger" | - | - | Mk. ńärgas | *nerɣə | U. nardɨ | - | - | - | *narkå | #närə-ka |
*ä_a, etc.
> F. *ä_ä (/ *-jC-, *Ć-?) ~ *a_e (default?), S. *ā_ē, Ma. *e
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Finnic *a-i (main development?), *ä-- (derivatives) | ||||||||||
| "winter" | *talvi | *tālvē | Er. ťeľe, Mk. ƭaľa | *tel(ə) | *tol | teel : tele- |
*täälə | *teləɣ | - | *w > Ms ∅ |
| "to cut" | *säli-, *sälek |
*čālē- | - | *šelä- | *ćol- | sel- | *sil- | *süüL- | *sälä- | |
| "half" | *pooli | *pealē | *päľɜ | *pele | *pol | feel : fele- |
- | *peeɭək | *pälä | cf. *pälə "side"; preF *palə → Slavic *polъ [*palʊ] → Mo *pola "spouse"? |
| "to wade" | *koolë- | *kālē- | *käľə- | *kelä-, *kelðə- | *köl-, *kolt- | kel- | *kʷääl- | *küüL- | - | F. *kaalat- ← S; Ma & P. #2 "to fish with a pull-net" |
| "root, vein" | Liv. sūoŗ | *sārē | - | *šer | U. ser | eer : ere- |
*täärə | *ɬeer | - | F. *soori < *sarə; Udm. e / _r? |
| "to load" | *sälyttä- | - | - | - | K. sɤl- | ell- | *tääl- | *ɬeeL- | *tij- | could be *ä-ə? |
| "moisture" | *kasi | *kāsē | - | - | - | - | EW *köäťəľ | *keeLää | *käta | |
| "moth" | *koi | - | Er. ki | Me. kije | ke/ɤj | - | Tv kij, käj | *keej | - | F. from *kooji < *kajə; ES *koajɤ ← F? U. e / _Ć |
| "gall" | *sappi | *sāppē | *säpɜ | - | se/ɤp | epe | *tääpə | - | - | |
| "to scoop" | F. *ammi? | - | - | - | U. omɨrt- | - | *äämärt- | *eemər- | - | if not F. < *ama- |
| "dirt" | *saksi | *sāksē | *seksɜ | - | se/ɤs | - | - | - | - | F > *sa(a)s-ta |
| "scab" | *loomi | - | Er. ľeme | Hi. lim ~ Me. lümö | *lom | - | - | - | - | |
| "tree sp." | *sarni | - | - | *šertńe | *śir | - | - | - | - | F. "ash", Ma "willow", P. "elm" |
| not in F. but regular enough | ||||||||||
| "spleen" | - | *ðāpðē | - | *lep(ə) | *loop | leep | - | *leepət | Ne. rapśaa | S. *l-ð > *ð-ð? |
| "woman; weasel" | - | *kāðvē | - | - | - | †helɟ | *kääľ | *kööjəɣ | *käjwä | Ms. *ľɣ > ľ; MHu. > hölgy |
| "twig" | - | *sāŋkē | - | *šeŋge | - | eek | - | *ɬöŋk | - | |
| "to shoo" | - | *ārē- | - | - | - | - | *äärt- | *eerət- | ||
| "water" | - | *čācē | - | - | - | - | - | *seeč- | Ne. sada | |
| "to find place" | - | - | - | - | *te/ɤrɨ- | teer- | - | - | - | Udm. e / _r? |
| "to put in/on" | - | *cākē- | - | *čie- | - | - | - | - | - | Ma. *e > *i in hiatus (StUE1) |
| "mare" | - | *āltō | *äľďɜ | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "ungulate sp." | - | *vāðōk | vedraš | *wü̆ľə | *vol | - | - | *we₂lii | - | SMo "cow", MaP "horse", Kh. "reindeer". Es veis ← *vetä-, perhaps also Mo. Cf also Gmc *weθruz, L. vitulus etc.) |
| "moment" | Fi. hetki ~ Ka. hätki |
- | ška | - | *čož | - | - | - | - | WTF? |
| "ring" | - | - | - | *jĭr | *jor | - | - | - | Ne. jorka ? | U. *jeros > joros? |
| Udm e ~ Komi ɤ | ||||||||||
| "back" | Fi. perä ~ E. pära |
- | *pŕa | - | be/ɤr | - | *pärəɣ | *pertaɣ | - | ObU *perɜ > *per-əɣ |
| "part" | - | - | - | "рызе" | *re/ɤć | rees | -rFś | - | - | cf. Fi. räsä "broken", unless a variant of risa; Ms. dmnt. |
| "to prepare" | - | *lāčē- | - | *lĭšte- | le/ɤśal-, *le/ɤśɜtɨ- |
- | - | - | - | |
| "hemp" | - | - | - | *kĭńe | ke/ɤn | - | - | - | - | Wanderwort. |
| "to freeze" | - | - | - | Hi. kiže- | ke/ɤdź- | - | - | - | *kə̈nsä- | or *kinśä with K. irregular? |
| *ä-ä type 2: F *ä-ä ~ S *ā-ē; Komi *e; Ms *ee ~ Kh *ää (*ii) | all with -CC-? | |||||||||
| "tongue" | - | *ńālmē | - | *ńĭlmə | - | ńelv, ńeev | *ńeeləm | *ńääLəm | - | Ne. ńāᵒḿu better ← *ńåə- < *ńalə- |
| "power" | *tarmo, Fi. tärmä |
*tārmō | - | - | - | - | *teeriŋ | *täärəm | - | |
| "(to) cover" | *läppä | Lu liehppa | - | *leweðä- *lewäš |
U. ľipɨ- ~ K. lep |
lep- | *leep- | - | - | |
| "lasso; trap" | NF *lämsä | *lāmčē | - | - | K. leć | - | *leesə | *lii₁s | *jä²sɜn | Medials messy; F perhaps ← Gmc *slamsa-, OU ← K? |
| "needle" | *äjmä | *ājmē | - | *imə | K. jem | - | - | - | *äjmä | Ma. *ej > *i. Also cf. U. veń |
| "old man" | *äjjä | *ājjē | - | - | *ajɨ | - | - | - | *äjsä | Contam. of *äjjä + *äććä in Smy? |
| "lath" | *tarja | - | - | #tiər | - | - | N tarəs | *täärəs | - | Fi. ~ tärjä, contam. with *sarja? *tärə-, derivs? |
| "larch" | - | - | - | - | K. ń/nia ~ ńeja |
- | EWMs ńix | *nääŋk | - | Medials messy. PMs *ee, shortened? |
| "worm" | - | - | - | - | K. perk | feerëg | *peer(ə)k | - | - | medials?? probably nor *-rkk- |
| "bay, lake" | - | - | - | - | U kalɤm ~ K. kela |
*keeləɣ | *kœœɭəɣ | - | Ud. a / _l ? Sk. *kuəľ not here (< PS *wåj) | |
| "spot" | *täplä | *tāplē | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| With F *ä-ä ~ S *ea-ē | ||||||||||
| "thumb" | - | *pealkē | *päľka | - | U. pɤlɨ ~ K. pel |
- | - | - | *pej | *pälə-kkä, cf. "side"? F. *pewka- ← Gmc. |
| "bog" | - | *jeaŋkē | - | - | K. jeg | - | *jääŋkə | *jööŋk | - | Fi. jänkä prob. ← S. |
| "smoke hole" | *räppänä | *reapēnē | - | - | *ropɨ- | - | - | - | - | |
| "lichen" | *jäkälä | *jeakēl | - | - | K. jal | - | - | - | - | |
| "to understand" | Fi äly | *ealvē- | - | - | K. al | - | - | - | - | - |
| With Komi /e/ | ||||||||||
| "to freeze" | (*jääty-) | - | - | - | K. jed- | - | *jäänt- | *jentəɭ- | *jäŋ-tä-. Also K. jo/ɤdmɨ "to harden" | |
| "to reach" | - | - | - | - | K. šergɤd- | eer- | *täärt- | *ɬeerəmt- | - | |
| "to believe" | - | - | - | - | *öskɨ- | - | *äɣt- | *ööɣəL- | - | Ms. cf. *aa > *a / _ɣt. Cf. *usko-? |
| "to fly" | - | - | - | - | *löb- | lebëg-, libëg- | - | - | - | Rather *e? Cf. F. *lentä- ?? |
| "thin" | - | - | - | - | *vek-- | veekoń | - | - | - | |
| "to understand; think" | - | - | - | - | #väälal- | veel- | - | - | - | |
| "old" | - | - | - | - | K. vener | veen | - | - | - | Or *winä? |
| "block" | - | - | - | - | U džɤk ~ K džek |
čök | - | - | - | |
| remainder | ||||||||||
| "friend" | - | *lāvē | - | - | - | - | N. leekʷ | *ɬöɣ | - | Ms. transfer of labzn? S. ← ObU? |
| "paw" | *käpsä | - | - | *küpš | U. kus- ~ K. kɨs, kɤs | - | *kʷät | *kööpəL | - | |
| "this" | *tä-mä | *tā | tä | Hi. ti ~ Me. tɤ | *ta | te- | *ti | *te ? | *tê- | East *tê, if not rel. to "that" |
| "these" | *nä-mä | *nā | *ńä | *nĭjne | K. na | -ni, -ne | ? *-nää | ? *-nää | *nä | Ugr. lativ ending |
| "ass" | - | - | - | *šeŋgə | - | šegg | *sääŋkʷ | - | *čɤŋkå | *č not palatalized in Smy? |
| "to chop" | - | *āktē- | - | - | *ooktɨ- | üt- | *jäkt- | *ööɣət- | - | Ms *ää > *ä / _kt? Cf. "to believe". P *oktɨ- "gather" not here (contra HPUL) |
| "big, mother" | *emä | *eamē | - | - | - | eme | - | - | *ämä | F & S. with analogy from *ena? Cf. F. *ämmä |
| "bone" | Fi. tähde | *tāktē | - | - | - | tetem | - | - | - | F. "leftovers" |
| "elm" | - | - | śäľi | *šol | - | sil | - | - | - | F. *salaka, *halaka "willow" ← Gmc. |
| "star" | *tähti | *tāstē | *ťäšťɜ | *tištə | - | - | - | - | - | Or -i? |
| With Ms *ää ~ Kh *ää (most spotty, perhaps most *-ə) | ||||||||||
| "to cut" | *vejci Võ. väić |
- | - | - | K. vɤź- | veeš- | - | *wäänć- | - | nom. *wäńćə (> F. "knife"), verb *wäńć-ä-? |
| "girl" | *nejt-- Võ. näio |
*nējtɤ | E. ńi | - | *nɨl | - | *nääj "lady" |
*nääj "lady" |
*nä | *näjə. Cf. Ms *nee ~ Kh *nii₂ŋ "woman" |
| "roach; ruffe" | *särki | - | *säŕgɜ | *šereŋɣə | - | - | *täärəɣ | *ɬäärəɣ | - | Liv. särg w/o umlaut (< *särkä?) |
| "father" | - | W *āččē | - | - | - | - | *ääći | *ääćii | NE #åt³sä- | S. also E *ëćē = F. *icä? |
| "soft" | - | OSw "nemok"? | - | - | - | - | *ńäämək | *ńäämək | ||
| "lap" | - | - | *äľ | Hi. elt- ~ Me. ölt- | *wol | - | *ääl | *ääL | - | |
| "(to) bend" | - | - | *mäńə- | - | - | meen | *määnəj-, *mii₂n |
#mËnə- | ||
| "to choke" | - | - | - | - | *čök-, U. džok- ~ K. džag- |
- | *šük- | *čääkən- | - | |
| "to feel" | - | - | - | - | K. malal | - | *määlVćl- | *määL- | - | Es. mälu < *mälə "mind" |
| "honey" | - | - | - | *mü(j) | - | - | *määɣ | *määɣ | Newer loans, e.g. from Permic? | |
| Loans: old | ||||||||||
| "board" | *parci | - | - | *börd | - | *päärtə | *peert | - | ← IE *bʰerdʰ-; separately in P.? | |
| "lake" | *jarvi, *järvi |
*jāvrē | järkä | *jer | - | - | - | - | - | +Merya #jäkrä; ← IE *jewHro- |
| "to flee; to disappear" |
- | *pātārɤ- | - | - | - | - | *päätər- | - | - | ← II *patar- "flying" (StUE1) |
| "goose" | *hanhi | - | Er. šenže | - | - | - | - | - | - | *šänšä ← B. |
| Loans: likely parallel | ||||||||||
| "to tire; be ill" | *väsü- | *vēsɤ- | - | - | *viśɨ- | - | - | - | - | FS ← Gmc *wēsia- |
| "crust" | *kärnä | *kearnē | kšńat | - | - | - | *käärńə- | F & S. ← Gmc. *herna | ||
| "to go" | *käve- | - | - | Hi. kej ~ Me. kaj | - | - | - | - | - | F. ← Gmc. *skeewjan |
| "small, few" | *vähä | - | Er. vež- | - | - | - | - | - | - | F. ← Gmc *wēxa-, also Er.? |
| "kidney" | - | - | - | *werɣə | K. vɤrk | - | - | - | - | ← II *vr̥tka |
| "iron" | - | - | kšńi | *kü̆rtńe | *kort | - | - | - | - | ← Ir. *kaart- |
| With Permic *a | ||||||||||
| "tree stump" | - | *jɤlŋēs | - | - | U. jal | - | - | *jöŋkəL | *jä | Check Smy. |
| "bird sp." | Es. ähk(a-) | - | *šäkša-- | *ćećkem | K. čakčej | - | - | - | - | |
| "backside" | - | NW *kācākɤ | - | - | K. kadž | - | - | - | - | |
| "birch bark vessel" | - | - | - | *leŋəš | *ľaŋes | - | - | *jeŋəL | - | |
| "house" | - | - | - | *mĭt | *matɤ | - | - | - | *mat | |
| "fish sp." | - | - | - | - | U. karei | - | *käärɣəj | *köörə | Ne. xirii | |
| "net" | - | - | - | - | *ka(d)ź | - | - | Kam. koťəp | - | |
| "trap" | - | - | - | - | *naľk | - | *ńääľə | - | - | Cf. Fi. nalkki ?? |
| "year; time" | - | - | - | - | *ar | - | #arəm | - | - | But Smy *ërö < *ëd₁ə |
| "time" | - | - | - | - | K. kad | †kedig, keedig |
- | - | - | |
| "to knead" | - | - | - | *nüštəlä- | U. nadź- | - | - | - | - | Weak |
| TBS: FP only | ||||||||||
| "woodpecker" | *hähnä | *čāšnē | - | *šištə | *śiź | - | - | - | - | |
| "beaver" | *majaka | *mājēkē | mijav | - | mɨ/oj | - | - | - | - | NB Mo. *i, P. ɨ~o also in "to leave" |
| "rotten" | *mätä | *mēckɤ | - | *määkš | - | - | - | - | - | Medials incoherent |
| "fine; short" | *hɤɤno | - | - | - | K. dženɨt | - | - | - | - | Bad. K ~ F hiven = *čiŋɜ-? |
| "whetstone" | *hɤɤra | - | - | - | U. šer | - | - | - | - | |
| "cambium; milk" | Fi. jälsi | - | - | - | *jɤl | - | - | - | - | Bad semantics |
| "sickness" | *närä | - | - | - | K. ńora | - | - | - | - | |
| "to choke, strangle" | *läppä(htä)- | *lɤppɤsē- | *ľäpəja-, *ľäpsta- |
- | - | - | - | - | - | Cf. *läkkä- |
| "near" | *lähe-, *läs-nä |
- | - | *lĭš-nə | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "thin" | E *väčkü | - | - | *wĭćkəž | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "aunt; mother" | *tätej | - | "ťäďä" | - | - | - | - | - | - | Lallwort |
| "paw" | *käppä | - | *käpɜ | - | - | - | - | - | - | Cf. *käpsä, also Fi. käpälä |
| "to breathe" | *läkkä- | - | *ľäka- | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "valley" | - | *leakē | ľäj | - | - | - | - | - | - | Cf. *lakc'i; WPIE *lakos |
| TBS: Permic + East | ||||||||||
| "rare; open" | - | - | - | - | U. šer | - | *täärəɣ | *Lii₂r(tV) | - | |
| "even" | - | - | - | - | U. voľɨt ~ K. voľk(ɨd) |
- | - | E weeľəɣ ~ W *weĽək |
- | |
| "to see" | - | - | - | - | K. vidlɨ- | veed- | - | N. waant- | - | Better *E? Cf. IE |
| "to heat" | - | - | - | - | U est(ɨ)- K ɤzji- |
- | - | W *eL-, V öl- |
- | cf. PIE *h₂as-? also cf. *ešə- |
| "sour" | - | - | - | - | U šɤm ~ K šom |
- | - | *čii₂m | Nothing works. Cf. *šAppa(ma), *čɜGɜ-, *šoKɜ- | |
| "to disappear" | - | - | - | - | U. vez- | ve(e)s- | - | - | - | |
| "sack" | - | - | - | - | U. puj(ɨ) | - | *pääjəp | - | - | or *pejV? SMs ä ~ EMs öä < *ää, but NMs a < *ä (WMs a undiagnostic) |
| TBS: East only | ||||||||||
| "squirrel" | - | - | - | - | - | evet | N. tapriś | - | Sk. #täpäk | Or H ~ V iiwə, Trj jiipət (*-ɬääŋkii) |
| "to lift" | - | - | - | - | - | emel- | *äälm- | *ääl(əm)- | *(j)i²lə- | |
| "daughter" | - | - | - | - | - | ia- | *ääwi | *ööɣii | - | H. in ia-fia "one's children" |
| "other side" | - | - | - | - | - | elv | *ääləm | *ääLəm | - | |
| "dog" | - | - | - | - | - | ëb | *äämpə | *äämp | - | |
| "strawberry" | - | - | - | - | - | epër | *ääpərjek | - | - | |
| "to harden (steel)" | - | - | - | - | - | edz- | E öät- | *äät- | - | |
| "glue" | - | - | - | - | - | eńv | *eeľəm | E eejəm ~ W *ääjəm |
H *ľm > *ńm > ńv? | |
| "to walk; have room" | - | - | - | - | - | leep- | *lääp- | *Leep- | ||
| "to lurk" | - | - | - | - | - | leš- | *lääć- | N laaśii- | - | |
| "thin" | - | - | - | - | - | veezna | *(w)iś | *wääńć | - | and K. vɤsńi?? |
| "tail" | - | - | - | - | - | - | *määnśək | *määsəɣ | Sk. mäča | |
| "horse; herd" | - | - | - | - | - | meen | - | *määnəŋ | - | *E possible |
| "to look" | - | - | - | - | - | tekint- | - | E. tääɣən- | - | |
| "to scoop" | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | *ɬäät- | *täti- | cf. Komi šɤt- 'to bring in'?! |
| "rapids" | - | - | - | - | - | šellöö | *säärlV | - | - | *č- or *ś-? |
| TBS: Rest | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| "son-in-law" | *vävvü | *vīvɤ | Mk. ov | *wiŋə | - | vöö | - | W *weeŋ ~ E wooŋ |
*weŋü | |
| "younger male relat." | - | *lāvē | - | - | - | - | N leekʷ | *ľööɣii | - | Kh *ɬööɣ "slave" probs not here |
| "sap" | - | *ālē | - | - | - | - | *iľ, Tv oľ |
W *eɭə(ɣ) ~ V öɭ |
*ï/ülə | Cf. "cambium" |
| "to burn" | - | - | - | #Iŋä- | K. ɨń | eeg- | - | *jääŋ(L)əL- | - | *äŋə- |
| "raspberry" | - | - | *ińəźəŋ | Me. (eŋ)əž ~ Hi. (əŋg)əž |
U. (em)edź ~ K. (ɤm)edź |
- | - | *-ääńć | - | Probs a compound also in Ma. (← eŋa- ~ əŋgä- 'to burn'?), P. |
| "don't" | *älä | ɤlēk | iľa(k) | - | - | - | Tv äl / wil, ul |
*ääL | (#i) | much irregular. very analogy |
| "child; young" | - | - | *ejď | - | - | i-fjú | - | *ääj | - | |
| "porridge" | *rokka | - | - | - | *rook | - | W raɣt, *räk- |
*rook, *rääk |
*rokka ~ *rekkä?? | |
| "hill" | *kääp(p)ä | - | - | - | - | - | *käp | - | - | F. may be ← B. |
| "palm" | N *kämmen, S *kämmäl |
- | - | - | - | - | - | *köömən | - | S. *keamë- ← F. |
| "hard" | *kämä | - | kemä | - | - | kemeeń | - | - | *kom? | |
| "small bird" | - | - | - | *kaj (?!) | - | - | So. koj | Kaz. kuj | Mt, Tv kai "goose" | |
| "spear, spit" | - | *sńipčō | - | *jɤpš | *jooć/ś | - | - | *jii₂pəs | *japsə | Ma (++?) cf. Trk? |
| "belt" | *jee | *jiəj ? | Cf. "vyö" | |||||||
| "juniper" | *kataka | *kɤsŋɤs; *koaccēvē "needle" |
- | "MRS" kož | K. kač | - | *kääš- | - | - | F. from *kača "resin" (vs. S. *kāssē "wax" < G?), or B.? |
| "blood" | - | *kēlō- | - | - | - | - | *keel(ə)p | *käLə- ? | Ne. śelw- | NS also kīlu- |
| "tail; back" | *häntä | *cɤ/īckɤ | - | - | - | - | *šiš | *čönč | - | best *e |
| "otter" | NF? *hähkä | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Sk. töötə | Ma. šä/aškə ← Trk. |
| "string" | Fi. jänni | - | - | - | - | - | - | Vj jönää ~ W *jen |
- | Bad (prob variants of *jäntə) |
| "wagtail" | #västɜräkkɜ | - | *uśkəŕəj | - | - | - | *wärćək | *we/örćək | - | S. #peštōr ← Kar. päistärikko |
| "animal hair" | - | - | - | *wäjä | - | - | - | - | Ne. #ẃeići | |
| "to help" | - | - | Er. čaŋgoďe- | - | - | šegiit- | - | - | - | *č-ŋk-nt-, but wtf vowels? |
| "to pull, lead" | *vetä- | - | *väďa- ~ *väťa- |
#wi/üðe- | - | vezet- | - | - | - | better *ä than *e? also cf. Er. viťi- |
| "net" | - | - | - | *wäpte-/əš | *vötes | - | - | - | - | |
| "trap" | - | *šeaššē | - | ? *ćüćäš | - | - | *seesəɣ | - | - | but Ma. ← *ćüće- 'to dig' (MaWb) |
| "hard sno" | - | *čiekɤr | - | - | - | - | CMs #ćAɣr | *ćaɣər | #käkar | probably rather TN śexer, Km šëër ← OU |
| "to kick, jump" | - | *čēkčɤ- | - | *ćükće- | *ćekćɨ- | - | - | - | - | |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| Rejectable | ||||||||||
| "to ruminate" | *märeh(ti-) | *smērēcē- | - | - | *roməćtɨ- | - | - | - | P. probably better ← II *raumantH- | |
| "chin" | - | - | - | - | *aŋ | *eeɣən | *ääɣəɳ | *aŋ | OUg better ~ *jekən, Smy ← *aŋ 'mouth' < *oŋə | |
| "cereal" | - | - | - | *šeðäŋə | K. *šoogdi | e(e)d | - | *ɬäänt | - | H+Kh < *sewə-ntä |
| "weak" | - | - | - | *läńćərä | K. ľić | - | - | *ɭääsək | - | Medials inconsistent, Ma unetymological (better < *lańśə 'soft'?) |
| "weasel" | - | - | - | - | U. jurmek | - | - | - | Sk. ńärmäk | *je- ~ *ńä-?! |
| "to go" | - | - | - | - | - | üldöz- | *jäl- | VVj jel- | - | OU better < *elä- |
| "berry stew" | - | - | - | - | K. ľaz(j-) | - | - | *lüüs | - | Zero phonetic match |
| "tip of nose" | - | *tīŋɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | TNe tɨna | *ŋ ~ *n? *ī ~ *ï? |
| "leather ~ bark" | - | *čɤvtē | - | - | - | - | - | - | *käpti | |
| "to turn" | *kääntä- | - | - | - | *kož- | - | - | - | - | |
| "hill" | - | *tēvā | - | - | K. di | - | - | - | - | S. uninheritable |
