Liwadi: Phonology

From FrathWiki
Jump to: navigation, search

Table of Phonemes

MOA nasals stops sibilants fricatives approximants tap affricate vowels
IPA /m/ /n/ /ŋ/ /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ /ʔ/ /s/ /z/ /ʃ/ /ɸ/ /β/ /θ/ /ð/ /χ/ /ɣ/ /h/ /ɬ/ /w/ /j/ /l/ /ɾ/ /ʦ/ /i/ /e/ /ɛ/ /ä/ /o/ /u/
Latin M m N n Ŋ ŋ P p B b T t D d K k G g ʻ S s Z z Š š ġ H h W w Y y L l R r Ś ś I i E e ė A a O o U u
Arabic م ن گ ٮ
1
ط
2
ظ ک
3
ݢ ع
4
ص
5
ض ڝ ٺ ٻ د ذ ٯ ڧ ح
6
ݪ و
7
ي ل
8
ر ج ی ه ۃ ا ۉ ۆ
Name Mi
مى
Ne
نه
Ŋo
گۉ
Pi
ٮى
Bi
بى
Te
طه
De
ظه
Ko
کۉ
Go
ݢۉ
ʻu
عۆ
Sa
صا
Za
ضا
Ša
ڝا
Ṗi
ٺى
Ḃi
ٻى
Ṫe
ده
Ḋe
ذه
Ḳo
ٯۉ
Ġo
ڧۉ
Hu
حۆ
Ḷe
ݪه
Wi
وى
Yo
ىۉ
Le
له
Ra
را
Śa
جا
i
ى
e
ه
ė a
ا
o
ۉ
u
ۆ

Notes

  • The consonants in blue are those used as numerals in the octal numeral system, e.g., 17 ٮو.


Phonology

Consonant Chart

Bilabial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Glottal
Nasals voiced m /m/ م n /n/ ن ŋ /ŋ/ گ 6
Stops voiceless p /p/ ٮ 1 t /t/ ط k /k/ ک 7 ʻ /ʔ/ ع
voiced b /b/ ﺏ d /d/ ظ g /g/ ݢ
Fricatives voiceless f /ɸ/ ٺ ṭ /θ/ د s /s/ ص 3 x /ʃ/ ڝ 5 ḳ /χ/ ٯ h /h/ ح 8
voiced ḃ /β/ ٻ ḍ /ð/ ذ z /z/ ض ġ /ɣ/ ڧ
Sonorants voiced w /w/ و l /l/ ل y /j/ ي
voiceless ḷ /ɬ/ ݪ2
Tap voiced r /ɾ/ ر
Affricate voiceless ś /ʦ/ ج 4

Notes

  • 1 Dotless Beh <ٮ> is assigned the value /p/.
  • 2 <ݪ> /ɬ/ is taken from the Gawri alphabet [1].
  • 3 <ص> /s/ and <ض> /z/ are taken from the Belarusian alphabet [2].
  • 4 <ج> /ʦ/ is taken from the Xiao'erjing script.
  • 5 <ڝ> is assigned the value /ʃ/.
  • 6 Adapted from the Sindhi <ڱ> /ŋ/ [3].
  • 7 The Urdu Kāf /k/.
  • 8 <ح> /h/ is taken from the Indus Kohistani alphabet [4].


Vowel Chart

Front Central Back
Close i /i/ ی u /u/ ۆ 2
Close-mid e /e/ ه 1 o /o/ ۉ 3
Open-mid ė /ε/ ۃ
Open a /ä/ ا

Notes

  • 2 From the Bosnian alphabet [5].
  • 3 From the Bosnian alphabet.
  • 4 From the Bosnian alphabet.


Alphabet - Nımanaŋ نٙماناگ

  • The Liwadi alphabet has 31 graphemes (ŋup گۆٮ) which represent 31 phonemes (wiŋeb šerer وىگهب ڝهرهر).
  • As the Liwadis had no writing when discovered by the space travelers, a written alphabet was created by the anthropologists who were on the voyage. As they were Egyptian, they used the Arabic alphabet. I have transliterated them into the Latin alphabet for this study.
  • The 19 fundamental consonants are m, n, ŋ, p, b, t, d, k, g, ʻ, s, z, š, h, w, y, r, l and ś.
  • When the six stop consonants (p, b, t, d, k, g) and <l> precede a consonant, they are lenited to the corresponding fricative. These are indicated by writing the letter with a dot over or under (ṗ, ḅ, ṭ, ḍ, ḳ, ġ, ḷ).
  • The vowel inventory consists of the six vowels a, e, ė, i, o and u. By using letters and not diacritics to represent these sounds, the Arabic abjad has been made into an alphabet.


Liwadi: Syntax