Hudío Grammar

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Pronunciation table

a
ă b v d đ e g ģ h i k x l m n o p f r s ț ș t ŧ u w y z '
אַ
אְ בּ ב דּ ד אֵ גּ ג ה אִ כּ כ ל מ נ אָ פּ פ ר ס צ ש תּ ת אֻ ו י ז ע
/ä/ /ə/ /b/ /β/ /d/ /ð/ /e/ /g/ /ʝ/ /h/ /i/ /k/ /ç/ /l/ /m/ /n/ /o/ /p/ /φ/ /ɾ/ /s/ /ʦ/ /ʃ/ /t/ /θ/ /u/ /w/ /j/ /z/ /ʔ/


Part II - Grammar

The Alphabet

Latin a ă b v d đ e g ģ h i k x l m
Huđío א1 אַ אְ בּ ב דּ ד אֶ גּ ג ה2 3 אִ כּ / ךּ כ / ך4 ל מ / ם
Name אַ֜לֶף
Álef
אַ
A
אְ
Uh
בֶּת
Beŧ
בֶת
Veŧ
דַּ֜לֶת
Dáleŧ
דַ֜לֵתּ
Đáleŧ
אֵ
e
גִּמֶל
Gímel
גִמֶל
Ģimel
הֶ
He
אִ
I
כַּף
Kaf
כַף
Xaf
לַ֜מֶד
Lámeđ
מֵם
Mem
IPA /ä/ /ə/ /b/ /β/ /d/ /ð/ /e/ /g/ /ʝ/ /h/ /i/ /k/ /ç/ /l/ /m/


  • 1 Syllabic and initial vowels are written under Álef, so there is no need for matres lectionis.
  • 2 ח (Heth) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ה (He).
  • 3 ה (He) has been deleted when syllable final.
  • 4 ק (Quf) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כּ (Kaf). Any words originally with Quf share in the lenition of Kaf.


Latin
n
o p f r s ț ș t ŧ u w y z '
Hebrew נ / ן אָ פּ / ףּ פ / ף ר ס צ ש1 תּ ת2 אֻ ו י ז ע3
Name נֻן
Nun
אׇ
O
פֶּ
Pe
פֶ
Fe
רֶש
Resh
סַ֜מֶך
Sámex
צַ֜דִּ
Țádi
שִן
Șin
תַּף
Taf
תַף
Ŧaf
אֻ
u
וַ
Wa
יׇדּ
Yod
זַ֜אִ
Zay
אַ֜אִן
Ain
IPA /n/ /o/ /p/ /φ/ /ɾ/ /s/ /ʦ/ /ʃ/ /t/ /θ/ /u/ /w/ /j/ /z/ /ʔ/


  • 1 שׂ (Sin) /s/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ס (Sámex). Thus the dot is not needed for Șin.
  • 2 ט (Tet) /t/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by תּ (Taf) /t/. Any words originally with Tet share in the lenition of Taf.
  • 3 The glottal stop <ע> /ʔ/ (') is used only to separate the same contiguous vowels, e.g., נֵ֜עַר, ná'ar, boy.

Notes

  1. The Hebrew alphabet is used with some modifications.
  2. The order of the Latin alphabet is used in place of the traditional Hebrew order.
  3. When reciting the alphabet, the fricatives are not named.
  4. When spelling a word, the names of the fricatives are used, e.g., דַּבַר, davar, word: Dalet, A, Vet, A, Resh.
  5. The schwa sign אְ is not used under syllable final consonants, e.g. א֜רבַּ, árba, four.
  6. There are no geminate consonants.


General Notes

  • 2.2.1 Sentence order is subject, verb, (indirect object pronoun), direct object, (indirect object noun), other elements.
  • 2.2.2 Most words are accented on the ultimate syllable.
  • 2.2.3 A few words are accented on the penultimate syllable. These words are indicated by an acute accent on the vowel in the Latin transliteration, e.g., מֶ֜לֶכ mélex, king.


The Verb

  • 2.3.1 Huđio has reduced the many type of verbs in Biblical Hebrew to four.
  1. Those with the syllabic form CVCVC, e.g., כַּתַב kaŧab, write.
  2. Those with the syllabic form VCVC, e.g., אַכַל axal, eat.
  3. Those with the syllabic form CVC, e.g., נַם nam, sleep.
  4. Those with the syllabic form CV, e.g., בַּ ba, come.
  • 2.3.2 These forms are the forms of the perfect tense and are lemmas for the verbs.
  • 2.3.3 The verb has only two numbers, singular and plural.
  • 2.3.4 Vowels are infixed to these forms to specify the meaning.
  • 2.3.5 The verb agrees in person and number with its subject. The personal pronoun may be used for emphasis.
  • 2.3.6 The verb is negated with לָ lo placed immediately before the verb.
  • 2.3.7 Traditionally, the conjugation paradigm is given in the order 3rd, 2nd, and 1st persons.
  • 2.3.8 No distinction is made in the second person between male and female.
  • 2.3.9 The perfect tense translates the simple past or the present perfect. With verbs of perception or attitude it translates the general present. With verbs signifying mental or physical state it translates "to be" + adjective.
perfect Tense
CVCVC
write
CVCV
eat
CVC
sleep
CV
come
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
3rd kaŧab
כַּתַבּ
kaŧbu
כַּתבֻּ
axal
אַכַל
axlu
אַכלֻ
nam
נַם
namu
נַמֻ
ba
בַּ
bau
בַּאֻ
2nd kaŧábta
כַּתַ֜בּתַּ
kaŧábtem
כַּתַ֜בּתֶּם
axálta
אַכַ֜לתַּ
axáltem
אַכַ֜לתֶּם
námta
נַ֫מתַּ
námtem
כַ֜מתֶּם
báŧa
בַּ֜תַ
báŧem
בַּתֶם
1st kaŧábti
כַּתַ֜בּתִּ
kaŧábnu
כַּתַ֜בּכֻ
axálti
אַכַ֜לתִּ
axálnu
אַכַ֜לנֻ
námti
נַ֜מתִּ
námnu
נַ֜מנֻ
báŧi
בַּ֜תִ
bánu
בַּ֜נֻ
  • 2.3.10 Verbs with the form CaCeC are stative verbs for the most part, e.g., kaveđ, he is/was/has become heavy.
perfect Tense of Stative Verbs
CVCVC
be heavy
CVCV
be afraid
CVC
die
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
3rd kaveđ
כַּבֶדּ
kavdu
כַּבֻּ
yare
יַרֶ
yaru
יַרֻ
meŧ
מֶת
méŧu
מֶ֝תֻ
2nd kavéđta
כַּתַ֜בּתַּ
kavéđtem
כַּתַ֜בּתֵּם
yaréŧa
אַכַ֜לתַּ
yaréŧem
אַכַ֜לתֵּם
méŧa
נַ֫מתַּ
méŧem
כַ֜מתֵּם
1st kavéđti
כַּבֶ֜דתִּ
kavéđnu
כַּבֶ֜דכֻ
yaréŧi
יַרֶ֜תִ
yarénu
יַרֶ֜נֻ
meŧti
מֶתתִּ
méŧnu
  • 2.3.11 There are no irregular verbs.
  • 2.3.12 CoCeC is the form of the active participle, e.g., כׇּתֶב koŧev, writing. This form is an adjective in function, e.g., הַאִש הַהׇלֶכ haiș haholex, the walking man.
  • 2.3.13 In order to state that something exists, the word יֶש yeș is used, e.g., אִש יֶש iș yeș, there is a man; אְנַשִם יֶש ănașim yeș, there are men. The negative expression uses אֶך en, e.g., אִש אֶך iș en, there is no man.
    • This construction is used to express possession, e.g., כֶּ֜סֶףאֶך לְאִש késef en lăiș, the man has no silver.
  • 2.3.14 Although a juxtaposed noun and articleless adjective may constitute a predication, it is more common to use the verb הַיַ haya.
הַאִש הַיַ תׇּב haiș haya tov, the man was good.
  • 2.3.15 With the preposition לְ , the verb means become.
דַּוִד הַיַ לְמֶ֜לֶכ תׇּב dawiđ haya lămélex tov, David became a good king.
  • 2.3.16 The imperfect tense adds a prefix to the inflected forms. The imperfect has two meanings, the future and habitual or customary action.
Imperfect Tense
CVCVC
write
CVCV
eat
CVC
sleep
CV
come
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
3rd yixtov
יִכתׇּב
yixtovun
יִכתׇּבֻך
yixol
יִכׇל
yixolun
יִכׇלֻך
yinom
יִנׇם
yinomun
יִנׇמֻן
yivo
יִבׇ
yivoun
יִבֶאֻן
2nd tixtov
תִּכתׇב
tixtovun
תִּכתׇּבֻך
tixol
תִּכׇל
tixolun
תִּכׇלֻן
tinom
תִּנׇם
tinomun
תִּנׇמֻן
tivo
תִּבׇ
tivoun
תִּבׇאֻן
1st extov
אֶכתׇּב
nixtob
כִכתׇּב
exol
אֶכׇל
nixol
נִכׇל
enom
אֶנׇם
ninom
נׅנׇם
evo
אֶבׇ
nivo
נִבׇ


  • 2.3.17 The imperative is formed by changing the first vowel of the imperfect to ă in the singular, and to i in the plural.
imperfect singular plural
yixtov
יִכתׇּב
kăŧov
כְּתׇב
kiŧbu
כִּתבֻּ
yixol
יִכֶל
ăxol
אְכׇל
ixlu
אִכלֻ
yinom
יִנׇם
ănom
אְנׇם
inmu
אִנמֻ
yivo
יִבׇ
ăvo
אְבָ
ivu
אִבֻ
  • 2.3.18 The negative imperative is formed with לׇ lo, e.g., לָ אֽבׇ lo ăvo, don't go.
  • 2.3.19 The infinitive is formed by changing the first vowel of the perfect to ă and the second to o. If a suffix is added the first vowel is o and the second is deleted.
kaŧav
כַּתַב
kăŧov
כְּתׇב
koŧbi
כׇּתבּׅ
axal
אַכַל
ăxol
אְכׇל
oxli
אׇכלִ
nam
נׇם
ănom
אְנׇם
onmi
אׇנמִ
ba
בַּ
ăvo
אְבׇ
ivu
אִבֻ
  • 2.3.20 The infinitive has both nominal and verbal functions. As a verb it may have subjects, objects, and other verbal adjuncts.
  • 2.3.21 The infinitive is used with to indicate the complement of a verb. The schwa is elided.
שַמַ, șama, hear; שמֻ, șămo, to hear; בֵּ֜אֻ לְשמָ báu lășmo, they came to hear.
  • 2.3.22 הַיַ haya + ă + the infinitive expresses to be about to... or to be compelled to....
הַשַ֜מַר הַיַ לְסגׇּר hașámar haya lăsgor, the gate was about to close.
  • 2.3.23 אַל al + noun/pronoun + לְ + the infinitive expresses obligation or responsibility.
אַלִ לְמצָ אֶתהֻ ali lămțo eŧhu, I must find him.
  • 2.3.24 אֶך en + לְ + the infinitive expresses possibility or permission.
אֶך לְבׇ en lăvo, entering is forbidden.
  • 2.3.24 The infinitive is negated with לׇ lo.
  • 2.3.25 The passive participle has the pattern CaCuC, e.g., כַּתֻב kaŧuv, written.


The Noun

  • 2.4.1 The Huđío noun belongs to one of two classes, masculine and feminine. In general, those nouns ending in -a are feminine and those ending in a consonant are masculine, although there are some exceptions.
  • 2.4.2 There are two numbers, singular and plural. The singular is unmarked. The plural endings are –oŧ for feminine nouns and –im for masculine nouns.
מֵ֜לֵכּ mélex (king), מֶלכִּם melkim; מַלכַּ malka (queen), מַלכׇּת malkoŧ.
  • 2.4.3 The older form of changing the vowel in disyllabic nouns is no longer used. דַּבַר davar, word; דְּבַרִם dăvarim, is now דַּבַר davar; דַּבַרׅם davarim.
  • 2.4.4 A few nouns have irregular plurals:
אִש , man; אְנַשִם ănașim, men; אִשַ ișa, woman; נַשִם nașim, women; אִר ir, city; אְרִם ărim, cities; בַּ֜יִתּ báyit, house; בַּתִם baŧim.
  • 2.4.5 When the direct object of a verb is a noun, definite or indefinite, or is a proper name, it is preceded by the object marker אֶת eŧ-.
הַעַם אׇהֶב אֶת-דַּוִד ha-am ohev eŧ-Dawid, the people love David.
  • 2.4.6 The indirect object is formed with the preposition לְ .
נַתַנתִּ אֶת-הַסֶ֜פֶר לְאִש naŧánti eŧ-haséfer lăiș, I gave the book to the man.
  • 2.4.7 The suffix אַ- -a added to both proper and common nouns indicates motion toward, the latter with or without the article. It is never stressed.
הַהַ֜רַ ha-hára, to the mountain
כֻ֜סכׇאַ, kúskoa to Cusco


The Genitive Construction

  • 2.5.1 The juxtaposition of two nouns that serves to mark a modifying relationship, known as the Construct State, has a limited use in Huđio. Its principal use is to form compound nouns, e.g., karxon yam כַּרכׇן יַם, "glacier of the sea", i.e. iceberg. The first noun in such a chain is said to be in a construct state and may have a different form than the singular.
  • 2.5.2 Nouns in -a replace this ending with -aŧ, e.g.,
  • 2.5.3 Plural nouns in -im change the ending to -e, יַמִם yamim, seas.
הַיַמֶ הַאׇלַם hayame haolam, the seas of the world,
  • 2.5.4 Genitive constructions are made using the preposition șel שֶל, e.g., הַכׇּ שֶל הַנַבִ hakol șel hanavi, the voice of the prophet.
  • 2.5.5 Irregular Construct Forms
house בַּיׅת
bayiŧ
בֶּת
beŧ
death מַוֶת
maweŧ
מׇת
moŧ
woman אִשַ
ișa
אֶ֜שֶת
éșeŧ


Adjective

  • 2.6.1 Adjectives agree in class and number with the nouns they modify.
  • 2.6.2 Monosyllabic adjectives have the following forms.
singular plural
masculine תׇּב
tov
good
תׇּבִם
tovim
feminine תּב
tov
תׇּבׇת
tovoŧ
  • 2.6.3 Disyllabic adjectives have the following forms.
singular plural
masculine גַּדׇל
gađol
great
גַּדׇלִם
gađolim
feminine גַּדׇל
gađol
גַּדׇלׇת
gađoloŧ
  • 2.6.4 Adjectives ending in –e have the following forms.
singular plural
masculine יַפֶ
yafe

beautiful
יַפִם
yafim
feminine יַפֶ
yafe
יַפׇת
'yafoŧ
  • 2.6.5 The attributive adjective follows the noun and agrees with it in class and number.
אִש תׇּב iș tov, a good man
הַאִש הַתׇּב haiș hatov, the good man
אְנַשִם תׇּבִם ănașim tovim, good men
הַאְנַשׅם הַתׇּבִם ha-ănașim tovim, the good men.
  • 2.6.6. A juxtaposed noun and articleless adjective, before or after the noun, may constitute a predication: תׇּב הַאִש tov haiș , הַאִש תׇּב haiș tov, the man is good.
  • 2.6.7. An adjective may be modified by a prepositional phrase in the predicate.
הַאִר הַיַ תׇּבַ לַעַם hair haya tova la'am, the city is good for the people.
  • 2.6.8. Adjectives may be used as nouns in two ways.
    • 2.6.8.1 The adjective with the definite article may mean "the one who is...",
הַכַם haxam, wise; הַהַכַם hahaxam, the wise one.
    • 2.6.8.2 The singular form may be used as an abstract noun with the addition of אַ- -a.
הַרַ hara, evil; הַרַעַ hara'a wickedness.
  • 2.6.9 The adjective כׇּל kol, all, has the meaning "each, every, all, the whole". It is not inflected and precedes the noun it modifies.
כׇּל יׇם kol yom each day, every day
כׇּל הַיׇם kol hayom, all day, the whole day
כׇּל הַיַמִם kol hayamim, all the days.
  • 2.6.10 The expression כׇּל שֶר kol șer means "everything that/which". When the object of a verb it is preceded by eŧ-.
He gave him everthing that he had acquired.
נַתַן אֶת-כׇּל שֶר כַּנַ לׇ naŧan eŧ-kol șer kana lo.
  • 2.6.11 With an adjective kol has an indefinite pronominal sense.
כׇּם הַדַש kol hađaș, anything new.
  • 2.6.12 To express the comparative the preposition מִן min is used before the noun which is the basis of comparison.
The man is wiser than the boy.
הַאִש הַיַ הַכַם מִן הַנַעַר haiș haya haxam min haná'ar.
  • 2.6.13 This construction is also used to express "too...for...".
The work is too hard for the man.
הַעַבׇדַ הַיַ כַשַ מִן הַאִש ha'avođa haya xașa min haiș.
  • 2.6.14. The demonstrative adjective stands last in a series of adjectives.
מַאִש הַתׇּב הַזֵ haiș hatov haze, this good man.
singular plural
this זֶ ze אֶ֜לֶ éle
that הִ hi הֶ֜נַ héna


The Definite Article

  • 2.7.1. The definite article is ha and is prefixed to the noun:
דַּבַר davar, word; הַדַּבַר hadavar, the word; מֶ֜לֶך mélex, king; הַמֶ֜לֶך hamélex, the king.
  • 2.7.2 If the noun begins with ha-, then the definite article is הְ :
הְהַר hăhar, the mountain; הְהַיִם hăharim, mountains.
  • 2.7.3. The noun with the definite article is also used to express the vocative.
הַמֶלֶך ha-mélex, O king!
  • 2.7.4. There is no indefinite article.


The Numbers

  • 2.8.1 The numbers have become indeclinable and precede the noun.
  • 2.8.2 The multiple ordinal numbers govern a noun in the singular.
אַהַל פַּרַ ahal para, one cow; אַרבַּ פַּרַ arba para, four cows.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ordinal אֶכַד
exađ
שנַ֜יִם
șnáyim
שלׇשַ
șloșa
אַרבַּ
arba
כַםשַ
xamșa
שִשַ
șișa
שִבַ
șiva
שמׇנַ
șmona
תִּשַ
tișa
אַסרַ
asra
cardinal הַלִ
hali
שֶנִ
șeni
שַלשִ
șalși
ארבִּ
arbi
הַמשִ
hamși
שֶשִ
șeși
שֶבִ
șevi
שמׇנִ
șmoni
תֶּשִ
teși
אֶצקִ
ețri
+10 הַלשַר
halșar
שֶנשַר
șenșar
שַלשַר
șalșar
אַרבַּשַר
arbașar
הַמשַר
hamșar
שֶשַר
șeșar
שֶבּשַר
șebșar
שמׇנשַר
șmonșar
תֶּשַר
teșar
x10 שֶנִם
șenim
שַלשִם
șalșim
אַרבִּם
arbim
הַמשִם
hamșim
שֶשִם
șeșim
שֶבִם
șevim
שמׇנִם
șmonim
תֶּשׅם
teșim
אֶצרִם
ețrim


The Pronoun

The Personal Pronouns

person singular plural
1st אְנִ ăni אְנַ֜נֻ ănánu
2nd אְתַ ăŧa אְתֵם ăŧem
3rd הֻ hu הֵם hem
  • 2.9.1.1 These forms are used as the subjects of verbs, mostly of non-verbal sentences, אְנִ תׇּב ăni tov, I am good.
  • 2.9.1.2 These forms are used as the direct object, e.g., אְנִ אׇהֶב אֶתהֻ ăni ohev eŧ-hu, I love him.
  • 2.9.1.3 When it is the object of a preposition, a personal pronoun is suffixed to the preposition, e.g., with לְ ,
person singular plural
1st לִ li לַ֜נֻ lánu
2nd לְכּ lăk לְכֶם lăxem
3rd לְהֻ lăhu לְהֶם lăhem
  • 2.9.1.4 The personal pronoun with מִן min, from, is declined differently.
person singular plural
1st מִנֶ֜נֻ minéni מִנֶ֜נֻ minénu
2nd מִנֶ֜כַ minéxa מִנֶ֜כֶם minéxem
3rd מִנֶ֜הֻ minéhu מִנֶ֜הֶם minéhem

The Demonstrative Pronoun

  • 2.9.2.1 The demonstrative adjective without the definite article is used as the demonstrative pronoun.
זֶ הַיַ הַאִש ze haya haiș, this is the man.
אֶ֜לֶ הַיַ הַדַּבַרִם éle haya hadavarim, these are the words.

The Interrogative Pronoun

  • 2.9.3.1 The interrogative pronouns מִ mi, who, and מַ ma, what, are not inflected for number or class.

The Possessive Pronoun

  • 2.9.4.1 Pronominal possession is indicated by suffixing a form of the personal pronoun to the noun.
person singular plural
1st סֻסִ susi
my horse
סֻסֶ֜נִ susénu
our horse
2nd סֻסכַּ suska
your horse
סֻסכֶּם suskem
your horse
3rd סֻסׇ suso
his/her horse
סֻסַם susam
their horse
person singular plural
1st סֻסֶ֜אִ suséi
my horses
סֻסֶ֜נֻ susénu
our horses
2nd סֻסֶ֜כַ suséxa
your horses
סֻסֶ֜לֶם suséxem
your horses
3rd סֻסֶ֜אׇ suséo
his/her horses
סֻסֶ֜הֶם suséhem
their horses
  • 2.9.4.2 Feminine nouns in -a have אַתּ- -aŧ before the pronominal endings.
person singular plural
1st תׇּרַתִ toraŧi
my law
תּרַתֶ֜נֻ toraŧénu
our law
2nd תׇּרַ֫תכַּ toraŧka
your law
toraŧkem
your law
3rd תׇּרַתׇ toraŧo
his/her law
תׇּרַתַם toraŧam
their law
person singular plural
1st תׇּרׇתִ toroŧi
my laws
תׇּרׇתֶ֜נֻ toroŧénu
our laws
2nd תׇּרׇתֶ֜כַ toroŧéxa
your laws
תָּרָתֶ֜כֶם toroŧéxem
your laws
3rd תׇּרׇתׇ toroŧo
his/her laws
תׇּרׇתֶ֜כֶם toroŧéhem
their laws
  • 2.9.4.5 A noun with a pronominal suffix is definite, therefore:
    • 2.9.4.5.1 a modifying adjective has the definite article.
סֻסִ הְהַזַכּ susi hăhazak, my strong horse
דַּבַרׇ הַתׇּבִם davaro hatovim, his good words.
    • 2.9.4.5.2 when the direct object of a verb, eŧ- is required.
רַאִ֜תִ אֵת־סֻסׇ raíŧi eŧ-suso, I see his horse.
    • 2.9.4.5.3 But eŧ- is omitted when reference is made to a part of the body. ::שַלַכ יַדׇ șalax yađo, he put forth his hand.


The Preposition

  • 2.10.1 There are two types of prepositions.
  • 2.10.2 The first type consists of the three prepositions בְּ in, לְ to, and כְּ like that are prefixed to the noun.
לְמֶ֜לֶכ lămélex, to a king
    • 2.10.2.1 When the noun is determined by the definite article, the two combine into a single syllable retaining the vowel of the article.
לַמֶ֜לֶכ lamélek, to the king.
These words are proclitic and are pronounced as the first syllable of the word.
    • 2.10.2.2 If the noun begins with יְ yă-, these prepositions become בִּ bi, לִli, and כִּ ki and replace the יְ yă-.
יְרֻשַלַ֜אִם yărușaláim, Jerusalem; בִּרֻשַלַ֜אִם birușaláim, to Jerusalem.
    • 2.10.2.3 If the noun begins with Că-, these prepositions become בִּ bi, לִli, and כִּ ki and the ă is dropped.
שְמֻאֶל șămuel, Samuel; כִּשמֻאֶל kișmuel, like Samuel.
    • 2.10.2.4 In all other cases these prepositions become ba, la, and ka.
כַּלׇם kalom, dream; בַּכַלׇם baxalom, in a dream.
  • 2.10.3. The second group consists of prepositions written as separate words.
אֶ֜צֶל הַבַּיִת éțel habayiŧ, near the house.
Those prepositions formerly joined to the noun with a hyphen (maxaf) are now written as separate words. The most common are אֶל el to, towards; אַל al on, upon; and מִן min from.
מִן הַבַּיִת min habayiŧ, from the house.
  • 2.10.4 A juxtaposed noun and prepositional phrase (or local adverb) constitute a predication.
הַנַ֜עַר בַּבַּיִתּ haná'ar babayiŧ, the young man is in the house.
  • 2.10.5 The noun פַּנִם panim, face, in the plural, forms a part of several prepositions.
לִפנֶ lifne, in the presence of, before; לִפנֶ הַמֶ֜לֶכ lifne hamélex, before the king.
מִפנֶ mifne, from the presence of, from before, because of; מִפנֶ מִלכַּמַ mifne milkama, because of the war.
אַלפנֵ alpne, on the surface of, up against; אַלפנֵ הַכׅר alpne haxir, up against the wall.
  • 2.10.6 There are other prepositions compounded from nouns.
אַלדַּבַר al-davar because of, אַלדַּבַר אֶ֜זֶרִ al-dăvar ézeri, because of my help.
בְּתׇכ băŧox, in the midst of; בְּתׇכׇ băŧoxo, in the midst of it.
  • 2.10.7 The suffix אַ- –a added to a noun, proper or common, indicates motion toward, with or without the article.
הַר har, mountain; הְהַ֜יַ hahára, to the mountain.


The Conjunction

  • 2.11.1 The coordinating conjunction "and" is אֻ u, and is prefixed to the noun.
אֻ־בַּיִת u-bayiŧ, and a house.


The Interrogative

  • 2.12.1 Any sentence may be converted into a question by prefixing hă- to the first word.
הְ־תׇּבַ הַיַ הַאֶ֜רֶץ hătova haya haéreț. Is the land good?


The Relative Construction

  • 2.13.1 A relative clauses is expressed with שֵר șer.
הַכׇּהֶן שֶר כַתַב אֶת-הַסֶ֜פֶר ha-kohen șer kaŧav eŧ-haséfer. The priest who wrote the book.
  • 2.13.2. When the relative construction involves a preposition, שֵר șer is combined with the preposition as if it were a noun.
לַשֶר lașer, to whom/which
מִנ שֶר min-șer, from whom/which
אֶ֜צֶל שֶר éțel șer, near whom/which.