Cernelian/1st declension
Nominals ending in -o, or sometimes -a (not to be confused with irregular nouns like sa "swamp").
Type 1A
Nominals with stems ending in -b, -ch, -d, -f, -ł, -m, -n, -p, -r, -s, -t, -w, and -z.
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -o | -o | |
| Accusative | Inanimate | ||
| Animate | -ę | ||
| Genitive | -odzię | ||
| Dative | -ą | -ię | |
| Locative | -oso | -iacho | |
| Ablative | -osto | -iasto | |
| Instrumental | -onie | -ienie | |
| Vocative | -oso | -o | |
Examples:
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | koło | koło |
| Accusative | kołę | |
| Genitive | kołodzię | |
| Dative | kołą | kolę |
| Locative | kołoso | kolacho |
| Ablative | kołosto | kolasto |
| Instrumental | kołonie | kolenie |
| Vocative | kołoso | koło |
Type 1B
Mix between type 1A and 1C, weak grades behave like 1C endings while strong grades behave like 1A (weak grades are shown in the previous section). It only apply for stems with the last vowel in a or o, and those with gradable consonants k, p, t, and s. Examples:
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | apo | a |
| Accusative | awę | |
| Genitive | apodzię | |
| Dative | apą | apę |
| Locative | aso | ajsze |
| Ablative | asto | ajsto |
| Instrumental | aponie | apienie |
| Vocative | aso | a |
Type 1C
Nominals ending in -a.
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -a | -a | |
| Accusative | Inanimate | ||
| Animate | -ę | ||
| Genitive | -adzię | ||
| Dative | -ą | ||
| Locative | -aso | -ajcho | |
| Ablative | -asto | -ajsto | |
| Instrumental | -anie | -ajnie | |
| Vocative | -aso | -a | |
Examples:
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | jała | jała |
| Accusative | ||
| Genitive | jałę | jaładzię |
| Dative | jałą | |
| Locative | jałaso | jałajsze |
| Ablative | jałasto | jałajsto |
| Instrumental | jałanie | jałajnie |
| Vocative | jałaso | jała |
This group is caused by loss of fricatives -b-, -d-, and -g-, between two adjacent vowels. It can also used for loans in -a usually from Polish, for example Karolina "Karolina, a female given name", dat. Karoliną "to Karolina", inst. Karolinanie "with Karolina".
