Carune Lesson 2

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In Lesson 1 you learned to conjugate regular -a stem verbs in Carune. In this lesson, we will discuss -e stem verbs, as well as the irregular verb stare, adjectives, and numerals.

Dialog

Ione and Rome have completed their class in Carune and are on the plane to Torine international airport (Al Airoporta Intrenazionala di Torine). They've encountered a native of Torine, and they engage her in conversation.

Carune

  • Ione: Siniora, parla Carune?
  • Ofelia: A, signa. Comi si iamae?
  • Rome: Mi iamo Rome, e estu es Ione.
  • Ione: Estudam Carune in Nuva Iorca, e querem ire a Carune para estudara alla.
  • Ofelia: Bene! Pudo directarvos a unum lugum bonum para habitare.
  • Rome: In realita? Perfette!
  • Ela dice a Rome e Ione el lugum.

English

  • Ione: Miss, do you speak Carune?
  • Ofelia: Ah, yes. What are your names?
  • Rome: My name is Rome, and this is Ione.
  • Ione: We study Carune in New York, and we want to go to Carune to study there.
  • Ofelia: Great! I can direct you to a great place to live.
  • Rome: Really? Perfect!
  • 'She tells Rome and Ione the place.

Grammar Notes

There are a few things to note here. A in Carune usually means to or at. However, there are many cases where Carune uses it that English would not. For example ela dice a Rome e Ione translates as she tells Rome and Ione, not she tells to Rome and Ione.

  • Comi si iamae?: what are your names?
  • Nuva Iorca: New York
  • Pudo directarvos: I can direct you
  • Habitare: to live (closer to to inhabit)
  • Perfette: perfect

Nouns

In Lesson 1 you learned about the definite articles in Carune. In this lesson, you will learn about the definite articles. They are much simpler than the definite articles, as they function as adjectives in effect. There are six indefinite articles:

  • Une: masculine singular
  • Uni: masculine plural
  • Una: feminine singular
  • Unae: feminine plural
  • Unum: neuter singular
  • Uno: neuter plural

For example:

  • Une cane: a dog
  • Una ora: an hour
  • Unum adiectum: an adjective
  • Uni cani: some dogs
  • Unae orae: some hours
  • Uno adiecto: some adjectives

-E Stem Verbs

In the last lesson, you learned to conjugate -a stem verbs, those whose infinitive forms end in -are. In this lesson you will learn about -e stem verbs, whose stems end in -ere. Here is a sample -e stem verb, conjugated in the present indicative tense:

  • Savere: to know (knowledge)
  • Io savo: I know
  • Tu savei-you (singular, informal) know
  • Ele save-he knows
  • Ela save-she knows
  • Vusse/a save-you (singular, formal) know
  • Noi savem-we know
  • Voi saves-you (plural) know
  • Eli saven-they (masculine) know
  • Elae saven-they (feminine) know

Just take off the stem and add an ending based on the pronoun. For reference:

  • Io: -o
  • Tu: -ei
  • Ele/ela/vusse: -e
  • Noi: -em
  • Voi: -es
  • Eli/elae: -en

Stare and Adjectives

Stare (to be) is an irregular verb. It is used to express transient or mutable qualities, such as feelings and location. It is conjugated as follows:

  • Io stoi: I am
  • Tu stai: you (informal, singular) are
  • Ele/ela/vusse sta: s/he/you (formal, singular) is/are
  • Noi stam: we are
  • Voi stas: you (plural) are
  • Eli/elae stae: they are

Adjectives decline similarly to noun. They must agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. For instance, felice is the singular masculine form of the adjective happy. Here is felice in all its forms:

  • felice: masculine singular
  • felici: masculine plural
  • felica: feminine singular
  • felicae: feminine plural
  • felicum: neuter singular
  • felico: neuter plural

Some other adjectives:

  • triste: sad
  • bene: well (does not decline)
  • male: bad (does not decline)

Stare is used to express feelings. Fill it in to this formula: stare + declined feeling adjective. For example:

  • Io stoi felice: I am happy
  • Tu stai felica: Thou art happy
  • Noi stam felici: We are happy

Numbers and Counting

The numbers in Carune are quite simple. They are very similar to many Romance languages, but with more relation to Latin. Here are the numbers from one to ten.

  • Zero: 0
  • Unu: 1
  • Due: 2
  • Tre: 3
  • Qator: 4
  • Qinqe: 5
  • Sece: 6
  • Septe: 7
  • Oto: 8
  • Nove: 9
  • Dez: 10

When describing how many objects there are, use the special verb hai-there is/are. For example:

  • Hai tre cani in mi casa: There are three dogs in my house
  • Hai dez avae in il parqe: There are ten birds in the park

Exercises

Exercise I

Conjugate each verb below in all forms:

  • 1) Aprendere-to learn (always combined with a: Io aprendo a Carune-I learn Carune)
  • 2) Devere-to owe, should
  • 3) Lignere-to read

Exercise II

Write sentences describing how the following people feel:

  • 1) Ione: happy
  • 2) Iulia: sad
  • 3) Rome: well
  • 4) Ofelia: bad

Exercise III

Translate the following sentences into English:

  • 1) Io stoi bene.
  • 2) Iulia sta maele.
  • 3) Ligno une libre. (libre=book)
  • 4) Vusse aprende a Carune, non?
  • 5) Hai qator fraso in il libre.

Exercise IV

Translate the following sentences into Carune:

  • 1) I am well.
  • 2) Ione wants to be happy. (qerere-to want)
  • 3) There is a cat here. (here-aqui)
  • 4) You should read a book.
  • 5) Compose your own sentence here. (Really, don't translate this ;)

Next

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